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Markina NO, Matveev GA, Zasypkin GG, Golikova TI, Ryzhkova DV, Kononova YA, Danilov SD, Babenko AY. Role of Brown Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Health and Efficacy of Drug Treatment for Obesity. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4151. [PMID: 39064191 PMCID: PMC11277946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis, and its activation has become a new object as both a determinant of metabolic health and a target for therapy. This study aimed to identify the relationships between the presence of BAT, parameters that characterize metabolic health (glucose, lipids, blood pressure (BP)), and the dynamics of body mass index (BMI) during weight-reducing therapy. (2) Methods: The study included 72 patients with obesity. We investigated metabolic parameters, anthropometric parameters, and BP. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) were performed. (3) Results: Before weight-reducing therapy, BAT was revealed only in 19% patients with obesity. The presence of BAT was associated with a lower risk of metabolic deviations that characterize metabolic syndrome: shorter waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.02) and lower levels of glucose (p = 0.03) and triglycerides (p = 0.03). Thereafter, patients were divided into four groups according to the type of therapy (only lifestyle modification or with Liraglutide or Reduxin or Reduxin Forte). We did not find a relationship between the presence of BAT and response to therapy: percent weight reduction was 10.4% in patients with BAT and 8.5% in patients without BAT (p = 0.78) during six months of therapy. But we noted a significant positive correlation between the volume of BAT and the effectiveness of weight loss at 3 months (r = 0.52, p = 0.016). The dynamic analysis of BAT after 6 months of therapy showed a significant increase in the volume of cold-induced metabolically active BAT, as determined by PET/CT with 18F-FDG in the Liraglutide group (p = 0.04) and an increase in the activity of BAT standardized uptake value (SUV mean and SUV max) in the Reduxin (p = 0.02; p = 0.01, respectively) and Liraglutide groups (p = 0.02 in both settings). (4) Conclusions: The presence of brown adipose tissue is associated with a lower risk of metabolic abnormalities. In general, our study demonstrated that well-established drugs in the treatment of obesity (Liraglutide and Reduxin) have one more mechanism for implementing their effects. These drugs have the ability to increase the activity of BAT. A significant positive relationship between the total volume of BAT and the percentage of weight loss may further determine the priority mechanism of the weight-reducing effect of these medicaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia O. Markina
- Laboratory of Prediabetes and Metabolic Disorders, WCRC “Centre for Personalized Medicine”, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia (G.A.M.); (G.G.Z.); (T.I.G.)
| | - Georgy A. Matveev
- Laboratory of Prediabetes and Metabolic Disorders, WCRC “Centre for Personalized Medicine”, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia (G.A.M.); (G.G.Z.); (T.I.G.)
| | - German G. Zasypkin
- Laboratory of Prediabetes and Metabolic Disorders, WCRC “Centre for Personalized Medicine”, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia (G.A.M.); (G.G.Z.); (T.I.G.)
| | - Tatiana I. Golikova
- Laboratory of Prediabetes and Metabolic Disorders, WCRC “Centre for Personalized Medicine”, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia (G.A.M.); (G.G.Z.); (T.I.G.)
| | - Daria V. Ryzhkova
- Laboratory of Prediabetes and Metabolic Disorders, WCRC “Centre for Personalized Medicine”, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia (G.A.M.); (G.G.Z.); (T.I.G.)
| | - Yulia A. Kononova
- Laboratory of Prediabetes and Metabolic Disorders, WCRC “Centre for Personalized Medicine”, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia (G.A.M.); (G.G.Z.); (T.I.G.)
| | - Sergey D. Danilov
- Facility of Digital Transformation, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Alina Yu. Babenko
- Laboratory of Prediabetes and Metabolic Disorders, WCRC “Centre for Personalized Medicine”, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia (G.A.M.); (G.G.Z.); (T.I.G.)
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2
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Proença AB, Medeiros GR, Reis GDS, Losito LDF, Ferraz LM, Bargut TCL, Soares NP, Alexandre-Santos B, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Magliano DC, Nobrega ACLD, Santos RAS, Frantz EDC. Adipose tissue plasticity mediated by the counterregulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system: Role of Mas and MrgD receptors. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31265. [PMID: 38577921 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an endocrine system composed of two main axes: the classical and the counterregulatory, very often displaying opposing effects. The classical axis, primarily mediated by angiotensin receptors type 1 (AT1R), is linked to obesity-associated metabolic effects. On the other hand, the counterregulatory axis appears to exert antiobesity effects through the activation of two receptors, the G protein-coupled receptor (MasR) and Mas-related receptor type D (MrgD). The local RAS in adipose organ has prompted extensive research into white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue (BAT), with a key role in regulating the cellular and metabolic plasticity of these tissues. The MasR activation favors the brown plasticity signature in the adipose organ by improve the thermogenesis, adipogenesis, and lipolysis, decrease the inflammatory state, and overall energy homeostasis. The MrgD metabolic effects are related to the maintenance of BAT functionality, but the signaling remains unexplored. This review provides a summary of RAS counterregulatory actions triggered by Mas and MrgD receptors on adipose tissue plasticity. Focus on the effects related to the morphology and function of adipose tissue, especially from animal studies, will be given targeting new avenues for treatment of obesity-associated metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Proença
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues Medeiros
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dos Santos Reis
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza da França Losito
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Mazzali Ferraz
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Nova Friburgo Health Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nícia Pedreira Soares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Alexandre-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D'Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nobrega
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nikolic M, Jeremic N, Lazarevic N, Stojanovic A, Milojevic Samanovic A, Novakovic J, Zivkovic V, Nikolic M, Nedeljkovic N, Mitrovic S, Jakovljevic V. Sacubitril/valsartan promotes white adipose tissue browning in rats with metabolic syndrome through activation of mTORC1. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38284316 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In addition to their usual use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, weak evidence is available for the potential of combined use of neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril) and AT1 receptor antagonist (valsartan) to promote browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) in rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study involved 32 male Wistar albino rats divided into four groups: CTRL-healthy control rats; ENT-healthy rats treated with sacubitril/valsartan; MS-rats with MetS; MS + ENT-rats with MetS treated with sacubitril/valsartan. After finishing the experimental protocol, different WAT depots were isolated for further analysis of molecular pathways. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were used for in silico assessment of the binding affinity of sacubitril and valsartan towards subunits of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Sacubitril/valsartan treatment markedly diminished morphological changes in adipose tissue, resulting in smaller lipid size and multilocular lipid droplet structure in WAT. We showed significantly higher protein expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and mTORC1 in WAT of MS + ENT rats, correlating with increased relative gene expression of browning-related markers in tissue of rats treated with sacubitril/valsartan compared with MS group of rats. In silico analysis showed that sacubitrilat and valsartan exhibited the highest binding affinity against mTOR and mLST8, forming stable complexes with these mTORC1 subunits. The observed results confirmed strong potential of combined sacubitril/valsartan treatment to increase browning markers expression in different WAT depots in MetS condition and to form permanent complexes with mTOR and mLST8 subunits over the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nikolic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nevena Lazarevic
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical, University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Stojanovic
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Andjela Milojevic Samanovic
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Novakovic
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Milos Nikolic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nikola Nedeljkovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical, University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
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Quiroga DT, Narvaéz Pardo JA, Zubiría MG, Barrales B, Muñoz MC, Giovambattista A, Dominici FP. Acute In Vivo Administration of Compound 21 Stimulates Akt and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation in Mouse Heart and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16839. [PMID: 38069161 PMCID: PMC10706736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor has a role in promoting insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanisms underlying the AT2 receptor-induced facilitation of insulin are still not completely understood. Therefore, we investigated whether acute in vivo administration of AT2 receptor agonist compound 21 (C21) could activate insulin signaling molecules in insulin-target tissues. We report that, in male C57BL/6 mice, an acute (5 min, 0.25 mg/kg; i.v.) injection of C21 induces the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 at activating residues (Ser473 and Thr202/Tyr204, respectively) in both epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) and heart tissue. In WAT, the extent of phosphorylation (p) of Akt and ERK1/2 induced by C21 was approximately 65% of the level detected after a bolus injection of a dose of insulin known to induce maximal activation of the insulin receptor (IR). In the heart, C21 stimulated p-Akt to a lesser extent than in WAT and stimulated p-ERK1/2 to similar levels to those attained by insulin administration. C21 did not modify p-IR levels in either tissue. We conclude that in vivo injection of the AT2 receptor agonist C21 activates Akt and ERK1/2 through a mechanism that does not involve the IR, indicating the participation of these enzymes in AT2R-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego T. Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Jorge A. Narvaéz Pardo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - María G. Zubiría
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Benjamín Barrales
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Marina C. Muñoz
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata B1906APO, Argentina
| | - Fernando P. Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Alvarez-Gallego F, González-Blázquez R, Gil-Ortega M, Somoza B, Calderón-Dominguez M, Moratinos J, Garcia-Garcia V, Fernández P, González-Moreno D, Viana M, Alcalá M. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor as a novel activator of brown adipose tissue in obesity. Biofactors 2023; 49:1106-1120. [PMID: 37286331 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) exerts vasorelaxant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In obesity, its activation counterbalances the adverse cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II mediated by the AT1R. Preliminary results indicate that it also promotes brown adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Our hypothesis is that AT2R activation could increase BAT mass and activity in obesity. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard or a high-fat (HF) diet for 6 weeks. Half of the animals were treated with compound 21 (C21), a selective AT2R agonist, (1 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water. Electron transport chain (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation, and UCP1 proteins were measured in the interscapular BAT (iBAT) and thoracic perivascular adipose tissue (tPVAT) as well as inflammatory and oxidative parameters. Differentiation and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in the presence of C21 was tested in brown preadipocytes. In vitro, C21-differentiated brown adipocytes showed an AT2R-dependent increase of differentiation markers (Ucp1, Cidea, Pparg) and increased basal and H+ leak-linked OCR. In vivo, HF-C21 mice showed increased iBAT mass compared to HF animals. Both their iBAT and tPVAT showed higher protein levels of the ETC protein complexes and UCP1, together with a reduction of inflammatory and oxidative markers. The activation of the AT2R increases BAT mass, mitochondrial activity, and reduces markers of tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity. Therefore, insulin reduction and better vascular responses are achieved. Thus, the activation of the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system arises as a promising tool in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Alvarez-Gallego
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Blázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Calderón-Dominguez
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Moratinos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Garcia-Garcia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada Nemesio Díez, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Viana
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Alcalá
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia., Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Kaczmarek I, Wower I, Ettig K, Kuhn CK, Kraft R, Landgraf K, Körner A, Schöneberg T, Horn S, Thor D. Identifying G protein-coupled receptors involved in adipose tissue function using the innovative RNA-seq database FATTLAS. iScience 2023; 26:107841. [PMID: 37766984 PMCID: PMC10520334 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate the function of adipose tissue (AT) in general and of adipocytes, specifically. Although it is well-established that GPCRs are widely expressed in AT, their repertoire as well as their regulation and function in (patho)physiological conditions (e.g., obesity) is not fully resolved. Here, we established FATTLAS, an interactive public database, for improved access and analysis of RNA-seq data of mouse and human AT. After extracting the GPCRome of non-obese and obese individuals, highly expressed and differentially regulated GPCRs were identified. Exemplarily, we describe four receptors (GPR146, MRGPRF, FZD5, PTGER2) and analyzed their functions in a (pre)adipocyte cell model. Besides all receptors being involved in adipogenesis, MRGPRF is essential for adipocyte viability and regulates cAMP levels, while GPR146 modulates adipocyte lipolysis via constitutive activation of Gi proteins. Taken together, by implementing and using FATTLAS we describe four hitherto unrecognized GPCRs associated with AT function and adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabel Wower
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Ettig
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Katharina Kuhn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity (UGHE), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Susanne Horn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Zhao SS, Lyu H, Zeng C, Lei G, Wei J, Mackie SL. Angiotensin receptor blockade is associated with increased risk of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:2203-2210. [PMID: 36255257 PMCID: PMC10234186 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiotensin II is implicated in GCA pathology. We examined whether the use of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is associated with GCA risk compared with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) or other antihypertensives. METHODS We performed a matched cohort study including adults who were initiators of antihypertensives in UK primary care data between 1995 and 2019. Treatment-naïve individuals without prior GCA or PMR were categorized into three groups-ARB initiators, ACEi initiators, or other antihypertensive initiators (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics or alpha-adrenoceptor blockers)-and followed for up to 5 years. Incident GCA was defined using validated Read codes, with age of onset ≥50 years and two or more glucocorticoid prescriptions. Inverse probability-weighted Cox models were used to model outcome risk, adjusting for lifestyle parameters, comorbidities and comedications. RESULTS Among >1 million new starters of antihypertensives (81 780 ARBs, 422 940 ACEis and 873 066 other antihypertensives), the incidence rate of GCA per 10 000 patient-years was 2.73 (95% CI 2.12, 3.50) in the ARB group, 1.76 (95% CI 1.25, 2.39) in the ACEi group and 1.90 (95% CI 1.37, 2.56) in the other antihypertensives group. The hazard of GCA was higher in ARB initiators [hazard ratio (HR) 1.55; 95% CI 1.16, 2.06] than initiators of ACEis, but similar between initiators of other antihypertensives and ACEis (HR 1.08; 95% CI 0.87, 1.35). CONCLUSIONS Initiation of ARBs is associated with a higher risk of GCA compared with ACEis or other antihypertensives. Mechanistic studies of angiotensin receptor biology will provide further clarity for our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizheng Steven Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Houchen Lyu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Methodology, National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, China
| | - Guanghua Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sarah L Mackie
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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8
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Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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9
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Da Eira D, Jani S, Stefanovic M, Ceddia RB. Obesogenic versus ketogenic diets in the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in rat white and brown adipose tissues. Nutrition 2023; 105:111862. [PMID: 36356378 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ketogenic diet (KD) has been reported to reverse metabolic dysfunction in obesity. However, it remains unknown how the KD affects the balance between the classical and counterregulatory renin-angiotensin system (RAS) arms in adipose tissue, which carries important implications for metabolic function in adipocytes. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the obesogenic diet and the KD on RAS balance in white and brown fat. METHODS Nine male Wistar rats were fed a standard chow (SC), 11 fed a high-fat sucrose-enriched (HFS) obesogenic diet, and 12 a KD. At the end of the 8-wk feeding period, subcutaneous inguinal (Sc Ing), epididymal (Epid), and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) fat depots were extracted and subsequently used for the measurement of RAS proteins and MasR gene expression. RESULTS In SC-fed rats, the Sc Ing fat displayed the highest levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)1, but very low levels of angiotensin II types 1 and 2 receptors (AT1R and AT2R) and ACE2. Conversely, the highest levels of ACE2, AT1R, and AT2R were found in iBAT. The HFS diet increased AT1R protein in Sc Ing fat and iBAT, whereas the KD maintained low AT1R levels in these fat depots. However, in Sc Ing and Epid fat depots, the KD elevated AT2R levels and significantly reduced Epid ACE1 levels. CONCLUSION Despite fat depot-specific differences in RAS components, the obesogenic diet promoted the classical RAS arm, whereas the KD attenuated it and enhanced the counterregulatory arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Da Eira
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shailee Jani
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mateja Stefanovic
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rolando B Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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11
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Angiotensin II Promotes White Adipose Tissue Browning and Lipolysis in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6022601. [PMID: 35799891 PMCID: PMC9253869 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6022601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has revealed that all components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are present in adipose tissue. Angiotensin II (Ang II), the major bioactive component of the RAS, has been recognized as an adipokine involved in regulating energy homeostasis. However, the precise role of Ang II in white adipose tissue (WAT) remodeling remains to be elucidated. In this present study, C57BL/C male mice were continuously infused with different doses of Ang II (1.44 mg/kg/d or 2.5 mg/kg/d) or saline for 2 weeks and treated with or without the Ang II type 1 receptor blocker valsartan. H&E staining and immunohistochemistry were conducted to investigate the white-to-brown fat conversion. The level of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was measured. RNA sequencing was employed to explore the differentially expressed genes and their enriched pathways between control and Ang II groups. Our results showed that Ang II substantially resulted in loss of body weight and fat mass. Most importantly, Ang II treatment induced WAT browning in mice, which was partially attenuated by valsartan treatment. Furthermore, Ang II perturbed the serum lipid profiles. Ang II treatment elevated serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C in mice. Mechanistically, thermogenesis, cell respiration, and lipid metabolism-associated mRNAs showed significantly increased expression profiling in Ang II-treated WATs compared with control WATs. Moreover, we found that Ang II treatment enhanced AMPK phosphorylation in adipocytes. Therefore, Ang II promotes WAT browning and lipolysis via activating the AMPK signaling pathway.
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12
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Wang Z, Lu H, Garcia-Barrio M, Guo Y, Zhang J, Chen YE, Chang L. RNA sequencing reveals perivascular adipose tissue plasticity in response to angiotensin II. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106183. [PMID: 35306139 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most blood vessels are surrounded by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which is a unique adipose tissue that plays critical roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology. PVAT displays regional differences that impact vascular homeostasis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main biologically active component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which has been extensively studied in vascular biology. However, the effects of Ang II on PVAT are less explored and remain to be elucidated. In this study, we systematically investigated the regional heterogeneity of three portions of aortic PVAT, i.e., ascending thoracic aortic PVAT (ATA-PVAT), descending thoracic aortic PVAT (DTA-PVAT) and abdominal aortic PVAT (AA-PVAT), and their responses to 7-day Ang II infusion using RNA sequencing. We found that AA-PVAT is clearly distinguished from both ATA-PVAT and DTA-PVAT, with significantly down-regulated oxidative phosphorylation and up-regulated inflammatory response pathways. Furthermore, AA-PVAT expresses lower levels of brown adipocyte marker genes, such as Ucp1, Cidea, Cox8b, Dio2 and Pgc1α, but expresses higher levels of proinflammatory genes, such as Ccl2, Il1β and Tnfα, and components of the RAAS, including Agt, Ace and Agtr1a. Ang II infusion significantly down-regulated oxidative phosphorylation in all regions of aortic PVAT and significantly up-regulated inflammatory response specifically in ATA-PVAT and DTA-PVAT. Moreover, ATA-PVAT was most responsive to Ang II induced inflammation. We further used CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1 (a.k.a. mitoNEET) transgenic mice that exhibit enhanced brown adipose tissue (BAT)-like phenotype in aortic PVAT, as indicated by elevated expression levels of brown adipocyte marker genes, and found that the enhanced BAT-like phenotype of aortic PVAT could counterbalance Ang II induced inflammatory and oxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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13
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Zan P, Than A, Zhang W, Cai HX, Zhao W, Chen P. Transdermal Photothermal-Pharmacotherapy to Remodel Adipose Tissue for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1813-1825. [PMID: 34979079 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity, the current medications, which act indirectly on the central nervous system to suppress appetite or on the gastrointestinal tract to inhibit fat absorption, suffer from poor effectiveness and side effects. Here, we developed a transdermal mild photothermal therapy directly acting on the root of evil (subcutaneous white adipose depot) to induce its ameliorating remodeling (browning, lipolysis, and apoptosis), based on the injectable thermoresponsive hydrogel encapsulated with copper sulfide nanodots. Further, combining pharmaceutical therapy with codelivery of mirabegron leads to a strong therapeutic synergy. This method not only ensures high effectiveness and low side effects due to localized and targeted application but also remotely creates significant improvements in systemic metabolism. Specifically, as compared to the untreated group, it totally inhibits obesity development in high-fat-diet fed mice (15% less in body weight) with decreased masses of both subcutaneous (40%) and visceral fats (54%), reduced serum levels of cholesterol (54%)/triglyceride (18%)/insulin (74%)/glucose (45%), and improved insulin sensitivity (65% less in insulin resistance index). This self-administrable method is amenable for long-term home-based treatment. Finally, multiple interconnected signaling pathways are revealed, providing mechanistic insights to develop effective strategies to combat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Aung Than
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Weiqing Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P.R. China
| | - Helen Xinyi Cai
- University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Trinity Ln, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 308232, Singapore
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14
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Cao X, Shi T, Zhang C, Jin W, Song L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yang F, Rotimi CN, Xu A, Yang J. ACE2 pathway regulates thermogenesis and energy metabolism. eLife 2022; 11:72266. [PMID: 35014608 PMCID: PMC8776250 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of key regulators of energy homeostasis holds important therapeutic promise for metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) to generate Ang-(1-7) which acts mainly through the Mas1 receptor. Here, we identify ACE2 pathway as a critical regulator in the maintenance of thermogenesis and energy expenditure. We found that ACE2 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and that cold stimulation increases ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels in BAT and serum. Ace2 knockout mice (Ace2-/y) and Mas1 knockout mice (Mas1-/-) displayed impaired thermogenesis. Mice transplanted with brown adipose tissue from Mas1-/- display metabolic abnormalities consistent with those seen in the Ace2 and Mas1 knockout mice. In contrast, impaired thermogenesis of Leprdb/db obese diabetic mice and high-fat diet-induced obese mice were ameliorated by overexpression of Ace2 or continuous infusion of Ang-(1-7). Activation of ACE2 pathway was associated with improvement of metabolic parameters, including blood glucose, lipids, and energy expenditure in multiple animal models. Consistently, ACE2 pathway remarkably enhanced the browning of white adipose tissue. Mechanistically, we showed that ACE2 pathway activated Akt/FoxO1 and PKA pathway, leading to induction of UCP1 and activation of mitochondrial function. Our data propose that adaptive thermogenesis requires regulation of ACE2 pathway and highlight novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cao
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Shi
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Meical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lini Song
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Yang
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jinkui Yang
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Liu X, Liu L, Zhao J, Wang H, Li Y. Mechanotransduction regulates inflammation responses of epicardial adipocytes in cardiovascular diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1080383. [PMID: 36589802 PMCID: PMC9800500 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1080383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a crucial regulator in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis by secreting various bioactive products to mediate the physiological function of the cardiovascular system. Accumulating evidence shows that adipose tissue disorders contribute to several kinds of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, the adipose tissue would present various biological effects depending on its tissue localization and metabolic statuses, deciding the individual cardiometabolic risk. Crosstalk between adipose and myocardial tissue is involved in the pathophysiological process of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, and myocardial infarction/atherosclerosis. The abnormal distribution of adipose tissue in the heart might yield direct and/or indirect effects on cardiac function. Moreover, mechanical transduction is critical for adipocytes in differentiation, proliferation, functional maturity, and homeostasis maintenance. Therefore, understanding the features of mechanotransduction pathways in the cellular ontogeny of adipose tissue is vital for underlining the development of adipocytes involved in cardiovascular disorders, which would preliminarily contribute positive implications on a novel therapeutic invention for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we aim to clarify the role of mechanical stress in cardiac adipocyte homeostasis and its interplay with maintaining cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Yifei Li, ; Junfei Zhao, ; Hua Wang,
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yifei Li, ; Junfei Zhao, ; Hua Wang,
| | - Yifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education (MOE), Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yifei Li, ; Junfei Zhao, ; Hua Wang,
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16
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Lad N, Murphy A, Parenti C, Nelson C, Williams N, Sharpe G, McTernan P. Asthma and obesity: endotoxin another insult to add to injury? Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2729-2748. [PMID: 34918742 PMCID: PMC8689194 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation is often an underlying cause of several chronic diseases such as asthma, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Defining the mediators of such chronic low-grade inflammation often appears dependent on which disease is being investigated. However, downstream systemic inflammatory cytokine responses in these diseases often overlap, noting there is no doubt more than one factor at play to heighten the inflammatory response. Furthermore, it is increasingly believed that diet and an altered gut microbiota may play an important role in the pathology of such diverse diseases. More specifically, the inflammatory mediator endotoxin, which is a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the outer membrane cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and is abundant within the gut microbiota, and may play a direct role alongside inhaled allergens in eliciting an inflammatory response in asthma. Endotoxin has immunogenic effects and is sufficiently microscopic to traverse the gut mucosa and enter the systemic circulation to act as a mediator of chronic low-grade inflammation in disease. Whilst the role of endotoxin has been considered in conditions of obesity, cardiovascular disease and T2DM, endotoxin as an inflammatory trigger in asthma is less well understood. This review has sought to examine the current evidence for the role of endotoxin in asthma, and whether the gut microbiota could be a dietary target to improve disease management. This may expand our understanding of endotoxin as a mediator of further low-grade inflammatory diseases, and how endotoxin may represent yet another insult to add to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Lad
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Alice M. Murphy
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Cristina Parenti
- SHAPE Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Carl P. Nelson
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Neil C. Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Graham R. Sharpe
- SHAPE Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Philip G. McTernan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
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17
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Mkhize BC, Mosili P, Ngubane PS, Sibiya NH, Khathi A. Diet-induced prediabetes: Effects on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in selected organs. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 13:768-780. [PMID: 34619025 PMCID: PMC9077724 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Derangements often observed with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with disturbances in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity. A positive correlation between local RAAS activity and the complications observed in T2D has been noted. However, the detrimental ramifications due to moderate hyperglycemia noted in prediabetes and the affected organ system and mechanistic pathways are not elucidated. Hence, this study investigated the effects of diet-induced prediabetes on RAAS in various organs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into two groups: non-pre-diabetic (NPD) through exposure to standard rat chow and diet-induced prediabetic (PD) group by exposure to a high-fat high carbohydrate diet for 32 weeks. RAAS activity in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas and heart was determined through the analysis of RAAS components such as; renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) via PCR as well as the quantification of angiotensin II and aldosterone concentration. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase, SOD and GPx1 concentrations were determined in the skeletal muscle, pancreas and heart in addition to the hepatic triglycerides. RESULTS The RAAS components were elevated in the PD group when compared to the NPD. This was further accompanied by increased NADPH oxidase and reduced SOD and GPx1 concentrations in the selected organs, in addition to the elevated hepatic triglycerides concentration in the PD by comparison to NPD. CONCLUSION Due to these observed changes, we suggest that local RAAS activity in the prediabetic state in selected organs elicits the derangements noted in T2D.
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18
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Brandão BB, Poojari A, Rabiee A. Thermogenic Fat: Development, Physiological Function, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5906. [PMID: 34072788 PMCID: PMC8198523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerning worldwide increase of obesity and chronic metabolic diseases, such as T2D, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease, motivates further investigations into preventive and alternative therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence that the formation and activation of thermogenic adipocytes (brown and beige) may serve as therapy to treat obesity and its associated diseases owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure and to modulate circulating lipids and glucose levels. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of brown and beige adipocytes formation and activation will facilitate the development of strategies to combat metabolic disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of pathways and players involved in the development of brown and beige fat, as well as the role of thermogenic adipocytes in energy homeostasis and metabolism. Furthermore, we discuss the alterations in brown and beige adipose tissue function during obesity and explore the therapeutic potential of thermogenic activation to treat metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B. Brandão
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Ankita Poojari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
| | - Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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19
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Fatima N, Patel SN, Hussain T. Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor: A Target for Protection Against Hypertension, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Organ Remodeling. Hypertension 2021; 77:1845-1856. [PMID: 33840201 PMCID: PMC8115429 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.11941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is of vital significance not only in the maintenance of blood pressure but also because of its role in the pathophysiology of different organ systems in the body. Of the 2 Ang II (angiotensin II) receptors, the AT1R (Ang II type 1 receptor) has been extensively studied for its role in mediating the classical functions of Ang II, including vasoconstriction, stimulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption, hormonal secretion, cell proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The other receptor, AT2R (Ang II type 2 receptor), is abundantly expressed in both immune and nonimmune cells in fetal tissue. However, its expression is increased under pathological conditions in adult tissues. The role of AT2R in counteracting AT1R function has been discussed in the past 2 decades. However, with the discovery of the nonpeptide agonist C21, the significance of AT2R in various pathologies such as obesity, hypertension, and kidney diseases have been examined. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the beneficial effects of AT2R by summarizing both gene knockout studies as well as pharmacological studies, specifically highlighting its importance in blood pressure regulation, obesity/metabolism, organ protection, and relevance in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Fatima
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Sanket N Patel
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
| | - Tahir Hussain
- From the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, TX
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20
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Overweight and obesity are strongly associated with comorbidities such as hypertension and insulin resistance, which collectively contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases and resultant morbidity and mortality. Forty-two percent of adults in the United States are obese, and a total of 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight or obese. These alarming numbers, which continue to climb, represent a major health and economic burden. Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic organ that can be classified based on the cellular composition of different depots and their distinct anatomical localization. Massive expansion and remodeling of adipose tissue during obesity differentially affects specific adipose tissue depots and significantly contributes to vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation results in increased immune cell infiltration and secretion of vasoconstrictor mediators, whereas expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue is less harmful. Therefore, fat distribution more than overall body weight is a key determinant of the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Thermogenic brown and beige adipose tissue, in contrast to white adipose tissue, is associated with beneficial effects on the vasculature. The relationship between the type of adipose tissue and its influence on vascular function becomes particularly evident in the context of the heterogenous phenotype of perivascular adipose tissue that is strongly location dependent. In this review, we address the abnormal remodeling of specific adipose tissue depots during obesity and how this critically contributes to the development of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular stiffness. We also discuss the local and systemic roles of adipose tissue derived secreted factors and increased systemic inflammation during obesity and highlight their detrimental impact on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Koenen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York (M.K., P.C.)
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (M.A.H., J.R.S.)
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (M.A.H., J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York (M.K., P.C.)
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (M.A.H., J.R.S.)
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (M.A.H., J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
- Department of Medicine (J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
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21
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ACE2 and energy metabolism: the connection between COVID-19 and chronic metabolic disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:535-554. [PMID: 33533405 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has currently attracted increasing attention due to its potential function in regulating energy homeostasis, other than the actions on cellular growth, blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance. The existence of RAS is well established in metabolic organs, including pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, where activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) - angiotensin II pathway contributes to the impairment of insulin secretion, glucose transport, fat distribution, and adipokines production. However, the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - angiotensin (1-7) pathway, a novel branch of the RAS, plays an opposite role in the ACE pathway, which could reverse these consequences by improving local microcirculation, inflammation, stress state, structure remolding, and insulin signaling pathway. In addition, new studies indicate the protective RAS arm possesses extraordinary ability to enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and induces browning of white adipose tissue, and consequently, it leads to increased energy expenditure in the form of heat instead of ATP synthesis. Interestingly, ACE2 is the receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is threating public health worldwide. The main complications of SARS-CoV-2 infected death patients include many energy metabolism-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes. The specific mechanism leading to this phenomenon is largely unknown. Here, we summarize the latest pharmacological and genetic tools on regulating ACE/ACE2 balance and highlight the beneficial effects of the ACE2 pathway axis hyperactivity on glycolipid metabolism, as well as the thermogenic modulation.
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22
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Kim DY, Choi MJ, Ko TK, Lee NH, Kim OH, Cheon HG. Angiotensin AT 1 receptor antagonism by losartan stimulates adipocyte browning via induction of apelin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14878-14892. [PMID: 32839272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte browning appears to be a potential therapeutic strategy to combat obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recent studies have shown that apelin, an adipokine, stimulates adipocyte browning and has negative cross-talk with angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1 receptor) signaling. Here, we report that losartan, a selective AT1 receptor antagonist, induces browning, as evidenced by an increase in browning marker expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and oxygen consumption in murine adipocytes. In parallel, losartan up-regulated apelin expression, concomitant with increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase. However, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of apelin expression attenuated losartan-induced browning. Angiotensin II cotreatment also inhibited losartan-induced browning, suggesting that AT1 receptor antagonism-induced activation of apelin signaling may be responsible for adipocyte browning induced by losartan. The in vivo browning effects of losartan were confirmed using both C57BL/6J and ob/ob mice. Furthermore, in vivo apelin knockdown by adeno-associated virus carrying-apelin shRNA significantly inhibited losartan-induced adipocyte browning. In summary, these data suggested that AT1 receptor antagonism by losartan promotes the browning of white adipocytes via the induction of apelin expression. Therefore, apelin modulation may be an effective strategy for the treatment of obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Young Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hyun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae Gyeong Cheon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Xu Y, Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Feng Y. Panax notoginseng saponins modulate the gut microbiota to promote thermogenesis and beige adipocyte reconstruction via leptin-mediated AMPKα/STAT3 signaling in diet-induced obesity. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11302-11323. [PMID: 33042284 PMCID: PMC7532683 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of the thermogenic program in white and brown adipocytes presents a promising avenue for increasing energy expenditure during the treatment of obesity. The endogenous mechanism for promoting thermogenesis in brown adipocytes or browning in white adipocytes has indicated that the gut microbiota is a crucial regulator of the host energy balance. However, whether the effects of the therapeutic intervention-induced modulation of the gut microbiota on adipocyte browning involved the regulation of leptin remains unclear. Method: The adipose features were analyzed by body composition analysis, infrared camera observations, transmission electron microscopy and H&E staining. The gene and protein expression in adipose tissue were detected by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The gut microbiome signature was identified by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and both mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) and mice with antibiotics-induced microbiome depletion were subjected to fecal microbiota transplantation. Results: Treatment with Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) shaped the murine gut microbiome by increasing the abundances of Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides distasonis, and as a result, DIO mice harbored a distal gut microbiota with a significantly increased capacity to reduce host adiposity. The PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota in DIO mice could increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and beige adipocyte reconstruction by activating the leptin-AMPK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which results in the promotion of energy expenditure. Leptin has an essential influence on the anti-obesity effects of PNS. In cases of leptin deficiency, the PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota exerts negative effects on thermogenesis and browning in white adipose tissue (WAT), which indicates that PNS fail to reduce obesity in leptin gene-deficient mice. The PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota exerted a minimal effect on DIO mice with antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion, which confirmed the correlation between altered gut microbiota and the remodeling of adipose tissues in DIO mice. The direct influence of leptin on browning via the AMPKα/STAT3 signaling pathway in C3H101/2 cells supported our in vivo results that signalling through the leptin-AMPK/STAT3 pathway induced by the PNS-modulated gut microbiota was involved in beige adipocyte reconstruction. Conclusion: Our results revealed that leptin signaling is critical for alterations in microbiota-fat crosstalk and provide promising avenues for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of obesity.
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24
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Dominici FP, Veiras LC, Shen JZY, Bernstein EA, Quiroga DT, Steckelings UM, Bernstein KE, Giani JF. Activation of AT 2 receptors prevents diabetic complications in female db/db mice by NO-mediated mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4766-4781. [PMID: 32851652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The AT2 receptor plays a role in metabolism by opposing the actions triggered by the AT1 receptors. Activation of AT2 receptors has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity in both normal and insulin resistance animal models. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which AT2 receptors activation improves metabolism in diabetic mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Female diabetic (db/db) and non-diabetic (db/+) mice were treated for 1 month with the selective AT2 agonist, compound 21 (C21, 0.3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 , s.c.). To evaluate whether the effects of C21 depend on NO production, a subgroup of mice was treated with C21 plus a sub-pressor dose of the NOS inhibitor l-NAME (0.1 mg·ml-1 , drinking water). KEY RESULTS C21-treated db/db mice displayed improved glucose and pyruvate tolerance compared with saline-treated db/db mice. Also, C21-treated db/db mice showed reduced liver weight and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation compared with saline-treated db/db mice. Insulin signalling analysis showed increased phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, Akt and FOXO1 in the livers of C21-treated db/db mice compared with saline-treated counterparts. These findings were associated with increased adiponectin levels in plasma and adipose tissue and reduced adipocyte size in inguinal fat. The beneficial effects of AT2 receptors activation were associated with increased eNOS phosphorylation and higher levels of NO metabolites and were abolished by l-NAME. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic C21 infusion exerts beneficial metabolic effects in female diabetic db/db mice, alleviating type 2 diabetes complications, through a mechanism that involves NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P Dominici
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justin Z Y Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Diego T Quiroga
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ulrike M Steckelings
- IMM-Department of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Than A, Duong PK, Zan P, Liu J, Leow MKS, Chen P. Lancing Drug Reservoirs into Subcutaneous Fat to Combat Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002872. [PMID: 32603020 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a serious epidemic health problem that can cause many other diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Current approaches to combat obesity suffer from low effectiveness and adverse side effects. Here, a new self-administrable and minimally invasive transdermal drug delivery strategy for home-based long-term treatment of obesity and other diseases is developed. Specifically, ultrathin, core-shelled, and lance-shaped polymeric drug reservoirs (micro-lances [MLs]) are readily fabricated by a thermal pressing molding method and totally implanted into subcutaneous fat by lancing through the skin. Using a diet-induced obese mouse model, it is shown that the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders is effectively inhibited by applying therapeutic core-shelled MLs once every 2 weeks. The outstanding therapeutic effects are attributable to highly localized and biphasic drug release, as well as combination therapy based on browning transformation of white fat and enhanced insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Than
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Phan Khanh Duong
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Ping Zan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Junjie Liu
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 5300021, P. R. China
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Endocrine and Diabetes, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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26
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Giori IG, Magliano DC, Alexandre-Santos B, Fernandes T, Oliveira EM, Vieira CP, Conte-Junior CA, Ceddia RB, Nobrega ACL, Frantz EDC. Enalapril and treadmill running reduce adiposity, but only the latter causes adipose tissue browning in mice. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:900-910. [PMID: 32617979 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether regulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by enalapril and/or aerobic exercise training (AET) causes browning of the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). C57BL/6 mice were fed either a standard chow or a high-fat (HF) diet for 16 weeks. At Week 8, HF-fed animals were divided into sedentary (HF), enalapril (HF-E), AET (HF-T), and enalapril plus AET (HF-ET) groups. Subsequently, sWAT was extracted for morphometry, determination of RAS expression, and biomarkers of WAT browning. The HF group displayed adipocyte hypertrophy and induction of the classical RAS axis. Conversely, all interventions reduced adiposity and induced the counterregulatory RAS axis. However, only AET raised plasma irisin, increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, and uncoupling protein-1 levels, and the expression of PR-domain containing 16 in sWAT. Therefore, we concluded that AET-induced sWAT browning was independent of the counterregulatory axis shifting of RAS in HF diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabele G Giori
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D'Angelo C Magliano
- Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Alexandre-Santos
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fernandes
- National Institute for Science and Technology, INCT Physical (In)activity and Exercise, CNPq, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilamar M Oliveira
- National Institute for Science and Technology, INCT Physical (In)activity and Exercise, CNPq, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla P Vieira
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rolando B Ceddia
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio C L Nobrega
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology, INCT Physical (In)activity and Exercise, CNPq, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliete D C Frantz
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Morphological and Metabolic Analyses, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology, INCT Physical (In)activity and Exercise, CNPq, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Tyurin-Kuzmin PA, Kalinina NI, Kulebyakin KY, Balatskiy AV, Sysoeva VY, Tkachuk VA. Angiotensin receptor subtypes regulate adipose tissue renewal and remodelling. FEBS J 2020; 287:1076-1087. [PMID: 31899581 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with high systemic and local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity in adipose tissue. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ADSCs), responsible for adipose tissue growth upon high-fat diet, express multiple angiotensin II receptor isoforms, including angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 R), angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 R), Mas and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D. Although AT1 R is expressed on most ADSCs, other angiotensin receptors are co-expressed on a small subpopulation of the cells, a phenomenon that results in a complex response pattern. Following AT1 R activation, the effects are transient due to rapid receptor internalisation. This short-lived effect can be prevented by heteromerisation with AT2 R, a particularly important strategy for the regulation of ADSC differentiation and secretory activity. Heteromeric AT2 R might be especially important for the generation of thermogenic beige adipocytes. This review summarises current data regarding the regulation of adipose tissue renewal and particularly ADSC adipogenic differentiation and secretory activity by RAS, with an emphasis on AT2 R and its effects. We reveal a new scheme that implicates AT2 R into the regulation of ADSC hormonal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyotr A Tyurin-Kuzmin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Natalia I Kalinina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Konstantin Y Kulebyakin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Alexander V Balatskiy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.,Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Medical Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.,National Medical Research Centre in Cardiology, Russia
| | - Veronika Y Sysoeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Vsevolod A Tkachuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.,National Medical Research Centre in Cardiology, Russia
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28
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Abstract
Accumulating knowledge on the biology and function of the adipose tissue has led to a major shift in our understanding of its role in health and disease. The adipose tissue is now recognized as a crucial regulator of cardiovascular health, mediated by the secretion of several bioactive products, including adipocytokines, microvesicles and gaseous messengers, with a wide range of endocrine and paracrine effects on the cardiovascular system. The adipose tissue function and secretome are tightly controlled by complex homeostatic mechanisms and local cell-cell interactions, which can become dysregulated in obesity. Systemic or local inflammation and insulin resistance lead to a shift in the adipose tissue secretome from anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic towards a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic profile. Moreover, the interplay between the adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system is bidirectional, with vascular-derived and heart-derived signals directly affecting adipose tissue biology. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biology and regional variability of adipose tissue in humans, deciphering the complex molecular mechanisms controlling the crosstalk between the adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system, and their possible clinical translation. In addition, we highlight the latest developments in adipose tissue imaging for cardiovascular risk stratification and discuss how therapeutic targeting of the adipose tissue can improve prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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29
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Quiroga DT, Miquet JG, Gonzalez L, Sotelo AI, Muñoz MC, Geraldes PM, Giani JF, Dominici FP. Mice lacking angiotensin type 2 receptor exhibit a sex-specific attenuation of insulin sensitivity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110587. [PMID: 31539597 PMCID: PMC6903409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system modulates insulin action. Pharmacological stimulation of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) was shown to have beneficial metabolic effects in various animal models of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and also to increase insulin sensitivity in wild type mice. In this study we further explored the role of the AT2R on insulin action and glucose homeostasis by investigating the glycemic profile and in vivo insulin signaling status in insulin-target tissues from both male and female AT2R knockout (KO) mice. When compared to the respective wild-type (WT) group, glycemia and insulinemia was unaltered in AT2RKO mice regardless of sex. However, female AT2RKO mice displayed decreased insulin sensitivity compared to their WT littermates. This was accompanied by a compensatory increase in adiponectinemia and with a specific attenuation of the activity of main insulin signaling components (insulin receptor, Akt and ERK1/2) in adipose tissue with no apparent alterations in insulin signaling in either liver or skeletal muscle. These parameters remained unaltered in male AT2RKO mice as compared to male WT mice. Present data show that the AT2R has a physiological role in the conservation of insulin action in female but not in male mice. Our results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the control of insulin action and glucose homeostasis by the AT2R and reinforce the notion that pharmacological modulation of the balance between the AT1R and AT2R receptor could be important for treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego T Quiroga
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Gonzalez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina C Muñoz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Geraldes
- Research Center of the CHU de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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30
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Kawabe Y, Mori J, Morimoto H, Yamaguchi M, Miyagaki S, Ota T, Tsuma Y, Fukuhara S, Nakajima H, Oudit GY, Hosoi H. ACE2 exerts anti-obesity effect via stimulating brown adipose tissue and induction of browning in white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1140-E1149. [PMID: 31638856 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00311.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II (ANG II)-ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis is a key player in the pathophysiology of obesity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) counteracts the ANG II/AT1R axis via converting ANG II to angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), which is known to have an anti-obesity effect. In this study, we hypothesized that ACE2 exerts a strong anti-obesity effect by increasing Ang 1-7 levels. We injected intraperitoneally recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2, 2.0 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 28 days to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice. rhACE2 treatment decreased body weight and improved glucose metabolism. Furthermore, rhACE2 increased oxygen consumption and upregulated thermogenesis in HFD-fed mice. In the rhACE2 treatment group, brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass increased, accompanied with ameliorated insulin signaling and increased protein levels of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16. Importantly, subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) mass decreased, concomitant with browning, which was established by the increase of UCP-1 expression. The browning is the result of increased H3K27 acetylation via the downregulation of histone deacetylase 3 and increased H3K9 acetylation via upregulation of GCN5 and P300/CBP-associated factor. These results suggest that rhACE2 exerts anti-obesity effects by stimulating BAT and inducing browning in sWAT. ACE2 and the Ang 1-7 axis represent a potential therapeutic approach to prevent the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kawabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidechika Morimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mihoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyagaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ota
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shota Fukuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Nakajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Physiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Hajime Hosoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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32
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Liu J, Li X, Lu Q, Ren D, Sun X, Rousselle T, Li J, Leng J. AMPK: a balancer of the renin-angiotensin system. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181994. [PMID: 31413168 PMCID: PMC6722492 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is undisputedly well-studied as one of the oldest and most critical regulators for arterial blood pressure, fluid volume, as well as renal function. In recent studies, RAS has also been implicated in the development of obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other diseases, and also involved in the regulation of several signaling pathways such as proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy, and insulin resistance. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an essential cellular energy sensor, has also been discovered to be involved in these diseases and cellular pathways. This would imply a connection between the RAS and AMPK. Therefore, this review serves to draw attention to the cross-talk between RAS and AMPK, then summering the most recent literature which highlights AMPK as a point of balance between physiological and pathological functions of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Xuan Li
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Qingguo Lu
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Di Ren
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Rousselle
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Jiyan Leng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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33
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Nag S, Patel S, Mani S, Hussain T. Role of angiotensin type 2 receptor in improving lipid metabolism and preventing adiposity. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 461:195-204. [PMID: 31414336 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on mice with null mutation of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) gene have implicated the involvement of AT2R in regulating adipocyte size and obesity, a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome. However, the outcome from these studies remains inconclusive. Therefore, current study was designed to test whether pharmacological activation of AT2R regulates adiposity and lipid metabolism. Male mice (5-weeks old) were pre-treated with vehicle or AT2R agonist (C21, 0.3 mg/kg, i.p., daily, for 4 days) and fed normal diet (ND). Then these animals were subdivided into ND and high-fat diet (HFD) regimen and concomitantly treated with vehicle or C21 through day 14. Vehicle-treated HFD-fed mice demonstrated an increase in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) weight and adipocyte size, which were associated with increased eWAT expression of the lipogenic regulators, fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid synthase, decreased expression of adipose triglyceride lipase and increased expression of hormone-sensitive lipase. Interestingly, C21 pre-treatment altered HFD-induced changes in lipogenic and lipolytic regulators. C21 pre-treatment prevented decrease in expression of uncoupler protein-1 in brown adipose in HFD-fed mice, which was associated with increased core temperature. In addition, C21 pre-treatment ameliorated plasma-free fatty acids, triglycerides, insulin and tumor necrosis factor-α in HFD-fed mice. Ex-vivo study in isolated primary epididymal adipocytes revealed that C21 inhibits long chain fatty acid transporter, via a nitric oxide synthase/guanylate cyclase/protein kinase G-dependent pathway. Collectively, we propose pharmacological activation of AT2R regulates fatty acid metabolism and thermogenesis and prevents HFD-induced adiposity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourashish Nag
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Rd., Health 2, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Rd., Health 2, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Shailaja Mani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Rd., Health 2, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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34
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Américo ALV, Muller CR, Vecchiatto B, Martucci LF, Fonseca-Alaniz MH, Evangelista FS. Aerobic exercise training prevents obesity and insulin resistance independent of the renin angiotensin system modulation in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215896. [PMID: 31022246 PMCID: PMC6483229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training (AET) on the thermogenic response, substrate metabolism and renin angiotensin system (RAS) in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SC-WAT) of mice fed cafeteria diet (CAF). Male C57BL/6J mice were assigned into groups CHOW-SED (chow diet, sedentary; n = 10), CHOW-TR (chow diet, trained; n = 10), CAF-SED (CAF, sedentary; n = 10) and CAF-TR (CAF, trained; n = 10). AET consisted in running sessions of 60 min at 60% of maximal speed, five days per week for eight weeks. The CAF-SED group showed higher body weight and adiposity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR), while AET prevented such damages in CAF-TR group. AET reduced the p-AKT/t-AKT ratio and increased ATGL expression in CHOW-TR and CAF-TR groups and increased t-HSL and p-HSL/t-HSL ratio in CAF-TR. AET prevented adipocyte hypertrophy in CAF-TR group and increased UCP-1 protein expression only in CHOW-TR. Serum ACE2 increased in CHOW-TR and CAF-TR groups, and Ang (1–7) increased in the CHOW-TR group. In the SC-WAT, CAF-TR group increased the expression of AT1, AT2 and Mas receptors, whereas CHOW-TR increased Ang (1–7) and Ang (1–7)/Ang II ratio in SC-WAT. No changes were observed in ACE and Ang II. Positive correlations were observed between UCP-1 and kITT (r = 0.6), between UCP-1 and Ang (1–7) concentration (r = 0.6), and between UCP-1 and Ang (1–7)/Ang II ratio (r = 0.7). In conclusion, the AET prevented obesity and IR, reduced insulin signaling proteins and increased lipolysis signaling proteins in the SC-WAT. In addition, the CAF diet precludes the AET-induced thermogenic response and the partial modulation of the RAS suggests that the protective effect of AET against obesity and IR could not be associated with SC-WAT RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura V. Américo
- Department of Experimental Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cynthia R. Muller
- Department of Experimental Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vecchiatto
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Martucci
- Department of Experimental Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana S. Evangelista
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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35
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Rosiglitazone Enhances Browning Adipocytes in Association with MAPK and PI3-K Pathways During the Differentiation of Telomerase-Transformed Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071618. [PMID: 30939750 PMCID: PMC6480475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk for diabetes. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediates production of heat while white adipose tissue (WAT) function in the storage of fat. Roles of BAT in the treatment of obesity and related disorders warrants more investigation. Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is the master regulator of both BAT and WAT adipogenesis and has roles in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Adipose tissue is the major expression site for PPAR-γ. In this study, the effects of rosiglitazone on the brown adipogenesis and the association of MAPK and PI3K pathways was investigated during the in vitro adipogenic differentiation of telomerase transformed mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs). Our data indicate that 2 µM rosiglitazone enhanced adipogenesis by over-expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α. More specifically, brown adipogenesis was enhanced by the upregulation of EBF2 and UCP-1 and evidenced by multilocular fatty droplets morphology of the differentiated adipocytes. We also found that rosiglitazone significantly activated MAPK and PI3K pathways at the maturation stage of differentiation. Overall, the results indicate that rosiglitazone induced overexpression of PPAR-γ that in turn enhanced adipogenesis, particularly browning adipogenesis. This study reports the browning effects of rosiglitazone during the differentiation of iMSCs into adipocytes in association with the activation of MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways.
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36
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Bai Y, Wang W, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Zhang H. lncRNA MIAT suppression alleviates corneal angiogenesis through regulating miR-1246/ACE. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:661-669. [PMID: 30782069 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1578143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization (CRNV) is a prevalence eye disorder that affects the transparency and refraction properties of eyes. To explore the correlation between the level of Angiotensin II (Ang II) and corneal angiogenesis, the rat model of CRNV was established using alkali-burn, while the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated using VEGF to induce the CRNV cells in vitro. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down were performed to validate the relationship between MIAT and miR-1246. The expression of MIAT and Ang II was increased, while miR-1246 was decreased in CRNV rat model. VEGF stimulation significantly promoted cell proliferation and migration of HUVECs, knockdown of MIAT dramatically reversed the effects of VEGF, while cells co-transfected with miR-1246 inhibitor obviously abolished the effect of VEGF+si-MIAT, however, enalaprilat abolished the effects of VEGF+si-MIAT+miR-1246 inhibitor. MIAT directly regulated the expression of miR-1246. In conclusion, VEGF stimulation promoted cell proliferation and migration of HUVECs mainly through regulating MIAT/miR-1246/ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Bai
- a Department of Ophthalmology , First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Weiqun Wang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Youmei Zhang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Fengyan Zhang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Haohao Zhang
- b Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
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37
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Srivastava S, Veech RL. Brown and Brite: The Fat Soldiers in the Anti-obesity Fight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30761017 PMCID: PMC6363669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed to maintain thermal homeostasis through dissipation of chemical energy as heat by the uncoupling proteins (UCPs) present in their mitochondria. The recent demonstration of the presence of BAT in humans has invigorated research in this area. The research has provided many new insights into the biology and functioning of this tissue and the biological implications of its altered activities. Another finding of interest is browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) resulting in what is known as beige/brite cells, which have increased mitochondrial proteins and UCPs. In general, it has been observed that the activation of BAT is associated with various physiological improvements such as a reduction in blood glucose levels increased resting energy expenditure and reduced weight. Given the similar physiological functions of BAT and beige/ brite cells and the higher mass of WAT compared to BAT, it is likely that increasing the brite/beige cells in WATs may also lead to greater metabolic benefits. However, development of treatments targeting brown fat or WAT browning would require not only a substantial understanding of the biology of these tissues but also the effect of altering their activity levels on whole body metabolism and physiology. In this review, we present evidence from recent literature on the substrates utilized by BAT, regulation of BAT activity and browning by circulating molecules. We also present dietary and pharmacological activators of brown and beige/brite adipose tissue and the effect of physical exercise on BAT activity and browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesh Srivastava
- Systems Biology for Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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38
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Zhang Y, Somers KR, Becari C, Polonis K, Pfeifer MA, Allen AM, Kellogg TA, Covassin N, Singh P. Comparative Expression of Renin-Angiotensin Pathway Proteins in Visceral Versus Subcutaneous Fat. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1370. [PMID: 30364113 PMCID: PMC6191467 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Body fat distribution contributes to obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Visceral fat is more detrimental than subcutaneous fat. However, the mechanisms underlying visceral fat-mediated cardiometabolic dysregulation are not completely understood. Localized increases in expression of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in adipose tissue (AT) may be implicated. We therefore investigated mRNA and protein expression of RAS components in visceral versus subcutaneous AT using paired samples from individuals undergoing surgery (N = 20, body mass index: 45.6 ± 6.2 kg/m2, and age: 44.6 ± 9.1 years). We also examined RAS-related proteins in AT obtained from individuals on renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) targeted drugs (N = 10, body mass index: 47.2 ± 9.3 kg/m2, and age: 53.3 ± 10.1 years). Comparison of protein expression between subcutaneous and visceral AT samples showed an increase in renin (p = 0.004) and no change in angiotensinogen (p = 0.987) expression in visceral AT. Among proteins involved in angiotensin peptide generation, angiotensin converting enzyme (p = 0.02) was increased in subcutaneous AT while chymase (p = 0.001) and angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (p = 0.001) were elevated in visceral fat. Furthermore, visceral fat expression of angiotensin II type-2 receptor (p = 0.007) and angiotensin II type-1 receptor (p = 0.031) was higher, and MAS receptor (p < 0.001) was lower. Phosphorylated-p53 (p = 0.147), AT fibrosis (p = 0.138) and average adipocyte size (p = 0.846) were similar in the two depots. Nonetheless, visceral AT showed increased mRNA expression of inflammatory (TNFα, p < 0.001; IL-6, p = 0.001) and oxidative stress markers (NOX2, p = 0.038; NOX4, p < 0.001). Of note, mRNA and protein expression of RAS components did not differ between subjects taking or not taking RAAS related drugs. In summary, several RAS related proteins are differentially expressed in subcutaneous versus visceral AT. This differential expression may not alter AngII but likely increases Ang1-7 generation in visceral fat. These potential differences in active angiotensin peptides and receptor expression in the two depots suggest that localized RAS may not be involved in differences in visceral vs subcutaneous AT function in obese individuals. Our findings do not support a role for localized RAS differences in visceral fat-mediated development of cardiovascular and metabolic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebo Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kiran R Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christiane Becari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Katarzyna Polonis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michaela A Pfeifer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Alina M Allen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Todd A Kellogg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Naima Covassin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Prachi Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of hypertension (HTN), a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Growing body of research suggests that adipose tissue function is directly associated with the pathogenesis of obesity-related HTN. In this review, we will discuss recent research on the role of adipose tissue in blood pressure (BP) regulation and activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) as a potentially new therapeutic means for obesity-related HTN. RECENT FINDINGS Adipose tissue provides mechanical protection of the blood vessels and plays a role in regulation of vascular tone. Exercise and fasting activate BAT and induce browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). BAT-secreted FGF21 lowers BP and protects against HTN. Browning of perivascular WAT improves HTN. New insights on WAT browning and BAT activation can open new avenues of potential therapeutic interventions to treat obesity-related HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eashita Das
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Siliguri College, North Bengal University, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734001, India
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nikita Thakkar
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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40
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Lefranc C, Friederich-Persson M, Palacios-Ramirez R, Nguyen Dinh Cat A. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in obesity: role of the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R143-R159. [PMID: 29875164 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifaceted, chronic, low-grade inflammation disease characterized by excess accumulation of dysfunctional adipose tissue. It is often associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disorders, insulin resistance and diabetes. Under pathological conditions like in obesity, adipose tissue secretes bioactive molecules called 'adipokines', including cytokines, hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is evidence suggesting that oxidative stress, in particular, the ROS imbalance in adipose tissue, may be the mechanistic link between obesity and its associated CV and metabolic complications. Mitochondria in adipose tissue are an important source of ROS and their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Mitochondrial function is regulated by several factors in order to preserve mitochondria integrity and dynamics. Moreover, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is over-activated in obesity. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiological role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the adipose tissue and its contribution to obesity-associated metabolic and CV complications. More specifically, we discuss whether dysregulation of the mineralocorticoid system within the adipose tissue may be the upstream mechanism and one of the early events in the development of obesity, via induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus impacting on systemic metabolism and the CV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lefranc
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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41
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Quiroga DT, Muñoz MC, Gil C, Pffeifer M, Toblli JE, Steckelings UM, Giani JF, Dominici FP. Chronic administration of the angiotensin type 2 receptor agonist C21 improves insulin sensitivity in C57BL/6 mice. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13824. [PMID: 30156060 PMCID: PMC6113135 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system modulates insulin action. Angiotensin type 1 receptor exerts a deleterious effect, whereas the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) appears to have beneficial effects providing protection against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. To further explore the role of the AT2R on insulin action and glucose homeostasis, in this study we administered C57Bl/6 mice with the synthetic agonist of the AT2R C21 for 12 weeks (1 mg/kg per day; ip). Vehicle-treated animals were used as control. Metabolic parameters, glucose, and insulin tolerance, in vivo insulin signaling in main insulin-target tissues as well as adipose tissue levels of adiponectin, and TNF-α were assessed. C21-treated animals displayed decreased glycemia together with unaltered insulinemia, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased glucose tolerance compared to nontreated controls. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in adipocytes size in epididymal adipose tissue and significant increases in both adiponectin and UCP-1 expression in this tissue. C21-treated mice showed an increase in both basal Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels in the liver, and increased insulin-stimulated Akt activation in adipose tissue. This positive modulation of insulin action induced by C21 appeared not to involve the insulin receptor. In C21-treated mice, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle became unresponsive to insulin in terms of ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels. Present data show that chronic pharmacological activation of AT2R with C21 increases insulin sensitivity in mice and indicate that the AT2R has a physiological role in the conservation of insulin action.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/drug effects
- Adiponectin/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cell Size/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonamides/administration & dosage
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Thiophenes/administration & dosage
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tomás Quiroga
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marina C. Muñoz
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Carolina Gil
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marlies Pffeifer
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Jorge E. Toblli
- Laboratory of Experimental MedicineHospital Alemán de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ulrike M. Steckelings
- IMM ‐ Deptartment of Cardiovascular & Renal ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Jorge F. Giani
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Fernando P. Dominici
- Departamento de Química Biológica‐Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (CONICET)Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
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42
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Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle: focus on exercise training. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1487-1507. [PMID: 30037837 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) increases the classical arm (Ang-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang type 1 receptor (AT1R)) to the detriment of the protective arm (ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas receptor (MasR)). The components of the RAS are present locally in white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle, which act co-operatively, through specific mediators, in response to pathophysiological changes. In WAT, up-regulation of the classical arm promotes lipogenesis and reduces lipolysis and adipogenesis, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy and lipid storage, which are related to insulin resistance and increased inflammation. In skeletal muscle, the classical arm promotes protein degradation and increases the inflammatory status and oxidative stress, leading to muscle wasting. Conversely, the protective arm plays a counter-regulatory role by opposing the effect of Ang II. The accumulation of adipose tissue and muscle mass loss is associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality, which could be related, in part, to overactivation of the RAS. On the other hand, exercise training (ExT) shifts the balance of the RAS towards the protective arm, promoting the inhibition of the classical arm in parallel with the stimulation of the protective arm. Thus, fat mobilization and maintenance of muscle mass and function are facilitated. However, the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced changes in the RAS remain unclear. In this review, we present the RAS as a key mechanism of WAT and skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss the interaction between the RAS and exercise and the possible underlying mechanisms of the health-related aspects of ExT.
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43
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Sympathetic transmitters control thermogenic efficacy of brown adipocytes by modulating mitochondrial complex V. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17060. [PMID: 29263934 PMCID: PMC5680398 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and results from excessive energy intake or inefficient energy expenditure. It is promising to utilize the thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue for obesity intervention. However, the mechanisms controlling the efficacy of norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis in brown adipocytes remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that norepinephrine (NE) induces low-efficacy thermogenesis, evoking both heterogeneous changes (ΔΨm and ΔpH) and homogenous responses, one of which is that NE stimulation causes large amounts of ATP consumption in brown adipocytes. We reveal that the proton-ATPase activity of mitochondrial complex V is a key factor that antagonizes proton leakage by UCP1 and determines the efficacy of NE-induced thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. Furthermore, to avoid unnecessary and undesired heat production, we reveal that ATP is a necessary sympathetic cotransmitter for the high efficacy and specificity of NE-induced thermogenesis in brown adipocytes as it increases intracellular calcium concentrations and upregulates the ATP synthase activity of complex V. Thus, we demonstrate the modulation mechanism of thermogenic efficacy in brown adipocytes. These findings imply new strategies to partially or fully utilize the thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes to identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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