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Webb MD, Melough MM, Earthman CP, Katz SE, Pacanowski CR. Associations between anthropometry, body composition, and body image in athletes: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1372331. [PMID: 38803833 PMCID: PMC11129708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Poor body image is a potent risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders. Athletes are a population at increased risk for eating disorders despite reports of lower body image concerns compared to non-athletes. Body size and composition may influence an athlete's susceptibility to poor body image. Methods Five electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus) were searched to systematically evaluate the literature regarding the association between body measures (i.e., anthropometric and body composition indicators) and body image in athletes. The systematic review was completed following PRISMA guidelines and 27 cross-sectional studies were identified for inclusion and evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Results Studies differed in methodological assessment of anthropometry or body composition (i.e., self-reported versus researcher-measured), methods for evaluating aspects of body image, geographic location, and sport type. Higher body mass index (BMI) or percent body fat (%BF) was significantly associated with greater body dissatisfaction in 16 of 22 studies (72.7%). Positive associations between body measures and aspects of negative body image were most consistently observed among studies that assessed BMI based on self-reported heights and weights, while significant associations between body composition measures (e.g., %BF, fat mass, fat-free mass) were less common. Four of seven studies assessing relationships between BMI and an aspect of positive body image reported significant inverse relationships, while three revealed insignificant associations. Discussion Overall, higher BMI and body fat were associated with body dissatisfaction among athletes. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings within focused populations and utilizing body composition methods (e.g., bioelectrical impedance techniques). Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42023446518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D. Webb
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carrie P. Earthman
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sarah E. Katz
- Research and Engagement Department, Library, Museums, and Press, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carly R. Pacanowski
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Liu X, He M, Li Y. Adult obesity diagnostic tool: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37946. [PMID: 38669386 PMCID: PMC11049696 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex chronic metabolic disorder characterized by abnormalities in lipid metabolism. Obesity is not only associated with various chronic diseases but also has negative effects on physiological functions such as the cardiovascular, endocrine and immune systems. As a global health problem, the incidence and prevalence of obesity have increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, understanding assessment methods and measurement indicators for obesity is critical for early screening and effective disease control. Current methods for measuring obesity in adult include density calculation, anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computerized imaging, etc. Measurement indicators mainly include weight, hip circumference, waist circumference, neck circumference, skinfold thickness, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature to date, summarizes and analyzes various assessment methods and measurement indicators for adult obesity, and provides insights and guidance for the innovation of obesity assessment indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- Rehabilitation College, Guilin Life and Health Career Technical College, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Mengxiao He
- School of Physical Education and Health, Guilin University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Physical Education and Health, Guilin University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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Simpson MC, Yañez L, Leyton B, Datta Banik S, Muñoz-Cofré R, Lizana PA. Submandibular Skinfold Thickness Cut-off Values in Relation to Body Mass Index and Percentage Body Fat Among Chilean Adolescents. Ecol Food Nutr 2023; 62:334-347. [PMID: 37798931 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2023.2265304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates submandibular skinfold (SMS) cutoff values to estimate excess weight for BMI and percentage body fat (%BF) among Chilean adolescents. The results show an optimal area under the cutoff curve value of 83% among girls and 91% in boys to estimate SMS concerning %BF and BMI. The SMS cutoff value estimating obesity by %BF was 10 mm among girls and 9 mm among boys, 10 mm among girls, and 7 mm among boys by BMI. Our results showed that SMS is significantly associated with anthropometric parameters for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Simpson
- Instituto de Estadística, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Lily Yañez
- Instituto de Estadística, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Bárbara Leyton
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sudip Datta Banik
- Department of Human Ecology Center for Research and Advanced Studies. (Cinvestav-IPN). Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz-Cofré
- Posdoctorado En Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pablo A Lizana
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Morphological Sciences, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Figaroa MNS, Gielen M, Casas L, Loos RJF, Derom C, Weyers S, Nawrot TS, Zeegers MP, Bijnens EM. Early-life residential green spaces and traffic exposure in association with young adult body composition: a longitudinal birth cohort study of twins. Environ Health 2023; 22:18. [PMID: 36800959 PMCID: PMC9936720 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-00964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, the rapid increase of obesity is reaching alarming proportions. A new approach to reduce obesity and its comorbidities involves tackling the built environment. Environmental influences seem to play an important role, but the environmental influences in early life on adult body composition have not been thoroughly investigated. This study seeks to fill the research gap by examining early-life exposure to residential green spaces and traffic exposure in association with body composition among a population of young adult twins. METHODS As part of the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey (EFPTS) cohort, this study included 332 twins. Residential addresses of the mothers at time of birth of the twins were geocoded to determine residential green spaces and traffic exposure. To capture body composition, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference, skinfold thickness, leptin levels, and fat percentage were measured at adult age. Linear mixed modelling analyses were conducted to investigate early-life environmental exposures in association with body composition, while accounting for potential confounders. In addition, moderator effects of zygosity/chorionicity, sex and socio-economic status were tested. RESULTS Each interquartile range (IQR) increase in distance to highway was found associated with an increase of 1.2% in WHR (95%CI 0.2-2.2%). For landcover of green spaces, each IQR increase was associated with 0.8% increase in WHR (95%CI 0.4-1.3%), 1.4% increase in waist circumference (95%CI 0.5-2.2%), and 2.3% increase in body fat (95%CI 0.2-4.4%). Stratified analyses by zygosity/chorionicity type indicated that in monozygotic monochorionic twins, each IQR increase in land cover of green spaces was associated with 1.3% increase in WHR (95%CI 0.5-2.1%). In monozygotic dichorionic twins, each IQR increase in land cover of green spaces was associated with 1.4% increase in waist-circumference (95%CI 0.6-2.2%). CONCLUSIONS The built environment in which mothers reside during pregnancy might play a role on body composition among young adult twins. Our study revealed that based on zygosity/chorionicity type differential effects of prenatal exposure to green spaces on body composition at adult age might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N S Figaroa
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Gielen
- Department of Epidemiology, NUTRIM School for Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - L Casas
- Social Epidemiology and Health Policy, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development (IMDO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R J F Loos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Derom
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Weyers
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - M P Zeegers
- Department of Epidemiology, NUTRIM School for Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E M Bijnens
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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Equations based on anthropometric measurements for adipose tissue, body fat, or body density prediction in children and adolescents: a scoping review. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2321-2338. [PMID: 35699918 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Assessing the body composition of children and adolescents is important to monitor their health status. Anthropometric measurements are feasible and less-expensive than other techniques for body composition assessment. This study aimed to systematically map anthropometric equations to predict adipose tissue, body fat, or density in children and adolescents, and to analyze methodological aspects of the development of anthropometric equations using skinfolds. METHODS A scoping review was carried out following the PRISMA-ScR criteria. The search was carried out in eight databases. The methodological structure protocol of this scoping review was retrospectively registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/35uhc/ ). RESULTS We included 78 reports and 593 anthropometric equations. The samples consisted of healthy individuals, people with different diseases or disabilities, and athletes from different sports. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was the reference method most commonly used in developing equations. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were the anthropometric measurements most frequently used as predictors in the equations. Age, stage of sexual maturation, and peak height velocity were used as complementary variables in the equations. CONCLUSION Our scoping review identified equations proposed for children and adolescents with a great diversity of characteristics. In many of the reports, important methodological aspects were not addressed, a factor that may be associated with equation bias. LEVEL IV Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis such as case studies. (NB: dramatic results in uncontrolled trials might also be regarded as this type of evidence).
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Sylvestre M, Ahun MN, O'Loughlin J. Revisiting trajectories of BMI in youth: An in-depth analysis of differences between BMI and other adiposity measures. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:711-718. [PMID: 34877010 PMCID: PMC8633937 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body mass index (BMI) is used to identify trajectories of adiposity in youth, but it does not distinguish fat- from fat-free-mass. There are other inexpensive measures of adiposity which might better capture fat-mass in youth The objective of this study is to examine differences between sex-specific trajectories of BMI and other adiposity indicators (subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio) which may better capture fat-mass in youth. METHODS Data come from four cycles of a longitudinal cohort of 1293 students in Montréal, Canada at ages 12, 15, 17 and 24. Group-based trajectory models identified sex-specific adiposity trajectories among participants with data in ≥3 cycles (n = 417 males; n = 445 females). RESULTS There were six trajectory groups in males and females for all five indicators, except for waist circumference (seven) in both sexes and triceps skinfold thickness (four) and waist-to-height ratio (five) in females. Most trajectories indicated linear increases; only the skinfold thickness indicators identified a decreasing trajectory. While all indicators identified a trajectory with high levels of adiposity, they differed in the number and relative size of trajectories pertaining to individuals in lower half of the adiposity distribution. CONCLUSION BMI is a satisfactory indicator of adiposity in youth if the aim of the trajectory analysis is to identify youth with excess adiposity, a known risk factor for cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Pierre Sylvestre
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l`Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)MontréalQuebecCanada
- Department of Social and Preventive MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Marilyn N. Ahun
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l`Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)MontréalQuebecCanada
- Department of Social and Preventive MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Jennifer O'Loughlin
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l`Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)MontréalQuebecCanada
- Department of Social and Preventive MedicineUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
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Ocampo-Plazas ML, Prieto-Mondragón LDP, Solorzano MA, Escobar FC. Fitness for health assessment in unilateral lower limb amputation: The Evam1 battery. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2020; 33:569-579. [PMID: 31796662 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-181441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the rehabilitation phase, physical exercise is a key element that requires an assessment of the best alternatives for application since the pre-prosthetic phase (PPF) for an accurate prescription. Therefore, the assessment of fitness for health (FFH) shall be included in the initial rehabilitation process. OBJECTIVE To develop a FFH evaluation battery (Evam1) for pre-prosthetic unilateral lower-limb amputees (PPULLA). METHOD A descriptive study of the theoretical construction and validation of a FFH evaluation battery based on a review of international literature for tests that measure amputee physical capability. RESULTS During the scientific literature review, no batteries designed with this goal were found. We therefore designed a battery that was assembled of five tests for anthropometry, aerobic capacity, strength and flexibility. Combined leg and arm cycloergometrics, isokinetic dynamometry, and flexi test are the most reliable tests for the corresponding assessment of each component. CONCLUSIONS PPF is of great importance, since the basic physical capabilities are altered due to long immobilization and hospitalization periods, inadequate postures, alteration of basic daily activities, and decrease in participation in sports, recreational, and work activities. This is a fundamental proposal, given that the procedures for FFH assessment of PPULLA have been rarely addressed, thus limiting the information on assessment methods, processes and/or tests established for these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Luz Ocampo-Plazas
- Departamento de Movimiento Corporal Humano, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Mónica Andrea Solorzano
- Departamento de Movimiento Corporal Humano, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ferney Camilo Escobar
- Departamento de Movimiento Corporal Humano, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Yargic M, Kurklu G, Celen M, Goktepe E. Seasonal body composition alterations of an elite male soccer team evaluated with skinfold thickness equations and BIMP analysis. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was classified in two aspects: (1) evaluating seasonal changes in body composition of an elite male soccer team; (2) comparing body fat estimates of two different skinfold thickness equations (Jackson-Pollock (JP), Withers) to those of multifrequency bioimpedance (BIMP) among soccer players. Skinfold thickness (7-site) and BIMP measurements were done to 24 players from the same team at 5 different time points throughout the season of 2016-2017. Team displayed no seasonal changes in any of the body composition parameters (body weight, muscle mass, body fat, bone mass, body water, visceral fat rate) (P>0.05). According to Bland-Altman plot analysis for repeated measures, bias between BIMP and JP estimates was 2.88±2.94, whereas bias between BIMP and Withers estimates was 0.53±2.13 and limits of agreement ranged between -2.83 and 9.69 for JP and BIMP, and between -3.57 to 4.76 for Withers and BIMP. A poor correlation was observed between JP and BIMP (ρc=0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.18-0.39]). Assessment between BIMP analysis and Withers formula returned a fair correlation (ρc=0.49, 95% CI [0.34-0.61]). Finally, Withers and JP formulas’ estimates displayed only a moderate correlation (ρc=0.66, 95% CI [0.60-0.72]). Either of the methods cannot be used interchangeably, therefore longitudinal tracking of body fat must be done with a single method and equation. When 7-site skinfold measurements are conducted, we suggest implementing Withers equation among elite male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.P. Yargic
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, Department of Sports Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - G.B. Kurklu
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, Department of Sports Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - M.C. Celen
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Konya, Turkey
| | - E. Goktepe
- Konyaspor A.S., Sport Nutritionist, Konya, Turkey
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Secular trends in adiposity within the context of changes in BMI across developmental periods among Polish schoolchildren-application of the Slaughter equation. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 75:49-56. [PMID: 32632246 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate secular changes in the body fatness, assessed using the Slaughter equation, in the context of changes in BMI in different developmental periods among Polish schoolchildren studied over nearly 50 years. METHODS Data were collected during Polish Anthropological Surveys (1966, 1978, 1988, 2012). The total random sample consisted of 69,746 schoolchildren, aged 7-18. Three periods of development were identified: childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence. Raw data of BMI were standardized for age classes. Based on the body fat percentage, calculated using Slaughter equation (involving triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness), fat mass (FM; kg), and then fat mass index (FMI = FM/height6; kg/m6) was assessed to enable comparison between body fatness and BMI. Statistical analyses included two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's tests. RESULTS In boys, in terms of changes per decade, between 1966 and 2012 acceleration in Z-BMI and deceleration in FMI were found, irrespective of developmental period. Regarding girls, deceleration of trend was found in terms of both features, with different intensity, depending on developmental period and year of study. The pattern of changes in FMI depending on developmental period was, to some extent, similar for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Slaughter equation for abovementioned two skinfolds, as a method of body fatness assessment, might be a useful tool for research on boys across different developmental periods, but not on girls. Moreover, it should be used with caution when applied to secular changes in adiposity in both sexes, since the distribution of fat tissue varies across ontogenesis, but also over generations.
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Arouca AB, Meirhaeghe A, Dallongeville J, Moreno LA, Lourenço GJ, Marcos A, Huybrechts I, Manios Y, Lambrinou CP, Gottrand F, Kafatos A, Kersting M, Sjöström M, Widhalm K, Ferrari M, Molnár D, González-Gross M, Forsner M, De Henauw S, Michels N. Interplay between the Mediterranean diet and C-reactive protein genetic polymorphisms towards inflammation in adolescents. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:1919-1926. [PMID: 31500937 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM From a nutrigenetics perspective, we aim to investigate the moderating role of the Mediterranean diet and each of its subgroups in the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) gene polymorphisms and CRP blood concentration in adolescents. METHODS In 562 adolescents (13-17 y) of the European HELENA study, data was available on circulating CRP levels as inflammatory biomarker, three CRP gene SNPs (rs3093068, rs1204, rs1130864), food intake determined by a self-administered computerized 24 h-dietary recall for 2 days, and body composition. A 9-point Mediterranean diet score and each food subgroup were tested as moderator via SNP*diet interaction. Analyzes were adjusted for age, sex, puberty, adiposity and socioeconomic status. RESULTS The minor allele frequencies of rs3093068 and rs1130864 SNPs (GG and TT, respectively) were associated with higher CRP concentrations, while rs1205 (CT/TT) was associated with lower CRP concentrations. There were significant interactions between rs3093068 and Mediterranean diet (B = -0.1139, p = 0.011), or the fish food subgroup (B = -0.0090, p = 0.022), so that those with the highest genetic CRP risk underwent the highest CRP attenuation by a healthier diet. Although the effect of diet and SNP was substantial, the explained variance by interaction was only 1%. CONCLUSION Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet and particularly its fish component was associated with a lower CRP blood concentrations especially in those at highest genetic risk due to the rs3093068 SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Arouca
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Aline Meirhaeghe
- UMR1167, RID-AGE, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Jean Dallongeville
- UMR1167, RID-AGE, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Jacob Lourenço
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christina-Paulina Lambrinou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, Pediatric University Clinic, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
| | - Michael Sjöström
- Department of Biosciences, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marika Ferrari
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Italy.
| | - Denes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Sareban M, Fernandez La Puente de Battre MD, Reich B, Schmied C, Loidl M, Niederseer D, Niebauer J. Effects of active commuting to work for 12 months on cardiovascular risk factors and body composition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30 Suppl 1:24-30. [PMID: 32333707 PMCID: PMC7496505 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Active commuting has the potential to decrease cardiovascular risk by increasing physical activity. We aimed to investigate the effects of active commuting to work for 12 months on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, 73 hospital employees (age: 46 ± 9 years, 36% males), with a predominantly passive way of commuting, were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG) in a 2:1 fashion. The IG was further divided into a public transportation plus active commuting group (IG‐PT) and a cycling group (IG‐C). Both IGs were prompted to reach 150 min/wk of moderate intensity exercise. Daily self‐reported commuting details were verified by GPS tracking. All subjects underwent assessment of body composition, resting blood pressure, glycemic control, and lipid profile at the beginning and end of the study. Data for final analyses were available in 62 subjects. Commuting details indicated that the subjects randomized to IG changed their commuting habits. HbA1c decreased by 0.2% [95%CI: −0.3, −0.2] in IG‐PT but was not statistically different between groups (P = .06). LDL cholesterol decreased in IG‐C by 0.8 mmol/L [−1.1, −0.4] and by 0.6 mmol/L [−1.2, 0.1] in IG‐PT which can be considered biologically relevant but did not yield statistical significance. Body composition and blood pressure did not differ between groups. Active commuting to work for 12 months did not change body composition but yielded relevant changes in lipid profile and glycemic control. Health benefits of active commuting should be addressed by healthcare professionals when counseling individuals that seek to improve their cardiovascular risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Sareban
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Dolores Fernandez La Puente de Battre
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Reich
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Schmied
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Centre, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Loidl
- Department of Geoinformatics, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Centre, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Josef Niebauer
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Núñez FJ, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Suárez-Arrones L. Validity of Field Methods to Estimate Fat-Free Mass Changes Throughout the Season in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 32116741 PMCID: PMC7029743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the most effective anthropometric equations or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices for quantifying the sensitivity to change in fat-free mass (FFM) in elite young soccer players, in comparison with measurements using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), between the pre- and mid-season. A total of 40 elite youth soccer players participated in this study. DXA values provided a criterion measure of FFM. Correlation coefficients, biases, limits of agreement, and differences were used as measures of sensitivity to change. All body density, skinfold, and anthropometric equations and BIA devices used to obtain FFM data showed positive and very large correlations (r from 0.70 to 0.89) with DXA. A significant increase in FFM was shown between time points using DXA, BIA, and all anthropometric equations (p < 0.01). The magnitudes of differences were small for DXA, BIA inbody and all anthropometric equations except those of Faulkner (1966), Durnin and Rahaman (1967), Brook (1971), and Sarría et al. (1998). Six anthropometric equations [Faulkner (1966), Durnin and Womersley (1974), Carter (1982), Slaughter et al. (1988), Reilly et al. (2009), and Munguia-Izquierdo et al. (2018)] and BIA Tanita showed no statistical differences compared to DXA, with a low bias. We concluded that the equations developed by Durnin and Womersley (1974), Carter (1982), Slaughter et al. (1988), Reilly et al. (2009), and Munguia-Izquierdo et al. (2018) showed the best sensitivity in assessing FFM changes between pre- and mid-season in elite youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Núñez
- Physical Performance and Sports Research, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Luis Suárez-Arrones
- Physical Performance and Sports Research, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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13
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Arouca A, Moreno LA, Gonzalez-Gil EM, Marcos A, Widhalm K, Molnár D, Manios Y, Gottrand F, Kafatos A, Kersting M, Sjöström M, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Ferrari M, Huybrechts I, Gonzalez-Gross M, De Henauw S, Michels N. Diet as moderator in the association of adiposity with inflammatory biomarkers among adolescents in the HELENA study. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:1947-1960. [PMID: 29948222 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our aim is to demonstrate that a healthy diet might reduce the relation between adiposity and inflammation, whereas an unhealthy diet may increase the effect of adiposity on inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS In 618 adolescents (13-17 years) of the European HELENA study, data were available on body composition, a set of inflammation markers, and food intake determined by a self-administered computerized 24-h recall. A 9-point Mediterranean diet score and an antioxidant-rich diet score were used as dietary parameters and tested as moderator. Total body fat was represented by the sum of six skinfold thicknesses and central adiposity by waist circumference. A set of inflammation-related biomarkers was used as outcome: a pro/anti-inflammatory interleukins ratio, TGFβ-1, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, 3 cell adhesion molecules, and 3 types of immune cells; gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and homocysteine were used as cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, and alanine transaminase (ALT) as liver dysfunction biomarker. Multiple linear regression analyses tested moderation by diet in the adiposity-inflammation association and were adjusted for age, sex, country, puberty, socioeconomic status. RESULTS Both the Mediterranean and antioxidant-rich diet, and overall and central adiposity, were important in the moderation. Diet was a significant protective moderator in the effect of adiposity on the pro/anti-inflammatory interleukins ratio, TGFβ-1, GGT, and ALT. CONCLUSION In conclusion, in some cases, a diet rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients may attenuate the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers caused by adiposity, whereas a poor diet appears to contribute to the onset of early oxidative stress signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Arouca
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3, 4th Floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Spain, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esther M Gonzalez-Gil
- GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Spain, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, Pediatric University Clinic, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Sjöström
- Department of Biosciences, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Marika Ferrari
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3, 4th Floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marcela Gonzalez-Gross
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3, 4th Floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3, 4th Floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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Arouca AB, Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Moreno LA, Marcos A, Widhalm K, Molnár D, Manios Y, Gottrand F, Kafatos A, Kersting M, Sjöström M, Sáinz ÁG, Ferrari M, Huybrechts I, González-Gross M, Forsner M, De Henauw S, Michels N. Diet as a moderator in the association of sedentary behaviors with inflammatory biomarkers among adolescents in the HELENA study. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2051-2065. [PMID: 29974229 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess if a healthy diet might attenuate the positive sedentary-inflammation relation, whereas an unhealthy diet may increase the effect of sedentary behaviors on inflammatory biomarkers. METHODS In 618 adolescents (13-17 years) of the European HELENA study, data were available on body composition, a set of inflammation markers, and food intake assessed by a self-administered computerized 24 h dietary recall for 2 days. A 9-point Mediterranean diet score and an antioxidant-rich diet z-score were used as dietary indices and tested as moderators. A set of low-grade inflammatory characteristics was used as outcome: several cytokines in an inflammatory ratio (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TGFβ-1), C-reactive protein, three cell-adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sE-selectin), three cardiovascular risk markers (GGT, ALT, homocysteine) and three immune cell types (white blood cells, lymphocytes, CD3). Sedentary behaviors were self-reported and analyzed as total screen time. Multiple linear regression analyses tested moderation by diet in the sedentary behaviors-inflammation association adjusted for age, sex, country, adiposity (sum of six skinfolds), parental education, and socio-economic status. RESULTS Both diet scores, Mediterranean and antioxidant-rich diet, were significant protective moderators in the effect of sedentary behaviors on alanine-transaminase enzyme (P = 0.014; P = 0.027), and on the pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine ratio (P = 0.001; P = 0.004), but not on other inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSION A higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet or an antioxidant-rich diet may attenuate the onset of oxidative stress signs associated by sedentary behaviors, whereas a poor diet seems to increase inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Arouca
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3-4th floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alba M Santaliestra-Pasías
- GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD: "Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development" Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Pediatrics, Div. Nutrition and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Mathilde Kersting
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, Pediatric University Clinic, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Sjöström
- Department of Biosciences, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Marika Ferrari
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3-4th floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- ImFINE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Forsner
- School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3-4th floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Block K3-4th floor, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Faruque S, Tong J, Lacmanovic V, Agbonghae C, Minaya DM, Czaja K. The Dose Makes the Poison: Sugar and Obesity in the United States - a Review. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2019; 69:219-233. [PMID: 31938015 PMCID: PMC6959843 DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-thirds of the US population is either overweight or obese. Obesity is one of the major drivers of preventable diseases and health care costs. In the US, current estimates for these costs range from $147 to $210 billion per year. Obesity is a multifactorial disease: genetics, lifestyle choices, metabolism, and diet. Low-fat diets have been suggested as the key to weight management. However, over the past 30 years, the calories from fat in people's diets have gone down, but obesity rates keep climbing. Evidence suggests that diets high in added sugar promote the development of obesity. However, the impact of sugar consumption on weight gain and body fat accumulation remains a controversial topic. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide basic framework information about the prevalence of obesity and sugar consumption in the US over the last five decades. We also review the process by which sugar is converted to fat and stored in the human body. The relationship between sugar consumption and obesity was analyzed using United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Sugar and Sweetener Outlook data, and obesity prevalence was analyzed using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The analysis revealed a reduction in sugar consumption concurrent with a slowing down of the annual rate of increase of obesity. However, although the data show that the sugar consumption trend is going in the right direction (declining), the US population still consumes more than 300% of the recommended daily amount of added sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Faruque
- Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Janice Tong
- Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vuk Lacmanovic
- Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christiana Agbonghae
- Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dulce M. Minaya
- Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Krzysztof Czaja
- Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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16
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Darroudi S, Fereydouni N, Tayefi M, Ahmadnezhad M, Zamani P, Tayefi B, Kharazmi J, Tavalaie S, Heidari-Bakavoli A, Azarpajouh MR, Ferns GA, Mohammadpour AH, Esmaily H, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Oxidative stress and inflammation, two features associated with a high percentage body fat, and that may lead to diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Biofactors 2019; 45:35-42. [PMID: 30561055 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an important feature of the metabolic syndrome and is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body fat percentage and an imbalance of the prooxidant/antioxidant balance (PAB), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and inflammation (serum hs-CRP) and increase risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. In this study, 9154 individuals were recruited as part of the Mashhad Stroke and Heart Association Disorder (MASHAD) study. Subjects were categorized into two groups according to body fat percentage as defined >25% in male and > 30% in female, according to gender. Biochemical factors, including serum PAB, SOD1, and hs-CRP were measured in all subjects. SPSS version 18 was used for statistical analyses for all. GraphPad Prism 6 for figures was used. Of total number of subjects (9154), 6748 (73.7%) were found to have a high body fat (BF) percentage. Serum hs-CRP and PAB were significantly higher in individuals with a high BF percentage (P < 0.05) but SOD1 was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). BF percentage, serum PAB and serum hs-CRP were significantly higher in individuals with metabolic syndrome and diabetes versus those without metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus (P < 0.05), however serum SOD1 was significantly lower in individuals with metabolic syndrome (P < 0.005). Oxidative stress and inflammation are two factors that may link the presence of high BF percentage with the development of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(1):35-42, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Darroudi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Fereydouni
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Tayefi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
- Head, University international Accreditation, International Office, Clinical Research Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ahmadnezhad
- Nutrition research center, Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Batool Tayefi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jasmin Kharazmi
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch Islamic Azad University Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Tavalaie
- Metabolic Syndrome research center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Heidari-Bakavoli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud R Azarpajouh
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Institute Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir H Mohammadpour
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Institute Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Social Determinants of Health Research, Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome research center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Munguía-Izquierdo D, Suárez-Arrones L, Di Salvo V, Paredes-Hernández V, Ara I, Mendez-Villanueva A. Estimating fat-free mass in elite youth male soccer players: cross-validation of different field methods and development of prediction equation. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1197-1204. [PMID: 30526374 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1551045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the most effective field method for quantifying fat-free mass (FFM) in elite youth male soccer players compared to dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) values and to develop prediction equations for FFM based on anthropometric variables. Forty-one male elite-standard youth soccer players, ages 16.2-18.0 years, undertook FFM assessments including bioelectrical impedance analysis, and different skinfold-based prediction equations. DXA provided a criterion measure of FFM. Correlation coefficients, bias, limits of agreement, and differences were used as validity measures, and regression analyses to develop soccer-specific prediction equations. Slaughter et al (1988), Durnin and Wormersley (1974), and Sarria et al (1998) equations showed the lowest biases, and no significant, standardized, and substantial differences against DXA. The new youth soccer-specific anthropometric equation explained 91% of the DXA-derived FFM variance using three circumferences, eight skinfolds, and one bone breadth. All field methods compared in this study may not be adequate for estimating FFM in elite youth male soccer players, except the equations of Slaughter et al (1988), Durnin and Wormersley (1974), and Sarria et al (1998). We recommend the use of the new soccer-specific equation proposed in this study as a valid alternative to DXA to quantify FFM among elite youth male players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- a Physical Performance Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports , Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain
| | - Luis Suárez-Arrones
- a Physical Performance Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports , Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain.,b Football Performance & Science Department , ASPIRE Academy , Doha , Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- b Football Performance & Science Department , ASPIRE Academy , Doha , Qatar.,c Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences , University of Rome "Foro Italico" , Rome , Italy
| | - Victor Paredes-Hernández
- d Department of Performance , Universidad Camilo José Cela , Madrid , Spain.,e Performance and science department , Rayo Vallecano Football Club , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- f GENUD Toledo Research Group , Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Toledo , Spain
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18
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Gender Stratified Analyses of the Association of Skinfold Thickness with Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study in General Northeastern Chinese Residents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122748. [PMID: 30563102 PMCID: PMC6313501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association of hypertension with skinfold thickness (ST) in adults is not clear. Our study was aimed at finding out the association of hypertension with ST in different gender and obesity categories. This is a cross-sectional study based on 2336 Chinese residents (767 men). Both subscapular skinfold thickness (SST) and tricep skinfold thickness (TST) were examined. We estimated the association of hypertension with per SD increase of SST and TST using multivariable logistic regression analyses in men and women. Six subgroups were stratified using cutoff points of body mass index (BMI) and ST: larger and smaller ST in normal weight (BMI < 24 kg/m2), overweight (24 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2), respectively. The association of hypertension with ST was only shown in women after adjustment for other risk factors. Among women of the normal weight subgroup, higher prevalence of hypertension was shown in those with larger ST. No difference of the prevalence of hypertension was found between women with larger ST in the normal weight subgroup and those with smaller ST in overweight or obesity subgroups. Our study suggested that even for people with normal weight, it was necessary to monitor the subcutaneous fat using ST for preventing hypertension at least in general Chinese women.
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19
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Westphal T, Rinnerthaler G, Gampenrieder SP, Niebauer J, Thaler J, Pfob M, Fuchs D, Riedmann M, Mayr B, Reich B, Melchardt T, Mlineritsch B, Pleyer L, Greil R. Supervised versus autonomous exercise training in breast cancer patients: A multicenter randomized clinical trial. Cancer Med 2018; 7:5962-5972. [PMID: 30415507 PMCID: PMC6308077 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a well‐known correlation between obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and breast cancer incidence and outcome. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medikamentöse Tumortherapie (AGMT) exercise study was a multicenter, randomized clinical trial and assessed the feasibility and efficacy of physical training in 50 breast cancer patients undergoing aromatase inhibitor treatment. Methods Postmenopausal, estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer patients under aromatase inhibitor treatment were randomized 1:1 to counseling and unsupervised training for 48 weeks (unsupervised arm) or counseling and a sequential training (supervised arm) with a supervised phase (24 weeks) followed by unsupervised physical training (further 24 weeks). Primary endpoint was the individual maximum power output on a cycle ergometer after 24 weeks of exercise. A key secondary endpoint was the feasibility of achieving 12 METh/week (metabolic equivalent of task hours per week). Results Twenty‐three patients (92%) in the unsupervised arm and 19 patients (76%) in the supervised arm with early‐stage breast cancer completed the study. After 24 weeks, the supervised arm achieved a significantly higher maximum output in watt (mean 132 ± standard deviation [SD] 34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 117‐147) compared to baseline (107 ± 25; 95%CI 97‐117; P = 0.012) with a numerically higher output than the unsupervised arm (week 24 115 ± 25; 95%CI 105‐125; P = 0.059). Significantly higher METh/week was reported in the supervised arm compared to the unsupervised arm during the whole study period (week 1‐24 unsupervised: 18.3 (7.6‐58.3); supervised: 28.5 (6.7‐40.1); P = 0.043; week 25‐48; P = 0.041)). Conclusion This trial indicates that patients in an exercise program achieve higher fitness levels during supervised than unsupervised training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Westphal
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Rinnerthaler
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Simon Peter Gampenrieder
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Niebauer
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Thaler
- IVth department of Internal Medicine with Hematology and Medical Oncolocy, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | - Michael Pfob
- mediFIT Wels, Medical Fitness and Training Center, Wels, Austria
| | - David Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Hematology and Oncology, Kepler University Hospital Med Campus III, Linz, Austria
| | - Marina Riedmann
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Mayr
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Reich
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Melchardt
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Brigitte Mlineritsch
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lisa Pleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials, Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Central or overall obesity: which one is a better predictor of depressive symptoms in children, adolescents, and youths? Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:117-123. [PMID: 27653851 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the strong effect of central obesity on individuals' physical health outcomes, there is little evidence underlying the relationship between central obesity and mental disorders such as depression, especially in children, adolescents, and youths of the developing countries. This study explores the relationship between depressive symptoms (DS) with central and overall obesity in a sample of Iranian children, adolescents, and youths. METHODS One thousand and fifty-two male participants ranging from 7 to 24 years old underwent standard anthropometry, and filled the DS questionnaire. RESULTS Having controlled the potential confounders (e.g., age, socioeconomic status, pubertal maturation status, and physical activity), we found waist circumference (WC) significantly related to DS in the children (standardized β = 0.14; P < 0.05) and adolescents (standardized β = 0.13; P < 0.05). No significant relationship was observed between WC and DS in the youths (standardized β = 0.09; P = 0.22). In addition, no significant relationship was observed between DS and the percentage of fat in the sampled children (standardized β = 0.085; P = 0.13), adolescents (standardized β = 0.10; P = 0.10), and youths (standardized β = -0.02; P = 0.75). CONCLUSION Central obesity (but not overall obesity) was a significant predictor of DS in the children and adolescents (7-18 years). However, DS in the youths (19-24 years) were not significantly associated with both the central and overall body obesity indices.
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ten Hoor GA, Plasqui G, Schols AMWJ, Kok G. Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of an Interdisciplinary Theory- and Evidence-Based Intervention to Prevent Childhood Obesity: Theoretical and Methodological Lessons Learned. Front Public Health 2017; 5:352. [PMID: 29312922 PMCID: PMC5743937 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is seen as a global health challenge and a priority for prevention (1). To solve such a health issue, we need full understanding of the related health behaviors (and underlying beliefs), and understanding of the biological mechanisms that cause or can prevent the issue. However, for overweight and obesity, drawing a full picture of the exact problem (and the subsequent solution) is difficult. In this paper, we describe how we used Intervention Mapping to develop a theory and evidence-based prevention program targeting overweight and obesity and how we investigated the 1-year efficacy of this program on body composition and physical activity of adolescents. A helpful tool, theoretical, and methodological lessons learned are given from our attempt to contribute to solving the obesity problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill A. ten Hoor
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemie M. W. J. Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research School NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gerjo Kok
- Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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22
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Moein H, Wu A, Menon C. A Shape Memory Alloy-Based Compression Therapy Prototype Tested With Individuals in Seated Position. J Med Device 2017. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4037441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthostatic intolerance in patients can occur secondary to concomitant venous pooling and enhanced capillary filtration when standing upright, and is one of the principle causes of syncope or fainting. Compression therapy is commonly recommended for the management of syncope based on the assumption that it increases venous return. Technologies currently used include compression stockings, whose efficacy has, however, been challenged, and intermittent pneumatic pressure devices, which highly restrict the patients' mobility. This paper therefore investigates a novel active compression brace (ACB), which could potentially provide intermittent pressure while not restricting movements. The ACB, actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) wires, in this work was tested with twelve healthy individuals in a seated position. The experimental observation showed that the ACB can apply a constant initial pressure to the leg similar to commercial compression stockings and also produce intermittent pressure exceeding 30 mmHg. A comparison between analytical and experimental results showed a maximum of 2.08 mmHg absolute averaged difference among all the participants. A correlation analysis showed that the normalized root-mean-square deviation (NRMSD) between the experimental and analytical results had a significant negative correlation with the estimated total calf circumference minus the calf fat cross-sectional area (CSA). A calibration formula, accounting for fat and circumference of the leg, was introduced to account for these two parameters. The comfort of the ACB was also compared to two other available compression devices using questionnaires. No participants reported discomfort in terms of pressure, skin irritation, or heat generated by the ACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Moein
- Mem. ASME MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, BC V5A-1S6, Canada e-mail:
| | - Alex Wu
- MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, BC V5A-1S6, Canada e-mail:
| | - Carlo Menon
- Mem. ASME MENRVA Research Group, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, BC V5A-1S6, Canada e-mail:
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Moradi A, Esmaeilzadeh S. Simple reaction time and obesity in children: whether there is a relationship? Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:2. [PMID: 29165104 PMCID: PMC5661909 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reaction time (RT) testing is one of the oldest diagnostic methods used in modern psychology, and is known as simple and sensitive cognitive test. It has been recently reported that RT is related to obesity in young, adult and elderly individuals. However, most of the studies included small sample of participants, used just body mass index (BMI) as body obesity index, and did not consider some potential confounders such as age, socioeconomic status and physical activity in their studies. Furthermore, there is little and contradictory results for children. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between RT and weight status in a sample of children. METHODS Three hundred and fifty four 9-12 year old schoolboys underwent standard anthropometry, and various simple RT tests. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders no significant relationship was observed between audio-RT (RTA) and clinical RT (RTclin) with BMI, %fat, waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) (P > 0.05). But, significant relationship (β = 0.18; P = 0.02) was observed between visual-RT (RTV) and %fat (but not BMI, WC and WHtR). CONCLUSIONS Among the various simple RT tasks and central and total body obesity indices, just significant relationship was observed between %fat and RTV in the schoolboys. According to the results, it is concluded that RT impairment due to obesity may less be observed, or may not be observed for some types of RT tasks and obesity indices during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Moradi
- Department of Education, Ardabil, Iran
- Islamic Azad University science and research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Esmaeilzadeh
- University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 153 Nasim 1, part III of Sabalan, 5619888457 Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Education, Ardabil, Iran
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24
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Sargent C, Gebruers C, O’Mahony J. A review of the physiological and psychological health and wellbeing of naval service personnel and the modalities used for monitoring. Mil Med Res 2017; 4:1. [PMID: 28116111 PMCID: PMC5242023 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-016-0112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Naval cohorts rely heavily on personnel to ensure the efficient running of naval organisations. As such, the wellbeing of personnel is essential. In an occupational setting, naval service personnel experience a variety of physiological and psychological stressors. Most naval services arrange annual physical fitness and body composition tests to ensure the physical readiness of personnel. However, these tests only evaluate a small amount of physiological capabilities. Components such as aerobic and strength capabilities are assessed, however, other components of physical fitness such as speed, agility, anaerobic capacity and flexibility are not. In addition to the physical capabilities, personnel are impacted by fatigue, nutrition and psychological stressors such as copping in stressful situations or dealing with time away from family and friends. This review will discuss the physiological and psychological factors that affect personnel's wellbeing. In addition to this, it will also evaluate the methods that are used to assess both physiological and psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliodhna Sargent
- Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
| | - Cormac Gebruers
- National Maritime College of Ireland, Ringaskiddy, Cork Ireland
| | - Jim O’Mahony
- Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork Ireland
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25
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Rshikesan PB, Subramanya P, Nidhi R. Yoga Practice for Reducing the Male Obesity and Weight Related Psychological Difficulties-A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:OC22-OC28. [PMID: 28050422 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22720.8940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a health disorder and increasing all over the world. It is also a cause for many non-communicable diseases. Yoga practice reduces the stress level which may improve the eating habits and help in weight reduction. AIM To assess the final outcome of the effects after 3 months of the 14 weeks yoga training on obesity of adult male in an urban setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized controlled trial with parallel groups (Yoga and Control groups) on male obese. Total 80 subjects with Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25 to 35 kg/cm2 were enrolled and randomized into two equal groups in which 72 subjects (yoga n = 37 and control n=35) completed the trial. Yoga group mean age ± SD was 40.03±8.74 and Control group mean age±SD was 42.20±12.06. A 14 weeks special IAYT (Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy) yoga training was given to the Yoga group and no specific activity was given to Control group. The interim results of this study at 14 weeks were covered in another article which is under process. After the 14 weeks of yoga training the Yoga group was asked to continue the yoga practice for the next 3 months and the Control group was not given any physical activity. The final outcome is covered in this paper. The assessments were anthropometric parameters of body weight (Wt), BMI (Body Mass Index), MAC (Mid-upper Arm Circumferences of left and right arm), WC (Waist Circumference), HC (Hip Circumference), WHR (Waist Hip Ratio), SKF (Skin Fold Thickness) of biceps, triceps, sub scapular, suprailiac and cumulative skin fold thickness value), Percentage body fat based on SKF and Psychological questionnaires of PSS (Perceived Stress Scale) and AAQW (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight related difficulty). Assessments were taken after 3 months of yoga training, for both Yoga and Control groups. Within group, between group and correlation analyses were carried out using SPSS 21. RESULTS Improvement in anthropometric and psychological parameters such as Wt, Percentage body fat, PSS were observed in the final outcome. Also, some of the improvements such as AAQW score were lost in the final outcome, compared to interim results. CONCLUSION The yoga practice is effective for obesity control for adult male in an urban setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Rshikesan
- Research Scholar, Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pailoor Subramanya
- Associate Professor, Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Nidhi
- Assistant Professor, Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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26
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Rshikesan PB, Subramanya P. Effect of Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy on Male Obesity and Psychological Parameters-A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:KC01-KC06. [PMID: 27891357 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/21494.8727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a growing global epidemic and cause of non-communicable diseases. Yoga is one of the effective ways to reduce stress which is one of the causes of obesity. AIM To assess the effect of Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) yoga module on adult male obesity in an urban setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial) was conducted for 14 weeks on obese male subjects with yoga and control groups. Total number of subjects were 72 and they were randomized into two groups (Yoga n=37, Control n=35). The subjects were from an urban setting of Mumbai and were doing yoga for the first time. Special yoga training of IAYT was given to yoga group for one and half hour for 5 days in a week for 14 weeks. The control group continued regular physical activities and no specific physical activity was given. The assessments were anthropometric parameters of weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), MAC (Mid Upper Arm Circumferences) of Left and Right Arm, Waist Circumference (WC), HC (Hip Circumference), WHR (Waist Hip Ratio), SKF(Skin Fold Thickness of Biceps, Triceps, Sub scapular, suprailiac and cumulative), Percentage body fat based on SKF and Psychological Questionnaires of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and AAQW (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight Related Difficulty). These were taken before and after intervention for both yoga and control groups. Within and between group analysis & correlation of differences from post to pre readings among the variables, were carried out using SPSS 21. RESULTS The anthropometric and psychological parameters were improved in both the groups but changes were significant in yoga group. CONCLUSION Incorporating the IAYT for obese male in urban setting will be effective for obesity treatment and for reducing the obesity related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Rshikesan
- Research Scholar, Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pailoor Subramanya
- Associate Professor, Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, 19 S- VYASA Yoga University , Gavipuram Circle, K.G. Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Ramírez-Vélez R, López-Cifuentes MF, Correa-Bautista JE, González-Ruíz K, González-Jiménez E, Córdoba-Rodríguez DP, Vivas A, Triana-Reina HR, Schmidt-RioValle J. Triceps and Subscapular Skinfold Thickness Percentiles and Cut-Offs for Overweight and Obesity in a Population-Based Sample of Schoolchildren and Adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100595. [PMID: 27669294 PMCID: PMC5083983 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of skinfold thickness is an objective measure of adiposity. The aims of this study were to establish Colombian smoothed centile charts and LMS L (Box-Cox transformation), M (median), and S (coefficient of variation) tables for triceps, subscapular, and triceps + subscapular skinfolds; appropriate cut-offs were selected using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis based on a population-based sample of children and adolescents in Bogotá, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 9618 children and adolescents (55.7% girls; age range of 9-17.9 years). Triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements were obtained using standardized methods. We calculated the triceps + subscapular skinfold (T + SS) sum. Smoothed percentile curves for triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness were derived using the LMS method. ROC curve analyses were used to evaluate the optimal cut-off point of skinfold thickness for overweight and obesity, based on the International Obesity Task Force definitions. Subscapular and triceps skinfolds and T + SS were significantly higher in girls than in boys (p < 0.001). The ROC analysis showed that subscapular and triceps skinfolds and T + SS have a high discriminatory power in the identification of overweight and obesity in the sample population in this study. Our results provide sex- and age-specific normative reference standards for skinfold thickness values from a population from Bogotá, Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física «CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Mario Ferney López-Cifuentes
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física «CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física «CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota DC 111221, Colombia.
| | - Katherine González-Ruíz
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoria de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogota DC 110231, Colombia.
| | - Emilio González-Jiménez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Avda, De la Ilustración, s/n, (18016), Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
- Grupo CTS-436, Adscrito al Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Diana Paola Córdoba-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Alimentos, Nutrición y Salud, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Bogota DC 110231, Colombia.
| | - Andrés Vivas
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoria de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogota DC 110231, Colombia.
| | - Hector Reynaldo Triana-Reina
- Grupo GICAEDS, Facultad de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogota DC 110311, Colombia.
| | - Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Avda, De la Ilustración, s/n, (18016), Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
- Grupo CTS-436, Adscrito al Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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Curilem-Gatica C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F, Almagià-Flores A, Yuing-Farías T, Berral-de-la-Rosa FJ. [Equations for the evaluation of body composition in children and adolescents]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2016; 32:S0102-311X2016000706002. [PMID: 27487445 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00195314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) is widely used in the world, despite caveats concerning its interpretation in relation to gender, age, and race. BMI reading is normally standardized, potentially producing error in the results and classification of nutritional status. Body composition provides more relevant information than BMI: fat mass and lean mass are the main indices. This paper reviews existing equations and proposes the simplest ones and those with the lowest estimation error to replace or complement BMI and improve interpretation of nutritional status and physical activity.
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Wakayo T, Whiting SJ, Belachew T. Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Overweight and/or Obesity among Schoolchildren in Central Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:190. [PMID: 27043619 PMCID: PMC4848659 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood and adolescent obesity is an international public health problem leading to an increased risk of adulthood obesity, mortality and morbidity. Its prevalence is increasing in low-income populations, and we hypothesized it may be associated with vitamin D deficiency. Low vitamin D status is a worldwide public health issue including in Ethiopia; however, no one has examined overweight/obesity in Ethiopian schoolchildren with regard to vitamin D status. The Analyses of a data set from a school-based cross-sectional study conducted in Adama Town (n = 89) and in rural Adama Woreda (n = 85) was carried out to determine vitamin D deficiency and its association with overweight and/or obesity. Data on a total of 174 schoolchildren aged 11-18 years was used for these analyses. The overall prevalence of overweight and/or obesity was 10.3%, with 8.5% overweight and 2.3% obese; the prevalence of underweight was 19%. In the multivariable logistic regression model, vitamin D deficiency, being in the higher age group, female sex and urban residence of students, their mothers' occupation of being employed and their households' high and middle socioeconomic status were significantly associated with overweight and/or obesity. We concluded that vitamin D deficiency is an independent predictor significantly associated with overweight and/or obesity among schoolchildren from rural and urban settings in Ethiopia. The results imply the need for behavior change communications on the importance of exposure to sunlight to produce adequate vitamin D to curb this emerging health problem of overweight/obesity following economic growth and globalization in Ethiopia. As this study only highlighted the association, prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are required to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolassa Wakayo
- College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Susan J Whiting
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Tefera Belachew
- College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Kalantari HA, Esmaeilzadeh S. Association between academic achievement and physical status including physical activity, aerobic and muscular fitness tests in adolescent boys. Environ Health Prev Med 2015; 21:27-33. [PMID: 26494146 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-015-0495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to explore the association between academic achievement and physical status including physical activity, aerobic and muscular fitness tests in a sample of adolescents. METHODS Five hundred and eighty 15-17 years old adolescent boys underwent standard anthropometry and various physical fitness tests (e.g., one-mile run/walk, grip strength, run speed, agility, push-ups and sit and reach tests). PA was obtained by questionnaire. Academic achievement of the boys was extracted from the cumulative grade point averages (CGPA) from school records. Possible covariates/confounders such as adiposity, pubertal maturation status and socioeconomic status were obtained. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders PA was not significantly correlated to CGPA (P > 0.05). Among the physical fitness tests, just time in one-mile run/walk test added significant effect on prediction of CGPA (P < 0.01). None of the other fitness tests were significantly correlated to CGPA (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic fitness (but not PA and muscular fitness) was significantly correlated to better academic achievement in the adolescent boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan-Ali Kalantari
- Department of Sport Physiology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Samad Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Sport Physiology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
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The association between depressive symptoms and physical status including physical activity, aerobic and muscular fitness tests in children. Environ Health Prev Med 2015; 20:434-40. [PMID: 26264999 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-015-0484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to explore the association between depressive symptoms (DS), physical activity (PA), aerobic and muscular fitness in a sample of children. METHODS Four hundred and fifty-six schoolboys aged 7-11-year-old underwent standard anthropometry and various physical fitness tests (e.g., aerobic fitness, strength, speed, power, agility and flexibility). DS and PA were obtained by questionnaires. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders (e.g., age, socioeconomic status and adiposity), PA was significantly and negatively related to DS (P < 0.05). Among the physical fitness tests, just time in one-mile run/walk was significantly related to DS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Physical activity and aerobic fitness were significantly correlated with DS; however, no significant relationship was observed between DS and the muscular fitness tests in the children.
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Moradi A, Esmaeilzadeh S. Association between reaction time, speed and agility in schoolboys. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Percentile reference values for anthropometric body composition indices in European children from the IDEFICS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 38 Suppl 2:S15-25. [PMID: 25219408 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To characterise the nutritional status in children with obesity or wasting conditions, European anthropometric reference values for body composition measures beyond the body mass index (BMI) are needed. Differentiated assessment of body composition in children has long been hampered by the lack of appropriate references. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study is to provide percentiles for body composition indices in normal weight European children, based on the IDEFICS cohort (Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health Effects in Children and infantS). METHODS Overall 18,745 2.0-10.9-year-old children from eight countries participated in the study. Children classified as overweight/obese or underweight according to IOTF (N=5915) were excluded from the analysis. Anthropometric measurements (BMI (N=12 830); triceps, subscapular, fat mass and fat mass index (N=11,845-11,901); biceps, suprailiac skinfolds, sum of skinfolds calculated from skinfold thicknesses (N=8129-8205), neck circumference (N=12,241); waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio (N=12,381)) were analysed stratified by sex and smoothed 1st, 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 97th and 99th percentile curves were calculated using GAMLSS. RESULTS Percentile values of the most important anthropometric measures related to the degree of adiposity are depicted for European girls and boys. Age- and sex-specific differences were investigated for all measures. As an example, the 50th and 99th percentile values of waist circumference ranged from 50.7-59.2 cm and from 51.3-58.7 cm in 4.5- to <5.0-year-old girls and boys, respectively, to 60.6-74.5 cm in girls and to 59.9-76.7 cm in boys at the age of 10.5-10.9 years. CONCLUSION The presented percentile curves may aid a differentiated assessment of total and abdominal adiposity in European children.
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Pediatric adiposity stabilized in Switzerland between 1999 and 2012. Eur J Nutr 2015; 53:865-75. [PMID: 24121393 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several countries have recently reported stabilization and/or a decrease in the prevalence of pediatric obesity. However, systematic, repeated national monitoring studies are scarce, and it is unclear whether this trend would be sustained. The objective was to present the latest overweight and obesity prevalence in Swiss children and to investigate trends in prevalence from 1999 to 2012. METHODS Using probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling, nationally representative samples of children aged 6-12 years were recruited in 1999 (n = 594), 2002 (n = 2,493), 2004 (n = 328), 2007 (n = 2,218), 2009 (n = 907), and 2012 (n = 2,963). Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI (kg/m²). BMI cutoffs proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and by the International Obesity Task Force were used to determine the prevalence of overweight (excluding obesity) and obesity. Waist circumference was measured in 2007 and 2012, and multiple skinfold thicknesses assessed in 2002 and 2012. RESULTS Using the CDC criteria, prevalences of overweight and obesity in 2012 were 11.9 % (95 % CI 10.7-13.1) and 7.1 % (95 % CI 6.2-8.0), respectively, and did not change between 1999 and 2012 (β = -0.144, p = 0.293 and β = -0.063, p = 0.552, respectively). Boys had significantly higher obesity prevalence than girls in 2007 (5.6 vs. 3.4 %) and 2012 (8.1 vs. 5.9 %). Percentage of children with excess waist circumference and body fat percentage did not differ between 2007 and 2012, and 2002 and 2012, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data indicate the prevalence of childhood adiposity in Switzerland stabilized between 1999 and 2012, but ≈1 in 5 children remain overweight or obese and further efforts are needed to control the epidemic.
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Are field measures of adiposity sufficient to establish fatness-related linkages with metabolic outcomes in adolescents? Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:671-6. [PMID: 24569541 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between the adiposity-related information conveyed by field fatness measures: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (SUM SF) relative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), beyond their common intercorrelations, with three important metabolic variables in US adolescents. METHODS We analyzed data on adiposity and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC) from three US national surveys. In two-stage least-square modeling, we first calculated the common adiposity variance, and then used multivariate linear and quantile regressions to access residual associations with each measure. RESULTS Basic associations for each of the adiposity measures were similar but differences emerged in residual adiposity analyses scaled by s.d. units. While a 1 s.d. change in residual variance in DXA total fat beyond that accounted for by BMI (DXA|BMI) was strongly and significantly associated with all outcomes, associations with DXA accounting for SUM SF (DXA|SUM SF) and WC (DXA|WC) were weak or nonsignificant. Contrasted amongst themselves, the residual score association between BMI|SUM SF (β=0.06, P<0.0001) and HOMA-IR was weaker, and half as strong as that for the converse, SUM SF|BMI (β=0.13, P=0.020). SUM SF|WC was stronger than WC|SUM SF (β=0.08, P<0.0001 vs SUM SF|WC β=0.13, P<0.0001). Associations were similar for TGs and TC. CONCLUSIONS Laboratory methods like DXA offer minimal explanatory advantage over field methods in assessing adiposity-related contributions to metabolic outcomes in adolescents. Among the simple fatness measures, skinfolds convey additional information beyond BMI and WC when estimating associations both at the population mean and at the upper extremes of metabolic factors.
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Latorre-Román PÁ, Navarro-Martínez AV, García-Pinillos F. The effectiveness of an indoor intermittent training program for improving lung function, physical capacity, body composition and quality of life in children with asthma. J Asthma 2014; 51:544-51. [PMID: 24471516 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.888573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of a 12-week indoor intermittent training program on lung function, physical capacity, body composition and quality of life in children with asthma. METHODS Participants were randomized in an experimental group (EG, 58 children, age = 11.55 ± 1.01 years) and in a control group (CG, 47 children, age = 11.51 ± 1.42 years). The training program was conducted indoors and consisted of alternating high- and low-intensity stimuli, for three sessions of 60 min/week, for 12 weeks. Physical exercise and sports activities were organized to follow the criteria of the American College of Sports Medicine (1999) and previous interventions' studies. RESULTS In EG, there was a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in FEV1, FEV6, 6MWT, handgrip strength, CMJ and flexibility. Reductions in BMI and fat mass as well as an increase in quality of life were all shown. The dyspnea index decreased significantly and there were no episodes of EIA. There is a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) between the ΔFEV1 with Δhandgrip strength and Δ6MWT and a negative correlation with Δfat mass. CONCLUSIONS An indoor intermittent training program with these characteristics has improved lung function, physical capacity, body composition and quality of life in children with asthma. These training adaptations are particularly relevant for those patients suffering from asthma as a regular physical exercise routine will greatly improve their quality of life.
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Abstract
Obesity in the child and adolescent population is a growing problem. This article discusses the identification of obesity and overweight youth using body mass index and anthropometry and reviews literature to show the relationship between obesity and premature cardiovascular disease.
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Placek CD, Hagen EH. A test of three hypotheses of pica and amylophagy among pregnant women in Tamil Nadu, India. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:803-13. [PMID: 24130118 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pica has been studied in India and elsewhere for more than 100 years, yet no compelling and empirically well-supported explanation for it has emerged. Amylophagy, sometimes considered a type of pica and sometimes studied separately, is less frequently investigated and also lacks a convincing explanation. This study used a biocultural approach to test three hypotheses of pica and amylophagy: protection, hunger/nutrition, and psychological distress. METHODS The research took place in Tamil Nadu, India. In study 1, a cultural investigation was carried out among nonpregnant, adult women (n = 54) to determine nonfood substances that are consumed in this region and perceptions of health consequences. Next, using the substances identified in Study 1, three hypotheses of pica and amylophagy were tested in a cross-sectional study of pregnant women (Study 2, n = 95). Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the presence or absence of engaging in pica and amylophagy. A series of bivariate analyses were used to examine the variation in amount and frequency of consumption. RESULTS Study 1 revealed that cultural attitudes strongly shape the selection of nonfood substances. In Study 2, the presence or absence of pica was not predicted by any of the variables included in the study, whereas the frequency and amount of consumption of pica substances were primarily explained by the psychological distress and hunger/nutrition hypotheses. Both the presence or absence of amylophagy as well as the frequency and amount of consumption were best explained by the protection hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS This research provided partial support for the protection and hunger/nutrition hypotheses for amylophagy, and also provided some evidence for the role of psychological distress and hunger or nutrition in pica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn D Placek
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Donatiello E, Dello Russo M, Formisano A, Lauria F, Nappo A, Reineke A, Sparano S, Barba G, Russo P, Siani A. Physical activity, adiposity and urbanization level in children: results for the Italian cohort of the IDEFICS study. Public Health 2013; 127:761-5. [PMID: 23876300 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While there is extensive evidence about the influence of environmental factors on adult obesity, fewer studies have assessed how the environment influences body fat in children. This cross-sectional study investigated the distribution of adiposity indices according to urbanization level and patterns of physical activity among children in the Italian cohort of the IDEFICS study. METHODS The sample included 1673 preschool and school-aged children (mean age 6.1 years, standard deviation 1.7) living in rural (n = 579), suburban (n = 442) and urban (n = 652) areas. Anthropometric measures were taken and questionnaires were used to assess children's lifestyles, including patterns of physical activity. RESULTS Children who lived in rural areas spent significantly more time in outdoor activities but participated in less structured physical activity compared with children living in suburban and urban areas. Adiposity estimated by the sum of skinfold thickness increased linearly from rural to urban areas, with results for suburban areas showing intermediate values. CONCLUSIONS The data show that geographical environmental factors influence patterns of physical activity and body fat in children. In particular, the results suggest an association between the time spent in unstructured outdoor activities and the degree of adiposity in schoolchildren. These results may have implications for public health, including efforts to increase freely available playgrounds as an effective measure to counteract the obesity epidemic in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Donatiello
- Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy
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Freedman DS, Ogden CL, Blanck HM, Borrud LG, Dietz WH. The abilities of body mass index and skinfold thicknesses to identify children with low or elevated levels of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-determined body fatness. J Pediatr 2013; 163:160-6.e1. [PMID: 23410599 PMCID: PMC4594849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the accuracies of body mass index (BMI) and skinfold thicknesses in classifying the body fatness of 7365 8- to 19-year-old subjects in a national sample. STUDY DESIGN We used percent body fat determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (PBFDXA) between 1999 and 2004. Categories of PBFDXA and the skinfold sum (triceps plus subscapular) were constructed so that that numbers of children in each category were similar to the number in each of 5 BMI categories based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. RESULTS Approximately 75% of the children and adolescents who had a BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile (considered obese) had elevated body fatness, but PBFDXA levels were more variable at lower BMIs. For example, only 41% of the boys who had a BMI < 25th percentile, had a similarly low PBFDXA. The use of the skinfold sum, rather than BMI, slightly improved the identification of elevated levels of body fatness among boys (P = .03), but not among girls (P > .10). A low sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses was a better indicator of low PBFDXA than was a low BMI, but differences were smaller among children with greater levels of body fatness. Among girls who had a PBFDXA above the median, for example, BMI and the skinfold sum were correlated similarly (r = 0.77-0.79) with body fatness. CONCLUSIONS Both BMI and skinfold thicknesses are fairly accurate in identifying children who have excess body fatness. In contrast, if the goal is to identify children who have low body fatness, skinfold thicknesses would be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Freedman
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cynthia L. Ogden
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD
| | - Heidi M. Blanck
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lori G. Borrud
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD
| | - William H. Dietz
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Bleich SN, Segal J, Wu Y, Wilson R, Wang Y. Systematic review of community-based childhood obesity prevention studies. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e201-10. [PMID: 23753099 PMCID: PMC3691541 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study systematically reviewed community-based childhood obesity prevention programs in the United States and high-income countries. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, CINAHL, clinicaltrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library for relevant English-language studies. Studies were eligible if the intervention was primarily implemented in the community setting; had at least 1 year of follow-up after baseline; and compared results from an intervention to a comparison group. Two independent reviewers conducted title scans and abstract reviews and reviewed the full articles to assess eligibility. Each article received a double review for data abstraction. The second reviewer confirmed the first reviewer's data abstraction for completeness and accuracy. RESULTS Nine community-based studies were included; 5 randomized controlled trials and 4 non-randomized controlled trials. One study was conducted only in the community setting, 3 were conducted in the community and school setting, and 5 were conducted in the community setting in combination with at least 1 other setting such as the home. Desirable changes in BMI or BMI z-score were found in 4 of the 9 studies. Two studies reported significant improvements in behavioral outcomes (1 in physical activity and 1 in vegetable intake). CONCLUSIONS The strength of evidence is moderate that a combined diet and physical activity intervention conducted in the community with a school component is more effective at preventing obesity or overweight. More research and consistent methods are needed to understand the comparative effectiveness of childhood obesity prevention programs in the community setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Bleich
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Schwandt P, von Eckardstein A, Haas GM. Percentiles of percentage body fat in german children and adolescents: an international comparison. Int J Prev Med 2012; 3:846-52. [PMID: 23272283 PMCID: PMC3530302 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Age- and gender-specific percentiles of body mass index in children and adolescents are a cornerstone categorizing overweight and obesity in youths worldwide. Since corresponding worldwide growth curves of percent body fat (% BF) are missing, the purpose was to contribute smoothed percentiles of percentage body fat from a large urban sample of German youths and to include them in actual national and international percentile curves. Methods: We estimated % BF in 22 113 German youths aged 3 to 18 years participating in yearly cross-sectional surveys of the PEP Family Heart Study Nuremberg between 1993 and 2007. Percentage body fat was calculated from skinfold thickness using Slaughter equations. Ten smoothed percentile curves were constructed for % BF using the LMS method significant. Results: The age- and gender-specific reference curves demonstrate a continuous age-dependent increase of percentage body fat from age 3 to 18 years in girls; whereas in boys, the percentile curves steeply increase from 5 to 11 years and thereafter slightly decrease. The shape of the percentile curves, the maxima among boys at puberty and the median % BF at age 18 years are consistent with most of the current growth curves. % BF in urban studies seems to be lower than in national surveys . Conclusions: More than these nine studies should contribute to worldwide-standardized growth charts for % BF to better define overweight and obesity in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schwandt
- Atherosclerosis Prevention Institut Munich-Nuremberg, Germany ; Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich-Nuremberg, Germany
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Magvanjav O, Undurraga EA, Eisenberg DTA, Zeng W, Dorjgochoo T, Leonard WR, Godoy RA. Sibling composition and children's anthropometric indicators of nutritional status: Evidence from native Amazonians in Bolivia. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 40:23-34. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.728621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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González Jiménez E. [Body composition: assessment and clinical value]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 60:69-75. [PMID: 22704270 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity control and prevention is a complex task that requires a thorough understanding of the physiological basis and body composition. In Spain, as in most countries, anthropometric criteria, such as weight, height, body mass index, skinfold thickness and body circumferences have traditionally been used to define obesity and general eating disorders, but these variables have little sensitivity for monitoring response to treatment. This is why evaluation of body composition may qualify this process. The aim of this paper was to review some relatively simple techniques to assess body composition and their clinical value in patients.
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Percentile curves for skinfold thickness in 7- to 14-year-old children and adolescents from Jena, Germany. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:613-21. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lloyd LJ, Langley-Evans SC, McMullen S. Childhood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:1-11. [PMID: 22041985 PMCID: PMC3255098 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many studies have demonstrated positive associations between childhood obesity and adult metabolic risk, important questions remain as to the nature of the relationship. In particular, it is unclear whether the associations reflect the tracking of body mass index (BMI) from childhood to adulthood or an independent level of risk. This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood obesity and a range of metabolic risk factors during adult life. OBJECTIVE To perform an unbiased systematic review to investigate the association between childhood BMI and risk of developing components of metabolic disease in adulthood, and whether the associations observed are independent of adult BMI. DESIGN Electronic databases were searched from inception until July 2010 for studies investigating the association between childhood BMI and adult metabolic risk. Two investigators independently reviewed studies for eligibility according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS The search process identified 11 articles that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Although several identified weak positive associations between childhood BMI and adult total cholesterol, low-density lipo protein-cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin concentrations, these associations were ameliorated or inversed when adjusted for adult BMI or body fatness. Of the four papers that considered metabolic syndrome as an end point, none showed evidence of an independent association with childhood obesity. CONCLUSIONS Little evidence was found to support the view that childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for adult blood lipid status, insulin levels, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. The majority of studies failed to adjust for adult BMI and therefore the associations observed may reflect the tracking of BMI across the lifespan. Interestingly, where adult BMI was adjusted for, the data showed a weak negative association between childhood BMI and metabolic variables, with those at the lower end of the BMI range in childhood, but obese during adulthood at particular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lloyd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - S C Langley-Evans
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - S McMullen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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Hastings ES, Anding RH, Middleman AB. Correlation of Anthropometric Measures Among Obese and Severely Obese Adolescents and Young Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1941406411407663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anthropometric measures beyond the basic weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) calculation, such as skinfold thicknesses and arm circumference, are valuable assessments of adiposity in normal weight populations. However, they are difficult and time-consuming to obtain. This study investigates the correlations between anthropometric variables to determine the utility of obtaining measures beyond weight and height among obese and severely obese Hispanic adolescents. Data from anthropometric measurements of 58 obese and severely obese Hispanic females aged 14 to 24 years were analyzed. Weight, height, BMI, arm circumference, average deltoid skinfold thickness, and average triceps skinfold thickness measures were compared. Correlations were determined between obese (30 kg/m2 ≥ BMI < 40 kg/m2) and severely obese (40 kg/m2 ≥ BMI <52 kg/m2 ) subjects. There were significant differences between the obese and severely obese groups for weight, BMI, arm circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness. However, significant correlations between almost all anthropometric variables existed in the severely obese group versus only one correlation between 2 types of skinfold measurements in the obese group. These data indicate that obtaining anthropometric measures beyond weight and height, including skinfold thickness, reveal no additional, clinically useful information among severely obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) adolescent patients. These findings predict a valuable economy of time and effort obtaining anthropometrical data in future studies on the severely obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S. Hastings
- Section of Adolescent Medicine & Sport Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine,
| | - Roberta H. Anding
- Section of Adolescent Medicine & Sport Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Amy B. Middleman
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Awareness and Research Houston, Texas
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Relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to childhood obesity: a review of the literature and directions for future research. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 35:1-15. [PMID: 21119669 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relative importance of overconsumption and physical inactivity to excess weight gain among children and adolescents can contribute to the development and evaluation of interventions and policies to reduce childhood obesity. However, whether energy intake or expenditure is the dominant contributor to childhood obesity is a subject of debate. To date, no study has systematically reviewed the literature on this subject. METHODS We searched PubMed and Ovid Medline (January 1970 to January 2010) for potentially relevant English-language abstracts and obtained full-text articles for the abstracts, which passed the initial inclusion-exclusion criteria. Reference lists of full-length articles were hand searched to identify additional studies potentially relevant for inclusion. Relevant studies were characterized into one of the following three categories: cross-sectional studies with a nationally representative sample, cross-sectional studies among population subgroups and longitudinal studies. RESULTS This review identified 26 studies examining factors related to energy intake, energy expenditure and obesity among children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that the primary determinant of energy imbalance at both the population and the individual levels is not definitive. Our findings further suggest that there is wide variation in data quality between studies. Future research in this area should aim to improve the accuracy of measures of energy intake, expenditure and their net balance over time; capitalize on under-utilized, non-traditional data sources, which have not been widely used; use modeling techniques to synthesize studies of shorter follow-up period and different outcome measures; and examine the unique determinants of energy imbalance among demographic groups at higher risk for obesity. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the current evidence, there is no consensus on the main driver of secular trends on weight gain among US children and adolescents. More research and better methods are needed to identify the relative contribution of energy intake and energy expenditure to obesity in the pediatric population.
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Estimation of percentage body fat in 6- to 13-year-old children by skinfold thickness, body mass index and waist circumference. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1565-72. [PMID: 20619073 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the accuracy of skinfold thicknesses, BMI and waist circumference for the prediction of percentage body fat (PBF) in a representative sample of 372 Swiss children aged 6-13 years. PBF was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. On the basis of a preliminary bootstrap selection of predictors, seven regression models were evaluated. All models included sex, age and pubertal stage plus one of the following predictors: (1) log-transformed triceps skinfold (logTSF); (2) logTSF and waist circumference; (3) log-transformed sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (logSF2); (4) log-transformed sum of triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfolds (logSF4); (5) BMI; (6) waist circumference; (7) BMI and waist circumference. The adjusted determination coefficient (R² adj) and the root mean squared error (RMSE; kg) were calculated for each model. LogSF4 (R² adj 0.85; RMSE 2.35) and logSF2 (R² adj 0.82; RMSE 2.54) were similarly accurate at predicting PBF and superior to logTSF (R² adj 0.75; RMSE 3.02), logTSF combined with waist circumference (R² adj 0.78; RMSE 2.85), BMI (R² adj 0.62; RMSE 3.73), waist circumference (R² adj 0.58; RMSE 3.89), and BMI combined with waist circumference (R² adj 0.63; RMSE 3.66) (P < 0.001 for all values of R² adj). The finding that logSF4 was only modestly superior to logSF2 and that logTSF was better than BMI and waist circumference at predicting PBF has important implications for paediatric epidemiological studies aimed at disentangling the effect of body fat on health outcomes.
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Calañas-Continente A, José Arrizabalaga J, Caixàs A, Cordido F. Recomendaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas en el sobrepeso y la obesidad durante la adolescencia. Med Clin (Barc) 2010; 135:265-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2009.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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