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Thougaard E, Nielsen PV, Forsberg A, Phuong V, Velasco AM, Wlodarczyk A, Wajant H, Lang I, Mikkelsen JD, Clausen BH, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Systemic treatment with a selective TNFR2 agonist alters the central and peripheral immune responses and transiently improves functional outcome after experimental ischemic stroke. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 385:578246. [PMID: 37988839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke often leaves survivors with permanent disabilities and therapies aimed at limiting detrimental inflammation and improving functional outcome are still needed. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels increase rapidly after ischemic stroke, and while signaling through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) is primarily detrimental, TNFR2 signaling mainly has protective functions. We therefore investigated how systemic stimulation of TNFR2 with the TNFR2 agonist NewSTAR2 affects ischemic stroke in mice. We found that NewSTAR2 treatment induced changes in peripheral immune cell numbers and transiently affected microglial numbers and neuroinflammation. However, this was not sufficient to improve long-term functional outcome after stroke in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrid Thougaard
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløwsvej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Amalie Forsberg
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Victoria Phuong
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Aitana Martínez Velasco
- Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, Würzburg 97080, Germany.
| | - Isabell Lang
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, Würzburg 97080, Germany.
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Neurobiology Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Lois Pope LIFE Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Neurobiology Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 21 st, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløwsvej 4, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Lund MC, Ellman DG, Nielsen PV, Raffaele S, Fumagalli M, Guzman R, Degn M, Brambilla R, Meyer M, Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL. Selective Inhibition of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Alters the Neuroinflammatory Response following Moderate Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:845. [PMID: 37372129 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and animal model studies have implicated inflammation and glial and peripheral immune cell responses in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI). A key player in the inflammatory response after SCI is the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which exists both in both a transmembrane (tmTNF) and a soluble (solTNF) form. In the present study, we extend our previous findings of a therapeutic effect of topically blocking solTNF signaling after SCI for three consecutive days on lesion size and functional outcome to study the effect on spatio-temporal changes in the inflammatory response after SCI in mice treated with the selective solTNF inhibitor XPro1595 and compared to saline-treated mice. We found that despite comparable TNF and TNF receptor levels between XPro1595- and saline-treated mice, XPro1595 transiently decreased pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels and increased pro-regenerative IL-10 levels in the acute phase after SCI. This was complemented by a decrease in the number of infiltrated leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) in the lesioned area of the spinal cord and an increase in the number of microglia in the peri-lesion area 14 days after SCI, followed by a decrease in microglial activation in the peri-lesion area 21 days after SCI. This translated into increased myelin preservation and improved functional outcomes in XPro1595-treated mice 35 days after SCI. Collectively, our data suggest that selective targeting of solTNF time-dependently modulates the neuroinflammatory response by favoring a pro-regenerative environment in the lesioned spinal cord, leading to improved functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Christiansen Lund
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Gry Ellman
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Meng H, Wei JH, Yu PZ, Ren JX, Tang MY, Sun JY, Yan XY, Su J. Insights into Advanced Neurological Dysfunction Mechanisms Following DBS Surgery in Parkinson's Patients: Neuroinflammation and Pyroptosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4480-4494. [PMID: 37232753 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a severe neurodegenerative disorder. Currently, deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) is the first line of surgical treatment. However, serious neurological impairments such as speech disorders, disturbances of consciousness, and depression after surgery limit the efficacy of treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent experimental and clinical studies that have explored the possible causes of neurological deficits after DBS. Furthermore, we tried to identify clues from oxidative stress and pathological changes in patients that could lead to the activation of microglia and astrocytes in DBS surgical injury. Notably, reliable evidence supports the idea that neuroinflammation is caused by microglia and astrocytes, which may contribute to caspase-1 pathway-mediated neuronal pyroptosis. Finally, existing drugs and treatments may partially ameliorate the loss of neurological function in patients following DBS surgery by exerting neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jia-Hang Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Peng-Zheng Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jia-Xin Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Meng-Yao Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jun-Yi Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
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Shan XQ, Luo YY, Chang J, Song JJ, Hao N, Zhao L. Immunomodulation: The next target of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of ischemic stroke. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:52-70. [PMID: 37007453 PMCID: PMC10052343 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is the most prevalent form of brain disease, characterized by high morbidity, disability, and mortality. However, there is still a lack of ideal prevention and treatment measures in clinical practice. Notably, the transplantation therapy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been a hot research topic in stroke. Nevertheless, there are risks associated with this cell therapy, including tumor formation, coagulation dysfunction, and vascular occlusion. Also, a growing number of studies suggest that the therapeutic effect after transplantation of MSCs is mainly attributed to MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos). And this cell-free mediated therapy appears to circumvent many risks and difficulties when compared to cell therapy, and it may be the most promising new strategy for treating stroke as stem cell replacement therapy. Studies suggest that suppressing inflammation via modulation of the immune response is an additional treatment option for IS. Intriguingly, MSC-Exos mediates the inflammatory immune response following IS by modulating the central nervous system, the peripheral immune system, and immunomodulatory molecules, thereby promoting neurofunctional recovery after stroke. Thus, this paper reviews the role, potential mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of MSC-Exos in post-IS inflammation in order to identify new research targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Shan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yong-Yin Luo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Nan Hao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
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Wang J, Cheng C, Liu Z, Lin Y, Yang L, Zhang Z, Sun X, Zhou M, Jing P, Zhong Z. Inhibition of A1 Astrocytes and Activation of A2 Astrocytes for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:767-780. [PMID: 36418652 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious injury to the central nervous system that causes significant physical and psychological trauma to the patient. SCI includes primary spinal cord injuries and secondary spinal cord injuries. The secondary injury refers to the pathological process or reaction after the primary injury. Although SCI has always been thought to be an incurable injury, the human nerve has the ability to repair itself after an injury. However, the reparability is limited because glial scar formation impedes functional recovery. There is a type of astrocyte that can differentiate into two forms of reactive astrocytes known as 'A1' and 'A2' astrocytes. A1 astrocytes release cytotoxic chemicals that cause neurons and oligodendrocytes to die and perform a harmful role. A2 astrocytes can produce neurotrophic factors and act as neuroprotectors. This article discusses ways to block A1 astrocytes while stimulating A2 astrocytes to formulate a new treatment for spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongbing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoduan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhirong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Yang K, Zeng L, Ge A, Wang S, Zeng J, Yuan X, Mei Z, Wang G, Ge J. A systematic review of the research progress of non-coding RNA in neuroinflammation and immune regulation in cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930171. [PMID: 36275741 PMCID: PMC9585453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury is currently the disease with the highest mortality and disability rate of cardiovascular disease. Current studies have shown that nerve cells die of ischemia several hours after ischemic stroke, which activates the innate immune response in the brain, promotes the production of neurotoxic substances such as inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species and − nitrogen oxide, and mediates the destruction of blood-brain barrier and the occurrence of a series of inflammatory cascade reactions. Meanwhile, the expression of adhesion molecules in cerebral vascular endothelial cells increased, and immune inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lymphocytes and mononuclear macrophages passed through vascular endothelial cells and entered the brain tissue. These cells recognize antigens exposed by the central nervous system in the brain, activate adaptive immune responses, and further mediate secondary neuronal damage, aggravating neurological deficits. In order to reduce the above-mentioned damage, the body induces peripheral immunosuppressive responses through negative feedback, which increases the incidence of post-stroke infection. This process is accompanied by changes in the immune status of the ischemic brain tissue in local and systemic systems. A growing number of studies implicate noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) as novel epigenetic regulatory elements in the dysfunction of various cell subsets in the neurovascular unit after cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury. In particular, recent studies have revealed advances in ncRNA biology that greatly expand the understanding of epigenetic regulation of immune responses and inflammation after cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury. Identification of aberrant expression patterns and associated biological effects of ncRNAs in patients revealed their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, this review systematically presents recent studies on the involvement of ncRNAs in cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury and neuroimmune inflammatory cascades, and elucidates the functions and mechanisms of cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion-related ncRNAs, providing new opportunities for the discovery of disease biomarkers and targeted therapy. Furthermore, this review introduces clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Display as a possible transformative tool for studying lncRNAs. In the future, ncRNA is expected to be used as a target for diagnosing cerebral infarction/ischemia-reperfusion injury, judging its prognosis and treatment, thereby significantly improving the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Anqi Ge
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhigang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Guozuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jinwen Ge,
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Wu F, Liu Z, Zhou L, Ye D, Zhu Y, Huang K, Weng Y, Xiong X, Zhan R, Shen J. Systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke: From the center to the periphery. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911661. [PMID: 36211352 PMCID: PMC9533176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death. It imposes a heavy economic burden on individuals, families and society. The mortality rate of ischemic stroke has decreased with the help of thrombolytic drug therapy and intravascular intervention. However, the nerve damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion is long-lasting and followed by multiple organ dysfunction. In this process, the immune responses manifested by systemic inflammatory responses play an important role. It begins with neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke. The large number of inflammatory cells released after activation of immune cells in the lesion area, along with the deactivated neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems, link the center with the periphery. With the activation of systemic immunity and the emergence of immunosuppression, peripheral organs become the second “battlefield” of the immune response after ischemic stroke and gradually become dysfunctional and lead to an adverse prognosis. The purpose of this review was to describe the systemic immune responses after ischemic stroke. We hope to provide new ideas for future research and clinical treatments to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongchi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Shen, ; Renya Zhan,
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Shen, ; Renya Zhan,
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Natural Compounds for SIRT1-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Stroke: A Potential Therapeutic Target in the Future. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1949718. [PMID: 36105479 PMCID: PMC9467755 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1949718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a fatal cerebral vascular disease with a high mortality rate and substantial economic and social costs. ROS production and neuroinflammation have been implicated in both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and have the most critical effects on subsequent brain injury. SIRT1, a member of the sirtuin family, plays a crucial role in modulating a wide range of physiological processes, including apoptosis, DNA repair, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. Targeting SIRT1 to reduce ROS and neuroinflammation might represent an emerging therapeutic target for stroke. Therefore, we conducted the present review to summarize the mechanisms of SIRT1-mediated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in stroke. In addition, we provide a comprehensive introduction to the effect of compounds and natural drugs on SIRT1 signaling related to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in stroke. We believe that our work will be helpful to further understand the critical role of the SIRT1 signaling pathway and will provide novel therapeutic potential for stroke treatment.
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Sattayakhom A, Kalarat K, Rakmak T, Tapechum S, Monteil A, Punsawad C, Palipoch S, Koomhin P. Effects of Ceftriaxone on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080287. [PMID: 36004858 PMCID: PMC9404883 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceftriaxone (CTX) exerts a neuroprotective effect by decreasing glutamate excitotoxicity. We further studied the underlying mechanisms and effects of CTX early post-treatment on behavior in a cerebral hypoperfusion rats. The rats’ common carotid arteries (2VO) were permanently ligated. CTX was treated after ischemia. Biochemical studies were performed to assess antioxidative stress and inflammation. Behavioral and histological studies were then tested on the ninth week after vessel ligation. The 2VO rats showed learning and memory deficits as well as working memory impairments without any motor weakness. The treatment with CTX was found to attenuate white matter damage, MDA production, and interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha production, mainly in the hippocampal area. Moreover, CTX treatment could increase the expression of glia and the glial glutamate transporters, and the neuronal glutamate transporter. Taken together, our data indicate the neuroprotective mechanisms of CTX involving the upregulation of glutamate transporters’ expression. This increased expression contributes to a reduction in glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thus resulting in the protection of neurons and tissue from further damage. The present study highlights the mechanism of the effect of CTX treatment and of the underlying ischemia-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apsorn Sattayakhom
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Innovation on Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Kosin Kalarat
- School of Informatics, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Thatdao Rakmak
- School of Liberal Arts, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Sompol Tapechum
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Arnaud Monteil
- Institutde Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Sarawoot Palipoch
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Phanit Koomhin
- Center of Excellence in Innovation on Essential Oil, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(0)-95-295-0550
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10
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke in aged mice: a translational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6047-6065. [PMID: 35963621 PMCID: PMC9417226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurochemical changes occur with aging and stroke mainly affects the elderly. Our previous study has found interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and 4 (IRF4) regulate neuroinflammation in young stroke mice. However, whether the IRF5-IRF4 regulatory axis has the same effect in aged brains is not known. In this study, aged (18-20-month-old), microglial IRF5 or IRF4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcomes were quantified at 3d after MCAO. Flow cytometry and ELISA were performed to evaluate microglial activation and immune responses. We found aged microglia express higher levels of IRF5 and lower levels of IRF4 than young microglia after stroke. IRF5 CKO aged mice had improved stroke outcomes; whereas worse outcomes were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. their flox controls. IRF5 CKO aged microglia had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and CD68 than controls; whereas significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. control microglia. Plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α were decreased in IRF5 CKO vs. flox aged mice, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels were increased in IRF4 CKO vs. controls. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4/IL-10) levels were higher in IRF5 CKO, and lower in IRF4 CKO aged mice vs. their flox controls. IRF5 and IRF4 signaling drives microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively; microglial IRF5 is detrimental and IRF4 beneficial for aged mice in stroke. IRF5-IRF4 axis is a promising target for developing new, effective therapeutic strategies for the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Matsumoto S, Choudhury ME, Takeda H, Sato A, Kihara N, Mikami K, Inoue A, Yano H, Watanabe H, Kumon Y, Kunieda T, Tanaka J. Microglial re-modeling contributes to recovery from ischemic injury of rat brain: A study using a cytokine mixture containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:941363. [PMID: 35968363 PMCID: PMC9366522 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.941363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and permanent disability. Chronic stroke lesions increase gradually due to the secondary neuroinflammation that occurs following acute ischemic neuronal degeneration. In this study, the ameliorating effect of a cytokine mixture consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-3 was evaluated on ischemic brain injury using a rat stroke model prepared by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The mixture reduced infarct volume and ameliorated ischemia-induced motor and cognitive dysfunctions. Sorted microglia cells from the ischemic hemisphere of rats administered the mixture showed reduced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β at 3 days post-reperfusion. On flow cytometric analysis, the expression of CD86, a marker of pro-inflammatory type microglia, was suppressed, and the expression of CD163, a marker of tissue-repairing type microglia, was increased by the cytokine treatment. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry data showed that the cytokines increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in neurons in the ischemic lesion. Thus, the present study demonstrated that cytokine treatment markedly suppressed neurodegeneration during the chronic phase in the rat stroke model. The neuroprotective effects may be mediated by phenotypic changes of microglia that presumably lead to increased expression of Bcl-xL in ischemic lesions, while enhancing neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirabe Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shirabe Matsumoto,
| | - Mohammed E. Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
- Mohammed E. Choudhury,
| | - Haruna Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Arisa Sato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Nanako Kihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Kanta Mikami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Akihiro Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kumon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
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12
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Vicente-Acosta A, Ceprian M, Sobrino P, Pazos MR, Loría F. Cannabinoids as Glial Cell Modulators in Ischemic Stroke: Implications for Neuroprotection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:888222. [PMID: 35721207 PMCID: PMC9199389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.888222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide following coronary heart disease. Despite significant efforts to find effective treatments to reduce neurological damage, many patients suffer from sequelae that impair their quality of life. For this reason, the search for new therapeutic options for the treatment of these patients is a priority. Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, participate in crucial processes that allow the correct functioning of the neural tissue, being actively involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic stroke. Although the exact mechanisms by which glial cells contribute in the pathophysiological context of stroke are not yet completely understood, they have emerged as potentially therapeutic targets to improve brain recovery. The endocannabinoid system has interesting immunomodulatory and protective effects in glial cells, and the pharmacological modulation of this signaling pathway has revealed potential neuroprotective effects in different neurological diseases. Therefore, here we recapitulate current findings on the potential promising contribution of the endocannabinoid system pharmacological manipulation in glial cells for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Vicente-Acosta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ceprian
- ERC Team, PGNM, INSERM U1315, CNRS UMR5261, University of Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pilar Sobrino
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Maria Ruth Pazos
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Frida Loría
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
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13
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The Inflammatory Response after Moderate Contusion Spinal Cord Injury: A Time Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060939. [PMID: 35741460 PMCID: PMC9220050 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The neuroinflammatory response is a rather complex event in spinal cord injury (SCI) and has the capacity to exacerbate cell damage but also to contribute to the repair of the injury. This complexity is thought to depend on a variety of inflammatory mediators, of which tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a key role. Evidence indicates that TNF can be both protective and detrimental in SCI. In the present study, we studied the temporal and cellular expression of TNF and its receptors after SCI in mice. We found TNF to be significantly increased in both the acute and the delayed phases after SCI, alongside a robust neuroinflammatory response. As we could verify some of our results in human postmortem tissue, our results imply that diminishing the detrimental immune signaling after SCI could also enhance recovery in humans. Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates detrimental cellular and molecular events that lead to acute and delayed neuroinflammation. Understanding the role of the inflammatory response in SCI requires insight into the temporal and cellular synthesis of inflammatory mediators. We subjected C57BL/6J mice to SCI and investigated inflammatory reactions. We examined activation, recruitment, and polarization of microglia and infiltrating immune cells, focusing specifically on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. In the acute phase, TNF expression increased in glial cells and neuron-like cells, followed by infiltrating immune cells. TNFR1 and TNFR2 levels increased in the delayed phase and were found preferentially on neurons and glial cells, respectively. The acute phase was dominated by the infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages. Microglial/macrophage expression of Arg1 increased from 1–7 days after SCI, followed by an increase in Itgam, Cx3cr1, and P2ry12, which remained elevated throughout the study. By 21 and 28 days after SCI, the lesion core was populated by galectin-3+, CD68+, and CD11b+ microglia/macrophages, surrounded by a glial scar consisting of GFAP+ astrocytes. Findings were verified in postmortem tissue from individuals with SCI. Our findings support the consensus that future neuroprotective immunotherapies should aim to selectively neutralize detrimental immune signaling while sustaining pro-regenerative processes.
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14
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Kouki MA, Pritchard AB, Alder JE, Crean S. Do Periodontal Pathogens or Associated Virulence Factors Have a Deleterious Effect on the Blood-Brain Barrier, Contributing to Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:957-973. [PMID: 34897087 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by a highly selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), that regulates the exchange and homeostasis of bloodborne molecules, excluding xenobiotics. This barrier forms the first line of defense by prohibiting pathogens from crossing to the CNS. Aging and chronic exposure of the BBB to pathogens renders it permeable, and this may give rise to pathology in the CNS such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Researchers have linked pathogens associated with periodontitis to neuroinflammation and AD-like pathology in vivo and in vitro. Although the presence of periodontitis-associated bacteria has been linked to AD in several clinical studies as DNA and virulence factors were confirmed in brain samples of human AD subjects, the mechanism by which the bacteria traverse to the brain and potentially influences neuropathology is unknown. In this review, we present current knowledge about the association between periodontitis and AD, the mechanism whereby periodontal pathogens might provoke neuroinflammation and how periodontal pathogens could affect the BBB. We suggest future studies, with emphasis on the use of human in vitro models of cells associated with the BBB to unravel the pathway of entry for these bacteria to the CNS and to reveal the molecular and cellular pathways involved in initiating the AD-like pathology. In conclusion, evidence demonstrate that bacteria associated with periodontitis and their virulence factors are capable of inflecting damage to the BBB and have a role in giving rise to pathology similar to that found in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhd Ammar Kouki
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Anna Barlach Pritchard
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jane Elizabeth Alder
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - StJohn Crean
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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15
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Lee HK, Wetzel-Strong SE, Aylor DL, Marchuk DA. A Neuroprotective Locus Modulates Ischemic Stroke Infarction Independent of Collateral Vessel Anatomy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:705160. [PMID: 34408625 PMCID: PMC8366065 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.705160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies with inbred strains of mice have shown that infarct size is largely determined by the extent of collateral vessel connections between arteries in the brain that enable reperfusion of the ischemic territory, we have identified strain pairs that do not vary in this vascular phenotype, but which nonetheless exhibit large differences in infarct size. In this study we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in mice from an intercross between two such strains, WSB/EiJ (WSB) and C57BL/6J (B6). This QTL mapping revealed only one neuroprotective locus on Chromosome 8 (Chr 8) that co-localizes with a neuroprotective locus we mapped previously from F2 progeny between C3H/HeJ (C3H) and B6. The allele-specific phenotypic effect on infarct volume at the genetic region identified by these two independent mappings was in the opposite direction of the parental strain phenotype; namely, the B6 allele conferred increased susceptibility to ischemic infarction. Through two reciprocal congenic mouse lines with either the C3H or B6 background at the Chr 8 locus, we verified the neuroprotective effects of this genetic region that modulates infarct volume without any effect on the collateral vasculature. Additionally, we surveyed non-synonymous coding SNPs and performed RNA-sequencing analysis to identify potential candidate genes within the genetic interval. Through these approaches, we suggest new genes for future mechanistic studies of infarction following ischemic stroke, which may represent novel gene/protein targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah E. Wetzel-Strong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David L. Aylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Douglas A. Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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16
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Liu J, Xu J, Mi Y, Yang Y, Li Q, Zhou D, Wei K, Chen G, Li N, Hou Y. Pterostilbene alleviates cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats by modulating microglial activation. Food Funct 2021; 11:5432-5445. [PMID: 32490497 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe neurological disease without known effective therapy. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in ischemic stroke. Therefore, finding a safe and effective microglial activation inhibitor might lead to an effective therapeutic strategy against ischemic stroke. In this project, our goal was to explore both the mechanism and effect of pterostilbene in MCAO/R rats. The potential effect of pterostilbene on ischemic stroke was tested using MCAO/R rats and its effect on microglial activation was tested in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. In vivo, pterostilbene decreased the neurological scores, brain water content and infarct volume in MCAO/R rats. Pterostilbene increased the number of mature neurons, decreased the number of activated microglia, and reduced iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression. Pterostilbene inhibited phosphorylated-IκBα expression, thus promoting IκBα expression and inhibiting ROS overexpression. In vitro, pterostilbene inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and suppressed NAPDH activity as well as activation of both the NF-κB pathway and ROS production. To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that pterostilbene-mediated alleviation of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats may be correlated with the inhibition of the ROS/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway in microglia, indicating the potential for the use of pterostilbene as a candidate therapeutic compound for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. and Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Jikai Xu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. and Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Mi
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. and Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Qing Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Di Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Kun Wei
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China. and Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
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17
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von Linstow CU, Hindkjær SM, Nielsen PV, Degn M, Lambertsen KL, Finsen B, Clausen BH. Bone Marrow-Derived IL-1Ra Increases TNF Levels Poststroke. Cells 2021; 10:956. [PMID: 33924148 PMCID: PMC8074385 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) are key players in stroke, a disease in which cell-based therapies have shown great potential. Having shown an infarct-reducing effect of bone marrow (BM) cells, especially cells with high IL-1Ra expression, we here investigated the effect of BM cells on TNF and other stroke-related mediators in mice after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) and in vitro using adult microglial cultures. We analyzed stroke-related genes and inflammatory mediators using qPCR stroke Tier panels, electrochemiluminescence, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found a significant correlation and cellular colocalization between microglial-derived TNF and IL-1Ra, though IL-1Ra production was TNF independent. BM treatment significantly increased TNF, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-4 levels, while C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), IL-12p70, and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) decreased, suggesting that BM treatment favors an anti-inflammatory environment. Hierarchical clustering identified Tnf and IL-1rn within the same gene cluster, and subsequent STRING analysis identified TLR2 as a shared receptor. Although IL-1Ra producing BM cells specifically modulated TNF levels, this was TLR2 independent. These results demonstrate BM cells as modulators of poststroke inflammation with beneficial effects on poststroke outcomes and place TNF and IL-1Ra as key players of the defense response after tMCAo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ulrich von Linstow
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Sofie Mozart Hindkjær
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (S.M.H.); (P.V.N.); (K.L.L.); (B.F.)
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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18
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Giuliano K, Torres-Odio S, Etchill E, Carr P, Conover Talbot C, Blue ME, Johnston MV, Baumgartner WA, Lawton JS, Wilson MA. Inflammatory profile in a canine model of hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Surg Res 2021; 264:260-273. [PMID: 33839341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) is a technique used for complex repair of the aorta, but it can be associated with neurologic morbidity. To better understand the molecular changes that underlie ischemic brain injury, we assessed gene expression and cytokine/chemokine polypeptide concentration in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of canines that underwent two hours of HCA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male canines were cannulated peripherally for cardiopulmonary bypass, cooled to 18°C, and arrested for two hours. Animals were euthanized two, eight, or 24 hours post-HCA (n = 8 per group), and their brains were compared to brains from eight normal canines, using gene expression microarray analysis, cytokine assay, and histopathology. RESULTS Two to eight hours after HCA, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs increased markedly, and gene expression was enriched within signaling pathways related to neuroinflammation or ischemic injury. Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokine polypeptides IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and CCL2 were very low in normal canine brain, whereas anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-β1 were expressed at moderate levels. Pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations rose robustly in cerebral tissue and CSF after HCA. IL-6 and IL-8 peaked at eight hours and declined at 24 hours, while IL-1β and CCL2 remained elevated. Concentrations of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-β1 were maintained after HCA, with a significant increase in TGF-β1 at 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS These cytokines represent potential diagnostic markers for ischemic neurologic injury that could be used to assess neurologic injury in patients undergoing HCA. The cellular mechanisms underlying this pro-inflammatory, ischemic-induced injury represent potential targets for neuroprotection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Giuliano
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; Current affilitation: Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Eric Etchill
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrice Carr
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary E Blue
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael V Johnston
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William A Baumgartner
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer S Lawton
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Ann Wilson
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Dukay B, Walter FR, Vigh JP, Barabási B, Hajdu P, Balassa T, Migh E, Kincses A, Hoyk Z, Szögi T, Borbély E, Csoboz B, Horváth P, Fülöp L, Penke B, Vígh L, Deli MA, Sántha M, Tóth ME. Neuroinflammatory processes are augmented in mice overexpressing human heat-shock protein B1 following ethanol-induced brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:22. [PMID: 33423680 PMCID: PMC7798334 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat-shock protein B1 (HSPB1) is among the most well-known and versatile member of the evolutionarily conserved family of small heat-shock proteins. It has been implicated to serve a neuroprotective role against various neurological disorders via its modulatory activity on inflammation, yet its exact role in neuroinflammation is poorly understood. In order to shed light on the exact mechanism of inflammation modulation by HSPB1, we investigated the effect of HSPB1 on neuroinflammatory processes in an in vivo and in vitro model of acute brain injury. Methods In this study, we used a transgenic mouse strain overexpressing the human HSPB1 protein. In the in vivo experiments, 7-day-old transgenic and wild-type mice were treated with ethanol. Apoptotic cells were detected using TUNEL assay. The mRNA and protein levels of cytokines and glial cell markers were examined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in the brain. We also established primary neuronal, astrocyte, and microglial cultures which were subjected to cytokine and ethanol treatments. TNFα and hHSPB1 levels were measured from the supernates by ELISA, and intracellular hHSPB1 expression was analyzed using fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Results Following ethanol treatment, the brains of hHSPB1-overexpressing mice showed a significantly higher mRNA level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnf, Il1b), microglia (Cd68, Arg1), and astrocyte (Gfap) markers compared to wild-type brains. Microglial activation, and 1 week later, reactive astrogliosis was higher in certain brain areas of ethanol-treated transgenic mice compared to those of wild-types. Despite the remarkably high expression of pro-apoptotic Tnf, hHSPB1-overexpressing mice did not exhibit higher level of apoptosis. Our data suggest that intracellular hHSPB1, showing the highest level in primary astrocytes, was responsible for the inflammation-regulating effects. Microglia cells were the main source of TNFα in our model. Microglia isolated from hHSPB1-overexpressing mice showed a significantly higher release of TNFα compared to wild-type cells under inflammatory conditions. Conclusions Our work provides novel in vivo evidence that hHSPB1 overexpression has a regulating effect on acute neuroinflammation by intensifying the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing glial cell activation, but not increasing neuronal apoptosis. These results suggest that hHSPB1 may play a complex role in the modulation of the ethanol-induced neuroinflammatory response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02070-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Dukay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary. .,Doctoral School in Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit P Vigh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Beáta Barabási
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School in Theoretical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petra Hajdu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Tamás Balassa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Informatics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ede Migh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - András Kincses
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hoyk
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Titanilla Szögi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Emőke Borbély
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Csoboz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.,Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Péter Horváth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lívia Fülöp
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sántha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Melinda E Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.
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20
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Ma G, Pan Z, Kong L, Du G. Neuroinflammation in hemorrhagic transformation after tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis: Potential mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs and biomarkers. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107216. [PMID: 33296780 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common and serious complication following ischemic stroke, especially after tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) thrombolysis, which is associated with increased mortality and disability. Due to the unknown mechanisms and targets of HT, there are no effective therapeutic drugs to decrease the incidence of HT. In recent years, many studies have found that neuroinflammation is closely related to the occurrence and development of HT after t-PA thrombolysis, including glial cell activation in the brain, peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration and the release of inflammatory factors, involving inflammation-related targets such as NF-κB, MAPK, HMGB1, TLR4 and NLRP3. Some drugs with anti-inflammatory activity have been shown to protect the BBB and reduce the risk of HT in preclinical experiments and clinical trials, including minocycline, fingolimod, tacrolimus, statins and some natural products. In addition, the changes in MMP-9, VAP-1, NLR, sICAM-1 and other inflammatory factors are closely related to the occurrence of HT, which may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HT. In this review, we summarize the potential inflammation-related mechanisms, targets, therapeutic drugs, and biomarkers associated with HT after t-PA thrombolysis and discuss the relationship between neuroinflammation and HT, which provides a reference for research on the mechanisms, prevention and treatment drugs, diagnosis and prognosis of HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zirong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Linglei Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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21
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Deng W, Mandeville E, Terasaki Y, Li W, Holder J, Chuang AT, Ning M, Arai K, Lo EH, Xing C. Transcriptomic characterization of microglia activation in a rat model of ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:S34-S48. [PMID: 33208001 PMCID: PMC7687036 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20932870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are key regulators of inflammatory response after stroke and brain injury. To better understand activation of microglia as well as their phenotypic diversity after ischemic stroke, we profiled the transcriptome of microglia after 75 min transient focal cerebral ischemia in 3-month- and 12-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats. Microglia were isolated from the brains by FACS sorting on days 3 and 14 after cerebral ischemia. GeneChip Rat 1.0ST microarray was used to profile the whole transcriptome of sorted microglia. We identified an evolving and complex pattern of activation from 3 to 14 days after stroke onset. M2-like patterns were extensively and persistently upregulated over time. M1-like patterns were only mildly upregulated, mostly at day 14. Younger 3-month-old brains showed a larger microglial response in both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, compared to older 12-month-old brains. Importantly, our data revealed that after stroke, most microglia are activated towards a wide spectrum of novel polarization states beyond the standard M1/M2 dichotomy, especially in pathways related to TLR2 and dietary fatty acid signaling. Finally, classes of transcription factors that might potentially regulate microglial activation were identified. These findings should provide a comprehensive database for dissecting microglial mechanisms and pursuing neuroinflammation targets for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emiri Mandeville
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yasukazu Terasaki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mingming Ning
- Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Changhong Xing
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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22
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Vezzani B, Carinci M, Patergnani S, Pasquin MP, Guarino A, Aziz N, Pinton P, Simonato M, Giorgi C. The Dichotomous Role of Inflammation in the CNS: A Mitochondrial Point of View. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1437. [PMID: 33066071 PMCID: PMC7600410 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune response is one of our primary defenses against pathogens infection, although, if dysregulated, it represents the leading cause of chronic tissue inflammation. This dualism is even more present in the central nervous system, where neuroinflammation is both important for the activation of reparatory mechanisms and, at the same time, leads to the release of detrimental factors that induce neurons loss. Key players in modulating the neuroinflammatory response are mitochondria. Indeed, they are responsible for a variety of cell mechanisms that control tissue homeostasis, such as autophagy, apoptosis, energy production, and also inflammation. Accordingly, it is widely recognized that mitochondria exert a pivotal role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as in acute brain damage, such in ischemic stroke and epileptic seizures. In this review, we will describe the role of mitochondria molecular signaling in regulating neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, by focusing on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitophagy, giving a hint on the possible therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial pathways involved in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Vezzani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Marianna Carinci
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Matteo P. Pasquin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Annunziata Guarino
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nimra Aziz
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola (RA), Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
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23
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Liu LR, Liu JC, Bao JS, Bai QQ, Wang GQ. Interaction of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Neurovascular Unit. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1024. [PMID: 32733433 PMCID: PMC7362712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between microglia and astrocytes significantly influences neuroinflammation. Microglia/astrocytes, part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), are activated by various brain insults. The local extracellular and intracellular signals determine their characteristics and switch of phenotypes. Microglia and astrocytes are activated into two polarization states: the pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1 and A1) and the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2 and A2). During neuroinflammation, induced by stroke or lipopolysaccharides, microglia are more sensitive to pathogens, or damage; they are thus initially activated into the M1 phenotype and produce common inflammatory signals such as IL-1 and TNF-α to trigger reactive astrocytes into the A1 phenotype. These inflammatory signals can be amplified not only by the self-feedback loop of microglial activation but also by the unique anatomy structure of astrocytes. As the pathology further progresses, resulting in local environmental changes, M1-like microglia switch to the M2 phenotype, and M2 crosstalk with A2. While astrocytes communicate simultaneously with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the function of neurons and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), their subtle changes may be identified and responded by astrocytes, and possibly transferred to microglia. Although both microglia and astrocytes have different functional characteristics, they can achieve immune "optimization" through their mutual communication and cooperation in the NVU and build a cascaded immune network of amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rong Liu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,People's Hospital of Yaodu District, Linfen, China
| | - Jia-Chen Liu
- Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Gai-Qing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,SanYa Central Hospital, The Third People's Hospital of HaiNan Province, SanYa, China
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24
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Inhibition of the NLRP3-inflammasome prevents cognitive deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice via the alteration of astrocyte phenotype. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:377. [PMID: 32415059 PMCID: PMC7229224 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that is characterized by demyelination and axonal damage in the central nervous system. Cognitive deficits are recognized as one of the features of MS, and these deficits affect the patients’ quality of life. Increasing evidence from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, has suggested that EAE mice exhibit hippocampal impairment and cognitive deficits. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a key contributor to neuroinflammation and is involved in the development of MS and EAE. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia is fundamental for subsequent inflammatory events. Activated microglia can convert astrocytes to the neurotoxic A1 phenotype in a variety of neurological diseases. However, it remains unknown whether the NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to cognitive deficits and astrocyte phenotype alteration in EAE. In this study, we demonstrated that severe memory deficits occurred in the late phase of EAE, and cognitive deficits were ameliorated by treatment with MCC950, an inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, MCC950 alleviated hippocampal pathology and synapse loss. Astrocytes from EAE mice were converted to the neurotoxic A1 phenotype, and this conversion was prevented by MCC950 treatment. IL-18, which is the downstream of NLRP3 inflammasome, was sufficient to induce the conversion of astrocytes to the A1 phenotype through the NF-κB pathway. IL-18 induced A1 type reactive astrocytes impaired hippocampal neurons through the release of complement component 3 (C3). Altogether, our present data suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in cognitive deficits in EAE, possibly via the alteration of astrocyte phenotypes. Our study provides a novel therapeutic strategy for hippocampal impairment in EAE and MS.
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25
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Esteban-Garcia N, Nombela C, Garrosa J, Rascón-Ramirez FJ, Barcia JA, Sánchez-Sánchez-Rojas L. Neurorestoration Approach by Biomaterials in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:431. [PMID: 32477053 PMCID: PMC7235425 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is the leading cause of disability in the western world, assuming a high socio-economic cost. One of the most used strategies in the last decade has been biomaterials, which have been initially used with a structural support function. They have been perfected, different compounds have been combined, and they have been used together with cell therapy or controlled release chemical compounds. This double function has driven them as potential candidates for the chronic treatment of IS. In fact, the most developed are in different phases of clinical trial. In this review, we will show the ischemic scenario and address the most important criteria to achieve a successful neuroreparation from the point of view of biomaterials. The spontaneous processes that are activated and how to enhance them is one of the keys that contribute to the success of the therapeutic approach. In addition, the different routes of administration and how they affect the design of biomaterials are analyzed. Future perspectives show where this broad scientific field is heading, which advances every day with the help of technology and advanced therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Esteban-Garcia
- Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Therapies Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Clínico San Carlos Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nombela
- Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Therapies Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Clínico San Carlos Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Garrosa
- Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Therapies Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Clínico San Carlos Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Antonio Barcia
- Neurosurgery Department, Clínico San Carlos Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Chair of Neurosurgery Department, Clínico San Carlos Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leyre Sánchez-Sánchez-Rojas
- Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Therapies Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Clínico San Carlos Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Xu S, Lu J, Shao A, Zhang JH, Zhang J. Glial Cells: Role of the Immune Response in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2020; 11:294. [PMID: 32174916 PMCID: PMC7055422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which accounts for 75-80% of all strokes, is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The post-stroke immune response has recently emerged as a new breakthrough target in the treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, are the primary components of the peri-infarct environment in the central nervous system (CNS) and have been implicated in post-stroke immune regulation. However, increasing evidence suggests that glial cells exert beneficial and detrimental effects during ischemic stroke. Microglia, which survey CNS homeostasis and regulate innate immune responses, are rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. Activated microglia release inflammatory cytokines that induce neuronal tissue injury. By contrast, anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors secreted by alternatively activated microglia are beneficial for recovery after ischemic stroke. Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis in ischemic stroke contribute to limiting brain injury and re-establishing CNS homeostasis. However, glial scarring hinders neuronal reconnection and extension. Neuroinflammation affects the demyelination and remyelination of oligodendrocytes. Myelin-associated antigens released from oligodendrocytes activate peripheral T cells, thereby resulting in the autoimmune response. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells, which can differentiate into oligodendrocytes, follow an ischemic stroke and may result in functional recovery. Herein, we discuss the mechanisms of post-stroke immune regulation mediated by glial cells and the interaction between glial cells and neurons. In addition, we describe the potential roles of various glial cells at different stages of ischemic stroke and discuss future intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Lee HK, Widmayer SJ, Huang MN, Aylor DL, Marchuk DA. Novel Neuroprotective Loci Modulating Ischemic Stroke Volume in Wild-Derived Inbred Mouse Strains. Genetics 2019; 213:1079-1092. [PMID: 31488517 PMCID: PMC6827375 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genes involved in cerebral infarction, we have employed a forward genetic approach in inbred mouse strains, using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for cerebral infarct volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion. We had previously observed that infarct volume is inversely correlated with cerebral collateral vessel density in most strains. In this study, we expanded the pool of allelic variation among classical inbred mouse strains by utilizing the eight founder strains of the Collaborative Cross and found a wild-derived strain, WSB/EiJ, that breaks this general rule that collateral vessel density inversely correlates with infarct volume. WSB/EiJ and another wild-derived strain, CAST/EiJ, show the highest collateral vessel densities of any inbred strain, but infarct volume of WSB/EiJ mice is 8.7-fold larger than that of CAST/EiJ mice. QTL mapping between these strains identified four new neuroprotective loci modulating cerebral infarct volume while not affecting collateral vessel phenotypes. To identify causative variants in genes, we surveyed nonsynonymous coding SNPs between CAST/EiJ and WSB/EiJ and found 96 genes harboring coding SNPs predicted to be damaging and mapping within one of the four intervals. In addition, we performed RNA-sequencing for brain tissue of CAST/EiJ and WSB/EiJ mice and identified 79 candidate genes mapping in one of the four intervals showing strain-specific differences in expression. The identification of the genes underlying these neuroprotective loci will provide new understanding of genetic risk factors of ischemic stroke, which may provide novel targets for future therapeutic intervention of human ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Samuel J Widmayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Min-Nung Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - David L Aylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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28
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Jovanovic J, Liu X, Kokona D, Zinkernagel MS, Ebneter A. Inhibition of inflammatory cells delays retinal degeneration in experimental retinal vein occlusion in mice. Glia 2019; 68:574-588. [PMID: 31652020 PMCID: PMC7003783 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of microglia in retinal inflammation is still ambiguous. Branch retinal vein occlusion initiates an inflammatory response whereby resident microglia cells are activated. They trigger infiltration of neutrophils that exacerbate blood–retina barrier damage, regulate postischemic inflammation and irreversible loss of neuroretina. Suppression of microglia‐mediated inflammation might bear potential for mitigating functional impairment after retinal vein occlusion (RVO). To test this hypothesis, we depleted microglia by PLX5622 (a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor) in fractalkine receptor reporter mice (Cx3cr1gfp/+) subjected to various regimens of PLX5622 treatment and experimental RVO. Effectiveness of microglia suppression and retinal outcomes including retinal thickness as well as ganglion cell survival were compared to a control group of mice with experimental vein occlusion only. PLX5622 caused dramatic suppression of microglia. Despite vein occlusion, reappearance of green fluorescent protein positive cells was strongly impeded with continuous PLX5622 treatment and significantly delayed after its cessation. In depleted mice, retinal proinflammatory cytokine signaling was diminished and retinal ganglion cell survival improved by almost 50% compared to nondepleted animals 3 weeks after vein occlusion. Optical coherence tomography suggested delayed retinal degeneration in depleted mice. In summary, findings indicate that suppression of cells bearing the colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor, mainly microglia and monocytes, mitigates ischemic damage and salvages retinal ganglion cells. Blood–retina barrier breakdown seems central in the disease mechanism, and complex interactions between different cell types composing the blood–retina barrier as well as sustained hypoxia might explain why the protective effect was only partial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Jovanovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - Despina Kokona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ebneter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Shao Z, Tu S, Shao A. Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1079. [PMID: 31607923 PMCID: PMC6761372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke with high mortality and morbidity. The resulting hematoma within brain parenchyma induces a series of adverse events causing primary and secondary brain injury. The mechanism of injury after ICH is very complicated and has not yet been illuminated. This review discusses some key pathophysiology mechanisms in ICH such as oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, iron toxicity, and thrombin formation. The corresponding therapeutic targets and therapeutic strategies are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Yli-Karjanmaa M, Clausen BH, Degn M, Novrup HG, Ellman DG, Toft-Jensen P, Szymkowski DE, Stensballe A, Meyer M, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Topical Administration of a Soluble TNF Inhibitor Reduces Infarct Volume After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:781. [PMID: 31440125 PMCID: PMC6692878 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor, which exists both as a soluble (solTNF) and a transmembrane (tmTNF) protein, plays an important role in post-stroke inflammation. The objective of the present study was to test the effect of topical versus intracerebroventricular administration of XPro1595 (a solTNF inhibitor) and etanercept (a solTNF and tmTNF inhibitor) compared to saline on output measures such as infarct volume and post-stroke inflammation in mice. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were treated topically (2.5 mg/ml/1μl/h for 3 consecutive days) or intracerebroventricularly (1.25 mg/kg/0.5 ml, once) with saline, XPro1595, or etanercept immediately after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Mice were allowed to survive 1 or 3 days. Infarct volume, microglial and leukocyte profiles, and inflammatory markers were evaluated. Results We found that topical, and not intracerebroventricular, administration of XPro1595 reduced infarct volume at both 1 and 3 days after pMCAO. Etanercept showed no effect. We observed no changes in microglial or leukocyte populations. XPro1595 increased gene expression of P2ry12 at 1 day and Trem2 at 1 and 3 days, while decreasing Cx3cr1 expression at 1 and 3 days after pMCAO, suggesting a change in microglial activation toward a phagocytic phenotype. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that topical administration of XPro1595 for 3 consecutive days decreases infarct volumes after ischemic stroke, while modifying microglial activation and the inflammatory response post-stroke. This suggests that inhibitors of solTNF hold great promise for future neuroprotective treatment in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Yli-Karjanmaa
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Pediatric Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Gram Novrup
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Gry Ellman
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Toft-Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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31
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Shinozaki Y, Danjo Y, Koizumi S. Microglial ROCK is essential for chronic methylmercury‐induced neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2019; 151:64-78. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Chuo Yamanashi Japan
| | - Yosuke Danjo
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Chuo Yamanashi Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Chuo Yamanashi Japan
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32
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Cheng M, Yang L, Dong Z, Wang M, Sun Y, Liu H, Wang X, Sai N, Huang G, Zhang X. Folic acid deficiency enhanced microglial immune response via the Notch1/nuclear factor kappa B p65 pathway in hippocampus following rat brain I/R injury and BV2 cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4795-4807. [PMID: 31087489 PMCID: PMC6584545 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that folic acid deficiency (FD) increased the likelihood of stroke and aggravated brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia. The microglia-mediated inflammatory response plays a crucial role in the complicated pathologies that lead to ischaemic brain injury. However, whether FD is involved in the activation of microglia and the neuroinflammation after experimental stroke and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess whether FD modulates the Notch1/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and enhances microglial immune response in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO) model and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated BV-2 cells. Our results exhibited that FD worsened neuronal cell death and exaggerated microglia activation in the hippocampal CA1, CA3 and Dentate gyrus (DG) subregions after cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion. The hippocampal CA1 region was more sensitive to ischaemic injury and FD treatment. The protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 were also augmented by FD treatment in microglial cells of the post-ischaemic hippocampus and in vitro OGD-stressed microglia model. Moreover, FD not only dramatically enhanced the protein expression levels of Notch1 and NF-κB p65 but also promoted the phosphorylation of pIkBα and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Blocking of Notch1 with N-[N-(3, 5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester partly attenuated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and the protein expression of neuroinflammatory cytokines in FD-treated hypoxic BV-2 microglia. These results suggested that Notch1/NF-κB p65 pathway-mediated microglial immune response may be a molecular mechanism underlying cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury worsened by FD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiping Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Sai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
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33
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Lambertsen KL, Finsen B, Clausen BH. Post-stroke inflammation-target or tool for therapy? Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:693-714. [PMID: 30483945 PMCID: PMC6482288 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is currently considered a prime target for the development of new stroke therapies. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and then circulating immune cells invade the peri-infarct and infarct core. Resident and infiltrating cells together orchestrate the post-stroke inflammatory response, communicating with each other and the ischemic neurons, through soluble and membrane-bound signaling molecules, including cytokines. Inflammation can be both detrimental and beneficial at particular stages after a stroke. While it can contribute to expansion of the infarct, it is also responsible for infarct resolution, and influences remodeling and repair. Several pre-clinical and clinical proof-of-concept studies have suggested the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions that target inflammation post-stroke. Experimental evidence shows that targeting certain inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-10, holds promise. However, as these cytokines possess non-redundant protective and immunoregulatory functions, their neutralization or augmentation carries a risk of unwanted side effects, and clinical translation is, therefore, challenging. This review summarizes the cell biology of the post-stroke inflammatory response and discusses pharmacological interventions targeting inflammation in the acute phase after a stroke that may be used alone or in combination with recanalization therapies. Development of next-generation immune therapies should ideally aim at selectively neutralizing pathogenic immune signaling, enhancing tissue preservation, promoting neurological recovery and leaving normal function intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
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34
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Arac A, Grimbaldeston MA, Galli SJ, Bliss TM, Steinberg GK. Meningeal Mast Cells as Key Effectors of Stroke Pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:126. [PMID: 31001088 PMCID: PMC6457367 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability in the United States. Because post-stroke inflammation is a critical determinant of damage and recovery after stroke, understanding the interplay between the immune system and the brain after stroke holds much promise for therapeutic intervention. An understudied, but important aspect of this interplay is the role of meninges that surround the brain. All blood vessels travel through the meningeal space before entering the brain parenchyma, making the meninges ideally located to act as an immune gatekeeper for the underlying parenchyma. Emerging evidence suggests that the actions of immune cells resident in the meninges are essential for executing this gatekeeper function. Mast cells (MCs), best known as proinflammatory effector cells, are one of the long-term resident immune cells in the meninges. Here, we discuss recent findings in the literature regarding the role of MCs located in the meningeal space and stroke pathology. We review the latest advances in mouse models to investigate the roles of MCs and MC-derived products in vivo, and the importance of using these mouse models. We examine the concept of the meninges playing a critical role in brain and immune interactions, reevaluate the perspectives on the key effectors of stroke pathology, and discuss the opportunities and challenges for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Arac
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Stephen J. Galli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tonya M. Bliss
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Stroke Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gary K. Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Stroke Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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35
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Peng T, Jiang Y, Farhan M, Lazarovici P, Chen L, Zheng W. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicines on Preclinical in vivo Models of Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion-Injury: Prospects for Neuroprotective Drug Discovery and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:204. [PMID: 30930774 PMCID: PMC6423897 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired brain ischemia-and reperfusion-injury (IRI), including both Ischemic stroke (IS) and Traumatic Brain injury (TBI), is one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults and represents a major burden in both western and developing countries worldwide. China’s clinical neurological therapeutic experience in the use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), including TCM-derived active compounds, Chinese herbs, TCM formulations and decoction, in brain IRI diseases indicated a trend of significant improvement in patients’ neurological deficits, calling for blind, placebo-controlled and randomized clinical trials with careful meta-analysis evaluation. There are many TCMs in use for brain IRI therapy in China with significant therapeutic effects in preclinical studies using different brain IRI-animal. The basic hypothesis in this field claims that in order to avoid the toxicity and side effects of the complex TCM formulas, individual isolated and identified compounds that exhibited neuroprotective properties could be used as lead compounds for the development of novel drugs. China’s efforts in promoting TCMs have contributed to an explosive growth of the preclinical research dedicated to the isolation and identification of TCM-derived neuroprotective lead compounds. Tanshinone, is a typical example of TCM-derived lead compounds conferring neuroprotection toward IRI in animals with brain middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or TBI models. Recent reports show the significance of the inflammatory response accompanying brain IRI. This response appears to contribute to both primary and secondary ischemic pathology, and therefore anti-inflammatory strategies have become popular by targeting pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, other inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and several transcriptional factors. Here, we review recent selected studies and discuss further considerations for critical reevaluation of the neuroprotection hypothesis of TCMs in IRI therapy. Moreover, we will emphasize several TCM’s mechanisms of action and attempt to address the most promising compounds and the obstacles to be overcome before they will enter the clinic for IRI therapy. We hope that this review will further help in investigations of neuroprotective effects of novel molecular entities isolated from Chinese herbal medicines and will stimulate performance of clinical trials of Chinese herbal medicine-derived drugs in IRI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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36
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Yang Y, Boza-Serrano A, Dunning CJR, Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL, Deierborg T. Inflammation leads to distinct populations of extracellular vesicles from microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:168. [PMID: 29807527 PMCID: PMC5972400 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activated microglia play an essential role in inflammatory responses elicited in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are suggested to be involved in propagation of inflammatory signals and in the modulation of cell-to-cell communication. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the regulation of EVs and how this in turn facilitates the communication between cells in the brain. Here, we characterized microglial EVs under inflammatory conditions and investigated the effects of inflammation on the EV size, quantity, and protein content. Methods We have utilized western blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and mass spectrometry to characterize EVs and examine the alterations of secreted EVs from a microglial cell line (BV2) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor (etanercept) treatments, or either alone. The inflammatory responses were measured with multiplex cytokine ELISA and western blot. We also subjected TNF knockout mice to experimental stroke (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion) and validated the effect of TNF inhibition on EV release. Results Our analysis of EVs originating from activated BV2 microglia revealed a significant increase in the intravesicular levels of TNF and interleukin (IL)-6. We also observed that the number of EVs released was reduced both in vitro and in vivo when inflammation was inhibited via the TNF pathway. Finally, via mass spectrometry, we identified 49 unique proteins in EVs released from LPS-activated microglia compared to control EVs (58 proteins in EVs released from LPS-activated microglia and 37 from control EVs). According to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, we found a large increase of proteins related to translation and transcription in EVs from LPS. Importantly, we showed a distinct profile of proteins found in EVs released from LPS treated cells compared to control. Conclusions We demonstrate altered EV production in BV2 microglial cells and altered cytokine levels and protein composition carried by EVs in response to LPS challenge. Our findings provide new insights into the potential roles of EVs that could be related to the pathogenesis in neuroinflammatory diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1204-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Yang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIGDE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIGDE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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37
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Lee HK, Koh S, Lo DC, Marchuk DA. Neuronal IL-4Rα modulates neuronal apoptosis and cell viability during the acute phases of cerebral ischemia. FEBS J 2018; 285:2785-2798. [PMID: 29756681 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke caused by an embolus or local thrombosis results in neural tissue damage (an infarct) in the territory of the occluded cerebral artery. Decades of studies have increased our understanding of the molecular events during cerebral infarction; however, translation of these discoveries to druggable targets for ischemic stroke treatment has been largely disappointing. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts its cellular activities via the interleukin-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα). This cytokine receptor complex is associated with diverse immune and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have suggested a role of the cytokine IL-4 in long-term ischemic stroke recovery, involving immune cell activity. In contrast, the role of the receptor, IL-4Rα especially in the acute phase of infarction is unclear. In this study, we determined that IL-4Rα is expressed on neurons and that during the early phases of cerebral infarction (24 h) levels of this receptor are increased to regulate cellular apoptosis factors through activation of STAT6. In this context, we show a neuroprotective role for IL-4Rα in an in vivo surgical model of cerebral ischemia and in ex vivo brain slice explants, using both genetic knockout of this receptor and RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. IL-4Rα may therefore represent a novel target and pathway for therapeutic development in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sehwon Koh
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donald C Lo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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38
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Xing C, Li W, Deng W, Ning M, Lo EH. A potential gliovascular mechanism for microglial activation: differential phenotypic switching of microglia by endothelium versus astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:143. [PMID: 29764475 PMCID: PMC5952884 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of microglia can result in phenotypic and functional diversity. However, the pathways that trigger different states of microglial activation remain to be fully understood. Here, we hypothesized that after injury, astrocytes and endothelium may contribute to a gliovascular switch for microglial activation. METHODS Astrocytes or cerebral endothelial cells were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation, then conditioned media were transferred to microglia. The release of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IGF-1 was measured using ELISA. Surface markers of CD11b, CD45, CD86, and MHC class II were detected by flow cytometry. mRNA expression of iNOS, CD86, CD206, Arginase1, and transcription factors was measured using real-time PCR. Microglial function including migration and phagocytosis was assessed. Dendritogenesis was determined by counting the number of primary dendrites, secondary dendrites, and dendritic ends in the neurons exposed to either endothelial- or astrocyte-activated microglia. RESULTS Exposure to conditioned media from oxygen-glucose-deprived cerebral endothelial cells or oxygen-glucose-deprived astrocytes activated microglia into different forms. The endothelium converted ramified microglia into amoeboid shapes; increased the release of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-10; decreased IGF-1; upregulated iNOS expression; and inhibited microglial migration and phagocytosis. In contrast, astrocytes increased microglial production of IGF-1, upregulated CD206 expression, and enhanced microglial phagocytosis. These opposing effects of the endothelium versus astrocyte crosstalk partly mirror potentially deleterious versus potentially beneficial microglial phenotypes. Consistent with this idea, endothelial-activated microglia were neurotoxic, whereas astrocyte-activated microglia did not affect neuronal viability but instead promoted neuronal dendritogenesis. CONCLUSION These findings provide proof of concept that endothelial cells and astrocytes provide differing signals to microglia that influence their activation states and suggest that a gliovascular switch may be involved in the balance between beneficial versus deleterious microglial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Wenjun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - MingMing Ning
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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Xu H, Qin W, Hu X, Mu S, Zhu J, Lu W, Luo Y. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of OTULIN ameliorates microglia activation and neuroinflammation by depressing the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:83. [PMID: 29544517 PMCID: PMC5856386 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke-induced neuroinflammation is mainly mediated by microglial cells. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is the key transcriptional pathway that initiates inflammatory responses following cerebral ischemia. OTULIN, a critical negative regulator of the NF-κΒ signaling pathway, exerts robust effects on peripheral immune cell-mediated inflammation and is regarded as an essential mediator for repressing inflammation in vivo. The effect of OTULIN on inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) was previously unstudied. This current study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of OTULIN both in vitro and in vivo in ischemic stroke models. Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Overexpression of the OTULIN gene was utilized to observe the effect of OTULIN on ischemic stroke outcomes. The effect of OTULIN overexpression on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation was examined in rat primary microglia (PM) and in the microglial cell line N9 after induction by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated neuronal medium. The activation and inflammatory responses of microglia were detected using immunofluorescence, ELISA, and qRT-PCR. The details of molecular mechanism were assessed using Western blotting. Results In the tMCAO rats, the focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury induced a continuous increase in OTULIN expression within 72 h, and OTULIN expression was increased in activated microglial cells. OTULIN overexpression obviously decreased the cerebral infarct volume, improved the neurological function deficits, and reduced neuronal loss at 72 h after reperfusion, and it also inhibited the activation of microglia and attenuated the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by suppressing the NF-κB pathway at 24 h after tMCAO. In vitro, OTULIN overexpression inhibited the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by reducing the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 via depressing the NF-κB pathway in both PM and N9 cells. Conclusions OTULIN provides a potential therapeutic target for ischemic brain injury by ameliorating the excessive activation of microglial cells and neuroinflammation through repressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1117-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbei Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenyi Qin
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's hospital, Guizhou, 50002, China
| | - Song Mu
- Department of Anus & Intestine surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenhao Lu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Ferrara-Bowens TM, Chandler JK, Guignet MA, Irwin JF, Laitipaya K, Palmer DD, Shumway LJ, Tucker LB, McCabe JT, Wegner MD, Johnson EA. Neuropathological and behavioral sequelae in IL-1R1 and IL-1Ra gene knockout mice after soman (GD) exposure. Neurotoxicology 2017; 63:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Anttila JE, Whitaker KW, Wires ES, Harvey BK, Airavaara M. Role of microglia in ischemic focal stroke and recovery: focus on Toll-like receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:3-14. [PMID: 27389423 PMCID: PMC5214845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in adults. Drug treatments that target stroke-induced pathological mechanisms and promote recovery are desperately needed. In the brain, an ischemic event triggers major inflammatory responses that are mediated by the resident microglial cells. In this review, we focus on the microglia activation after ischemic brain injury as a target of immunomodulatory therapeutics. We divide the microglia-mediated events following ischemic stroke into three categories: acute, subacute, and long-term events. This division encompasses the spatial and temporal dynamics of microglia as they participate in the pathophysiological changes that contribute to the symptoms and sequela of a stroke. The importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in the outcomes of these pathophysiological changes is highlighted. Increasing evidence shows that microglia have a complex role in stroke pathophysiology, and they mediate both detrimental and beneficial effects on stroke outcome. So far, most of the pharmacological studies in experimental models of stroke have focused on neuroprotective strategies which are impractical for clinical applications. Post-ischemic inflammation is long lasting and thus, could provide a therapeutic target for novel delayed drug treatment. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the role of microglia in the recovery process from an ischemic stroke and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of modulating post-ischemic inflammation to promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni E Anttila
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Keith W Whitaker
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA; Human Research and Engineering Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA
| | - Emily S Wires
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Grønhøj MH, Clausen BH, Fenger CD, Lambertsen KL, Finsen B. Beneficial potential of intravenously administered IL-6 in improving outcome after murine experimental stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:296-311. [PMID: 28587928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with neuroprotective properties. Still, the therapeutic potential of IL-6 after experimental stroke has not yet been investigated in a clinically relevant way. Here, we investigated the therapeutic use of intravenously administered IL-6 and the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) alone or in combination, early after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo) in mice. IL-6 did not affect the infarct volume in C57BL/6 mice, at neither 24 nor 72h after pMCAo but reduced the infarct volume in IL-6 knockout mice at 24h after pMCAo. Assessment of post-stroke behavior showed an improved grip strength after a single IL-6 injection and also improved rotarod endurance after two injections, in C57BL/6 mice at 24h. An improved grip strength and a better preservation of sensory functions was also observed in IL-6 treated IL-6 knockout mice 24h after pMCAo. Co-administration of IL-6 and sIL-6R increased the infarct volume, the number of infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and impaired the rotarod endurance of C57BL/6 mice 24h after pMCAo. IL-6 administration to naïve C57BL/6 mice lead after 45min to increased plasma-levels of CXCL1 and IL-10, whereas IL-6 administration to C57BL/6 mice lead to a reduction in the ischemia-induced increase in IL-6 and CXCL1 at both mRNA and protein level in brain, and of IL-6 and CXCL1 in serum. We also investigated the expression of IL-6 and IL-6R after pMCAo and found that cortical neurons upregulated IL-6 mRNA and protein, and upregulated IL-6R after pMCAo. In conclusion, the results show a complex but potentially beneficial effect of intravenously administered IL-6 in experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Hjortdal Grønhøj
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Christina Dühring Fenger
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Sun W, Ding Z, Xu S, Su Z, Li H. Crosstalk between TLR2 and Sphk1 in microglia in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory response. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1750-1758. [PMID: 29039449 PMCID: PMC5716455 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and much remains unknown about the injury-related mechanisms that occur following reperfusion. This study aimed to explore the roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) in microglial cells in inflammatory responses induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: the sham-operated group, the I/R group, the I/R group treated with TLR2 antibody, and the I/R group treated with N,N-dimethylsphingosine. Focal cerebral I/R was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Double-labeling immunofluorescence was used to observe the protein expression of TLR2 and Sphk1 in the ischemic brain tissue. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the mRNA levels of TLR2 and Sphkl in ischemic brain tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out to detect the protein contents of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-17 and IL-23 in ischemic brain tissue. The results revealed that I/R upregulated TLR2 and Sphk1 expression in microglial cells, and the inhibition of either TLR2 or Sphk1 inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-23. Notably, the inhibition of TLR2 activity also decreased Sphk1 expression. These results thus indicate that the activation of microglial cells, via a TLR2→Sphk1→pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-23) pathway, may participate in I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoming Ding
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Shengjie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Transformation of Astrocytes to a Neuroprotective Phenotype by Microglia via P2Y 1 Receptor Downregulation. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1151-1164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Shi X, Yu W, Liu L, Liu W, Zhang X, Yang T, Chai L, Lou L, Gao Y, Zhu L. Panax notoginseng saponins administration modulates pro- /anti-inflammatory factor expression and improves neurologic outcome following permanent MCAO in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:221-233. [PMID: 27585466 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, particularly permanent occlusion, accounts for the overwhelming majority of all strokes. In addition to the occlusion of arteries, the inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in the severity of the cerebral injury and its clinical prognosis. Here, panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) extracted from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine was administered following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms against ischemic injury. The results showed that MCAO surgery was successful in producing an infarct and that PNS and nimodipine could ameliorate the neurological deficits. The expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were increased, while the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was reduced in the infarct cortex 7 days after MCAO, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). PNS was able to markedly reduce the overexpression of IL-1β and TNF-α while significantly promoting the expression of IL-10, but did not affect the elevated expression of TGF-β1. Meanwhile, nimodipine was able to significantly reduce the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α, but had no obvious effect on IL-10 or TGF-β1. In addition, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β1 were basically consistent with cerebral tissue results; however, the IL-1β levels did not differ. We conclude that PNS can directly down-regulate the overexpression of proinflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α while up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the core region of the cerebral infarct, thereby preventing neurological damage in rats after permanent MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of pediatrics, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lixing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Schuhmann MK, Guthmann J, Stoll G, Nieswandt B, Kraft P, Kleinschnitz C. Blocking of platelet glycoprotein receptor Ib reduces "thrombo-inflammation" in mice with acute ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:18. [PMID: 28109273 PMCID: PMC5251224 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke causes a strong inflammatory response that includes T cells, monocytes/macrophages, and neutrophils. Interaction of these immune cells with platelets and endothelial cells facilitates microvascular dysfunction and leads to secondary infarct growth. We recently showed that blocking of platelet glycoprotein (GP) receptor Ib improves stroke outcome without increasing the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Until now, it has been unclear whether GPIb only mediates thrombus formation or also contributes to the pathophysiology of local inflammation. Methods Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in C57BL/6 mice by a 60-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Animals were treated with antigen-binding fragments (Fab) against the platelet surface molecules GPIb (p0p/B Fab). Rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fab was used as control treatment. Stroke outcome, including infarct size and functional deficits as well as the local inflammatory response, was assessed on day 1 after tMCAO. Results Blocking of GPIb reduced stroke size and improved functional outcome on day 1 after tMCAO without increasing the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. As expected, disruption of GPIb-mediated pathways in platelets significantly reduced thrombus burden in the cerebral microvasculature. In addition, inhibition of GPIb limited the local inflammatory response in the ischemic brain as indicated by lower numbers of infiltrating T cells and macrophages and lower expression levels of inflammatory cytokines compared with rat IgG Fab-treated controls. Conclusion In acute ischemic stroke, thrombus formation and inflammation are closely intertwined (“thrombo-inflammation”). Blocking of platelet GPIb can ameliorate thrombo-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Schuhmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Josua Guthmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Thomsen BB, Gredal H, Wirenfeldt M, Kristensen BW, Clausen BH, Larsen AE, Finsen B, Berendt M, Lambertsen KL. Spontaneous ischaemic stroke lesions in a dog brain: neuropathological characterisation and comparison to human ischaemic stroke. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:7. [PMID: 28086932 PMCID: PMC5237225 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs develop spontaneous ischaemic stroke with a clinical picture closely resembling human ischaemic stroke patients. Animal stroke models have been developed, but it has proved difficult to translate results obtained from such models into successful therapeutic strategies in human stroke patients. In order to face this apparent translational gap within stroke research, dogs with ischaemic stroke constitute an opportunity to study the neuropathology of ischaemic stroke in an animal species. CASE PRESENTATION A 7 years and 8 months old female neutered Rottweiler dog suffered a middle cerebral artery infarct and was euthanized 3 days after onset of neurological signs. The brain was subjected to histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Neuropathological changes were characterised by a pan-necrotic infarct surrounded by peri-infarct injured neurons and reactive microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS The neuropathological changes reported in the present study were similar to findings in human patients with ischaemic stroke. The dog with spontaneous ischaemic stroke is of interest as a complementary spontaneous animal model for further neuropathological studies.
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Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121967. [PMID: 27898011 PMCID: PMC5187767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), inflammatory processes are able to concomitantly induce both beneficial and detrimental effects. In this narrative review, we updated evidence on the inflammatory pathways and mediators that are investigated as promising therapeutic targets. We searched for papers on PubMed and MEDLINE up to August 2016. The terms searched alone or in combination were: ischemic stroke, inflammation, oxidative stress, ischemia reperfusion, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, autoimmunity. Inflammation in AIS is characterized by a storm of cytokines, chemokines, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) released by several cells contributing to exacerbate the tissue injury both in the acute and reparative phases. Interestingly, many biomarkers have been studied, but none of these reflected the complexity of systemic immune response. Reperfusion therapies showed a good efficacy in the recovery after an AIS. New therapies appear promising both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, but still need more detailed studies to be translated in the ordinary clinical practice. In spite of clinical progresses, no beneficial long-term interventions targeting inflammation are currently available. Our knowledge about cells, biomarkers, and inflammatory markers is growing and is hoped to better evaluate the impact of new treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and cell-based therapies.
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Hsuan YCY, Lin CH, Chang CP, Lin MT. Mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments for stroke, neural trauma, and heat stroke. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00526. [PMID: 27781140 PMCID: PMC5064338 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has been reported to improve neurological function following neural injury. Many physiological and molecular mechanisms involving MSC therapy-related neuroprotection have been identified. METHODS A review is presented of articles that pertain to MSC therapy and diverse brain injuries including stroke, neural trauma, and heat stroke, which were identified using an electronic search (e.g., PubMed), emphasize mechanisms of MSC therapy-related neuroprotection. We aim to discuss neuroprotective mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of MSCs in treating stroke, neural trauma, and heatstroke. RESULTS MSC therapy is promising as a means of augmenting brain repair. Cell incorporation into the injured tissue is not a prerequisite for the beneficial effects exerted by MSCs. Paracrine signaling is believed to be the most important mediator of MSC therapy in brain injury. The multiple mechanisms of action of MSCs include enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, immunomodulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. Microglia are the first source of the inflammatory cascade during brain injury. Cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, are significantly produced by microglia in the brain after experimental brain injury. The proinflammatory M1 phenotype of microglia is associated with tissue destruction, whereas the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype of microglia facilitates repair and regeneration. MSC therapy may improve outcomes of ischemic stroke, neural trauma, and heatstroke by inhibiting the activity of M1 phenotype of microglia but augmenting the activity of M2 phenotype of microglia. CONCLUSION This review offers a testable platform for targeting microglial-mediated cytokines in clinical trials based upon the rational design of MSC therapy in the future. MSCs that are derived from the placenta provide a great choice for stem cell therapy. Although targeting the microglial activation is an important approach to reduce the burden of the injury, it is not the only one. This review focuses on this specific aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan
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