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Zaki MB, Abulsoud AI, Ashraf A, Abdelmaksoud NM, Sallam AAM, Aly SH, Sa'eed El-Tokhy F, Rashad AA, El-Dakroury WA, Abdel Mageed SS, Nomier Y, Elrebehy MA, Elshaer SS, Elballal MS, Mohammed OA, Abdel-Reheim MA, Doghish AS. The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia - A focus on signaling pathways interplay. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155102. [PMID: 38211386 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in brain growth and function. Hence, research on miRNA has the potential to reveal much about the etiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. Among these, schizophrenia (SZ) is a highly intricate and destructive neuropsychiatric ailment that has been thoroughly researched in the field of miRNA. Despite being a relatively recent area of study about miRNAs and SZ, this discipline has advanced enough to justify numerous reviews that summarize the findings from the past to the present. However, most reviews cannot cover all research, thus it is necessary to synthesize the large range of publications on this topic systematically and understandably. Consequently, this review aimed to provide evidence that miRNAs play a role in the pathophysiology and progression of SZ. They have also been investigated for their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bakr Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | | | - Al-Aliaa M Sallam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Shaza H Aly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Fatma Sa'eed El-Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Rashad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Yousra Nomier
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Shereen Saeid Elshaer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11823, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Fawaz A, Ferraresi A, Isidoro C. Systems Biology in Cancer Diagnosis Integrating Omics Technologies and Artificial Intelligence to Support Physician Decision Making. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1590. [PMID: 38003905 PMCID: PMC10672164 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second major cause of disease-related death worldwide, and its accurate early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention are fundamental for saving the patient's life. Cancer, as a complex and heterogeneous disorder, results from the disruption and alteration of a wide variety of biological entities, including genes, proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and metabolites, that eventually emerge as clinical symptoms. Traditionally, diagnosis is based on clinical examination, blood tests for biomarkers, the histopathology of a biopsy, and imaging (MRI, CT, PET, and US). Additionally, omics biotechnologies help to further characterize the genome, metabolome, microbiome traits of the patient that could have an impact on the prognosis and patient's response to the therapy. The integration of all these data relies on gathering of several experts and may require considerable time, and, unfortunately, it is not without the risk of error in the interpretation and therefore in the decision. Systems biology algorithms exploit Artificial Intelligence (AI) combined with omics technologies to perform a rapid and accurate analysis and integration of patient's big data, and support the physician in making diagnosis and tailoring the most appropriate therapeutic intervention. However, AI is not free from possible diagnostic and prognostic errors in the interpretation of images or biochemical-clinical data. Here, we first describe the methods used by systems biology for combining AI with omics and then discuss the potential, challenges, limitations, and critical issues in using AI in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.F.); (A.F.)
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Zong Y, Wang X, Cui B, Xiong X, Wu A, Lin C, Zhang Y. Decoding the regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs in cellular metabolism and disease. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1562-1576. [PMID: 37113055 PMCID: PMC10277898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are being studied extensively in a variety of fields. Their roles in metabolism have received increasing attention in recent years but are not yet clear. The regulation of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism is an imperative physiological process that occurs in living organisms and takes part in cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize the important roles played by non-coding RNAs in glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, as well as the mechanisms involved. We also summarize the therapeutic advances for non-coding RNAs in diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and some metabolic diseases. Overall, non-coding RNAs are indispensable factors in metabolism and have a significant role in the three major metabolisms, which may be exploited as therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Zong
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuliang Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing Cui
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaowei Xiong
- Department of Cardiology and Macrovascular Disease, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Andrew Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chunru Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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4
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Brown JS. Comparison of Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and MicroRNAs Between Schizophrenia and Glioma: The Balance of Power. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105206. [PMID: 37178944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The risk of cancer in schizophrenia has been controversial. Confounders of the issue are cigarette smoking in schizophrenia, and antiproliferative effects of antipsychotic medications. The author has previously suggested comparison of a specific cancer like glioma to schizophrenia might help determine a more accurate relationship between cancer and schizophrenia. To accomplish this goal, the author performed three comparisons of data; the first a comparison of conventional tumor suppressors and oncogenes between schizophrenia and cancer including glioma. This comparison determined schizophrenia has both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting characteristics. A second, larger comparison between brain-expressed microRNAs in schizophrenia with their expression in glioma was then performed. This identified a core carcinogenic group of miRNAs in schizophrenia offset by a larger group of tumor-suppressive miRNAs. This proposed "balance of power" between oncogenes and tumor suppressors could cause neuroinflammation. This was assessed by a third comparison between schizophrenia, glioma and inflammation in asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma (ALRCM). This revealed that schizophrenia shares more oncogenic similarity to ALRCM than glioma.
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Lim M, Carollo A, Neoh MJY, Esposito G. Mapping miRNA Research in Schizophrenia: A Scientometric Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010436. [PMID: 36613876 PMCID: PMC9820708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro RNA (miRNA) research has great implications in uncovering the aetiology of neuropsychiatric conditions due to the role of miRNA in brain development and function. Schizophrenia, a complex yet devastating neuropsychiatric disorder, is one such condition that had been extensively studied in the realm of miRNA. Although a relatively new field of research, this area of study has progressed sufficiently to warrant dozens of reviews summarising findings from past to present. However, as a majority of reviews cannot encapsulate the full body of research, there is still a need to synthesise the diversity of publications made in this area in a systematic but easy-to-understand manner. Therefore, this study adopted bibliometrics and scientometrics, specifically document co-citation analysis (DCA), to review the literature on miRNAs in the context of schizophrenia over the course of history. From a literature search on Scopus, 992 papers were found and analysed with CiteSpace. DCA analysis generated a network of 13 major clusters with different thematic focuses within the subject area. Finally, these clusters are qualitatively discussed. miRNA research has branched into schizophrenia, among other medical and psychiatric conditions, due to previous findings in other forms of non-coding RNA. With the rise of big data, bioinformatics analyses are increasingly common in this field of research. The future of research is projected to rely more heavily on interdisciplinary collaboration. Additionally, it can be expected that there will be more translational studies focusing on the application of these findings to the development of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Lim
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore
| | - Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Michelle Jin Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
- Correspondence:
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6
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Yue W, Huang H, Duan J. Potential diagnostic biomarkers for schizophrenia. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:385-416. [PMID: 37724326 PMCID: PMC10388817 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) is a complex and severe mental disorder with high prevalence, disability, mortality and carries a heavy disease burden, the lifetime prevalence of SCH is around 0.7%-1.0%, which has a profound impact on the individual and society. In the clinical practice of SCH, key problems such as subjective diagnosis, experiential treatment, and poor overall prognosis are still challenging. In recent years, some exciting discoveries have been made in the research on objective biomarkers of SCH, mainly focusing on genetic susceptibility genes, metabolic indicators, immune indices, brain imaging, electrophysiological characteristics. This review aims to summarize the biomarkers that may be used for the prediction and diagnosis of SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Shih CY, Chattopadhyay A, Wu CH, Tien YW, Lu TP. Transcript annotation tool (TransAT): an R package for retrieving annotations for transcript-specific genetic variants. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:350. [PMID: 34182919 PMCID: PMC8240296 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An individual's genetics play a role in how RNA transcripts are generated from DNA and consequently in their translation into protein. Transcriptional and translational profiling of patients furnishes the information that a specific marker is present; however, it fails to provide evidence whether the marker correlates with response to a therapeutic agent. A comparative analysis of the frequency of genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in diseased and general populations can identify pathogenic variants in individual patients. This is in part because SNPs have considerable effects on protein function and gene expression when they occur in coding regions and regulatory sequences, respectively. Therefore, a tool that can help users to obtain the allele frequency for a corresponding transcript is the need of the day. Several annotation tools such as SNPnexus and VariED are publicly available; however, none of them can use transcript IDs as input and provide the corresponding genomic positions of variants. RESULTS In this study, we developed an R package, called transcript annotation tool (TransAT), that provides (i) SNP ID and genomic position for a user-provided transcript ID from patients, and (ii) allele frequencies for the SNPs from publicly available global populations. All data elements are extracted, collected, and displayed in an easily downloadable format in two simple command lines. TransAT is available on Windows/Linux/MacOS and is operative for R version 4.0.4 or later. It is available at https://github.com/ShihChingYu/TransAT and can be downloaded and installed using devtools::install_github("ShihChingYu/TransAT", force=T) on the R execution page. Thereafter, all functions can be executed by loading the package into R with library(TransAT). CONCLUSIONS TransAT is a novel tool that seamlessly provides genetic annotations for queried transcripts. Such easily obtainable information would be greatly advantageous for physicians, assisting them to make individualized decisions about specific drug treatments. Moreover, allele frequencies from user-chosen global ethnic populations will highlight the importance of ethnicity and its effect on patient pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Shih
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Centre of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
| | - Amrita Chattopadhyay
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Centre of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Wu
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Tien
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Pin Lu
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Centre of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan.
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8
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Richetto J, Meyer U. Epigenetic Modifications in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders: Molecular Scars of Environmental Exposures and Source of Phenotypic Variability. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:215-226. [PMID: 32381277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are increasingly recognized to play a role in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders with developmental origins. Here, we summarize clinical and preclinical findings of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia and relevant disease models and discuss their putative origin. Recent findings suggest that certain schizophrenia risk loci can influence stochastic variation in gene expression through epigenetic processes, highlighting the intricate interaction between genetic and epigenetic control of neurodevelopmental trajectories. In addition, a substantial portion of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia and related disorders may be acquired through environmental factors and may be manifested as molecular "scars." Some of these scars can influence brain functions throughout the entire lifespan and may even be transmitted across generations via epigenetic germline inheritance. Epigenetic modifications, whether caused by genetic or environmental factors, are plausible molecular sources of phenotypic heterogeneity and offer a target for therapeutic interventions. The further elucidation of epigenetic modifications thus may increase our knowledge regarding schizophrenia's heterogeneous etiology and pathophysiology and, in the long term, may advance personalized treatments through the use of biomarker-guided epigenetic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Role of Non-coding RNAs in Fungal Pathogenesis and Antifungal Drug Responses. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), constitute a significant part of eukaryotic genomes; however, their roles in fungi are just starting to emerge. ncRNAs have been shown to regulate gene expression in response to varying environmental conditions (like stress) and response to chemicals, including antifungal drugs. In this review, I highlighted recent studies focusing on the functional roles of ncRNAs in pathogenic fungi.
Recent Findings
Emerging evidence suggests sRNAs (small RNAs) and lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) play an important role in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal drug response. Their roles include posttranscriptional gene silencing, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. Fungal pathogens utilize RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms to regulate pathogenesis-related genes and can also transfer sRNAs inside the host to suppress host immunity genes to increase virulence. Hosts can also transfer sRNAs to induce RNAi in fungal pathogens to reduce virulence. Additionally, sRNAs and lncRNAs also regulate gene expression in response to antifungal drugs increasing resistance (and possibly tolerance) to drugs.
Summary
Herein, I discuss what is known about ncRNAs in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal drug responses. Advancements in genomic technologies will help identify the ncRNA repertoire in fungal pathogens, and functional studies will elucidate their mechanisms. This will advance our understanding of host-fungal interactions and potentially help develop better treatment strategies.
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You X, Zhang Y, Long Q, Liu Z, Ma X, Lu Z, Yang W, Feng Z, Zhang W, Teng Z, Zeng Y. Investigating aberrantly expressed microRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with treatment‑resistant schizophrenia using miRNA sequencing and integrated bioinformatics. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4340-4350. [PMID: 33000265 PMCID: PMC7533444 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is a common phenotype of schizophrenia that places a considerable burden on patients as well as on society. TRS is known for its tendency to relapse and uncontrollable nature, with a poor response to antipsychotics other than clozapine. Therefore, it is urgent to identify objective biological markers, so as to guide its treatment and associated clinical work. In the present study, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with TRS and a healthy control group, which were gender-, age- and ethnicity-matched, were subjected to microRNA (miRNA/miR) sequencing to screen out the top three miRNAs with the highest fold change values. These were then validated in the TRS (n=34) and healthy control (n=31) groups by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. For two of the top three miRNAs, the PCR results were in accordance with the sequencing result (P<0.01), while the third miRNA exhibited the opposite trend (P<0.01). To elucidate the functions of these two miRNAs, Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-218-5p and hsa-miR-1262 and their regulatory network, target gene prediction was first performed using online TargetScan and Diana-micro T software. Bioinformatics analysis was then performed using functional enrichment analysis to determine the Gene Ontology terms in the category biological process and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. It was revealed that these target genes were markedly associated with the nervous system and brain function, and it was obvious that the differentially expressed miRNAs most likely participated in the pathogenesis of TRS. A receiver operating characteristic curve was generated to confirm the distinct diagnostic value of these two miRNAs. It was concluded that aberrantly expressed miRNAs in PMBCs may be implicated in the pathogenesis of TRS and may serve as specific peripheral blood-based biomarkers for the early diagnosis of TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu You
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Yunqiao Zhang
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Qing Long
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Zijun Liu
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Zixiang Lu
- Psychiatric Ward, Honghe Second People's Hospital, Honghe, Yunnan 654399, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Psychiatric Ward, Yuxi Second People's Hospital, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Ziqiao Feng
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Wengyu Zhang
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Teng
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Research Management Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
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11
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Li Z, Liu S, Li X, Zhao W, Li J, Xu Y. Circular RNA in Schizophrenia and Depression. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:392. [PMID: 32457667 PMCID: PMC7221196 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and depression (DEP) are two common major psychiatric disorders that are associated with high risk of suicide. These disorders affect not only physical and mental health, but they also affect the social function of the individual. However, diagnoses of SZ and DEP are mainly based on symptomatic changes and the clinical experience of psychiatrists. These rather subjective measures can induce misdiagnoses and missed diagnoses. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore objective indexes for improving the early diagnoses and prognoses of SZ and DEP. Current research indicates that non-coding RNA (ncRNA) may play a role in the occurrence and development of SZ and DEP. Circular RNA (circRNA), as an important component of ncRNA, is associated with many biological functions, especially post-transcriptional regulation. Since circRNA is easily detected in peripheral blood and has a high degree of spatiotemporal tissue specificity and stability, these attributes provide us with a new idea to further explore the potential value for the diagnosis and treatment of SZ and DEP. Here, we summarize the classification, characteristics, and biological functions of circRNA and the most significant results of experimental studies, aiming to highlight the involvement of circRNA in SZ and DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Humanities and Social Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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12
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Tabatabaiefar MA, Sajjadi RS, Narrei S. Epigenetics and Common Non Communicable Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1121:7-20. [PMID: 31392648 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10616-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Common Non communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, schizophrenia, and diabetes, have become the major cause of death in the world. They result from an interaction between genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors. The prevalence of NCDs are increasing, and researchers hopes to find efficient strategies to predict, prevent and treat them. Given the role of epigenome in the etiology of NCDs, insight into epigenetic mechanisms may offer opportunities to predict, detect, and prevent disease long before its clinical onset.Epigenetic alterations are exerted through several mechanisms including: chromatin modification, DNA methylation and controlling gene expression by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). In this chapter, we will discuss about NCDs, with focus on cancer, diabetes and schizophrenia. Different epigenetic mechanisms, categorized into two main groups DNA methylation and chromatin modifications and non-coding RNAs, will be separately discussed for these NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. .,Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. .,Genetics Department, Erythron Pathobiology and Genetics lab, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Roshanak S Sajjadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sina Narrei
- Genetics Department, Erythron Pathobiology and Genetics lab, Isfahan, Iran
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13
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Giegling I, Hosak L, Mössner R, Serretti A, Bellivier F, Claes S, Collier DA, Corrales A, DeLisi LE, Gallo C, Gill M, Kennedy JL, Leboyer M, Maier W, Marquez M, Massat I, Mors O, Muglia P, Nöthen MM, Ospina-Duque J, Owen MJ, Propping P, Shi Y, St Clair D, Thibaut F, Cichon S, Mendlewicz J, O'Donovan MC, Rujescu D. Genetics of schizophrenia: A consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Genetics. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:492-505. [PMID: 28112043 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1268715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disease affecting about 1% of the general population. The relative contribution of genetic factors has been estimated to be up to 80%. The mode of inheritance is complex, non-Mendelian, and in most cases involving the combined action of large numbers of genes. METHODS This review summarises recent efforts to identify genetic variants associated with schizophrenia detected, e.g., through genome-wide association studies, studies on copy-number variants or next-generation sequencing. RESULTS A large, new body of evidence on genetics of schizophrenia has accumulated over recent years. Many new robustly associated genetic loci have been detected. Furthermore, there is consensus that at least a dozen microdeletions and microduplications contribute to the disease. Genetic overlap between schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders, and neurodevelopmental syndromes raised new questions regarding the current classification of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases. CONCLUSIONS Future studies will address especially the functional characterisation of genetic variants. This will hopefully open the doors to our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other related diseases. Complementary, integrated systems biology approaches to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics may also play crucial roles in enabling a precision medicine approach to the treatment of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Giegling
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Ladislav Hosak
- c Department of Psychiatriy , Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Rainald Mössner
- d Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- e Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Frank Bellivier
- f Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, Pôle Neurosciences , Paris , France.,g Equipe 1, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Stephan Claes
- h GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,i Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - David A Collier
- j Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK.,k Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Erl Wood Manor , Surrey , UK
| | - Alejo Corrales
- l Argentinean Association of Biological Psychiatry , National University, UNT, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- m VA Boston Health Care System , Brockton , MA , USA.,n Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Carla Gallo
- o Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - Michael Gill
- p Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - James L Kennedy
- q Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada.,r Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada.,s Department of Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,t Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Marion Leboyer
- u Equipe Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Inserm U955 , Créteil , France.,v DHU Pe-Psy, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie , AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor , Créteil , France.,w Pôle de Psychiatrie , Hôpital Albert Chenevier , Créteil , France.,x Fondation FondaMental , Créteil , France
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- y Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Bonn, Bonn , Germany
| | - Miguel Marquez
- z Asistencia, Docencia e Investigación en Neurociencia , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Isabelle Massat
- aa UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ab National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS) , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ac Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ad UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherche Cognition et Neurosciences , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Bruxelles , Belgium
| | - Ole Mors
- ae Psychosis Research Unit , Aarhus University Hospital , Risskov , Denmark.,af The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- ah Head, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.,ai Department of Genomics , Life and Brain Center , Bonn , Germany
| | - Jorge Ospina-Duque
- aj Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Michael J Owen
- ak MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.,al National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | | | - YongYong Shi
- an Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,ao Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabloic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , P.R. China.,ap Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - David St Clair
- aq Department of Psychiatry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Florence Thibaut
- ar INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , University Hospital Cochin (Site Tarnier), University Sorbonne Paris Cité (Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes) , Paris , France
| | - Sven Cichon
- ah Head, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.,ai Department of Genomics , Life and Brain Center , Bonn , Germany.,as Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,at Genomic Imaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine , Research Center Juelich , Juelich , Germany
| | - Julien Mendlewicz
- au Laboratoire de Psychologie Medicale, Centre Europe´en de Psychologie Medicale , Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles and Psy Pluriel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- ak MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.,al National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
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Bridging Autism Spectrum Disorders and Schizophrenia through inflammation and biomarkers - pre-clinical and clinical investigations. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:179. [PMID: 28870209 PMCID: PMC5584030 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, evidence supporting a link between inflammation and neuropsychiatric disorders has been mounting. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia share some clinical similarities which we hypothesize might reflect the same biological basis, namely, in terms of inflammation. However, the diagnosis of ASD and schizophrenia relies solely on clinical symptoms, and to date, there is no clinically useful biomarker to diagnose or monitor the course of such illnesses. The focus of this review is the central role that inflammation plays in ASD and schizophrenia. It spans from pre-clinical animal models to clinical research and excludes in vitro studies. Four major areas are covered: (1) microglia, the inflammatory brain resident myeloid cells, (2) biomarkers, including circulating cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and microRNA players, known to influence cellular processes at brain and immune levels, (3) effect of anti-psychotics on biomarkers and other predictors of response, and (4) impact of gender on response to immune activation, biomarkers, and response to anti-psychotic treatments.
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15
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Tripathi R, Chakraborty P, Varadwaj PK. Unraveling long non-coding RNAs through analysis of high-throughput RNA-sequencing data. Noncoding RNA Res 2017; 2:111-118. [PMID: 30159428 PMCID: PMC6096414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive genome-wide transcriptome study mediated by high throughput sequencing technique has revolutionized the study of genetics and epigenetic at unprecedented resolution. The research has revealed that besides protein-coding RNAs, large proportions of mammalian transcriptome includes a heap of regulatory non protein-coding RNAs, the number encoded within human genome is enigmatic. Many taboos developed in the past categorized these non-coding RNAs as ''dark matter" and "junks". Breaking the myth, RNA-seq-- a recently developed experimental technique is widely being used for studying non-coding RNAs which has acquired the limelight due to their physiological and pathological significance. The longest member of the ncRNA family-- long non-coding RNAs, acts as stable and functional part of a genome, guiding towards the important clues about the varied biological events like cellular-, structural- processes governing the complexity of an organism. Here, we review the most recent and influential computational approach developed to identify and quantify the long non-coding RNAs serving as an assistant for the users to choose appropriate tools for their specific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Tripathi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, 211015, UP, India
| | - Pavan Chakraborty
- Department of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, 211015, UP, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Varadwaj
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, 211015, UP, India
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16
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Emerging roles for ncRNAs in alcohol use disorders. Alcohol 2017; 60:31-39. [PMID: 28438526 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol exposure produces widespread neuroadaptations and alterations in gene expression in human alcoholics and animal models. Technological advances in the past decade have increasingly highlighted the role of non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the regulation of gene expression and function. These recently characterized molecules were discovered to mediate diverse processes in the central nervous system, from normal development and physiology to regulation of disease, including alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders. This review will investigate the recent studies in human alcoholics and rodent models that have profiled different classes of ncRNAs and their dynamic alcohol-dependent regulation in brain.
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17
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Nadim WD, Simion V, Bénédetti H, Pichon C, Baril P, Morisset-Lopez S. MicroRNAs in Neurocognitive Dysfunctions: New Molecular Targets for Pharmacological Treatments? Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:260-275. [PMID: 27396304 PMCID: PMC5412695 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160709001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders are multifactorial diseases (i.e., involving neurodevelopmental, genetic, age or environmental factors) characterized by an abnormal development that affects neuronal function and integrity. Recently, an increasing number of studies revealed that the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in the etiology of cognitive disorders as Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington's diseases, Schizophrenia and Autism spectrum disorders. METHODS From an extensive search in bibliographic databases of peer-reviewed research literature, we identified relevant published studies related to specific key words such as memory, cognition, neurodegenerative disorders, neurogenesis and miRNA. We then analysed, evaluated and summerized scientific evidences derived from these studies. RESULTS We first briefly summarize the basic molecular events involved in memory, a process inherent to cognitive disease, and then describe the role of miRNAs in neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and memory. Secondly, we provide an overview of the impact of miRNA dysregulation in the pathogenesis of different neurocognitive disorders, and lastly discuss the feasibility of miRNA-based therapeutics in the treatment of these disorders. CONCLUSION This review highlights the molecular basis of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders by focusing on the impact of miRNAs dysregulation in these pathological phenotypes. Altogether, the published reports suggest that miRNAs-based therapy could be a viable therapeutic alternative to current treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Deraredj Nadim
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Viorel Simion
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Bénédetti
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Baril
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
| | - Séverine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d’Orléans France, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
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Brevik EJ, van Donkelaar MMJ, Weber H, Sánchez‐Mora C, Jacob C, Rivero O, Kittel‐Schneider S, Garcia‐Martínez I, Aebi M, van Hulzen K, Cormand B, Ramos‐Quiroga JA, Lesch K, Reif A, Ribasés M, Franke B, Posserud M, Johansson S, Lundervold AJ, Haavik J, Zayats T. Genome-wide analyses of aggressiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:733-47. [PMID: 27021288 PMCID: PMC5071721 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aggressiveness is a behavioral trait that has the potential to be harmful to individuals and society. With an estimated heritability of about 40%, genetics is important in its development. We performed an exploratory genome-wide association (GWA) analysis of childhood aggressiveness in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to gain insight into the underlying biological processes associated with this trait. Our primary sample consisted of 1,060 adult ADHD patients (aADHD). To further explore the genetic architecture of childhood aggressiveness, we performed enrichment analyses of suggestive genome-wide associations observed in aADHD among GWA signals of dimensions of oppositionality (defiant/vindictive and irritable dimensions) in childhood ADHD (cADHD). No single polymorphism reached genome-wide significance (P < 5.00E-08). The strongest signal in aADHD was observed at rs10826548, within a long noncoding RNA gene (beta = -1.66, standard error (SE) = 0.34, P = 1.07E-06), closely followed by rs35974940 in the neurotrimin gene (beta = 3.23, SE = 0.67, P = 1.26E-06). The top GWA SNPs observed in aADHD showed significant enrichment of signals from both the defiant/vindictive dimension (Fisher's P-value = 2.28E-06) and the irritable dimension in cADHD (Fisher's P-value = 0.0061). In sum, our results identify a number of biologically interesting markers possibly underlying childhood aggressiveness and provide targets for further genetic exploration of aggressiveness across psychiatric disorders. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend J. Brevik
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Biological and Medical PsychologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Marjolein M. J. van Donkelaar
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Cristina Sánchez‐Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Christian Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyKlinik NürtingenNürtingenGermany
| | - Olga Rivero
- Division of Molecular PsychiatryCenter of Mental Health, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Sarah Kittel‐Schneider
- Division of Molecular PsychiatryCenter of Mental Health, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Iris Garcia‐Martínez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcel Aebi
- Department of Forensic PsychiatryChild and Youth Forensic Service, University Hospital of PsychiatryZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Kimm van Hulzen
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Facultat de Biologia, Departament de GenèticaUniversitat de BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB)CataloniaSpain
| | - Josep A. Ramos‐Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Klaus‐Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyKlinik NürtingenNürtingenGermany
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceSchool for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and PsychotherapyUniversity of FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human GeneticsDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychiatryDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Maj‐Britt Posserud
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular MedicineHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Biological and Medical PsychologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Zayats T, Athanasiu L, Sonderby I, Djurovic S, Westlye LT, Tamnes CK, Fladby T, Aase H, Zeiner P, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Knappskog PM, Knudsen GP, Andreassen OA, Johansson S, Haavik J. Genome-wide analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Norway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122501. [PMID: 25875332 PMCID: PMC4395400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric condition, but it has been difficult to identify genes underlying this disorder. This study aimed to explore genetics of ADHD in an ethnically homogeneous Norwegian population by means of a genome-wide association (GWA) analysis followed by examination of candidate loci. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were recruited through Norwegian medical and birth registries as well as the general population. Presence of ADHD was defined according to DSM-IV criteria. Genotyping was performed using Illumina Human OmniExpress-12v1 microarrays. Statistical analyses were divided into several steps: (1) genome-wide association in the form of logistic regression in PLINK and follow-up pathway analyses performed in DAPPLE and INRICH softwares, (2) SNP-heritability calculated using genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) tool, (3) gene-based association tests carried out in JAG software, and (4) evaluation of previously reported genome-wide signals and candidate genes of ADHD. RESULTS In total, 1.358 individuals (478 cases and 880 controls) and 598.384 autosomal SNPs were subjected to GWA analysis. No single polymorphism reached genome-wide significance. The strongest signal was observed at rs9949006 in the ENSG00000263745 gene (OR=1.51, 95% CI 1.28-1.79, p=1.38E-06). Pathway analyses of the top SNPs implicated genes involved in the regulation of gene expression, cell adhesion and inflammation. Among previously identified ADHD candidate genes, prominent association signals were observed for SLC9A9 (rs1393072, OR=1.46, 95% CI = 1.21-1.77, p=9.95E-05) and TPH2 (rs17110690, OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.14-1.66, p=8.31E-04). CONCLUSION This study confirms the complexity and heterogeneity of ADHD etiology. Taken together with previous findings, our results point to a spectrum of biological mechanisms underlying the symptoms of ADHD, providing targets for further genetic exploration of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Zayats
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Sonderby
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian K. Tamnes
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University Of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Oslo University Hospital, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Unit, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per M. Knappskog
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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MIR137 variants identified in psychiatric patients affect synaptogenesis and neuronal transmission gene sets. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:472-81. [PMID: 24888363 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sequence analysis of 13 microRNA (miRNA) genes expressed in the human brain and located in genomic regions associated with schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder, in a northern Swedish patient/control population, resulted in the discovery of two functional variants in the MIR137 gene. On the basis of their location and the allele frequency differences between patients and controls, we explored the hypothesis that the discovered variants impact the expression of the mature miRNA and consequently influence global mRNA expression affecting normal brain functioning. Using neuronal-like SH-SY5Y cells, we demonstrated significantly reduced mature miR-137 levels in the cells expressing the variant miRNA gene. Subsequent transcriptome analysis showed that the reduction in miR-137 expression led to the deregulation of gene sets involved in synaptogenesis and neuronal transmission, all implicated in psychiatric disorders. Our functional findings add to the growing data, which implicate that miR-137 has an important role in the etiology of psychiatric disorders and emphasizes its involvement in nervous system development and proper synaptic function.
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Chen Y, Fang J, Chen X, Pan C, Liu X, Liu J. Effects of the Treg/Th17 cell balance and their associated cytokines in patients with hepatitis B infection. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1671-1676. [PMID: 25371713 PMCID: PMC4217773 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent to which T-cell-mediated immunity is impaired in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains controversial. In addition, the role of T regulatory (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells and their associated cytokines in immunity is not clear. In the present study, peripheral blood samples were collected from 44 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus, 14 asymptomatic hepatitis B carriers, 19 patients with liver cirrhosis and 20 healthy individuals. Flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of T cell subsets in the samples, including CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Treg cells and Th17 cells. A cytometric bead array was conducted to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)-17, -6, -10 and -21, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. The data revealed that Treg cell levels decreased, while Th17 cell levels increased in the peripheral blood of HBV patients. As the extent of inflammation and fibrosis in the hepatic tissue increased, the frequency of Treg and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood did not significantly differ. In addition, the levels of Th17 cells were found to positively correlate with TGF-β and IL-21 levels. Therefore, analyzing the balance between Treg/Th17 cells and their associated cytokines may be a useful indicator in the diagnosis of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fuijan 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fuijan 350025, P.R. China
| | - Xuzheng Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fuijan 350108, P.R. China
| | - Chen Pan
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fuijan 350025, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fuijan 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fuijan 350025, P.R. China
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Wang S, Li W, Zhang H, Wang X, Yang G, Zhao J, Yang Y, Lv L. Association of microRNA137 gene polymorphisms with age at onset and positive symptoms of schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population. Int J Psychiatry Med 2014; 47:153-68. [PMID: 25084801 DOI: 10.2190/pm.47.2.f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MicroRNA137 (miRNA137) regulates several gene expressions involved in brain development, and a recent large genome wide association study (GWAS) revealed a possible association between miRNA137 and schizophrenia. METHODS The allelic variants of rs66642155, a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism, and the single nucleotide polymorphism rs1625579 A/C in the miRNA137 host gene fragment were compared between 300 schizophrenic patients and 300 healthy controls from the Han Chinese population. The association of these polymorphisms with clinical characteristics of schizophrenia was also tested. RESULTS Genotype and allele frequencies of these polymorphisms were not significantly different between patient and control populations. In patients, however, age at onset was much later in wild type rs66642155 carriers than in mutation carriers. Total positive score on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), total five-factor model positive score, and the delusions symptom score were all significantly higher in wild type rs66642155 carriers with schizophrenia, while the disturbance of volition symptom score was significantly higher in the mutation carriers with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS MiRNA137 may not be a significant susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, but in patients, rs66642155 allelic variant of miRNA137 appears to influence age at onset and the severity of positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Sun E, Shi Y. MicroRNAs: Small molecules with big roles in neurodevelopment and diseases. Exp Neurol 2014; 268:46-53. [PMID: 25128264 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the development and functions of the brain. Extensive studies have revealed critical roles for miRNAs in brain development and function. Dysregulation or altered expression of miRNAs is associated with abnormal brain development and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases. This review serves to highlight the versatile roles of these small RNA molecules in normal brain development and their association with neurodevelopmental disorders, in particular, two closely related neuropsychiatric disorders of neurodevelopmental origin, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurosciences, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Maffioletti E, Tardito D, Gennarelli M, Bocchio-Chiavetto L. Micro spies from the brain to the periphery: new clues from studies on microRNAs in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:75. [PMID: 24653674 PMCID: PMC3949217 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (20-22 nucleotides) playing a major role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs are predicted to regulate more than 50% of all the protein-coding genes. Increasing evidence indicates that they may play key roles in the biological pathways that regulate neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, as well as in neurotransmitter homeostasis in the adult brain. In this article we review recent studies suggesting that miRNAs may be involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and in the action of psychotropic drugs, in particular by analyzing the contribution of genomic studies in patients' peripheral tissues. Alterations in miRNA expression have been observed in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric conditions. In particular, intriguing findings concern the identification of disease-associated miRNA signatures in peripheral tissues, or modifications in miRNA profiles induced by drug treatments. Furthermore, genetic variations in miRNA sequences and miRNA-related genes have been described in neuropsychiatric diseases. Overall, though still at a preliminary stage, several lines of evidence indicate an involvement of miRNAs in both the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this regard, the data obtained in peripheral tissues may provide further insights into the etiopathogenesis of several brain diseases and contribute to identify new biomarkers for diagnostic assessment improvement and treatment personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBrescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of BresciaBrescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Tardito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBrescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of BresciaBrescia, Italy
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van Erp TG, Guella I, Vawter MP, Turner J, Brown GG, McCarthy G, Greve DN, Glover GH, Calhoun VD, Lim KO, Bustillo JR, Belger A, Ford JM, Mathalon DH, Diaz M, Preda A, Nguyen D, Macciardi F, Potkin SG. Schizophrenia miR-137 locus risk genotype is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex hyperactivation. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:398-405. [PMID: 23910899 PMCID: PMC4428556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-137 dysregulation has been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia, but its functional role remains to be determined. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired on 48 schizophrenia patients and 63 healthy volunteers (total sample size N = 111 subjects), with similar mean age and sex distribution, while subjects performed a Sternberg Item Response Paradigm with memory loads of one, three, and five numbers. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) retrieval activation for the working memory load of three numbers, for which hyperactivation had been shown in schizophrenia patients compared with control subjects, was extracted. The genome-wide association study confirmed schizophrenia risk single nucleotide polymorphism rs1625579 (miR-137 locus) was genotyped (schizophrenia: GG n = 0, GT n = 9, TT n = 39; healthy volunteers: GG = 2, GT n = 15, and TT n = 46). Fisher's exact test examined the effect of diagnosis on rs1625579 allele frequency distribution (p = nonsignificant). Mixed model regression analyses examined the effects of diagnosis and genotype on working memory performance measures and DLPFC activation. RESULTS Patients showed significantly higher left DLPFC retrieval activation on working memory load 3, lower working memory performance, and longer response times compared with controls. There was no effect of genotype on working memory performance or response times in either group. However, individuals with the rs1625579 TT genotype had significantly higher left DLPFC activation than those with the GG/GT genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the rs1625579 TT (miR-137 locus) schizophrenia risk genotype is associated with the schizophrenia risk phenotype DLPFC hyperactivation commonly considered a measure of brain inefficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo G.M. van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, United States
| | - Ilaria Guella
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Functional Genomics Laboratory University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 62617, United States
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Functional Genomics Laboratory University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 62617, United States
| | - Jessica Turner
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States
| | - Gregory G. Brown
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, 92161, United States
| | - Gregory McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06250, United States
| | - Douglas N. Greve
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gary H. Glover
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Kelvin O. Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, United States
| | - Juan R. Bustillo
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Judith M. Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States
| | - Michele Diaz
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, United States
| | - Dana Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, United States
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, United States
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617, United States
| | - FBIRN
- http://www.birncommunity.org
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Lozano R, Marín R, Freire I, Santacruz MJ, Pascual-García A. Analysis of the cumulative effect of schizophrenia-related single nucleotide polymorphisms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1079-80. [PMID: 24966678 PMCID: PMC4062554 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s66657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lozano
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Real de Nuestra Señora de Gracia, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Reyes Marín
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Real de Nuestra Señora de Gracia, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Freire
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Real de Nuestra Señora de Gracia, Zaragoza, Spain
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Raman V, Simon SA, Romag A, Demirci F, Mathioni SM, Zhai J, Meyers BC, Donofrio NM. Physiological stressors and invasive plant infections alter the small RNA transcriptome of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:326. [PMID: 23663523 PMCID: PMC3658920 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae is a destructive pathogen of rice and other related crops, causing significant yield losses worldwide. Endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs), including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical components of gene regulation in many eukaryotic organisms. Recently several new species of sRNAs have been identified in fungi. This fact along with the availability of genome sequence makes M. oryzae a compelling target for sRNA profiling. We have examined sRNA species and their biosynthetic genes in M. oryzae, and the degree to which these elements regulate fungal stress responses. To this end, we have characterized sRNAs under different physiological stress conditions, which had not yet been examined in this fungus. Results The resulting libraries are composed of more than 37 million total genome matched reads mapping to intergenic regions, coding sequences, retrotransposons, inverted, tandem, and other repeated regions of the genome with more than half of the small RNAs arising from intergenic regions. The 24 nucleotide (nt) size class of sRNAs was predominant. A comparison to transcriptional data of M. oryzae undergoing the same physiological stresses indicates that sRNAs play a role in transcriptional regulation for a small subset of genes. Support for this idea comes from generation and characterization of mutants putatively involved in sRNAs biogenesis; our results indicate that the deletion of Dicer-like genes and an RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase gene increases the transcriptional regulation of this subset of genes, including one involved in virulence. Conclusions Various physiological stressors and in planta conditions alter the small RNA profile of the rice blast fungus. Characterization of sRNA biosynthetic mutants helps to clarify the role of sRNAs in transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhyavathi Raman
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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28
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Tardito D, Mallei A, Popoli M. Lost in translation. New unexplored avenues for neuropsychopharmacology: epigenetics and microRNAs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:217-33. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.749237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Oxidative Damage to RNA in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurotox Res 2012; 22:231-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Shen YC, Tsai HM, Ruan JW, Liao YC, Chen SF, Chen CH. Genetic and functional analyses of the gene encoding synaptophysin in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:14-9. [PMID: 22348818 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synaptophysin (SYP) has been shown to be critical for regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity, a process thought to be disrupted in schizophrenia. In addition, abnormal SYP expression in different brain regions has been linked to this disorder in postmortem brain studies. We investigated the involvement of the SYP gene in the susceptibility to schizophrenia. METHODS We searched for genetic variants in the promoter region, all exons, and both UTR ends of the SYP gene using direct sequencing in a sample of patients with schizophrenia (n=586) and non-psychotic controls (n=576), both being Han Chinese from Taiwan, and conducted an association and functional study. RESULTS We identified 2 common SNPs (c.*4+271A>G and c.*4+565T>C) in the SYP gene. SNP and haplotype-based analyses displayed no associations with schizophrenia. In addition, we identified 6 rare variants in 7 out of 586 patients, including 1 variant (g.-511T>C) located at the promoter region, 1 synonymous (A104A) and 2 missense variants (G293A and A324T) located at the exonic regions, and 2 variants (c.*31G>A and c.*1001G>T) located at the 3'UTR. No rare variants were found in the control subjects. The results of the reporter gene assay demonstrated the influence of g.-511T>C and c.*1001G>T on the regulatory function of the SYP gene, while that the influence of c.*31G>A may be tolerated. In silico analysis demonstrated the functional relevance of other rare variants. CONCLUSION Our study lends support to the hypothesis of multiple rare mutations in schizophrenia, and provides genetic clues that indicate the involvement of SYP in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Li MD, van der Vaart AD. MicroRNAs in addiction: adaptation's middlemen? Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1159-68. [PMID: 21606928 PMCID: PMC4251867 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A central question in addiction is how drug-induced changes in synaptic signaling are converted into long-term neuroadaptations. Emerging evidence reveals that microRNAs (miRNAs) have a distinct role in this process through rapid response to cellular signals and dynamic regulation of local mRNA transcripts. Because each miRNA can target hundreds of mRNAs, relative changes in the expression of miRNAs can greatly impact cellular responsiveness, synaptic plasticity and transcriptional events. These diverse consequences of miRNA action occur through coordination with genes implicated in addictions, the most compelling of these being the neurotrophin BDNF, the transcription factor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and the DNA-binding methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). In this study, we review the recent progress in the understanding of miRNAs in general mechanisms of plasticity and neuroadaptation and then focus on specific examples of miRNA regulation in the context of addiction. We conclude that miRNA-mediated gene regulation is a conserved means of converting environmental signals into neuronal response, which holds significant implications for addiction and other psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA.
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32
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Lai CY, Yu SL, Hsieh MH, Chen CH, Chen HY, Wen CC, Huang YH, Hsiao PC, Hsiao CK, Liu CM, Yang PC, Hwu HG, Chen WJ. MicroRNA expression aberration as potential peripheral blood biomarkers for schizophrenia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21635. [PMID: 21738743 PMCID: PMC3126851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since brain tissue is not readily accessible, a new focus in search of biomarkers for schizophrenia is blood-based expression profiling of non-protein coding genes such as microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation of messenger RNAs. This study aimed to identify potential miRNA signature for schizophrenia by comparing genome-wide miRNA expression profiles in patients with schizophrenia vs. healthy controls. A genome-wide miRNA expression profiling was performed using a Taqman array of 365 human miRNAs in the mononuclear leukocytes of a learning set of 30 cases and 30 controls. The discriminating performance of potential biomarkers was validated in an independent testing set of 60 cases and 30 controls. The expression levels of the miRNA signature were then evaluated for their correlation with the patients' clinical symptoms, neurocognitive performances, and neurophysiological functions. A seven-miRNA signature (hsa-miR-34a, miR-449a, miR-564, miR-432, miR-548d, miR-572 and miR-652) was derived from a supervised classification with internal cross-validation, with an area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics of 93%. The putative signature was then validated in the testing set, with an AUC of 85%. Among these miRNAs, miR-34a was differentially expressed between cases and controls in both the learning (P = 0.005) and the testing set (P = 0.002). These miRNAs were differentially correlated with patients' negative symptoms, neurocognitive performance scores, and event-related potentials. The results indicated that the mononuclear leukocyte-based miRNA profiling is a feasible way to identify biomarkers for schizophrenia, and the seven-miRNA signature warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Lai
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H. Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Houh Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chiang Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Huang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Hsiao
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuhsing Kate Hsiao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J. Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Kim AH, Reimers M, Maher B, Williamson V, McMichael O, McClay JL, van den Oord EJ, Riley BP, Kendler KS, Vladimirov VI. MicroRNA expression profiling in the prefrontal cortex of individuals affected with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Schizophr Res 2010; 124:183-91. [PMID: 20675101 PMCID: PMC4373420 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of small non-coding RNAs which negatively control gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The number of miRNAs identified is growing rapidly and approximately one-third is expressed in the brain where they have been shown to affect neuronal differentiation, synaptosomal complex localization and synapse plasticity, all functions thought to be disrupted in schizophrenia. Here we investigated the expression of 667 miRNAs (miRBase v.13) in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia (SZ, N = 35) and bipolar disorder (BP, N = 35) using a real-time PCR-based Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA). After extensive QC steps, 441 miRNAs were included in the final analyses. At a FDR of 10%, 22 miRNAs were identified as being differentially expressed between cases and controls, 7 dysregulated in SZ and 15 in BP. Using in silico target gene prediction programs, the 22miRNAs were found to target brain specific genes contained within networks overrepresented for neurodevelopment, behavior, and SZ and BP disease development. In an initial attempt to corroborate some of these predictions, we investigated the extent of correlation between the expressions of hsa-mir-34a, -132 and -212 and their predicted gene targets. mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3) was measured in the SMRI sample. Hsa-miR-132 and -212 were negatively correlated with TH (p = 0.0001 and 0.0017) and with PGD (p = 0.0054 and 0.017, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert H. Kim
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mark Reimers
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brion Maher
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vernell Williamson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Omari McMichael
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph L. McClay
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edwin J.C.G. van den Oord
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brien P. Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vladimir I. Vladimirov
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Forero DA, van der Ven K, Callaerts P, Del-Favero J. miRNA genes and the brain: implications for psychiatric disordersa. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:1195-204. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hollander JA, Im HI, Amelio AL, Kocerha J, Bali P, Lu Q, Willoughby D, Wahlestedt C, Conkright MD, Kenny PJ. Striatal microRNA controls cocaine intake through CREB signalling. Nature 2010; 466:197-202. [PMID: 20613834 PMCID: PMC2916751 DOI: 10.1038/nature09202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is characterized by a gradual loss of control over drug use, but the molecular mechanisms regulating vulnerability to this process remain unclear. Here we report that microRNA-212 (miR-212) is upregulated in the dorsal striatum of rats with a history of extended access to cocaine. Striatal miR-212 decreases responsiveness to the motivational properties of cocaine by markedly amplifying the stimulatory effects of the drug on cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signalling. This action occurs through miR-212-enhanced Raf1 activity, resulting in adenylyl cyclase sensitization and increased expression of the essential CREB co-activator TORC (transducer of regulated CREB; also known as CRTC). Our findings indicate that striatal miR-212 signalling has a key role in determining vulnerability to cocaine addiction, reveal new molecular regulators that control the complex actions of cocaine in brain reward circuitries and provide an entirely new direction for the development of anti-addiction therapeutics based on the modulation of noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Hollander
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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Iacoangeli A, Bianchi R, Tiedge H. Regulatory RNAs in brain function and disorders. Brain Res 2010; 1338:36-47. [PMID: 20307503 PMCID: PMC3524968 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory RNAs are being increasingly investigated in neurons, and important roles in brain function have been revealed. Regulatory RNAs are non-protein-coding RNAs (npcRNAs) that comprise a heterogeneous group of molecules, varying in size and mechanism of action. Regulatory RNAs often exert post-transcriptional control of gene expression, resulting in gene silencing or gene expression stimulation. Here, we review evidence that regulatory RNAs are implicated in neuronal development, differentiation, and plasticity. We will also discuss npcRNA dysregulation that may be involved in pathological states of the brain such as neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegeneration, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Iacoangeli
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | - Riccardo Bianchi
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
- Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | - Henri Tiedge
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
- Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
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DNA methylation in vulnerability to post-traumatic stress in rats: evidence for the role of the post-synaptic density protein Dlgap2. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:347-59. [PMID: 19793403 DOI: 10.1017/s146114570999071x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unique among psychiatric disorders since there is an explicit requirement for the presence of a well-defined precipitating environmental event. This suggests the participation of adaptable molecular processes such as epigenetic modifications, including acetylation and methylation of histones and DNA methylation. In the present study we investigated whether changes in DNA methylation are associated with the effects of traumatic stressor, using a validated PTSD rat model. Screening of genomic DNA methylation patterns revealed that maladaptation to traumatic stress is associated with numerous changes in the methylation pattern of rat hippocampus. Of the differentially methylated genes revealed by this global screening, Disks Large-Associated Protein (Dlgap2) was of special interest, demonstrating an increase in a specific methylation site which was associated with a reduction in its gene expression in PTSD-like compared to non-PTSD-like rats. The association between the methylation rate and Dlgap2 expression was further substantiated by re-dividing the rats according to their methylation state. A significantly higher expression was observed in the non-methylated compared to methylated rats. In addition, taking all rats as one group revealed a significant correlation between their behavioural stress responses and Dlgap2 transcript levels. These results suggest that alterations in global methylation pattern are involved in behavioural adaptation to environmental stress and pinpoint Dlgap2 as a possible target in PTSD.
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MicroRNAs as a target for novel antipsychotics: a systematic review of an emerging field. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:395-404. [PMID: 19849891 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709990800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The psychotic disorders of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder are among the most disabling of all medical conditions. Current drugs used to treat psychosis largely target monoamine receptors. Here we explore the possibility of developing new antipsychotics by targeting specific microRNAs (miRNAs). These are single-stranded RNA molecules, 21-23 nt in length that are not translated into proteins and function as regulatory molecules. A keyword search was performed using Medline, the ISI Web of Knowledge and Scopus for papers published up to June 2009. The search shows that to date studies of miRNAs have been far more abundant in schizophrenia than in bipolar affective disorder and the view that non-protein-coding genes have an important regulatory role with implications for the genetic liability to psychosis is gaining greater acceptance. The most promising miRNAs so far identified include miR-181, miR-346 and miR-195 in schizophrenia and miR-34a and miR-144 in bipolar disorder. It has been argued that miR-219 may be involved in both disorders. miRNAs offer an exciting potential for developing new antipsychotics, although research in the field is at an early stage. It will require a considerable advance in smart technologies to deliver either mimics or antagomirs to the appropriate site of action, but the development of selective small conventional molecules may negate this requirement.
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Moreno JL, Sealfon SC, González-Maeso J. Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors and schizophrenia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3777-85. [PMID: 19707855 PMCID: PMC2792875 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most common mental illnesses, with hereditary and environmental factors important for its etiology. All antipsychotics have in common a high affinity for monoaminergic receptors. Whereas hallucinations and delusions usually respond to typical (haloperidol-like) and atypical (clozapine-like) monoaminergic antipsychotics, their efficacy in improving negative symptoms and cognitive deficits remains inadequate. In addition, devastating side effects are a common characteristic of monoaminergic antipsychotics. Recent biochemical, preclinical and clinical findings support group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2 and mGluR3) as a new approach to treat schizophrenia. This paper reviews the status of general knowledge of mGluR2 and mGluR3 in the psychopharmacology, genetics and neuropathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Stuart C. Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Center for Translational Systems Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Resequencing and association study of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 gene (VGLUT1) with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 115:254-60. [PMID: 19720501 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission is implicated in the pathphysiology of schizophrenia. Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) package glutamate into vesicles in the presynaptic terminal and regulate the release of glutamate. Abnormal VGLUT1 expression has been linked to schizophrenia in postmortem brain studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of the human VGLUT1 in the susceptibility to schizophrenia. In this study, we searched for genetic variants in the putative core promoter region and 12 exons (including UTR ends) of the VGLUT1 gene using direct sequencing in a sample of Han Chinese schizophrenic patients (n=376) and non-psychotic controls (n=368) from Taiwan, and conducted a case-control association study. We identified two common SNPs (g.-248G>C (ss159695612) and c.2697C>A (rs1043558)) in the VGLUT1 gene. No differences in the allele and genotype frequencies were detected between the patients and control subjects. Besides, we identified eight patient-specific rare variants in 16 out of 376 patients, including two variants (g.-296A>G (ss159695611) and g.-32Cv>T (ss159695613)) at the core promoter region and 5'UTR, two missense variants (L516M (ss159695617) and P551S (ss159695618)) and three silent variants (E24E (ss159695614), L118L (ss159695615), and P133P (ss159695616)) at protein-coding regions, and one variant (c.2201G>A (ss159695619)) at the 3'UTR. No rare variants were found in 368 control subjects (4.3% versus 0, P=1.5x10(-5)). Although the functional significance of these rare variants remains to be characterized, our study may lend support to the multiple rare mutation hypothesis of schizophrenia, and may provide genetic clues to indicate the involvement of the glutamate transmission pathway in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Kirby BP, Waddington JL, O'Tuathaigh CMP. Advancing a functional genomics for schizophrenia: psychopathological and cognitive phenotypes in mutants with gene disruption. Brain Res Bull 2009; 83:162-76. [PMID: 19800398 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex, heritable psychotic disorder in which numerous genes and environmental adversities appear to interact in determining disease phenotype. In addition to genes regulating putative pathophysiological mechanisms, a new generation of molecular studies has indicated numerous candidate genes to be associated with risk for schizophrenia. The present review focuses on studies in mice mutant for genes associated with putative pathophysiological mechanisms and candidate risk genes for the disorder. It seeks to evaluate the extent to which each mutation of a schizophrenia-related gene accurately models multiple aspects of the schizophrenia phenotype or more circumscribed, distinct endophenotypes in terms of psychopathology and pathobiology; in doing so, it places particular emphasis on positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. To further this goal, it juxtaposes continually evolving mutant genomics with emergent clinical genomic studies. Opportunities and challenges associated with the use of such mutants, including diagnostic specificity and the translational barrier associated with modelling schizophrenia, are discussed. The potential value of genetic models for exploring gene-gene and gene-environment interactions relating to schizophrenia is highlighted. Elucidation of the contribution of genetic variation to specific symptom clusters and underlying aspects of pathobiology will have important implications for identifying treatments that target distinct domains of psychopathology and dysfunction on an individual patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Kirby
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Rezaeian AH, Nishibori M, Hiraiwa N, Yoshizawa M, Yasue H. Expression profile and localization of mouse calcitonin (CT) sense/antisense transcripts in pre- and postnatal tissue development. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:561-8. [PMID: 19498280 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin (CT) has been shown to have various functions including osteoclast activity and calcium and phosphorus metabolism in mammals. In the present study, we measured the amounts of CT mRNA in the mouse brain, liver, kidney, heart and testis at various development stages, 14 days post-coitum (dpc), 17-dpc, newborn, 1 week and 8 weeks (adult), using real-time PCR. In the brain and kidney, the amount of CT mRNA decreased with development. In the testis, elevated amounts were observed at 17-dpc and 8 weeks. In the liver, the amount increased from the 14 dpc embryo to newborn stage and then decreased. In the heart, elevated amounts were observed at 17-dpc. Additionally, the CT antisense transcript was determined using a modified RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing in the present study. Organs with high mRNA expressions were examined for localization of transcripts using in situ hybridization. The CT sense and antisense transcripts in the 14 dpc brain were mainly localized in the mesencephalon. In the pre- and postnatal stages, sense and antisense transcripts were shown to exist rather uniformly in the kidney, heart, liver and testis. In the 17-dpc rib and thyroid lobe and the adult ovary, the sense and antisense transcripts were found to be densely localized.
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43
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RNA oxidation in Alzheimer disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:151-66. [PMID: 19271225 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA oxidation and its biological effects are less well studied compared to DNA oxidation. However, RNA may be more susceptible to oxidative insults than DNA, for RNA is largely single-stranded and its bases are not protected by hydrogen bonding and less protected by specific proteins. Also, cellular RNA locates in the vicinity of mitochondria, the primary source of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative modification can occur not only in protein-coding RNAs, but also in non-coding RNAs that have been recently revealed to contribute towards the complexity of the mammalian brain. Damage to coding and non-coding RNAs will cause errors in proteins and disturbances in the regulation of gene expression. While less lethal than mutations in the genome and not inheritable, such sublethal damage to cells might be associated with underlying mechanisms of degeneration, especially age-associated neurodegeneration that is commonly found in the elderly population. Indeed, oxidative RNA damage has been described recently in most of the common neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Of particular interest, the accumulating evidence obtained from studies on either human samples or experimental models coincidentally suggests that oxidative RNA damage is a feature in vulnerable neurons at early-stage of these neurodegenerative disorders, indicating that RNA oxidation actively contributes to the onset or the development of the disorders. Further investigations aimed at understanding of the processing mechanisms related to oxidative RNA damage and its consequences may provide significant insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and lead to better therapeutic strategies.
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Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Rubenstein JLR. Chromosome 8p as a potential hub for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for schizophrenia, autism and cancer. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:563-89. [PMID: 19204725 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defects in genetic and developmental processes are thought to contribute susceptibility to autism and schizophrenia. Presumably, owing to etiological complexity identifying susceptibility genes and abnormalities in the development has been difficult. However, the importance of genes within chromosomal 8p region for neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer is well established. There are 484 annotated genes located on 8p; many are most likely oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Molecular genetics and developmental studies have identified 21 genes in this region (ADRA1A, ARHGEF10, CHRNA2, CHRNA6, CHRNB3, DKK4, DPYSL2, EGR3, FGF17, FGF20, FGFR1, FZD3, LDL, NAT2, NEF3, NRG1, PCM1, PLAT, PPP3CC, SFRP1 and VMAT1/SLC18A1) that are most likely to contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder and depression), neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease) and cancer. Furthermore, at least seven nonprotein-coding RNAs (microRNAs) are located at 8p. Structural variants on 8p, such as copy number variants, microdeletions or microduplications, might also contribute to autism, schizophrenia and other human diseases including cancer. In this review, we consider the current state of evidence from cytogenetic, linkage, association, gene expression and endophenotyping studies for the role of these 8p genes in neuropsychiatric disease. We also describe how a mutation in an 8p gene (Fgf17) results in a mouse with deficits in specific components of social behavior and a reduction in its dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. We finish by discussing the biological connections of 8p with respect to neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer, despite the shortcomings of this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, CIBER-SAM, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Sublethal RNA oxidation as a mechanism for neurodegenerative disease. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:789-806. [PMID: 19325784 PMCID: PMC2635712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9050789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cellular RNA is subjected to the same oxidative insults as DNA and other cellular macromolecules, oxidative damage to RNA has not been a major focus in investigations of the biological consequences of free radical damage. In fact, because it is largely single-stranded and its bases lack the protection of hydrogen bonding and binding by specific proteins, RNA may be more susceptible to oxidative insults than is DNA. Oxidative damage to protein-coding RNA or non-coding RNA will, in turn, potentially cause errors in proteins and/or dysregulation of gene expression. While less lethal than mutations in the genome, such sublethal insults to cells might be associated with underlying mechanisms of several chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative disease. Recently, oxidative RNA damage has been described in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and prion diseases. Of particular interest, oxidative RNA damage can be demonstrated in vulnerable neurons early in disease, suggesting that RNA oxidation may actively contribute to the onset of the disease. An increasing body of evidence suggests that, mechanistically speaking, the detrimental effects of oxidative RNA damage to protein synthesis are attenuated, at least in part, by the existence of protective mechanisms that prevent the incorporation of the damaged ribonucleotides into the translational machinery. Further investigations aimed at understanding the processing mechanisms related to oxidative RNA damage and its consequences may provide significant insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and other degenerative diseases and lead to better therapeutic strategies.
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47
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Moreira PI, Nunomura A, Nakamura M, Takeda A, Shenk JC, Aliev G, Smith MA, Perry G. Nucleic acid oxidation in Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1493-505. [PMID: 18258207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is intimately associated with Alzheimer disease pathophysiology. Nucleic acids (nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and RNA) are one of the several cellular macromolecules damaged by reactive oxygen species, particularly the hydroxyl radical. Because neurons are irreplaceable and survive as long as the organism does, they need elaborate defense mechanisms to ensure their longevity. In Alzheimer disease, however, an accumulation of nucleic acid oxidation is observed, indicating an increased level of oxidative stress and/or a decreased capacity to repair the nucleic acid damage. In this review, we present data supporting the notion that mitochondrial and metal abnormalities are key sources of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Furthermore, we outline the mechanisms of nucleic acid oxidation and repair. Finally, evidence showing the occurrence of nucleic acid oxidation in Alzheimer disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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48
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Shu W, Bo X, Zheng Z, Wang S. A novel representation of RNA secondary structure based on element-contact graphs. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9:188. [PMID: 18402706 PMCID: PMC2373570 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depending on their specific structures, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in many biological processes. Interest in developing new topological indices based on RNA graphs has been revived in recent years, as such indices can be used to compare, identify and classify RNAs. Although the topological indices presented before characterize the main topological features of RNA secondary structures, information on RNA structural details is ignored to some degree. Therefore, it is necessity to identify topological features with low degeneracy based on complete and fine-grained RNA graphical representations. RESULTS In this study, we present a complete and fine scheme for RNA graph representation as a new basis for constructing RNA topological indices. We propose a combination of three vertex-weighted element-contact graphs (ECGs) to describe the RNA element details and their adjacent patterns in RNA secondary structure. Both the stem and loop topologies are encoded completely in the ECGs. The relationship among the three typical topological index families defined by their ECGs and RNA secondary structures was investigated from a dataset of 6,305 ncRNAs. The applicability of topological indices is illustrated by three application case studies. Based on the applied small dataset, we find that the topological indices can distinguish true pre-miRNAs from pseudo pre-miRNAs with about 96% accuracy, and can cluster known types of ncRNAs with about 98% accuracy, respectively. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the topological indices can characterize the details of RNA structures and may have a potential role in identifying and classifying ncRNAs. Moreover, these indices may lead to a new approach for discovering novel ncRNAs. However, further research is needed to fully resolve the challenging problem of predicting and classifying noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Shu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular basis of disease depends upon continued progress in defining the mechanisms by which genomic information is encoded and expressed. Transcription factor-mediated regulation of mRNA is clearly a major source of regulatory control and has been well studied. The more recent discovery of small RNAs as key regulators of gene function has introduced a new level and mechanism of regulation. Mammalian genomes contain hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) that each can potentially downregulate many target genes. This suggests a new source for broad control over gene regulation and has inspired extensive interest in defining miRNAs and their functions. Here, the identification of miRNAs, their biogenesis, and some examples of miRNA effects on biology and disease are reviewed and discussed. Emphasis is placed on the possible role for miRNA in nervous system development, function, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Guarnieri
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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Buckley NJ. Analysis of transcription, chromatin dynamics and epigenetic changes in neural genes. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 83:195-210. [PMID: 17884276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ways in which gene transcription is investigated have undergone radical change since the turn of the millennium. Piece-meal approaches focussed upon model genes have increasingly been complemented by genome-wide approaches that allow interrogation of multiple cohorts of genes or even entire genomes. This sea change has been founded upon the increasing availability of whole genome sequences and the attendant evolution of microarray based discovery platforms. Collectively, these approaches are being used to build a global and dynamic perspective of transcription factor occupancy, co-factor recruitment and epigenetic signature. As yet, few of these approaches have been applied to the study of neuronal gene transcription, but this is set to change. Here, I review these key developments and point to their potential application to the study of transcriptional and epigenetic changes in neurons in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel J Buckley
- King's College London, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, CCBB/CCIB, Room 1-045, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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