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Zhao P, He XB, Chen XY, Li ZL, Xing WJ, Liu W, Ren C, Han XD, Guo B. Celastrol inhibits mouse B16-F10 melanoma cell survival by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and repressing HIF-1α expression. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:178. [PMID: 38771435 PMCID: PMC11109042 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Melanoma, with its high degree of malignancy, stands as one of the most dangerous skin cancers and remains the primary cause of death from skin cancer. With studies demonstrating the potential of traditional Chinese medicine to intervene and treat melanoma, we turned our attention to celastrol. Celastrol is a triterpene compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine derived from Tripterygium wilfordii. Previous studies have shown that celastrol exerts inhibitory effects on various malignant tumors, including melanoma. Hence, our goal was to clarify the impact of celastrol on cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression by elucidating its effects on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. METHODS CCK-8 and wound healing assays were used to determine the effect of celastrol on the viability and migration of B16-F10 cells. Changes in cell apoptosis, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway proteins and HIF-α mRNA expression in B16-F10 cells were detected by western blotting and qPCR. Moreover, the addition of a PI3K activator demonstrated that celastrol could inhibit the function of B16-F10 cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. RESULTS Celastrol inhibited the viability and migration of B16-F10 cells. Through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway down-regulates the expression of HIF-α mRNA, thereby causing an increase of ROS in cells and a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential to promote cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The inhibitory effect of celastrol on B16-F10 cells was further demonstrated by co-culturing with a PI3K activator. CONCLUSION Celastrol inhibits the function of B16-F10 cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR cellular pathway and regulating the expression of downstream HIF-α mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xing-Bo He
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xin-Yue Chen
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Zhang-Long Li
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Wen-Jia Xing
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Cong Ren
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xu-Dong Han
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Bin Guo
- Medical College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China.
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Ezelarab HAA, Abd El-Hafeez AA, Ali TFS, Sayed AM, Hassan HA, Beshr EAM, Abbas SH. New 2-oxoindole derivatives as multiple PDGFRα/ß and VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107234. [PMID: 38412650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Two new series of N-aryl acetamides 6a-o and benzyloxy benzylidenes 9a-p based 2-oxoindole derivatives were designed as potent antiproliferative multiple kinase inhibitors. The results of one-dose NCI antiproliferative screening for compounds 6a-o and 9a-p elucidated that the most promising antiproliferative scaffolds were 6f and 9f, which underwent five-dose testing. Notably, the amido congener 6f was the most potent derivative towards pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma MDA-PATC53 and PL45 cell lines (IC50 = 1.73 µM and 2.40 µM, respectively), and the benzyloxy derivative 9f was the next potent one with IC50 values of 2.85 µM and 2.96 µM, respectively. Both compounds 6f and 9f demonstrated a favorable safety profile when tested against normal prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1). Additionally, compound 6f displayed exceptional selectivity as a multiple kinase inhibitor, particularly targeting PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, and VEGFR-2 kinases, with IC50 values of 7.41 nM, 6.18 nM, and 7.49 nM, respectively. In contrast, the reference compound Sunitinib exhibited IC50 values of 43.88 nM, 2.13 nM, and 78.46 nM against the same kinases. The derivative 9f followed closely, with IC50 values of 9.9 nM, 6.62 nM, and 22.21 nM for the respective kinases. Both 6f and 9f disrupt the G2/M cell cycle transition by upregulating p21 and reducing CDK1 and cyclin B1 mRNA levels. The interplay between targeted kinases and these cell cycle regulators underpins the G2/M cell cycle arrest induced by our compounds. Also, compounds 6f and 9f fundamentally resulted in entering MDA-PATC53 cells into the early stage of apoptosis with good percentages compared to the positive control Sunitinib. The in silico molecular-docking outcomes of scaffolds 6a-o and 9a-p in VEGFR-2, PDGFRα, and PDGFRβ active sites depicted their ability to adopt essential binding interactions like the reference Sunitinib. Our designed analogs, specifically 6f and 9f, possess promising antiproliferative and kinase inhibitory properties, making them potential candidates for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend A A Ezelarab
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Amer Ali Abd El-Hafeez
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Taha F S Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, 62513 Beni-Suef, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014 Basrah, Iraq
| | - Heba A Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
| | - Eman A M Beshr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Samar H Abbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
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3
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Ghosh A, Maske P, Patel V, Dubey J, Aniket K, Srivastava R. Theranostic applications of peptide-based nanoformulations for growth factor defective cancers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129151. [PMID: 38181914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Growth factors play a pivotal role in orchestrating cellular growth and division by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Dysregulation of growth factor production or activity can contribute to the uncontrolled cell proliferation observed in cancer. Peptide-based nanoformulations (PNFs) have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for growth factor-deficient cancers. PNFs offer multifaceted capabilities including targeted delivery, imaging modalities, combination therapies, resistance modulation, and personalized medicine approaches. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including limited specificity, stability, pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration, toxicity, and immunogenicity. To address these challenges and optimize PNFs for clinical translation, in-depth investigations are warranted. Future research should focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between peptides and nanoparticles, developing robust spectroscopic and computational methodologies, and establishing a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship governing peptide-nanoparticle interactions. Bridging these knowledge gaps will propel the translation of peptide-nanoparticle therapies from bench to bedside. While a few peptide-nanoparticle drugs have obtained FDA approval for cancer treatment, the integration of nanostructured platforms with peptide-based medications holds tremendous potential to expedite the implementation of innovative anticancer interventions. Therefore, growth factor-deficient cancers present both challenges and opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions, with peptide-based nanoformulations positioned as a promising avenue. Nonetheless, concerted research and development endeavors are essential to optimize the specificity, stability, and safety profiles of PNFs, thereby advancing the field of peptide-based nanotherapeutics in the realm of oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
| | - Priyanka Maske
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Patel
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyoti Dubey
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Kundu Aniket
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
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Soni N, Bacete L. The interplay between cell wall integrity and cell cycle progression in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:367-382. [PMID: 38091166 PMCID: PMC10730644 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that play crucial roles in growth, development, and stress responses. Despite our growing understanding of cell wall biology, the connections between cell wall integrity (CWI) and cell cycle progression in plants remain poorly understood. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between CWI and cell cycle progression in plants, drawing insights from studies in yeast and mammals. We provide an overview of the plant cell cycle, highlight the role of endoreplication in cell wall composition, and discuss recent findings on the molecular mechanisms linking CWI perception to cell wall biosynthesis and gene expression regulation. Furthermore, we address future perspectives and unanswered questions in the field, such as the identification of specific CWI sensing mechanisms and the role of CWI maintenance in the growth-defense trade-off. Elucidating these connections could have significant implications for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Soni
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Laura Bacete
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute for Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Shalaeva AY, Kozin VV. Cell Proliferation Indices in Regenerating Alitta virens (Annelida, Errantia). Cells 2023; 12:1354. [PMID: 37408190 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in the possible molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in a wide range of regeneration models has grown significantly, but the cell kinetics of this process remain largely a mystery. Here we try to elucidate the cellular aspects of regeneration by EdU incorporation in intact and posteriorly amputated annelid Alitta virens using quantitative analysis. We found that the main mechanism of blastema formation in A. virens is local dedifferentiation; mitotically active cells of intact segments do not significantly contribute to the blastemal cellular sources. Amputation-induced proliferation occurred predominantly within the epidermal and intestinal epithelium, as well as wound-adjacent muscle fibers, where clusters of cells at the same stage of the cell cycle were found. The resulting regenerative bud had zones of high proliferative activity and consisted of a heterogeneous population of cells that differed in their anterior-posterior positions and in their cell cycle parameters. The data presented allowed for the quantification of cell proliferation in the context of annelid regeneration for the first time. Regenerative cells showed an unprecedentedly high cycle rate and an exceptionally large growth fraction, making this regeneration model especially valuable for studying coordinated cell cycle entry in vivo in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Shalaeva
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vitaly V Kozin
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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6
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Cellular signals integrate cell cycle and metabolic control in cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:397-423. [PMID: 37061338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are the small peptides that can promote growth, differentiation, and survival of most living cells. However, aberrant activation of receptor tyrosine kinases by GFs can generate oncogenic signals, resulting in oncogenic transformation. Accumulating evidence support a link between GF/RTK signaling through the major signaling pathways, Ras/Erk and PI3K/Akt, and cell cycle progression. In response to GF signaling, the quiescent cells in the G0 stage can re-enter the cell cycle and become the proliferative stage. While in the proliferative stage, tumor cells undergo profound changes in their metabolism to support biomass production and bioenergetic requirements. Accumulating data show that the cell cycle regulators, specifically cyclin D, cyclin B, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6, and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C-Cdh1) play critical roles in modulating various metabolic pathways. These cell cycle regulators can regulate metabolic enzyme activities through post-translational mechanisms or the transcriptional factors that control the expression of the metabolic genes. This fine-tune control allows only the relevant metabolic pathways to be active in a particular phase of the cell cycle, thereby providing suitable amounts of biosynthetic precursors available during the proliferative stage. The imbalance of metabolites in each cell cycle phase can induce cell cycle arrest followed by p53-induced apoptosis.
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7
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Mallis P, Chatzistamatiou T, Dimou Z, Sarri EF, Georgiou E, Salagianni M, Triantafyllia V, Andreakos E, Stavropoulos-Giokas C, Michalopoulos E. Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery as a potential therapeutic strategy against COVID-19: Promising evidence from in vitro results. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:47-65. [PMID: 35432769 PMCID: PMC8966500 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which was initiated in December 2019. COVID-19 is characterized by a low mortality rate (< 6%); however, this percentage is higher in elderly people and patients with underlying disorders. COVID-19 is characterized by mild to severe outcomes. Currently, several therapeutic strategies are evaluated, such as the use of anti-viral drugs, prophylactic treatment, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccination. Advanced cellular therapies are also investigated, thus representing an additional therapeutic tool for clinicians. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are known for their immunoregulatory properties, may halt the induced cytokine release syndrome mediated by SARS-CoV-2, and can be considered as a potential stem cell therapy.
AIM To evaluate the immunoregulatory properties of MSCs, upon stimulation with COVID-19 patient serum.
METHODS MSCs derived from the human Wharton’s Jelly (WJ) tissue and bone marrow (BM) were isolated, cryopreserved, expanded, and defined according to the criteria outlined by the International Society for Cellular Therapies. Then, WJ and BM-MSCs were stimulated with a culture medium containing 15% COVID-19 patient serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and 1% L-glutamine for 48 h. The quantification of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor a (Ra), IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-a, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was performed using commercial ELISA kits. The expression of HLA-G1, G5, and G7 was evaluated in unstimulated and stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs. Finally, the interactions between MSCs and patients’ macrophages were established using co-culture experiments.
RESULTS Thawed WJ and BM-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology, successfully differentiated to “osteocytes”, “adipocytes”, and “chondrocytes”, and in flow cytometric analysis were characterized by positivity for CD73, CD90, and CD105 (> 95%) and negativity for CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR (< 2%). Moreover, stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs were characterized by increased cytoplasmic granulation, in comparison to unstimulated cells. The HLA-G isoforms (G1, G5, and G7) were successfully expressed by the unstimulated and stimulated WJ-MSCs. On the other hand, only weak expression of HLA-G1 was identified in BM-MSCs. Stimulated MSCs secreted high levels of IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β1, FGF, VEGF, PDGF, and IDO in comparison to unstimulated cells (P < 0.05) after 12 and 24 h. Finally, macrophages derived from COVID-19 patients successfully adapted the M2 phenotype after co-culturing with stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs.
CONCLUSION WJ and BM-MSCs successfully produced high levels of immunoregulatory agents, which may efficiently modulate the over-activated immune responses of critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mallis
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Zetta Dimou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eirini-Faidra Sarri
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eleni Georgiou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Salagianni
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Triantafyllia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Efstathios Michalopoulos
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Abstract
The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell that drives it to divide and produce two new daughter cells. Through more than 100 years of efforts by scientists, we now have a much clearer picture of cell cycle progression and its regulation. The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of the G1, S, G2, and M phases. The M phase is further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Cell cycle progression is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their regulatory cyclin subunits. However, the driving force of cell cycle progression is growth factor-initiated signaling pathways that controls the activity of various Cdk-cyclin complexes. Most cellular events, including DNA duplication, gene transcription, protein translation, and post-translational modification of proteins, occur in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. To understand these cellular events and their underlying molecular mechanisms, it is desirable to have a population of cells that are traversing the cell cycle synchronously. This can be achieved through a process called cell synchronization. Many methods have been developed to synchronize cells to the various phases of the cell cycle. These methods could be classified into two groups: synchronization methods using chemical inhibitors and synchronization methods without using chemical inhibitors. All these methods have their own merits and shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Growth Factor-Induced Cell Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123327. [PMID: 34943835 PMCID: PMC8699227 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell, which drives it to divide and produce two new daughter cells. The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of the following phases: G1, S, G2, and M phase. Cell cycle progression is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their regulatory cyclin subunits. However, the driving force of cell cycle progression is growth factor-initiated signaling pathways that control the activity of various Cdk–cyclin complexes. While the mechanism underlying the role of growth factor signaling in G1 phase of cell cycle progression has been largely revealed due to early extensive research, little is known regarding the function and mechanism of growth factor signaling in regulating other phases of the cell cycle, including S, G2, and M phase. In this review, we briefly discuss the process of cell cycle progression through various phases, and we focus on the role of signaling pathways activated by growth factors and their receptor (mostly receptor tyrosine kinases) in regulating cell cycle progression through various phases.
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Disruption of pathways regulated by Integrator complex in Galloway-Mowat syndrome due to WDR73 mutations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5388. [PMID: 33686175 PMCID: PMC7940485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported WDR73 mutations to be causative of Galloway–Mowat syndrome, a rare disorder characterised by the association of neurological defects and renal-glomerular disease. In this study, we demonstrate interaction of WDR73 with the INTS9 and INTS11 components of Integrator, a large multiprotein complex with various roles in RNA metabolism and transcriptional control. We implicate WDR73 in two Integrator-regulated cellular pathways; namely, the processing of uridylate-rich small nuclear RNAs (UsnRNA), and mediating the transcriptional response to epidermal growth factor stimulation. We also show that WDR73 suppression leads to altered expression of genes encoding cell cycle regulatory proteins. Altogether, our results suggest that a range of cellular pathways are perturbed by WDR73 loss-of-function, and support the consensus that proper regulation of UsnRNA maturation, transcription initiation and cell cycle control are all critical in maintaining the health of post-mitotic cells such as glomerular podocytes and neurons, and preventing degenerative disease.
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11
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Dos Santos Laranjeira V, da Silva Brum LF, de Freitas LBR, Miri JM, Pinhatti VR, Fachini J, Tomazzoni L, Picada JN, Grivicich I. Carboxyethyl aminobutyric acid (CEGABA) lacks cytotoxicity and genotoxicity and stimulates cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:491-497. [PMID: 31087156 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetics formulated using compounds with medical-like benefits. Though the antiaging effect of carboxyethyl aminobutyric acid (CEGABA) has been discussed, its action mechanism in cosmeceuticals remains unclear. This study assessed the in vitro efficacy and safety of CEGABA. NHI-3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line was treated with two CEGABA concentrations (50 and 500 μmol/L) for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated by colorimetry (MTT) and the alkaline version of the comet assay, respectively. Flow cytometry and the scratch-wound assay were used to assess cell-cycle phase distributions and cell migration rates. Compared with the untreated control, CEGABA increased cell growth 1.6 times after 72 h, independent of dose. The compound also decreased cell replication time by 4 h. These findings seem to be related with the approximately 1.5-times increase in phase S cells numbers. Importantly, in vitro wound healing improved roughly 20% after treatment with CEGABA for 24 h and persisted after 48 h, indicating culture recovery. The time-dependent proliferation and migration of fibroblasts induced by CEGABA besides the fact that the compound is neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic makes it an ideal candidate in the development of cosmeceuticals in antiaging therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Dos Santos Laranjeira
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil.,Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucimar Filot da Silva Brum
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Bainy Rodrigues de Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Machado Miri
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Valéria Rodrigues Pinhatti
- Laboratório de Células-tronco e Engenharia de Tecidos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Fachini
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tomazzoni
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivana Grivicich
- Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Avenida Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5º andar, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil.
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12
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Pennock S, Billing S, Wang Z, Wang Y. Two-Pulse Endosomal Stimulation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Induces Cell Proliferation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1652:127-133. [PMID: 28791639 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7219-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Signals transduced from ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) lead to a diverse array of biological outcomes, such as cell proliferation. Strict regulation of RTK activity is therefore necessary to prevent aberrancies in cell signaling that can lead to diseases such as cancer. RTKs are activated at the plasma membrane (PM) upon ligand binding. Contrary to the initial belief, RTK activity does not terminate immediately following endocytosis, instead RTKs remain active while being trafficked in endosomes. Here we describe a two-pulse endosomal stimulation approach which can specifically activate endosome-accumulated EGFR and drive cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pennock
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7.,Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA, 10591
| | - Sukhmani Billing
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4L8
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Yi Wang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7. .,Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, ON, Canada, K0J 1J0.
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13
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MicroRNAs as regulators and mediators of forkhead box transcription factors function in human cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12433-12450. [PMID: 27999212 PMCID: PMC5355356 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown that microRNAs are widely implicated as indispensable components of tumor suppressive and oncogenic pathways in human cancers. Thus, identification of microRNA targets and their relevant pathways will contribute to the development of microRNA-based therapeutics. The forkhead box transcription factors regulate numerous processes including cell cycle progression, metabolism, metastasis and angiogenesis, thereby facilitating tumor initiation and progression. A complex network of protein and non-coding RNAs mediates the expression and activity of forkhead box transcription factors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and concepts concerning the involvement of microRNAs and forkhead box transcription factors and describe the roles of microRNAs-forkhead box axis in various disease states including tumor initiation and progression. Additionally, we describe some of the technical challenges in the use of the microRNA-forkhead box signaling pathway in cancer treatment.
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14
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Adlung L, Kar S, Wagner MC, She B, Chakraborty S, Bao J, Lattermann S, Boerries M, Busch H, Wuchter P, Ho AD, Timmer J, Schilling M, Höfer T, Klingmüller U. Protein abundance of AKT and ERK pathway components governs cell type-specific regulation of proliferation. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:904. [PMID: 28123004 PMCID: PMC5293153 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the AKT and ERK pathways controls cell proliferation. However, the integrated regulation of this multistep process, involving signal processing, cell growth and cell cycle progression, is poorly understood. Here, we study different hematopoietic cell types, in which AKT and ERK signaling is triggered by erythropoietin (Epo). Although these cell types share the molecular network topology for pro‐proliferative Epo signaling, they exhibit distinct proliferative responses. Iterating quantitative experiments and mathematical modeling, we identify two molecular sources for cell type‐specific proliferation. First, cell type‐specific protein abundance patterns cause differential signal flow along the AKT and ERK pathways. Second, downstream regulators of both pathways have differential effects on proliferation, suggesting that protein synthesis is rate‐limiting for faster cycling cells while slower cell cycles are controlled at the G1‐S progression. The integrated mathematical model of Epo‐driven proliferation explains cell type‐specific effects of targeted AKT and ERK inhibitors and faithfully predicts, based on the protein abundance, anti‐proliferative effects of inhibitors in primary human erythroid progenitor cells. Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of targeted cancer therapy might become predictable from protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Adlung
- Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandip Kar
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Marie-Christine Wagner
- Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bin She
- Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sajib Chakraborty
- Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jie Bao
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susen Lattermann
- Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Systems Biology of the Cellular Microenvironment Group, IMMZ, ALU, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schilling
- Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany .,BioQuant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany .,Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Zhu A, Chen M, Zhang X, Storey KB. Gene structure, expression, and DNA methylation characteristics of sea cucumber cyclin B gene during aestivation. Gene 2016; 594:82-88. [PMID: 27601256 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is a good model for studying environmentally-induced aestivation by a marine invertebrate. One of the central requirements of aestivation is the repression of energy-expensive cellular processes such as cell cycle progression. The present study identified the gene structure of the cell cycle regulator, cyclin B, and detected the expression levels of this gene over three stages of the annual aestivation-arousal cycle. Furthermore, the DNA methylation characteristics of cyclin B were analyzed in non-aestivation and deep-aestivation stages of sea cucumbers. We found that the cyclin B promoter contains a CpG island, three CCAAT-boxes and three cell cycle gene homology regions (CHRs). Application of qRT-PCR analysis showed significant downregulation of cyclin B transcript levels during deep-aestivation in comparison with non-aestivation in both intestine and longitudinal muscle, and these returned to basal levels after arousal from aestivation. Methylation analysis of the cyclin B core promoter revealed that its methylation level showed significant differences between non-aestivation and deep-aestivation stages (p<0.05) and interestingly, a positive correlation between Cyclin B transcripts expression and methylation levels of the core promoter was also observed. Our findings suggest that cell cycle progression may be reversibly arrested during aestivation as indicated by the changes in cyclin B expression levels and we propose that DNA methylation is one of the regulatory mechanisms involved in cyclin B transcriptional variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Zhu
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Muyan Chen
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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16
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Bramanti V, Grasso S, Tibullo D, Giallongo C, Raciti G, Viola M, Avola R. Modulation of extracellular signal-related kinase, cyclin D1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and vimentin expression in estradiol-pretreated astrocyte cultures treated with competence and progression growth factors. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1378-87. [PMID: 26053243 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study seeks to elucidate the interactions between the "competence" growth factor basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and/or estrogen 17β-estradiol and the "progression" growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and insulin (INS) on DNA labeling and also cyclin D1, extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin expression in astroglial cultures under different experimental conditions. Pretreatment for 24 hr with bFGF and subsequent exposure for 36 hr to estradiol (E2 ) and EGF, IGF-I, or INS stimulated DNA labeling in the last 12 hr, especially when the cultures were treated with progression growth factors. bFGF pretreatment and subsequent treatment with E2 for 36 hr stimulated DNA labeling. The 36-hr E2 treatment alone did not significantly decrease DNA labeling, but contemporary addition of E2 with two or three growth factors stimulated DNA labeling remarkably. When E2 was coadded with growth factors, a significantly increased DNA labeling was observed, demonstrating an astroglial synergistic mitogenic effect evoked by contemporary treatment with growth factors in the presence of estrogens. Cyclin D1 expression was markedly increased when astrocyte cultures were pretreated for 36 hr with E2 and subsequently treated with two or three competence and progression growth factors. A highly significant increase of ERK1/2 expression was observed after all the treatments (EGF, bFGF, INS, IGF-I alone or in combination with two or three growth factors). GFAP and vimentin expression was markedly increased when the cultures were treated with two or three growth factors. In conclusion, our data demonstrate estradiol-growth factor cross-talk during astroglial cell proliferation and differentiation in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bramanti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sonia Grasso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Maria Viola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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17
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Tan C, Liu S, Tan S, Zeng X, Yu H, Li A, Bei C, Qiu X. Polymorphisms in microRNA target sites of forkhead box O genes are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119210. [PMID: 25739100 PMCID: PMC4357486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors play important roles in various cancer development including Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). In this study we conducted a hospital-based case control study including 1049 cases (HCC patients) and 1052 controls (non-tumor patients) to examine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within microRNA (miRNA) target sites of FOXO genes confer HCC susceptibility. A total of three miRNA target site SNPs in the 3’ untranslated regions (UTR) of FOXO1 (rs17592236), FOXO3 (rs4946936) and FOXO4 (rs4503258) were analyzed. No statistically significant differences were found in genotype distribution for rs17592236, rs4946936, and rs4503258 between the HCC patient group and the tumor-free control group using single factor chi-square analysis (P>0.05). However, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the CT/TT genotype in rs17592236 was significantly associated with decreased risk of HCC development (P = 0.010, OR = 0.699, 95% CI: 0.526–0.927) as compared to the CC genotype in rs17592236. Additionally, a genetic interaction was found between rs17592236 and rs4503258 (P = 0.003, OR = 0.755, 95% CI: 0.628–0.908). Functional dual luciferase reporter assays verified that the rs17592236 SNP was a target site of human miRNA miR-137. Together, these results indicate that the rs17592236 polymorphism is associated with decreasing of HCC hereditary susceptibility likely through modulating the binding affinity of miR-137 to the 3’UTR in FOXO1 messenger RNA (mRNA). Further knowledge obtained from this study may provide important evidence for the prevention and targeted therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengkui Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongping Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Anhua Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunhua Bei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Wu CW, Storey KB. Pattern of cellular quiescence over the hibernation cycle in liver of thirteen-lined ground squirrels. Cell Cycle 2014; 11:1714-26. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.19799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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19
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Tabakov VY, Schepkina YV, Chestkov VV. Modern principles of classification and development of nutrient media for culturing of human and animal cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 155:164-71. [PMID: 23667896 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the main principles of classification and development of nutrient media used for culturing of human and animal cells in biology and medicine is presented. The key moments of induction and regulation of mitogenic cascades and their differences in cells of continuous lines, diploid cells, and primary cultures are discussed. Some variants of classification of nutrient media for various cell culture types are described. Peculiarities of composition and the prospects of using serum-free media are discussed. Practical results obtained by the authors in the development of diverse purpose nutrient media are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Tabakov
- Medical Genetic Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Low-Frequency Mechanical Stimulation Modulates Osteogenic Differentiation of C2C12 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/138704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation influences stem cell differentiation and may therefore provide improved lineage specification control for clinical applications. Low-frequency oscillatory mechanical stimulation (0.01 Hz) has recently been shown to suppress adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, indicating that the range of effective stimulation frequencies is not limited to those associated with locomotion, circulation, and respiration. We hypothesized that low-frequency mechanical stimulation (0.01 Hz) can also promote osteogenic cell differentiation of myoblastic C2C12 cells in combination with BMP-2. Results indicate that low-frequency mechanical stimulation can significantly enhance osteogenic gene expression, provided that differentiation is initiated by a priming period involving BMP-2 alone. Subsequent application of low-frequency mechanical stimulation appears to act synergistically with continued BMP-2 exposure to promote osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and can even partially compensate for the removal of BMP-2. These effects may be mediated by the ERK and Wnt signalling pathways. Osteogenic induction of C2C12 cells by low-frequency mechanical stimulation is therefore critically dependent upon previous exposure to growth factors, and the timing of superimposed BMP-2 and mechanical stimuli can sensitively influence osteogenesis. These insights may provide a technically simple means for control of stem cell differentiation in cell-based therapies, particularly for the enhancement of differentiation toward desired lineages.
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21
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Jailkhani N, Ravichandran S, Hegde SR, Siddiqui Z, Mande SC, Rao KVS. Delineation of key regulatory elements identifies points of vulnerability in the mitogen-activated signaling network. Genome Res 2011; 21:2067-81. [PMID: 21865350 DOI: 10.1101/gr.116145.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug development efforts against cancer are often hampered by the complex properties of signaling networks. Here we combined the results of an RNAi screen targeting the cellular signaling machinery, with graph theoretical analysis to extract the core modules that process both mitogenic and oncogenic signals to drive cell cycle progression. These modules encapsulated mechanisms for coordinating seamless transition of cells through the individual cell cycle stages and, importantly, were functionally conserved across different cancer cell types. Further analysis also enabled extraction of the core signaling axes that progressively guide commitment of cells to the division cycle. Importantly, pharmacological targeting of the least redundant nodes in these axes yielded a synergistic disruption of the cell cycle in a tissue-type-independent manner. Thus, the core elements that regulate temporally distinct stages of the cell cycle provide attractive targets for the development of multi-module-based chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Jailkhani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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22
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Montoya-Durango DE, Ramos KS. Retinoblastoma family of proteins and chromatin epigenetics: a repetitive story in a few LINEs. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:233-45. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe retinoblastoma (RB) protein family in mammals is composed of three members: pRB (or RB1), p107, and p130. Although these proteins do not directly bind DNA, they associate with the E2F family of transcription factors which function as DNA sequence-specific transcription factors. RB proteins alter gene transcription via direct interference with E2F functions, as well as recruitment of transcriptional repressors and corepressors that silence gene expression through DNA and histone modifications. E2F/RB complexes shape the chromatin landscape through recruitment to CpG-rich regions in the genome, thus making E2F/RB complexes function as local and global regulators of gene expression and chromatin dynamics. Recruitment of E2F/pRB to the long interspersed nuclear element (LINE1) promoter enhances the role that RB proteins play in genome-wide regulation of heterochromatin. LINE1 elements are dispersed throughout the genome and therefore recruitment of RB to the LINE1 promoter suggests that LINE1 could serve as the scaffold on which RB builds up heterochromatic regions that silence and shape large stretches of chromatin. We suggest that mutations in RB function might lead to global rearrangement of heterochromatic domains with concomitant retrotransposon reactivation and increased genomic instability. These novel roles for RB proteins open the epigenetic-based way for new pharmacological treatments of RB-associated diseases, namely inhibitors of histone and DNA methylation, as well as histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Montoya-Durango
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Ramos
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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23
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Abstract
Cell-cycle progression is a one-way journey where the cell grows in size to be able to divide into two equally sized daughter cells. The cell cycle is divided into distinct consecutive phases defined as G(1) (first gap), S (synthesis), G(2) (second gap) and M (mitosis). A non-proliferating cell, which has retained the ability to enter the cell cycle when it receives appropriate signals, is in G(0) phase, and cycling cells that do not receive proper signals leave the cell cycle from G(1) into G(0). One of the major events of the cell cycle is the duplication of DNA during S-phase. A group of molecules that are important for proper cell-cycle progression is the polyamines. Polyamine biosynthesis occurs cyclically during the cell cycle with peaks in activity in conjunction with the G(1)/S transition and at the end of S-phase and during G(2)-phase. The negative regulator of polyamine biosynthesis, antizyme, shows an inverse activity compared with the polyamine biosynthetic activity. The levels of the polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, double during the cell cycle and show a certain degree of cyclic variation in accordance with the biosynthetic activity. When cells in G(0)/G(1) -phase are seeded in the presence of compounds that prevent the cell-cycle-related increases in the polyamine pools, the S-phase of the first cell cycle is prolonged, whereas the other phases are initially unaffected. The results point to an important role for polyamines with regard to the ability of the cell to attain optimal rates of DNA replication.
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24
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Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST): the clinical implications of cellular signalling pathways. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e30. [DOI: 10.1017/s1462399409001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) is a rare malignancy accounting for 3–10% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Most MPNSTs arise in association with peripheral nerves or deep neurofibromas and may originate from neural crest cells, although the specific cell of origin is uncertain. Approximately half of MPNSTs occur in the setting of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), an autosomal dominant disorder with an incidence of approximately one in 3500 persons; the remainder of MPNSTs develop sporadically. In addition to a variety of clinical manifestations, approximately 8–13% of NF1 patients develop MPNSTs, which are the leading cause of NF1-related mortality. Surgical resection is the mainstay of MPNST clinical management. However, because of invasive growth, propensity to metastasise, and limited sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation, MPNST has a guarded to poor prognosis. Five-year survival rates of only 20–50% indicate an urgent need for improved therapeutic approaches. Recent work in this field has identified several altered intracellular signal transduction cascades and deregulated tyrosine kinase receptors, posing the possibility of personalised, targeted therapeutics. However, expanded knowledge of MPNST molecular pathobiology will be needed to meaningfully apply such approaches for the benefit of afflicted patients.
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25
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Verstraelen S, Nelissen I, Hooyberghs J, Witters H, Schoeters G, Van Cauwenberge P, Van Den Heuvel R. Gene profiles of THP-1 macrophages after in vitro exposure to respiratory (non-)sensitizing chemicals: Identification of discriminating genetic markers and pathway analysis. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Wagner B, Ricono JM, Gorin Y, Block K, Arar M, Riley D, Choudhury GG, Abboud HE. Mitogenic signaling via platelet-derived growth factor beta in metanephric mesenchymal cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2903-11. [PMID: 17942966 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006111229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B chain or PDGF receptor (PDGFR) beta lack mesangial cells. PDGF stimulates proliferation and migration of metanephric mesenchymal cells, from which mesangial cells are derived. Binding of PDGF to PDGFR-beta induces autophosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues and activates various effector proteins, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K). This study explored the role of PI 3-K and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PDGF-mediated signaling using cells established from wild-type and PDGFR-beta -/- metanephric blastemas at 11.5 days post-conception. PDGF-induced effects that were dependent on PI3-K activation were determined using PDGFR-beta -/- cells made to express "add-back" mutant PDGFR-beta capable of binding PI3-K. We found that PDGF is mitogenic for mesenchymal cells expressing PDGFR-beta, and PI3-K is an important regulator of PDGF-induced DNA synthesis. Activation of ERK1/2 is partially dependent on PI3-K, and both the PI3-K and MEK-ERK1/2 pathways contribute to PI3-K-dependent mitogenesis. In addition, PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in wild-type cells was found to be dependent on ROS that are generated downstream of PI3-K activation. Using antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA, we determined that the NAD(P)H oxidase Nox4 produces these ROS that activate Akt and the MEK-ERK1/2 mitogenic cascade. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates Nox4 involvement in PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in metanephric mesenchymal cells and provides the first evidence that PDGF-induced PI3-K activity enhances production of ROS by Nox4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Wagner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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27
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Klenkler B, Sheardown H, Jones L. Growth Factors in the Tear Film: Role in Tissue Maintenance, Wound Healing, and Ocular Pathology. Ocul Surf 2007; 5:228-39. [PMID: 17660896 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biologically active growth factors are secreted by the lacrimal gland and distributed via the tears over the ocular surface, where they affect cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. The role of growth factors and their receptors in maintenance of tissue homeostasis and wound healing continues to be elucidated, and the effect of growth factor imbalances in ocular surface diseases is just beginning to be understood. For instance, in eyes with ocular surface diseases, including conjunctivitis, corneal erosion, keratitis, and corneal ulcers, epidermal growth factor release rates have been shown to be significantly lower than in normal eyes during reflex tearing. Future research into the mechanisms of dry eye disease will focus on reasons for decreased tear and growth factor production in the neuronal reflex loop or the acinar lacrimal gland cells. Animal models to test therapeutic approaches must be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Klenkler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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28
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Lee PJ, Hung PJ, Rao VM, Lee LP. Nanoliter scale microbioreactor array for quantitative cell biology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:5-14. [PMID: 16315325 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A nanoliter scale microbioreactor array was designed for multiplexed quantitative cell biology. An addressable 8 x 8 array of three nanoliter chambers was demonstrated for observing the serum response of HeLa human cancer cells in 64 parallel cultures. The individual culture unit was designed with a "C" shaped ring that effectively decoupled the central cell growth regions from the outer fluid transport channels. The chamber layout mimics physiological tissue conditions by implementing an outer channel for convective "blood" flow that feeds cells through diffusion into the low shear "interstitial" space. The 2 microm opening at the base of the "C" ring established a differential fluidic resistance up to 3 orders of magnitude greater than the fluid transport channel within a single mold microfluidic device. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulation were used to predict fluid transport properties based on chamber dimensions and verified experimentally. The microbioreactor array provided a continuous flow culture environment with a Peclet number (0.02) and shear stress (0.01 Pa) that approximated in vivo tissue conditions without limiting mass transport (10 s nutrient turnover). This microfluidic design overcomes the major problems encountered in multiplexing nanoliter culture environments by enabling uniform cell loading, eliminating shear, and pressure stresses on cultured cells, providing stable control of fluidic addressing, and permitting continuous on-chip optical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Biomolecular Nanotechnology Center, Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, 485 Evans Hall, 94720-1762, USA
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29
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Kang YJ, Jeon ES, Song HY, Woo JS, Jung JS, Kim YK, Kim JH. Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:1135-45. [PMID: 15962287 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a critical regulator of proliferation and migration for mesenchymal type cells. In this study, we examined the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in the PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and migration of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hATSCs). The PDGF-induced proliferation was prevented by a pretreatment with the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125. However, it was not prevented by a pretreatment with a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB202190, and a specific inhibitor of the upstream kinase of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), U0126. Treatment with PDGF induced the activation of JNK and ERK in hATSCs, and pretreatment with SP600125 specifically inhibited the PDGF-induced activation of JNK. Treatment with PDGF induced the cell cycle transition from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase, the elevated expression of cyclin D1, and the phosphorylation of Rb, which were prevented by a pretreatment with SP600125. In addition, the PDGF-induced migration of hATSCs was completely blocked by a pretreatment with SP600125, but not with U0126 and SB202190. These results suggest that JNK protein kinase plays a key role in the PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jung Kang
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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30
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Abstract
Approximately 50 years ago, researchers established conditions to maintain cells in tissue culture: Likely et al. (1952), Scherer et al. (1953), Eagle (1955). This simple model system set the stage for discovery of growth factors and the signaling systems that they engage to mediate cellular responses such as proliferation. The purpose of this review is to present the original view of how growth factors regulate cell cycle progression and an updated (priming/completion) version of how growth factors advance resting cells through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Kazlauskas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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31
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Dang I, DeVries GH. Schwann cell lines derived from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors respond abnormally to platelet-derived growth factor-BB. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:318-28. [PMID: 15602756 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disease caused by the loss of neurofibromin, which can lead to formation of highly invasive malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). We characterized platelet-derived growth factor-beta (PDGF-beta) receptor expression levels and signal transduction pathways in NF1 MPNST cell lines and compared them with the expression of PDGF-beta receptors in normal human Schwann cells (nhSC). As examined by Western blotting, PDGF-beta receptor expression levels were similar in nhSC and NF1 MPNST cell lines. MAPK and Akt also were phosphorylated in both cell types to a similar degree in response to PDGF B chains (PDGF-BB). However, increased intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels in response to PDGF-BB were observed only in the NF1 MPNST cell lines; nhSC did not show any increase in intracellular calcium when stimulated with PDGF-BB. The calcium response in NF1 MPNST cell lines was blocked with thapsigargin, suggesting that the PDGF-BB-stimulated increases in intracellular calcium originated in the internal compartment of the cell rather than reflecting influx of calcium from the extracellular compartment. Calmodulin kinase II (CAMKII) is phosphorylated in response to PDGF-BB in the NF1 MPNST cell lines, whereas no phosphorylation of CAMKII was observed in nhSCs. The decreased growth of NF1 MPNST cell lines after treatment with a CAMKII inhibitor is consistent with the view that aberrant activation of the calcium-signaling pathway by PDGF-BB contributes to the formation of MPNST in NF1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Dang
- Research Service, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
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32
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Burch PM, Heintz NH. Redox regulation of cell-cycle re-entry: cyclin D1 as a primary target for the mitogenic effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:741-51. [PMID: 15890020 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species inhibit or promote cell proliferation by modulating the cell signaling pathways that dictate decisions between cell survival, proliferation, and death. In the growth factor-dependent pathways that regulate mitogenesis, numerous positive and negative effectors of signaling are influenced by physiological fluctuations of oxidants, including receptor tyrosine kinases, small GTPases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and transcription factors. The same mitogenic pathways that are sensitive to oxidant levels also directly regulate the expression of cyclin D1, a labile factor required for progression through the G1 phase on the cell cycle. Because the transition from G0 to G1 is the only phase of the cell cycle that is not regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases, but rather by redox-dependent signaling pathways, expression of cyclin D1 represents a primary regulatory node for the dose-dependent effects of oxidants on the induction of cell growth. We suggest that expression of cyclin D1 represents a useful marker for assessing the integration of proliferative and growth inhibitory effects of oxidants on the redox-dependent signaling events that control reentry into the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Burch
- Environmental Pathology Program and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Copp J, Wiley S, Ward MW, van der Geer P. Hypertonic shock inhibits growth factor receptor signaling, induces caspase-3 activation, and causes reversible fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 288:C403-15. [PMID: 15456696 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00095.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress can be encountered by the kidney and the skin, as well as during treatment of acute brain damage. It can lead to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Exactly how mammalian cells detect hyperosmolarity and how the cell chooses between cell cycle arrest or death remains to be established. It has been proposed that hyperosmolarity is detected directly by growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases. To investigate this, we tested whether growth factors and osmotic stress cooperate in the activation of signaling pathways. Receptors responded normally to the presence of growth factors, and we observed normal levels of GTP-bound Ras under hyperosmotic conditions. In contrast, activation of Raf, Akt, ERK1, ERK2, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase was strongly reduced. These observations suggest that hyperosmotic conditions block signaling directly downstream of active Ras. It is thought that apoptotic cell death due to environmental stress is initiated by cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Visualization of cytochrome c using immunofluorescence showed that hypertonic conditions result in a breakup of the mitochondrial network, which is reestablished within 1 h after hypertonic medium is replaced with isotonic medium. When we carried out live imaging, we observed that the mitochondrial membrane potential disappeared immediately after the onset of hyperosmotic shock. Our observations provide new insights into the hypertonic stress response pathway. In addition, they show that signaling downstream of Ras and mitochondrial dynamics can easily be manipulated by the exposure of cells to hyperosmotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Copp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0359, USA
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Abstract
Since its discovery over three decades ago, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been a model system for learning how growth factors regulate biological processes. For the first several decades investigators used cells grown in tissue culture. More recently, PDGF signaling has also been investigated in mice. This review outlines the advances in these two systems, and highlights some of the directions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Tallquist
- Deptartment of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
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35
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Kaburagi Y, Yamashita R, Ito Y, Okochi H, Yamamoto-Honda R, Yasuda K, Sekihara H, Sasazuki T, Kadowaki T, Yazaki Y. Insulin-induced cell cycle progression is impaired in chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing insulin receptor substrate-3. Endocrinology 2004; 145:5862-74. [PMID: 15331570 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the roles of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins in insulin-stimulated cell cycle progression, we examined the functions of rat IRS-1 and IRS-3 in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the human insulin receptor. In this type of cell overexpressing IRS-1 or IRS-3, we showed that: 1) overexpression of IRS-3, but not IRS-1, suppressed the G1/S transition induced by insulin; 2) IRS-3 was more preferentially localized to the nucleus than IRS-1; 3) phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and MAPK/ERK was unaffected by IRS-3 overexpression, whereas that of protein kinase B was enhanced by either IRS; 4) overexpressed IRS-3 suppressed cyclin D1 expression in response to insulin; 5) among the signaling molecules regulating cyclin D1 expression, activation of the small G protein Ral was unchanged, whereas insulin-induced gene expression of c-myc, a critical component for growth control and cell cycle progression, was suppressed by overexpressed IRS-3; and 6) insulin-induced expression of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was decreased by overexpressed IRS-3. These findings imply that: 1) IRS-3 may play a unique role in mitogenesis by inhibiting insulin-stimulated cell cycle progression via a decrease in cyclin D1 and p21 expressions as well as suppression of c-myc mRNA induction in a manner independent of the activation of MAPK, protein kinase B, glycogen synthase kinase 3 and Ral; and 2) the interaction of IRS-3 with nuclear proteins may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kaburagi
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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36
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Klenkler B, Sheardown H. Growth factors in the anterior segment: role in tissue maintenance, wound healing and ocular pathology. Exp Eye Res 2004; 79:677-88. [PMID: 15500826 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A number of growth factors and their associated receptors, including epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, keratinocyte growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor have been detected in the anterior segment of the eye. On binding to cellular receptors, these factors activate signalling cascades, which regulate functions including mitosis, differentiation, motility and apoptosis. Production of growth factors by corneal cells and their presence in the tear fluid and aqueous humour is essential for maintenance and renewal of normal tissue in the anterior eye and the prevention of undesirable immune or angiogenic reactions. Growth factors also play a vital role in corneal wound healing, mediating the proliferation of epithelial and stromal tissue and affecting the remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These functions depend on a complex interplay between growth factors of different types, the ECM, and regulatory mechanisms of the affected cells. Imbalances may lead to deficient wound healing and various ocular pathologies, including edema, neovascularization and glaucoma. Growth factors may be targeted in therapeutic ophthalmic applications, through exogenous application or selective inhibition, and may be used to elicit specific cellular responses to ophthalmic materials. A thorough understanding of the mechanism and function of growth factors and their actions in the complex environment of the anterior eye is required for these purposes. Growth factors, their function and mechanisms of action as well as the interplay between different growth factors based on recent in vitro and in vivo studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Klenkler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4L7
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37
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Adhami VM, Aziz MH, Reagan-Shaw SR, Nihal M, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Sanguinarine causes cell cycle blockade and apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma cells via modulation of cyclin kinase inhibitor-cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase machinery. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.933.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males in the United States. This warrants the development of novel mechanism-based strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of prostate cancer. Several studies have shown that plant-derived alkaloids possess remarkable anticancer effects. Sanguinarine, an alkaloid derived from the bloodroot plant Sanguinaria canadensis, has been shown to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Previously, we have shown that sanguinarine possesses strong antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties against human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells and immortalized human HaCaT keratinocytes. Here, employing androgen-responsive human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells and androgen-unresponsive human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells, we studied the antiproliferative properties of sanguinarine against prostate cancer. Sanguinarine (0.1–2 μmol/L) treatment of LNCaP and DU145 cells for 24 hours resulted in dose-dependent (1) inhibition of cell growth [as evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay], (2) arrest of cells in G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle (as assessed by DNA cell cycle analysis), and (3) induction of apoptosis (as evaluated by DNA ladder formation and flow cytometry). To define the mechanism of antiproliferative effects of sanguinarine against prostate cancer, we studied the effect of sanguinarine on critical molecular events known to regulate the cell cycle and the apoptotic machinery. Immunoblot analysis showed that sanguinarine treatment of both LNCaP and DU145 cells resulted in significant (1) induction of cyclin kinase inhibitors p21/WAF1 and p27/KIP1; (2) down-regulation of cyclin E, D1, and D2; and (3) down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, 4, and 6. A highlight of this study was the fact that sanguinarine induced growth inhibitory and antiproliferative effects in human prostate carcinoma cells irrespective of their androgen status. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the involvement of cyclin kinase inhibitor-cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase machinery during cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by sanguinarine. These results suggest that sanguinarine may be developed as an agent for the management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hasan Mukhtar
- 1Department of Dermatology,
- 2Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- 1Department of Dermatology,
- 2Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- 3Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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38
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LaDisa JF, Olson LE, Guler I, Hettrick DA, Audi SH, Kersten JR, Warltier DC, Pagel PS. Stent design properties and deployment ratio influence indexes of wall shear stress: a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics investigation within a normal artery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:424-30; discussion 416. [PMID: 14766776 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01329.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Restenosis limits the effectiveness of stents, but the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain incompletely described. Stent geometry and expansion during deployment produce alterations in vascular anatomy that may adversely affect wall shear stress (WSS) and correlate with neointimal hyperplasia. These considerations have been neglected in previous computational fluid dynamics models of stent hemodynamics. Thus we tested the hypothesis that deployment diameter and stent strut properties (e.g., number, width, and thickness) influence indexes of WSS predicted with three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics. Simulations were based on canine coronary artery diameter measurements. Stent-to-artery ratios of 1.1 or 1.2:1 were modeled, and computational vessels containing four or eight struts of two widths (0.197 or 0.329 mm) and two thicknesses (0.096 or 0.056 mm) subjected to an inlet velocity of 0.105 m/s were examined. WSS and spatial WSS gradients were calculated and expressed as a percentage of the stent and vessel area. Reducing strut thickness caused regions subjected to low WSS (<5 dyn/cm2) to decrease by ∼87%. Increasing the number of struts produced a 2.75-fold increase in exposure to low WSS. Reducing strut width also caused a modest increase in the area of the vessel experiencing low WSS. Use of a 1.2:1 deployment ratio increased exposure to low WSS by 12-fold compared with stents implanted in a 1.1:1 stent-to-vessel ratio. Thinner struts caused a modest reduction in the area of the vessel subjected to elevated WSS gradients, but values were similar for the other simulations. The results suggest that stent designs that reduce strut number and thickness are less likely to subject the vessel to distributions of WSS associated with neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F LaDisa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
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Monnerat C, Henriksson R, Le Chevalier T, Novello S, Berthaud P, Faivre S, Raymond E. Phase I study of PKC412 (N-benzoyl-staurosporine), a novel oral protein kinase C inhibitor, combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2004; 15:316-23. [PMID: 14760128 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdh052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PKC412 (N-benzoyl-staurosporine), an oral inhibitor of protein kinase C, is capable of cell cycle inhibition and is endowed with anti-angiogenic properties. This dose-finding phase I study was designed to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PKC412 when combined with cisplatin-gemcitabine. PATIENTS AND METHODS Escalating doses of PKC412 were given every day of a 4 week cycle with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on day 2 and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Dose escalation was based on a modified continuous reassessment method. RESULTS Twenty-three patients, assigned to four cohorts receiving PKC412 at a dose ranging from 25 to 150 mg/day were evaluable. Grade 3 diarrhea occurring in 3/4 patients at cycle 1 led us to define 150 mg/day as the MTD. The MTD based on multiple cycles was redefined as 100 mg/day, since prolonged grade 2-3 nausea/vomiting leading to treatment discontinuation occurred in 3/7 patients after repeated cycles. The next lower dose tested of 50 mg/day was therefore considered as the recommended dose for phase II trials. Among 33 cycles in eight patients, toxicity consisted of grade 1-2 diarrhea (12.5%) and asthenia (50%) with only one patient experiencing grade 3 headache at this dose level. A partial response was observed in three patients. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that PKC412 at a dose of 50 mg/day can be safely added to cisplatin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Monnerat
- Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
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40
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Toy-Miou-Leong M, Cortes CL, Beaudet A, Rostène W, Forgez P. Receptor trafficking via the perinuclear recycling compartment accompanied by cell division is necessary for permanent neurotensin cell sensitization and leads to chronic mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:12636-46. [PMID: 14699144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303384200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Most G protein-coupled receptors are internalized after interaction with their respective ligand, a process that subsequently contributes to cell desensitization, receptor endocytosis, trafficking, and finally cell resensitization. Although cellular mechanisms leading to cell desensitization have been widely studied, those responsible for cell resensitization are still poorly understood. We examined here the traffic of the high affinity neurotensin receptor (NT1 receptor) following prolonged exposure to high agonist concentration. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy of Chinese hamster ovary, human neuroblastoma (CHP 212), and murine neuroblastoma (N1E-115) cells expressing green fluorescent protein-tagged NT1 receptor revealed that under prolonged treatment with saturating concentrations of neurotensin (NT) agonist, NT1 receptor and NT transiently accumulated in the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC). During this cellular event, cell surface receptors remained markedly depleted as detected by both confocal microscopy and (125)I-NT binding assays. In dividing cells, we observed that following prolonged NT agonist stimulation, NT1 receptors were removed from the PNRC, accumulated in dispersed vesicles inside the cytoplasm, and subsequently reappeared at the cell surface. This NT binding recovery allowed for constant cell sensitization and led to a chronic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p42 and p44. Under these conditions, the constant activation of NT1 receptor generates an oncogenic regulation. These observations support the potent role for neuropeptides, such as NT, in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Toy-Miou-Leong
- INSERM Unit 482, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
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41
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Abstract
The purine nucleoside adenosine acts via four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes: the adenosine A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptor. They are all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) coupling to classical second messenger pathways such as modulation of cAMP production or the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway. In addition, they couple to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which could give them a role in cell growth, survival, death and differentiation. Although each of the adenosine receptors can activate one or more of the MAPKs, the mechanisms appear to differ substantially, both between receptor subtypes in the same cell type and between the same receptor in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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Rabelo FLA, Ropert C, Ramos MG, Bonjardim CA, Gazzinelli RT, Alvarez-Leite JI. Inhibition of ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation by caspase-dependent mechanism enhances apoptosis in a fibrosarcoma cell line treated with butyrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:968-72. [PMID: 12670506 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the role of MAPKs on apoptosis induced by butyrate in cells derived from a human fibrosarcoma (2C4). Culture of 2C4 cells in 5% of fetal bovine serum (FBS) induced ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation and delayed apoptosis induced by butyrate. Butyrate inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB. Furthermore, the use of specific inhibitors PD98059 (MEK) and H89 (PKA), which block ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation, accelerated butyrate induced cell death in 2C4 cells. The butyrate effect was shown to be dependent on caspase activation, once caspase inhibitors restored phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB in 2C4 cells. However, the proteolytic effect of caspases was not directly on ERK1/2 and CREB proteins. In conclusion, butyrate induced apoptosis in 2C4 cells is regulated by the levels of ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation in a caspase dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia L A Rabelo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, CEP 30 161-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Gupta S, Hussain T, Mukhtar H. Molecular pathway for (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 410:177-85. [PMID: 12559991 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenolic constituent present in green tea, is a promising chemopreventive agent. We recently showed that green tea polyphenols exert remarkable preventive effects against prostate cancer in a mouse model and many of these effects are mediated by the ability of polyphenols to induce apoptosis in cancer cells [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 10350]. Earlier, we showed that EGCG causes a G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of both androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-insensitive DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells, irrespective of p53 status [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 164 (2000) 82]. Here, we provide molecular understanding of this effect. We tested a hypothesis that EGCG-mediated cell cycle dysregulation and apoptosis is mediated via modulation of cyclin kinase inhibitor (cki)-cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) machinery. As shown by immunoblot analysis, EGCG treatment of LNCaP and DU145 cells resulted in significant dose- and time-dependent (i) upregulation of the protein expression of WAF1/p21, KIP1/p27, INK4a/p16, and INK4c/p18, (ii) down-modulation of the protein expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cdk2, cdk4, and cdk6, but not of cyclin D2, (iii) increase in the binding of cyclin D1 toward WAF1/p21 and KIP1/p27, and (iv) decrease in the binding of cyclin E toward cdk2. Taken together, our results suggest that EGCG causes an induction of G1 phase ckis, which inhibits the cyclin-cdk complexes operative in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, thereby causing an arrest, which may be an irreversible process ultimately leading to apoptotic cell death. This is the first systematic study showing the involvement of each component of cdk inhibitor-cyclin-cdk machinery during cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human prostate carcinoma cells by EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Jim & Eillen Dicke Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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44
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Zhu Y, Jin K, Mao XO, Greenberg DA. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes proliferation of cortical neuron precursors by regulating E2F expression. FASEB J 2003; 17:186-93. [PMID: 12554697 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0515com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, or the production of new neurons, is regulated by physiological and pathological processes including aging, stress, and brain injury. Many mitogenic and trophic factors that regulate proliferation of nonneuronal cells are also involved in neurogenesis. These include vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), which stimulates the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into neuronal precursor cells in vitro and in the adult rat brain in vivo. Using BrdU labeling as an index of cell proliferation, we found that the in vitro neuroproliferative effect of VEGF was associated with up-regulation of E2F family transcription factors, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cdc25. VEGF also increased nuclear expression of E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3, consistent with regulation of the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle. The proliferative effect of VEGF was inhibited by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF102390X, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, indicating involvement of multiple signaling pathways. These findings help to provide a molecular basis for some of the recently identified neuronal effects of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Zhu
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, USA
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Cyclin-dependent kinase-2 controls oligodendrocyte progenitor cell cycle progression and is downregulated in adult oligodendrocyte progenitors. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12351729 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-19-08553.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor (OP) cells is a crucial process controlling myelination in the CNS. Previous studies demonstrated a correlation between OP proliferation rate and cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (cdk2) activity. To establish a causal link between cyclin E/cdk2 activity and OP proliferation, we selectively modulated cdk2 activity in vitro by transfection of cultured OP cells. Dominant-negative (Dn)-cdk2 overexpression inhibited mitogen-induced OP cell proliferation, whereas wild-type (wt)-cdk2 prevented cell cycle arrest caused by anti-mitotic signals. Dn-cdk2- or wt-cdk2-mediated regulation of G(1)/S transition, per se, did not influence initiation of OP differentiation. To study the function of cyclin E/cdk2 in OP cells during development in vivo, we analyzed cdk2 and cyclin E expression in cells acutely isolated from transgenic mice expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the 2'-3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase gene promoter. Both cyclin E/cdk2 protein levels and activity were decreased in GFP(+) oligodendrocyte lineage cells between postnatal days 4 and 30. Immunostaining of NG2(+)/GFP(+) OP cells in brain tissue sections showed a 90% decrease in overall cell proliferation and cdk2 expression between perinatal and adult cells. However, cdk2 expression within the proliferating (i.e., expressing the proliferating cell nuclear antigen) OP cell population was maintained throughout development. Our data indicate that: (1) cyclin E/cdk2 activity plays a pivotal function in OP cell cycle decisions occurring at G(1)/S checkpoint; (2) initiation of OP differentiation is independent of cyclinE/cdk2 checkpoint, and (3) intrinsic differences in cyclin E/cdk2 expression and activity may underlie the slowly proliferative state that characterizes so-called "quiescent" adult OP cells in vivo.
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Reddy SM, Hsiao KHK, Abernethy VE, Fan H, Longacre A, Lieberthal W, Rauch J, Koh JS, Levine JS. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages induces novel signaling events leading to cytokine-independent survival and inhibition of proliferation: activation of Akt and inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:702-13. [PMID: 12097372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, initially thought to be a silent event, can modulate macrophage (M phi) function. We show in this work that phagocytic uptake of apoptotic cells or bodies, in the absence of serum or soluble survival factors, inhibits apoptosis and maintains viability of primary cultures of murine peritoneal and bone marrow M phi with a potency approaching that of serum-supplemented medium. Apoptotic uptake also profoundly inhibits the proliferation of bone marrow M phi stimulated to proliferate by M-CSF. While inhibition of proliferation is an unusual property for survival factors, the combination of increased survival and decreased proliferation may aid the M phi in its role as a scavenger during resolution of inflammation. The ability of apoptotic cells to promote survival and inhibit proliferation appears to be the result of simultaneous activation of Akt and inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2). While several activators of the innate immune system, or danger signals, also inhibit apoptosis and proliferation, danger signals and necrotic cells differ from apoptotic cells in that they activate, rather than inhibit, ERK1/2. These signaling differences may underlie the opposing tendencies of apoptotic cells and danger signals in promoting tolerance vs immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman M Reddy
- Renal Section, Evans Memorial Department of Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Guo Y, Hsu DK, Feng SL, Richards CM, Winkles JA. Polypeptide growth factors and phorbol ester induce progressive ankylosis (ank) gene expression in murine and human fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2002; 84:27-38. [PMID: 11746513 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptide growth factors promote cellular proliferation by binding to specific plasma membrane-anchored receptors. This interaction triggers the phosphorylation of signal transducing molecules and the transcriptional activation of numerous genes. We have used a differential display approach to identify fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1-inducible genes in murine NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Here we report that one of these genes encodes ank, a type IIIa transmembrane protein reported to function in cells as an inorganic pyrophosphate transporter. FGF-1 induction of ank mRNA expression is first detectable at 2 h after growth factor addition and is dependent on de novo RNA and protein synthesis. Ank gene expression is also upregulated after treating quiescent fibroblasts with several other mitogenic agents (e.g., calf serum or platelet-derived growth factor-BB) or the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Furthermore, in comparison to parental NIH 3T3 cells, oncogene-transformed NIH 3T3 cells constitutively express elevated levels of ank mRNA. FGF-1 also increases ank gene expression in non-immortalized human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Finally, the murine and human ank genes are expressed in vivo in a tissue-specific manner, with highest levels of mRNA expression found in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. These results indicate that ank is a growth factor-regulated delayed-early response gene in mammalian cells, and we propose that increased ank expression during cell cycle progression may be necessary to maintain proper intracellular pyrophosphate levels during conditions of high cellular metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Vascular Biology, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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Abstract
The role of PKC isoforms in signal transduction pathways involved in regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, differentiation, invasiveness, senescence and drug efflux are reviewed, along with the clinical results on the current crop of PKC inhibitors, including midostaurin (PKC-412, CGP 41251, N -benzoylstaurosporine), UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine), bryostatin 1, perifosine, ilmofosine, Ro 31-8220, Ro 32-0432, GO 6976, ISIS-3521 (CGP 64128A) and the macrocyclic bis (indolyl) maleimides (LY-333531, LY-379196, LY-317615). An appreciation of the complex, often contradictory roles of PKC isoforms in signal transduction pathways involved in cancer is important for interpreting the clinical results observed with PKC inhibitors of varying selectivity. An antisense oligonucleotide, ISIS-3521 and two orally available small molecule inhibitors, LY 333531 and midostaurin, have now advanced to latter stage development for cancer and/or other indications. These compounds have varying levels of selectivity for the PKC isoforms and for the kinase and initial safety and early clinical efficacy have been encouraging. At this stage, the potential of PKC inhibition for the treatment of cancer has not been fully realised. The concurrent inhibition of multiple PKC isoforms may yet provide an improved clinical outcome in treating cancers in view of the complex interrelated roles of the PKC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Goekjian
- Laboratoire Chimie Organique II/UMR 5622, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Bat. 308-CPE, 3 Rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Li W, Fan J, Woodley DT. Nck/Dock: an adapter between cell surface receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. Oncogene 2001; 20:6403-17. [PMID: 11607841 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In response to extracellular signals, cell surface receptors engage in connections with multiple intracellular signaling pathways, leading to the cellular responses such as survival, migration, proliferation and differentiation. The 'pY-->SH2/SH3-->effector' connection is a frequently used scheme by many cell surface receptors, in which SH2/SH3-containing adapters connect protein tyrosine phosphorylation to a variety of downstream effector pathways. Following the initial landmark finding that Grb2 adapter links the receptors to the Ras pathway leading to DNA synthesis, recent studies have revealed that the biological function of the SH2/SH3 adapter Nck/Dock is to link cell surface receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. For example, in the evolutionarily-conserved signaling network, GEF-Rac-Nck-Pak, Nck 'fixes up' the interaction of Pak with its upstream activator, Rac. The activated Pak then regulates the cytoskeletal dynamics. The fact that the majority of the more than 20 Nck-SH3-associated effectors are regulators of the actin cytoskeleton suggests that Nck/Dock regulates, via binding to distinct effectors, various cell type-specific motogenic responses. This review focuses on our current understanding of Nck/Dock function. Due to the number and complexity of the terminologies used in this review, a 'Glossary of Terms' is provided to help reduce confusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology and the Norris Cancer Center, the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1303 North Mission Road, Los Angeles, California CA 90033, USA.
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