1
|
Piazzesi A, Scanu M, Ciprandi G, Putignani L. Modulations of the skin microbiome in skin disorders: A narrative review from a wound care perspective. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e70087. [PMID: 39379177 PMCID: PMC11461044 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.70087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The cutaneous microbiome represents a highly dynamic community of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Scientific evidence, particularly from the last two decades, has revealed that these organisms are far from being inconsequential microscopic hitchhikers on the human body, nor are they all opportunistic pathogens waiting for the chance to penetrate the skin barrier and cause infection. In this review, we will describe how dermatological diseases have been found to be associated with disruptions and imbalances in the skin microbiome and how this new evidence had shaped the diagnosis and clinical practice relating to these disorders. We will identify the microbial agents which have been found to directly exacerbate skin diseases, as well as those which can ameliorate many of the symptoms associated with dermatological disorders. Furthermore, we will discuss the studies which suggest that bacteriotherapy, either by topical use of probiotics or by bacteria-derived compounds, can rectify skin microbial imbalances, thereby offering a promising alternative to antibiotic treatment and reducing the risks of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Piazzesi
- Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Unit of the MicrobiomeBambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Matteo Scanu
- Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Unit of the MicrobiomeBambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Guido Ciprandi
- Research Institute Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of SurgeryBambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics; and Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Unit of the MicrobiomeBambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCSRomeItaly
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Govender P, Ghai M. Population-specific differences in the human microbiome: Factors defining the diversity. Gene 2024; 933:148923. [PMID: 39244168 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Differences in microbial communities at different body habitats define the microbiome composition of the human body. The gut, oral, skin vaginal fluid and tissue microbiome, are pivotal for human development and immune response and cross talk between these microbiomes is evident. Population studies reveal that various factors, such as host genetics, diet, lifestyle, aging, and geographical location are strongly associated with population-specific microbiome differences. The present review discusses the factors that shape microbiome diversity in humans, and microbiome differences in African, Asian and Caucasian populations. Gut microbiome studies show that microbial species Bacteroides is commonly found in individuals living in Western countries (Caucasian populations), while Prevotella is prevalent in non-Western countries (African and Asian populations). This association is mainly due to the high carbohydrate, high fat diet in western countries in contrast to high fibre, low fat diets in African/ Asian regions. Majority of the microbiome studies focus on the bacteriome component; however, interesting findings reveal that increased bacteriophage richness, which makes up the virome component, correlates with decreased bacterial diversity, and causes microbiome dysbiosis. An increase of Caudovirales (bacteriophages) is associated with a decrease in enteric bacteria in inflammatory bowel diseases. Future microbiome studies should evaluate the interrelation between bacteriome and virome to fully understand their significance in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases. With ethnic health disparities becoming increasingly apparent, studies need to emphasize on the association of population-specific microbiome differences and human diseases, to develop microbiome-based therapeutics. Additionally, targeted phage therapy is emerging as an attractive alternative to antibiotics for bacterial infections. With rapid rise in microbiome research, focus should be on standardizing protocols, advanced bioinformatics tools, and reducing sequencing platform related biases. Ultimately, integration of multi-omics data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) will lead to precision models for personalized microbiome therapeutics advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Govender
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa
| | - Meenu Ghai
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun C, Hu G, Yi L, Ge W, Yang Q, Yang X, He Y, Liu Z, Chen WH. Integrated analysis of facial microbiome and skin physio-optical properties unveils cutotype-dependent aging effects. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:163. [PMID: 39232827 PMCID: PMC11376020 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our facial skin hosts millions of microorganisms, primarily bacteria, crucial for skin health by maintaining the physical barrier, modulating immune response, and metabolizing bioactive materials. Aging significantly influences the composition and function of the facial microbiome, impacting skin immunity, hydration, and inflammation, highlighting potential avenues for interventions targeting aging-related facial microbes amidst changes in skin physiological properties. RESULTS We conducted a multi-center and deep sequencing survey to investigate the intricate interplay of aging, skin physio-optical conditions, and facial microbiome. Leveraging a newly-generated dataset of 2737 species-level metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), our integrative analysis highlighted aging as the primary driver, influencing both facial microbiome composition and key skin characteristics, including moisture, sebum production, gloss, pH, elasticity, and sensitivity. Further mediation analysis revealed that skin characteristics significantly impacted the microbiome, mostly as a mediator of aging. Utilizing this dataset, we uncovered two consistent cutotypes across sampling cities and identified aging-related microbial MAGs. Additionally, a Facial Aging Index (FAI) was formulated based on the microbiome, uncovering the cutotype-dependent effects of unhealthy lifestyles on skin aging. Finally, we distinguished aging related microbial pathways influenced by lifestyles with cutotype-dependent effect. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings emphasize aging's central role in facial microbiome dynamics, and support personalized skin microbiome interventions by targeting lifestyle, skin properties, and aging-related microbial factors. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuqing Sun
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center for Research and Development, Xiamen Treatgut Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guoru Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liwen Yi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingyu Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hospital, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yifan He
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, 510799, China.
- School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering and Institute of Cosmetic Regulatory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Institution of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang L, Huang H, Liang X, Su Q, Ye L, Zhai C, Huang E, Pang J, Zhong X, Shi M, Chen L. Skin locations inference and body fluid identification from skin microbial patterns for forensic applications. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 362:112152. [PMID: 39067177 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Given that microbiological analysis can be an alternative method that overcomes the shortcomings of traditional forensic technology, and skin samples may be the most common source of cases, the analysis of skin microbiome was investigated in this study. High-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was performed to reveal the skin microbiome of healthy individuals in Guangdong Han. The bacterial diversity of the palm, navel, groin and plantar of the same individual was analyzed. The overall classification based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons revealed that the microbial composition of skin samples from different anatomical parts was different, and the dominant bacterial genus of the navel, plantar, groin and palm skin were dominated by Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus, respectively. PCoA analysis showed that the skin at these four anatomical locations could only be grouped into three clusters. A predictive model based on random forest algorithm showed the potential to accurately distinguish these four anatomical locations, which indicated that specific bacteria with low abundance were the key taxa. In addition, the skin microbiome in this study is significantly different from the dominant microbiome in saliva and vaginal secretions identified in our previous study, and can be distinguished from these two tissue fluids. In conclusion, the present findings on the community and microbial structure details of the human skin may reveal its potential application value in assessing the location of skin samples and the type of body fluids in forensic medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Litao Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qin Su
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Linying Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chuangyan Zhai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Enping Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Junjie Pang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - XingYu Zhong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Meisen Shi
- Criminal Justice College of China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Licht P, Dominelli N, Kleemann J, Pastore S, Müller ES, Haist M, Hartmann KS, Stege H, Bros M, Meissner M, Grabbe S, Heermann R, Mailänder V. The skin microbiome stratifies patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma and determines event-free survival. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:74. [PMID: 39198450 PMCID: PMC11358159 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common entity of Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) and is characterized by the presence of clonal malignant T cells in the skin. The role of the skin microbiome for MF development and progression are currently poorly understood. Using shotgun metagenomic profiling, real-time qPCR, and T cell receptor sequencing, we compared lesional and nonlesional skin of 20 MF patients with early and advanced MF. Additionally, we isolated Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria from MF skin for functional profiling and to study the S. aureus virulence factor spa. We identified a subgroup of MF patients with substantial dysbiosis on MF lesions and concomitant outgrowth of S. aureus on plaque-staged lesions, while the other MF patients had a balanced microbiome on lesional skin. Dysbiosis and S. aureus outgrowth were accompanied by ectopic levels of cutaneous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including adaptation of the plaque-derived S. aureus strain. Furthermore, the plaque-derived S. aureus strain showed a reduced susceptibility towards antibiotics and an upregulation of the virulence factor spa, which may activate the NF-κB pathway. Remarkably, patients with dysbiosis on MF lesions had a restricted T cell receptor repertoire and significantly lower event-free survival. Our study highlights the potential for microbiome-modulating treatments targeting S. aureus to prevent MF progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Licht
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nazzareno Dominelli
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Institute of Molecular Physiology (imP), Biocenter II, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Kleemann
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Pastore
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Institute of Human Genetics, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena-Sophia Müller
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Institute of Molecular Physiology (imP), Biocenter II, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Haist
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Henner Stege
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Meissner
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Johannes Gutenberg-University, Institute of Molecular Physiology (imP), Biocenter II, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- University Medical Centre Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fan KD, Ogunrinde E, Wan Z, Li C, Jiang W. Racial Disparities in Plasma Cytokine and Microbiome Profiles. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1453. [PMID: 39065221 PMCID: PMC11279229 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many health issues prevalent in African American (AA) populations are associated with chronic inflammation and related health conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, neurologic disorders, metabolic syndromes, and others. The current study aims to understand plasma microbiome translocation as a potential trigger for chronic inflammation. METHODS In this study, 16 Caucasian American (CA) and 22 African American (AA) healthy individuals were recruited. Microbial DNA was isolated from the plasma samples and sequenced via microbial 16S rRNA V3-4 sequencing. The plasma levels of 33 cytokines and chemokines were evaluated. The proinflammatory microbiomes were verified using human THP-1 cells in vitro. RESULTS The plasma levels of IL-6, IL-15, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and MIP-3α were higher in the AA people, whereas IL-1α and IL-27 were elevated in the CA people. The plasma microbiomes exhibited eight bacterial genera/phyla differentially enriched in the CA and AA people. Given the critical role of IL-6 in chronic inflammation and associated diseases, we identified five bacteria genera significantly associated with IL-6. The abundance of Actinomyces was positively correlated with the plasma IL-6 level (r = 0.41, p = 0.01), while the abundance of Kurthia (r = -0.34, p = 0.04), Noviherbaspirillum (r = -0.34, p = 0.04), Candidatus Protochlamydia (r = -0.36, p = 0.03), and Reyranella (r = -0.39, p = 0.02) was negatively correlated with this. Finally, the THP-1 cells treated with heat-killed bacteria produced higher levels of IL-6 in vitro in response to the Actinomyces species compared to the species in the genus either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with IL-6. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report potential blood microbiome translocation as a driver for persistently elevated IL-6 levels in the periphery in healthy AA versus CA people. Understanding the plasma microbiome linked to the IL-6 levels in people with different racial backgrounds is essential to unraveling the therapeutic approaches to improve precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Fan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave. Basic Science Building BS208F, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.D.F.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Zhuang Wan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave. Basic Science Building BS208F, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.D.F.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chao Li
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA;
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave. Basic Science Building BS208F, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.D.F.); (Z.W.)
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bényei ÉB, Nazeer RR, Askenasy I, Mancini L, Ho PM, Sivarajan GAC, Swain JEV, Welch M. The past, present and future of polymicrobial infection research: Modelling, eavesdropping, terraforming and other stories. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 85:259-323. [PMID: 39059822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two centuries, great advances have been made in microbiology as a discipline. Much of this progress has come about as a consequence of studying the growth and physiology of individual microbial species in well-defined laboratory media; so-called "axenic growth". However, in the real world, microbes rarely live in such "splendid isolation" (to paraphrase Foster) and more often-than-not, share the niche with a plethora of co-habitants. The resulting interactions between species (and even between kingdoms) are only very poorly understood, both on a theoretical and experimental level. Nevertheless, the last few years have seen significant progress, and in this review, we assess the importance of polymicrobial infections, and show how improved experimental traction is advancing our understanding of these. A particular focus is on developments that are allowing us to capture the key features of polymicrobial infection scenarios, especially as those associated with the human airways (both healthy and diseased).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Askenasy
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pok-Man Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jemima E V Swain
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun X, Han B, Han Q, Yu Q, Wang S, Feng J, Feng T, Li X, Zhang S, Li H. Similarity of Chinese and Pakistani oral microbiome. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:38. [PMID: 38372789 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-01933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Oral microbiota is vital for human health and can be affected by various factors (i.e. diets, ethnicity). However, few studies have compared oral microbiota of individuals from different nationalities in the same environment. Here, we explored the assembly and interaction of oral microbial communities of Chinese and Pakistanis in one university. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the predominant microorganisms in the oral cavity of Chinese and Pakistanis. Streptococcus and Neisseria were the dominant genera of China, while Streptococcus and Haemophilus were the dominant genera of Pakistanis. In addition, the oral community membership and structure were not influenced by season, Chinese/Pakistani student and gender, reflecting the stability of the human oral microbiome. The beta diversity of oral microbiomes between Chinese and Pakistanis significantly differed in winter, but not in spring. The alpha diversity of Chinese students and Pakistani students was similar. Moreover, oral microbial community of both Chinese and Pakistani students was mainly driven by stochastic processes. The microbial network of Chinese was more complexity and stability than that of Pakistanis. Our study uncovers the characteristics of human oral microbiota, which is of great significance for oral and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Sun
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Binghua Han
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qian Han
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiaoling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sijie Wang
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Digestive, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Tianshu Feng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoshan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou, 404120, China
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou, 404120, China.
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Woo YR, Kim HS. Interaction between the microbiota and the skin barrier in aging skin: a comprehensive review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1322205. [PMID: 38312314 PMCID: PMC10834687 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1322205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the microbes and the skin barrier holds pivotal significance in skin health and aging. The skin and gut, both of which are critical immune and neuroendocrine system, harbor microbes that are kept in balance. Microbial shifts are seen with aging and may accelerate age-related skin changes. This comprehensive review investigates the intricate connection between microbe dynamics, skin barrier, and the aging process. The gut microbe plays essential roles in the human body, safeguarding the host, modulating metabolism, and shaping immunity. Aging can perturb the gut microbiome which in turn accentuates inflammaging by further promoting senescent cell accumulation and compromising the host's immune response. Skin microbiota diligently upholds the epidermal barrier, adeptly fending off pathogens. The aging skin encompasses alterations in the stratum corneum structure and lipid content, which negatively impact the skin's barrier function with decreased moisture retention and increased vulnerability to infection. Efficacious restoration of the skin barrier and dysbiosis with strategic integration of acidic cleansers, emollients with optimal lipid composition, antioxidants, and judicious photoprotection may be a proactive approach to aging. Furthermore, modulation of the gut-skin axis through probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics emerges as a promising avenue to enhance skin health as studies have substantiated their efficacy in enhancing hydration, reducing wrinkles, and fortifying barrier integrity. In summary, the intricate interplay between microbes and skin barrier function is intrinsically woven into the tapestry of aging. Sound understanding of these interactions, coupled with strategic interventions aimed at recalibrating the microbiota and barrier equilibrium, holds the potential to ameliorate skin aging. Further in-depth studies are necessary to better understand skin-aging and develop targeted strategies for successful aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Woo
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hei Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Z, Ran H, Hua Y, Deng F, Zeng B, Chai J, Li Y. Screening and evaluation of skin potential probiotic from high-altitude Tibetans to repair ultraviolet radiation damage. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1273902. [PMID: 37928688 PMCID: PMC10620709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1273902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin microbes play critical roles in skin health and diseases. Microbes colonizing on the skin of Tibetans living in the high-altitude area for generations may have a stronger ability to resist the harsh environment, such as high ultraviolet radiation (UV). Isolation of a potential probiotic from Tibetans skin is beneficial for resistance of skin disease for humans in the world. In this study, the signature microbiota for Tibetan skin were characterized compared to low-altitude humans. Next, using culture-omics, 118 species were isolated. The culturability of high-altitude of Tibetan skin microbiome reached approximate 66.8%. Next, we found that one strain, Pantoea eucrina, had the greatest ability to repair UV damage to the skin as the lowest pathological score was observed in this group. Interestingly, another animal trial found this bacterium resisted UV rather than its metabolites. Using whole genome sequencing, this strain P. eucrina KBFS172 was confirmed, and its functions were annotated. It might involve in the metabolic pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis with anti-oxidative stress properties, which plays critical roles in UV-damage repair. In conclusion, we characterized the signature microbes of skin in high-altitude Tibetans, isolated a skin bacterium of Pantoea eucrina KBFS172 which could repair UV damage via involving the metabolic pathway of carotenoid biosynthesis. Our results provide a new potential skin probiotic for skin disease prevention or sunburn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Haixia Ran
- Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Technology Extension Station, Chongqing, China
| | - Yutong Hua
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feilong Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmin Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu X, Tang M, Dong K, Zhou J, Wang D, Song L. Changes in the skin microbiome during male maturation from 0 to 25 years of age. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13432. [PMID: 37753696 PMCID: PMC10493343 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin microorganisms co-develop with the human body and age influences the skin microenvironment and thus the skin bacterial community. OBJECTIVES To investigate the changes in the skin microbiota during male development. METHODS High-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA pyrosequencing was utilized to analyze the differences in bacterial composition of the skin in healthy males aged 0-25 years. RESULTS There were significant differences in facial skin bacterial diversity (Shannon index) and richness (Chao index) among the 4 groups of subjects (p < 0.05). Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium are dominant in males during growth, and regular changes occur with age after birth. Further analysis of skin bacteria between the 4 groups showed that the bacterial abundance of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis tended to increase with age, and the bacterial abundance of Streptococcus, Rothia mucilaginosa, and Staphylococcus hominis tended to decrease with age. CONCLUSIONS There are some changes in cheek skin bacterial diversity during male development, and there is a relationship between skin bacterial changes and skin development processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meng Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kun Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jin Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dexian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Liya Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghosh A, Panda S. Cutaneous Dysbiosis and Dermatophytosis: The Unexplored Link. Indian J Dermatol 2023; 68:508-514. [PMID: 38099124 PMCID: PMC10718259 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_828_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, besides being the largest interface between the body and the external environment, also forms an ecological niche which is populated by almost a trillion microorganisms. These, collectively known as the cutaneous microbiome, form a dynamic yet well-controlled system that resists invasion by pathogenic microorganisms, functioning as the so-called 'microbiological barrier', modulating the body's immune response, indirectly playing a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. The composition and complexity of the microbiome are yet to be fully understood. The term 'dysbiosis' originally was coined in 1908 for a change in the gut microbiome. The potential role of 'cutaneous dysbiosis' in human dermatophytic infections, especially in the backdrop of the current epidemic of chronic, recurrent and treatment-resistant dermatophytosis, is understandably a topic of interest. The purpose of this review was to assess all studies using culture-independent methods for analysing the skin microbiome in various dermatophyte infections. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the terms 'microbiome', 'dysbiosis', 'dermatophytes', 'dermatophytosis' and 'tinea'. All studies involving the use of standard sequencing methods for the study of the microbiome in various dermatophytoses were included. A total of four studies assessing the local skin microbiome associated with dermatophytic infections were found-one for tinea capitis, one for onychomycosis (in both psoriatic and nonpsoriatic nails) and two studying patients of tinea pedis. The studies determined the microbiological patterns in patients and compared them with healthy individuals using sequencing methods. Significant differences in the species diversity and counts of the various microorganisms between patient and control groups were demonstrated in all. However, cross-sectional design and the absence of pre- and post-treatment data along with a limited sample size were the major limitations in all of them. No data regarding other forms of tinea, most importantly, tinea cruris, corporis, faciei, etc. were found. The existing studies demonstrate a change in the microbiome or dysbiosis associated with cases of dermatophytosis, but are inadequate to determine a causal association. The changes may also be wholly or partly attributed to the effect of the infection. Further longitudinal studies from different regions of the world, also involving other forms of dermatophytosis, are required to provide a clearer insight and a more representative picture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Ghosh
- From the Department of Dermatology, K.P.C Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Saumya Panda
- Department of Dermatology, JIMS Hospital and Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leung MHY, Tong X, Shen Z, Du S, Bastien P, Appenzeller BMR, Betts RJ, Mezzache S, Bourokba N, Cavusoglu N, Aguilar L, Misra N, Clavaud C, Lee PKH. Skin microbiome differentiates into distinct cutotypes with unique metabolic functions upon exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:124. [PMID: 37264459 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of air pollutants, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), on the skin microbiome remain poorly understood. Thus, to better understand the interplay between air pollutants, microbiomes, and skin conditions, we applied metagenomics and metabolomics to analyze the effects of PAHs in air pollution on the skin microbiomes of over 120 subjects residing in two cities in China with different levels of air pollution. RESULTS The skin microbiomes differentiated into two cutotypes (termed 1 and 2) with distinct taxonomic, functional, resistome, and metabolite compositions as well as skin phenotypes that transcended geography and host factors. High PAH exposure was linked to dry skin and cutotype 2, which was enriched with species with potential biodegradation functions and had reduced correlation network structure integrity. The positive correlations identified between dominant taxa, key functional genes, and metabolites in the arginine biosynthesis pathway in cutotype 1 suggest that arginine from bacteria contributes to the synthesis of filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factors (NMFs), which provide hydration for the skin, and could explain the normal skin phenotype observed. In contrast, no correlation with the arginine biosynthesis pathway was observed in cutotype 2, which indicates the limited hydration functions of NMFs and explains the observed dry skin phenotype. In addition to dryness, skin associated with cutotype 2 appeared prone to other adverse conditions such as inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the roles of PAHs in driving skin microbiome differentiation into cutotypes that vary extensively in taxonomy and metabolic functions and may subsequently lead to variations in skin-microbe interactions that affect host skin health. An improved understanding of the roles of microbiomes on skin exposed to air pollutants can aid the development of strategies that harness microbes to prevent undesirable skin conditions. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H Y Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinzhao Tong
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Shen
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shicong Du
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Aguilar
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
| | - Namita Misra
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
| | - Cécile Clavaud
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
| | - Patrick K H Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rauer L, Reiger M, Bhattacharyya M, Brunner PM, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Neumann AU. Skin microbiome and its association with host cofactors in determining atopic dermatitis severity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:772-782. [PMID: 36433676 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous, chronic inflammatory skin disease linked to skin microbiome dysbiosis with reduced bacterial diversity and elevated relative abundance of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize the yet incompletely understood association between the skin microbiome and patients' demographic and clinical cofactors in relation to AD severity. METHODS The skin microbiome in 48 adult moderate-to-severe AD patients was investigated using next-generation deep sequencing (16S rRNA gene, V1-V3 region) followed by denoising (DADA2) to obtain amplicon sequence variant (ASV) composition. RESULTS In lesional skin, AD severity was associated with S. aureus relative abundance (rS = 0.53, p < 0.001) and slightly better with the microbiome diversity measure Evenness (rS = -0.58, p < 0.001), but not with Richness. Multiple regression confirmed the association of AD severity with microbiome diversity, including Shannon (in lesional skin, p < 0.001), Evenness (in non-lesional skin, p = 0.015) or S. aureus relative abundance (p < 0.012), and with patient's IgE levels (p < 0.001), race (p < 0.032), age (p < 0.034) and sex (p = 0.012). The lesional model explained 62% of the variation in AD severity, and the non-lesional model 50% of the variation. CONCLUSIONS Our results specify the frequently reported "reduced diversity" of the AD-related skin microbiome to reduced Evenness, which was in turn mainly driven by S. aureus relative abundance, rather than to a reduced microbiome Richness. Finding associations between AD severity, the skin microbiome and patient's cofactors is a key aspect in developing new personalized AD treatments, particularly those targeting the AD microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luise Rauer
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Madhumita Bhattacharyya
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick M Brunner
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany.,CK-CARE Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Avidan U Neumann
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany.,CK-CARE Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Facial Skin Microbiome: Aging-Related Changes and Exploratory Functional Associations with Host Genetic Factors, a Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030684. [PMID: 36979663 PMCID: PMC10045008 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this exploratory study, we investigate the variation in the facial skin microbiome architecture through aging and their functional association with host genetic factors in a cohort of healthy women, living in the same area and without cutaneous diseases. Notably, facial skin microbiota (SM) samples were collected from a cohort of 15 healthy Caucasian females, firstly divided into three age groups (younger women aged 20–35 years old; middle aged women of 36–52 years old; and older women aged 53–68 years old). Then, the recruited cohort was divided into two groups based on their facial hydration level (dry and normal skin). The facial SM revealed a different composition in the three analyzed aging groups and between normal and dry skins. The middle-aged women also revealed functional variations associated with collagen biosynthesis and oxidative stress damage repair. Otherwise, the association between selected host SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and the facial SM profile showed significant associations, suggesting a negative correlation with collagen metabolism and ROS damage protection. Finally, the composition and functionality of the facial SM seemed to affect the aging process through the two aging-correlated pathways of host ROS damage repair and collagen metabolism. Our exploratory data could be useful for future studies characterizing the structure, function, and dynamics of the SM in the aging process to design personalized therapeutic agents focusing on potential genomic targets, microbes, and their metabolites.
Collapse
|
16
|
Smythe P, Wilkinson HN. The Skin Microbiome: Current Landscape and Future Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3950. [PMID: 36835363 PMCID: PMC9963692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our skin is the largest organ of the body, serving as an important barrier against the harsh extrinsic environment. Alongside preventing desiccation, chemical damage and hypothermia, this barrier protects the body from invading pathogens through a sophisticated innate immune response and co-adapted consortium of commensal microorganisms, collectively termed the microbiota. These microorganisms inhabit distinct biogeographical regions dictated by skin physiology. Thus, it follows that perturbations to normal skin homeostasis, as occurs with ageing, diabetes and skin disease, can cause microbial dysbiosis and increase infection risk. In this review, we discuss emerging concepts in skin microbiome research, highlighting pertinent links between skin ageing, the microbiome and cutaneous repair. Moreover, we address gaps in current knowledge and highlight key areas requiring further exploration. Future advances in this field could revolutionise the way we treat microbial dysbiosis associated with skin ageing and other pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paisleigh Smythe
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Skin Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Holly N. Wilkinson
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Skin Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo Z, Yang Y, Wu Q, Liu M, Zhou L, Zhang L, Dong D. New insights into the characteristic skin microorganisms in different grades of acne and different acne sites. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1167923. [PMID: 37180251 PMCID: PMC10172595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing maturity of sequencing technology provides a convenient approach to studying the role of skin microorganisms in acne pathogenesis. However, there are still too few studies about the skin microbiota of Asian acne patients, especially a lack of detailed analysis of the characteristics of the skin microbiota in the different acne sites. Methods In this study, a total of 34 college students were recruited and divided into the health, mild acne, and severe acne groups. The bacterial and fungal flora of samples were separately detected by 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The biomarkers of different acne grades and different acne sites [forehead, cheek, chin, torso (including chest and back)] were excavated. Results and Discussion Our results indicated that there was no significant difference in species diversity between groups. The genera like Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Malassezia, which have a relatively high abundance in the skin microbiota and were reported as the most acne-associated microbes, were no obvious differences between groups. On the contrary, the abundance of less reported Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Pseudidiomarina) and Candida has a significant alteration. Compared with the health group and the mild group, in the severe group, the abundance of Pseudomonas and Ralstonia sharply reduced while that of Pseudidiomarina and Candida remarkably raised. Moreover, different acne sites have different numbers and types of biomarkers. Among the four acne sites, the cheek has the greatest number of biomarkers including Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Pseudidiomarina, Malassezia, Saccharomyces, and Candida, while no biomarker was observed for the forehead. The network analysis indicated that there might be a competitive relationship between Pseudomonas and Propionibacterium. This study would provide a new insight and theoretical basis for precise and personalized acne microbial therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qianjie Wu
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Leyuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Zhang,
| | - Dake Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Dake Dong,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee AWT, Chan CTM, Wong LLY, Yip CY, Lui WT, Cheng KC, Leung JSL, Lee LK, Wong ITF, Ng TTL, Lao HY, Siu GKH. Identification of microbial community in the urban environment: The concordance between conventional culture and nanopore 16S rRNA sequencing. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1164632. [PMID: 37125165 PMCID: PMC10133568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1164632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microbes in the built environment have been implicated as a source of infectious diseases. Bacterial culture is the standard method for assessing the risk of exposure to pathogens in urban environments, but this method only accounts for <1% of the diversity of bacteria. Recently, full-length 16S rRNA gene analysis using nanopore sequencing has been applied for microbial evaluations, resulting in a rise in the development of long-read taxonomic tools for species-level classification. Regarding their comparative performance, there is, however, a lack of information. Methods Here, we aim to analyze the concordance of the microbial community in the urban environment inferred by multiple taxonomic classifiers, including ARGpore2, Emu, Kraken2/Bracken and NanoCLUST, using our 16S-nanopore dataset generated by MegaBLAST, as well as assess their abilities to identify culturable species based on the conventional culture results. Results According to our results, NanoCLUST was preferred for 16S microbial profiling because it had a high concordance of dominant species and a similar microbial profile to MegaBLAST, whereas Kraken2/Bracken, which had similar clustering results as NanoCLUST, was also desirable. Second, for culturable species identification, Emu with the highest accuracy (81.2%) and F1 score (29%) for the detection of culturable species was suggested. Discussion In addition to generating datasets in complex communities for future benchmarking studies, our comprehensive evaluation of the taxonomic classifiers offers recommendations for ongoing microbial community research, particularly for complex communities using nanopore 16S rRNA sequencing.
Collapse
|
19
|
Upper Respiratory Microbiome in Pregnant Women: Characterization and Influence of Parity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112189. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the woman’s immune system changes to support fetal development. These immunological modifications can increase the risk of respiratory diseases. Because the respiratory microbiome is involved in airway homeostasis, it is important to investigate how it changes during pregnancy. Additionally, since parity is associated with immune system alterations and cohabitants shared a similar microbiome, we investigated whether having a child may influence the respiratory microbiome of pregnant women. We compared the microbiome of 55 pregnant with 26 non-pregnant women using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analyzed taxonomy, diversity, and metabolic pathways to evaluate the differences among nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous women. The microbiome was similar in pregnant and non-pregnant women, but pregnant women had higher alpha diversity (Chao1 p-value = 0.001; Fisher p-value = 0.005) and a lower abundance of several metabolic pathways. Multiparous pregnant women had a higher relative abundance of Moraxella (p-value = 0.003) and a lower abundance of Corynebacterium (p-value = 0.002) compared with primiparous women. Both multiparous (pregnant) and primiparous/multiparous (non-pregnant) women reported a higher abundance of Moraxella compared with primiparous (pregnant) or nulliparous ones (p-value = 0.001). In conclusion, we characterized for the first time the upper airway microbiome of pregnant women and observed the influence of parity on its composition.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hrapovic N, Richard T, Messaraa C, Li X, Abbaspour A, Fabre S, Mavon A, Andersson B, Khmaladze I. Clinical and metagenomic profiling of hormonal acne-prone skin in different populations. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6233-6242. [PMID: 35810346 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acne is one of the most common skin concerns of unknown etiology, often connected to the menstrual cycle in women, and possibly to the microbial profile and function. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate how hormonal fluctuation affects hormonal acne-prone skin in different populations in relation to skin clinical parameters and microbial profiles. METHODS We evaluated skin features by using biophysical and topographical tools. For microbial profiling, we sequenced facial skin microbiota and associated the findings with the skin clinical parameters during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS We identified differences between and within hormonal phases in women of Chinese and Caucasian origin. Changes were discovered in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level, hydration level, and pore volume. The most abundant identifiable genera in both ethnicities were Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, without any significant abundant differences within the menstrual cycle. Interestingly, 11 bacterial metabolic pathways were downregulated in Chinese compared to Caucasian skin during the follicular phase. The majority of these pathways were associated with skin redox balance, perhaps indicating a weaker oxidative stress response in Chinese versus Caucasian skin. Novosphingobium taxa were increased in the Chinese skin microbiome, which has been reported to protect skin from pollution-mediated oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Thus, this pilot study explored some of the clinical and metagenomic changes in acne-prone skin, and provide guidance to tailor-personalized skin care regimes during the menstrual cycle. Also, the skin redox status in acne-prone skin, provides more opportunity to tailor-personalized skin care regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xi Li
- Oriflame Cosmetics AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afrouz Abbaspour
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cellular and molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Potbhare R, RaviKumar A, Munukka E, Lahti L, Ashma R. Skin microbiota diversity among genetically unrelated individuals of Indian origin. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13075. [PMID: 35313523 PMCID: PMC8934042 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human skin harbors complex transient and resident microbial communities that show intra- & inter-individual variation due to various environmental and host-associated factors such as skin site, diet, age, gender, genetics, or the type and use of cosmetics. This variation remains largely uncharacterized in the Indian population; hence, the present study aims to characterize the variation in skin microbiota among individuals of Indian origin and quantify associations with age, diet, and geography. Methods Axillary sweat samples from genetically unrelated individuals (N = 58) residing in the three geographical locations of Maharashtra, India, were collected using a sterile cotton swab. Bacterial DNA was extracted using a standard protocol and checked for quality. Variable regions (V3-V4) of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using the Illumina platform. We used standard methods from microbiota bioinformatics, including alpha and beta diversity, community typing, and differential abundance, to quantify the association of skin microbiota with age, diet, and geographical location. Results Our study indicated the prevalence of phyla- Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, consistent with previous reports on skin microbiota composition of the world population level. The alpha diversity (Shannon index) was significantly associated with the age group (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.02), but not with geography (p = 0.62) or diet (p = 0.74). The overall skin microbiota community composition was significantly associated with geographical location based on Community State Types (CST) analysis and PERMANOVA (R2 = 0.07, p = 0.01). Differential abundance analysis at the genus level indicated a distinctively high abundance of Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium among individuals of the Pune district. Pseudomonas and Anaerococcus were abundant in individuals from Ahmednagar whereas, Paenibacillus, Geobacillus, Virgibacillus, Jeotgalicoccus, Pullulanibacillus, Delsulfosporomusa, Citinovibrio, and Calditerricola were abundant in individuals from Nashik district. Conclusion Our work provides one of the first characterizations of skin microbiota variation in different sub-populations in India. The analysis quantifies the level of individuality, as contrasted to the other factors of age, geography, and diet, thus helping to evaluate the applicability of skin microbiota profiles as a potential biomarker to stratify individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Potbhare
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ameeta RaviKumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Eveliina Munukka
- Microbiome Biobank, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Biocodex Nordics, Finland
| | - Leo Lahti
- Department of Computing, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Richa Ashma
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim HJ, Oh HN, Park T, Kim H, Lee HG, An S, Sul WJ. Aged related human skin microbiome and mycobiome in Korean women. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2351. [PMID: 35149745 PMCID: PMC8837753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined differences in the skin microbiome of two separate age groups to find key microbial and skin physiological indicators associated with aging. We recruited healthy Korean women 19–28 years old (Y-group) and 60–63 years old (O-group) and evaluated their cheek and forehead skin microbiome, including bacteria and fungi. The microbiome was significantly different by age group, with bacterial and fungal communities displaying higher alpha-diversity in the O-group than in the Y-group. We identified amplicon sequence variants affiliated with Cutibacterium and Lactobacillus and fungi Malassezia restricta as microbial biomarkers showing significant differences between the Y and O-group. There are more microbial communities and metabolic processes related to skin health in the Y-group than in the O-group, and there are more microbial interactions to increase the stability of the network structure of the skin. Skin physical metadata, including transepidermal water loss and sebum content, differed by two age groups. The crucial skin microbes, skin physical parameters, and microbial network found through this research will be useful key indicators in associating skin aging and skin microbiome research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Han Na Oh
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Taehun Park
- Safety Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hanbyul Kim
- Safety Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hyun Gee Lee
- Safety Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Susun An
- Safety Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Center, Yongin, South Korea.
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mohammedsaeed W. Identification of skin microbiota in Saudi female community and their effects on keratinocytes viability (in vitro). JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.2015899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Mohammedsaeed
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, Taibah University, AL-Madinah AL-Menorah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Baquero F, Saralegui C, Marcos-Mencía D, Ballestero L, Vañó-Galván S, Moreno-Arrones ÓM, Del Campo R. Epidermis as a Platform for Bacterial Transmission. Front Immunol 2021; 12:774018. [PMID: 34925344 PMCID: PMC8671829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.774018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis constitutes a continuous external layer covering the body, offering protection against bacteria, the most abundant living organisms that come into contact with this barrier. The epidermis is heavily colonized by commensal bacterial organisms that help protect against pathogenic bacteria. The highly regulated and dynamic interaction between the epidermis and commensals involves the host’s production of nutritional factors promoting bacterial growth together to chemical and immunological bacterial inhibitors. Signal trafficking ensures the system’s homeostasis; conditions that favor colonization by pathogens frequently foster commensal growth, thereby increasing the bacterial population size and inducing the skin’s antibacterial response, eliminating the pathogens and re-establishing the normal density of commensals. The microecological conditions of the epidermis favors Gram-positive organisms and are unsuitable for long-term Gram-negative colonization. However, the epidermis acts as the most important host-to-host transmission platform for bacteria, including those that colonize human mucous membranes. Bacteria are frequently shared by relatives, partners, and coworkers. The epidermal bacterial transmission platform of healthcare workers and visitors can contaminate hospitalized patients, eventually contributing to cross-infections. Epidermal transmission occurs mostly via the hands and particularly through fingers. The three-dimensional physical structure of the epidermis, particularly the fingertips, which have frictional ridges, multiplies the possibilities for bacterial adhesion and release. Research into the biology of bacterial transmission via the hands is still in its infancy; however, tribology, the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, wear and lubrication, will certainly be an important part of it. Experiments on finger-to-finger transmission of microorganisms have shown significant interindividual differences in the ability to transmit microorganisms, presumably due to genetics, age, sex, and the gland density, which determines the physical, chemical, adhesive, nutritional, and immunological status of the epidermal surface. These studies are needed to optimize interventions and strategies for preventing the hand transmission of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Saralegui
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Marcos-Mencía
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luna Ballestero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Vañó-Galván
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar M Moreno-Arrones
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBER-EEII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhou Y, Leung MHY, Tong X, Lee JYY, Lee PKH. City-Scale Meta-Analysis of Indoor Airborne Microbiota Reveals that Taxonomic and Functional Compositions Vary with Building Types. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15051-15062. [PMID: 34738808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of understanding on the variations of the indoor airborne microbiotas of different building types within a city, and how operational taxonomic unit (OTU)- and amplicon sequence variant (ASV)-based analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences affect interpretation of the indoor airborne microbiota results. Therefore, in this study, the indoor airborne bacterial microbiotas between commercial buildings, residences, and subways within the same city were compared using both OTU- and ASV-based analytic methods. Our findings suggested that indoor airborne bacterial microbiota compositions were significantly different between building types regardless of the bioinformatics method used. The processes of ecological drift and random dispersal consistently played significant roles in the assembly of the indoor microbiota across building types. Abundant taxa tended to be more centralized in the correlation network of each building type, highlighting their importance. Taxonomic changes between the microbiotas of different building types were also linked to changes in their inferred metabolic function capabilities. Overall, the results imply that customized strategies are necessary to manage indoor airborne bacterial microbiotas for each building type or even within each specific building.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Marcus H Y Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinzhao Tong
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Justin Y Y Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick K H Lee
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Footwear microclimate and its effects on the microbial community of the plantar skin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20356. [PMID: 34645918 PMCID: PMC8514438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between the footwear microclimate and microbial community on the foot plantar skin was investigated by experiments with three participants. Novel methods were developed for measuring in-shoe temperature and humidity at five footwear regions, as well as the overall ventilation rate inside the footwear. Three types of footwear were tested including casual shoes, running shoes, and perforated shoes for pairwise comparison of footwear microclimate and corresponding microbial community on the skin. The major findings are as follows: (1) footwear types make a significant difference to in-shoe temperature at the instep region with the casual shoes sustaining the warmest of all types; (2) significant differences were observed in local internal absolute humidity between footwear types, with the casual shoes sustaining the highest level of humidity at most regions; (3) the perforated shoes provided the highest ventilation rate, followed by running and casual shoes, and the faster the gait, the larger the discrepancy in ventilation rate between footwear types; (4) the casual shoes seemed to provide the most favorable internal environment for bacterial growth at the distal plantar skin; and (5) the bacterial growth at the distal plantar skin showed a positive linear correlation with the in-shoe temperature and absolute humidity, and a negative linear correlation with the ventilation rate. The ventilation rate seemed to be a more reliable indicator of the bacterial growth. Above all, we can conclude that footwear microclimate varies in footwear types, which makes contributions to the bacterial growth on the foot plantar skin.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wetzels SU, Strachan CR, Conrady B, Wagner M, Burgener IA, Virányi Z, Selberherr E. Wolves, dogs and humans in regular contact can mutually impact each other's skin microbiota. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17106. [PMID: 34429455 PMCID: PMC8385068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to humans and dogs, the skin microbiota of wolves is yet to be described. Here, we investigated the skin microbiota of dogs and wolves kept in outdoor packs at the Wolf Science Center (WSC) via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Skin swab samples were also collected from human care takers and their pet dogs. When comparing the three canine groups, representing different degrees of human contact to the care takers and each other, the pet dogs showed the highest level of diversity. Additionally, while human skin was dominated by a few abundant phylotypes, the skin microbiota of the care takers who had particularly close contact with the WSC animals was more similar to the microbiota of dogs and wolves compared to the humans who had less contact with these animals. Our results suggest that domestication may have an impact on the diversity of the skin microbiota, and that the canine skin microbiota can be shared with humans, depending on the level of interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Urimare Wetzels
- Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cameron R Strachan
- FFoQSI - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety & Innovation, Tulln, Austria
| | - Beate Conrady
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan Anton Burgener
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsófia Virányi
- Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, and Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyne Selberherr
- Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Alenius H, Sinkko H, Moitinho-Silva L, Rodriguez E, Broderick C, Alexander H, Reiger M, Hjort Hjelmsø M, Fyhrquist N, Olah P, Bryce P, Smith C, Koning F, Eyerich K, Greco D, van den Bogaard EH, Neumann AU, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Homey B, Flohr C, Bønnelykke K, Stokholm J, Weidinger S. The power and potential of BIOMAP to elucidate host-microbiome interplay in skin inflammatory diseases. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1517-1531. [PMID: 34387406 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The two most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases are atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. The underpinnings of the remarkable degree of clinical heterogeneity of AD and psoriasis are poorly understood and, as a consequence, disease onset and progression are unpredictable and the optimal type and time-point for intervention are as yet unknown. The BIOMAP project is the first IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative) project dedicated to investigating the causes and mechanisms of AD and psoriasis and to identify potential biomarkers responsible for the variation in disease outcome. The consortium includes 7 large pharmaceutical companies and 25 non-industry partners including academia. Since there is mounting evidence supporting an important role for microbial exposures and our microbiota as factors mediating immune polarization and AD and psoriasis pathogenesis, an entire work package is dedicated to the investigation of skin and gut microbiome linked to AD or psoriasis. The large collaborative BIOMAP project will enable the integration of patient cohorts, data and knowledge in unprecedented proportions. The project has a unique opportunity with a potential to bridge and fill the gaps between current problems and solutions. This review highlights the power and potential of BIOMAP project in the investigation of microbe-host interplay in AD and psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Alenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Sinkko
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucas Moitinho-Silva
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elke Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Conor Broderick
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Alexander
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany.,Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathis Hjort Hjelmsø
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Olah
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Paul Bryce
- Type 2 Inflammation & Fibrosis Cluster, Immunology & Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Sanofi US, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Catherine Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Kings College London, and Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, 9th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Avidan U Neumann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Augsburg, Germany.,Chair of Environmental Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,CK CARE, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Flohr
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Although previous research demonstrates that skin-associated archaea are rarely detected within human skin microbiome data, exist at relatively low abundance, and are primarily affiliated with the Methanobacteriota and Halobacteriota phyla, other studies suggest that archaea are consistently detected and relatively abundant on human skin, with skin “archaeomes” dominated by putative ammonia oxidizers of the Nitrososphaeria class (Thermoproteota phylum, formerly Thaumarchaeota). Here, we evaluated new and existing 16S rRNA gene sequence data sourced from mammalian skin and skin-associated surfaces and generated with two commonly used universal prokaryotic primer sets to assess archaeal prevalence, relative abundance, and taxonomic distribution. Archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were detected in only 17.5% of 1,688 samples by high-throughput sequence data, with most of the archaeon-positive samples associated with nonhuman mammalian skin. Only 5.9% of human-associated skin sample data sets contained sequences affiliated with archaeal 16S rRNA genes. When detected, the relative abundance of sequences affiliated with archaeal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) was less than 1% for most mammalian skin samples and did not exceed 2% for any samples. Although several computer keyboard microbial profiles were dominated by Nitrososphaeria sequences, all other skin microbiome data sets tested were primarily composed of sequences affiliated with Methanobacteriota and Halobacteriota phyla. Our findings revise downward recent estimates of human skin archaeal distributions and relative abundances, especially those affiliated with the Nitrososphaeria, reflecting a limited and infrequent archaeal presence within the mammalian skin microbiome. IMPORTANCE The current state of research on mammalian skin-associated archaea is limited, with the few papers focusing on potential skin archaeal communities often in disagreement with each other. As such, there is no consensus on the prevalence or taxonomic composition of archaea on mammalian skin. Mammalian skin health is in part influenced by its complex microbiota and consortium of bacteria and potential archaea. Without a clear foundational analysis and characterization of the mammalian skin archaeome, it will be difficult for future research to explore the potential impact of skin-associated archaea on skin health and function. The current work provides a much-needed analysis of the mammalian skin archaeome and contributes to building a foundation from which further discussion and exploration of the skin archaeome might continue.
Collapse
|
30
|
Nationality and body location alter human skin microbiome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5241-5256. [PMID: 34125277 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin microbiomes function directly in human health and are affected by various external and internal factors. However, few studies have showed the variation of human skin microbiota at multiple body sites in individuals of different national origin living in the same environment. Here, using 16S rRNA sequencing, we investigated the diversity and function of skin microbiomes in different body locations of Chinese and Pakistani individuals from a single college in China. Body location and nationality significantly affected community structures, while season and gender only impacted community member. Due to different lifestyles and likely genetic characteristics of the hosts, Proteobacteria was more abundant in Pakistanis than in Chinese individuals. There were significant differences in the Shannon diversity of skin microorganisms among different skin sites of Chinese individuals, but not in Pakistanis. PICRUSt prediction indicated that gene functions involved in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were higher in bacteria collected from Pakistanis than those from Chinese individuals, but the amino acid metabolism of skin microorganisms in Chinese people was higher. The relative abundances of potential pathogenic bacteria also differed in different body locations, providing a foundation for studying skin-associated bacterial diseases. Through a meta-analysis of 233 human skin samples from eight elevational sites in western China, we found that skin microbial diversity first decreased and then increased with increasing altitude. Network analysis showed positive correlation between altitude and Lactobacillus, Chryseobacterium, or Acinetobacter. Our results uncover the variation of human skin microbiota allowing future explorations of potential significance for human health. KEY POINTS: • Body location and nationality affect skin microbiota diversity and function. • Proteobacteria was more abundant in Pakistanis than in Chinese. • Skin microbial diversity first decreased and then increased with elevated altitude.
Collapse
|
31
|
Boxberger M, Cenizo V, Cassir N, La Scola B. Challenges in exploring and manipulating the human skin microbiome. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:125. [PMID: 34053468 PMCID: PMC8166136 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the exterior interface of the human body with the environment. Despite its harsh physical landscape, the skin is colonized by diverse commensal microbes. In this review, we discuss recent insights into skin microbial populations, including their composition and role in health and disease and their modulation by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, with a focus on the pathobiological basis of skin aging. We also describe the most recent tools for investigating the skin microbiota composition and microbe-skin relationships and perspectives regarding the challenges of skin microbiome manipulation. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Boxberger
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Valérie Cenizo
- Groupe L’Occitane, R&D Department, Zone Industrielle Saint Maurice, 4100 Manosque, Alpes-de Haute-Provence France
| | - Nadim Cassir
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Leung MHY, Tong X, Bøifot KO, Bezdan D, Butler DJ, Danko DC, Gohli J, Green DC, Hernandez MT, Kelly FJ, Levy S, Mason-Buck G, Nieto-Caballero M, Syndercombe-Court D, Udekwu K, Young BG, Mason CE, Dybwad M, Lee PKH. Characterization of the public transit air microbiome and resistome reveals geographical specificity. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:112. [PMID: 34039416 PMCID: PMC8157753 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The public transit is a built environment with high occupant density across the globe, and identifying factors shaping public transit air microbiomes will help design strategies to minimize the transmission of pathogens. However, the majority of microbiome works dedicated to the public transit air are limited to amplicon sequencing, and our knowledge regarding the functional potentials and the repertoire of resistance genes (i.e. resistome) is limited. Furthermore, current air microbiome investigations on public transit systems are focused on single cities, and a multi-city assessment of the public transit air microbiome will allow a greater understanding of whether and how broad environmental, building, and anthropogenic factors shape the public transit air microbiome in an international scale. Therefore, in this study, the public transit air microbiomes and resistomes of six cities across three continents (Denver, Hong Kong, London, New York City, Oslo, Stockholm) were characterized. RESULTS City was the sole factor associated with public transit air microbiome differences, with diverse taxa identified as drivers for geography-associated functional potentials, concomitant with geographical differences in species- and strain-level inferred growth profiles. Related bacterial strains differed among cities in genes encoding resistance, transposase, and other functions. Sourcetracking estimated that human skin, soil, and wastewater were major presumptive resistome sources of public transit air, and adjacent public transit surfaces may also be considered presumptive sources. Large proportions of detected resistance genes were co-located with mobile genetic elements including plasmids. Biosynthetic gene clusters and city-unique coding sequences were found in the metagenome-assembled genomes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, geographical specificity transcends multiple aspects of the public transit air microbiome, and future efforts on a global scale are warranted to increase our understanding of factors shaping the microbiome of this unique built environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Y Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - X Tong
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K O Bøifot
- Comprehensive Defence Division, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment FFI, Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Bezdan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D J Butler
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D C Danko
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Gohli
- Comprehensive Defence Division, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment FFI, Kjeller, Norway
| | - D C Green
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M T Hernandez
- Environmental Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F J Kelly
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - G Mason-Buck
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Nieto-Caballero
- Environmental Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D Syndercombe-Court
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Udekwu
- Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B G Young
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - M Dybwad
- Comprehensive Defence Division, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment FFI, Kjeller, Norway.
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - P K H Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Skowron K, Bauza-Kaszewska J, Kraszewska Z, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Grudlewska-Buda K, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Radtke L, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota. Microorganisms 2021; 9:543. [PMID: 33808031 PMCID: PMC7998121 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and it protects the body from the external environment. It has become the topic of interest of researchers from various scientific fields. Microorganisms ensure the proper functioning of the skin. Of great importance, are the mutual relations between such microorganisms and their responses to environmental impacts, as dysbiosis may contribute to serious skin diseases. Molecular methods, used for microorganism identification, allow us to gain a better understanding of the skin microbiome. The presented article contains the latest reports on the skin microbiota in health and disease. The review discusses the relationship between a properly functioning microbiome and the body's immune system, as well as the impact of internal and external factors on the human skin microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, UTP University of Science and Technology, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Zuzanna Kraszewska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 C.K. Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Laura Radtke
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Z, Xia J, Jiang L, Tan Y, An Y, Zhu X, Ruan J, Chen Z, Zhen H, Ma Y, Jie Z, Xiao L, Yang H, Wang J, Kristiansen K, Xu X, Jin L, Nie C, Krutmann J, Liu X, Wang J. Characterization of the human skin resistome and identification of two microbiota cutotypes. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:47. [PMID: 33597039 PMCID: PMC7890624 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human skin microbiota is considered to be essential for skin homeostasis and barrier function. Comprehensive analyses of its function would substantially benefit from a catalog of reference genes derived from metagenomic sequencing. The existing catalog for the human skin microbiome is based on samples from limited individuals from a single cohort on reference genomes, which limits the coverage of global skin microbiome diversity. RESULTS In the present study, we have used shotgun metagenomics to newly sequence 822 skin samples from Han Chinese, which were subsequently combined with 538 previously sequenced North American samples to construct an integrated Human Skin Microbial Gene Catalog (iHSMGC). The iHSMGC comprised 10,930,638 genes with the detection of 4,879,024 new genes. Characterization of the human skin resistome based on iHSMGC confirmed that skin commensals, such as Staphylococcus spp, are an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Further analyses of skin microbial ARGs detected microbe-specific and skin site-specific ARG signatures. Of note, the abundance of ARGs was significantly higher in Chinese than Americans, while multidrug-resistant bacteria ("superbugs") existed on the skin of both Americans and Chinese. A detailed analysis of microbial signatures identified Moraxella osloensis as a species specific for Chinese skin. Importantly, Moraxella osloensis proved to be a signature species for one of two robust patterns of microbial networks present on Chinese skin, with Cutibacterium acnes indicating the second one. Each of such "cutotypes" was associated with distinct patterns of data-driven marker genes, functional modules, and host skin properties. The two cutotypes markedly differed in functional modules related to their metabolic characteristics, indicating that host-dependent trophic chains might underlie their development. CONCLUSIONS The development of the iHSMGC will facilitate further studies on the human skin microbiome. In the present study, it was used to further characterize the human skin resistome. It also allowed to discover the existence of two cutotypes on the human skin. The latter finding will contribute to a better understanding of the interpersonal complexity of the skin microbiome. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Liuyiqi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Tan
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Skin & Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitai An
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Six-sector Economy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ruan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hefu Zhen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Six-sector Economy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuye Jie
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Jin
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Nie
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jean Krutmann
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiao Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Infant Skin Bacterial Communities Vary by Skin Site and Infant Age across Populations in Mexico and the United States. mSystems 2020; 5:5/6/e00834-20. [PMID: 33144313 PMCID: PMC7646528 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00834-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study contributes to the sparse literature on the infant skin microbiome in general, and the virtually nonexistent literature on the infant skin microbiome in a field setting. While microbiome research often addresses patterns at a national scale, this study addresses the influence of population-level factors, such as maternal socioeconomic status and contact with caregivers, on infant skin bacterial communities. This approach strengthens our understanding of how local variables influence the infant skin microbiome, and paves the way for additional studies to combine biological sample collection with questionnaires to adequately capture how specific behaviors dictate infant microbial exposures. Work in this realm has implications for infant care and health, as well as for investigating how the microbial communities of different body sites develop over time, with applications to specific health outcomes associated with the skin microbiome (e.g., immune system development or atopic dermatitis). Daily practices put humans in close contact with the surrounding environment, and differences in these practices have an impact on human physiology, development, and health. There is mounting evidence that the microbiome represents an interface that mediates interactions between the human body and the environment. In particular, the skin microbiome serves as the primary interface with the external environment and aids in host immune function by contributing as the first line of defense against pathogens. Despite these important connections, we have only a basic understanding of how the skin microbiome is first established, or which environmental factors contribute to its development. To this end, this study compared the skin bacterial communities of infants (n = 47) living in four populations in Mexico and the United States that span the socioeconomic gradient, where we predicted that variation in physical and social environments would shape the infant skin microbiome. Results of 16S rRNA bacterial gene sequencing on 119 samples (armpit, hand, and forehead) showed that infant skin bacterial diversity and composition are shaped by population-level factors, including those related to socioeconomic status and household composition, and vary by skin site and infant age. Differences in infant-environment interactions, including with other people, appear to vary across the populations, likely influencing infant microbial exposures and, in turn, the composition of infant skin bacterial communities. These findings suggest that variation in microbial exposures stemming from the local environment in infancy can impact the establishment of the skin microbiome across body sites, with implications for developmental and health outcomes. IMPORTANCE This study contributes to the sparse literature on the infant skin microbiome in general, and the virtually nonexistent literature on the infant skin microbiome in a field setting. While microbiome research often addresses patterns at a national scale, this study addresses the influence of population-level factors, such as maternal socioeconomic status and contact with caregivers, on infant skin bacterial communities. This approach strengthens our understanding of how local variables influence the infant skin microbiome, and paves the way for additional studies to combine biological sample collection with questionnaires to adequately capture how specific behaviors dictate infant microbial exposures. Work in this realm has implications for infant care and health, as well as for investigating how the microbial communities of different body sites develop over time, with applications to specific health outcomes associated with the skin microbiome (e.g., immune system development or atopic dermatitis).
Collapse
|
36
|
Li Z, Bai X, Peng T, Yi X, Luo L, Yang J, Liu J, Wang Y, He T, Wang X, Zhu H, Wang H, Tao K, Zheng Z, Su L, Hu D. New Insights Into the Skin Microbial Communities and Skin Aging. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:565549. [PMID: 33193154 PMCID: PMC7649423 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.565549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well-known that human skin aging is accompanied by an alteration in the skin microbiota, we know little about how the composition of these changes during the course of aging and the effects of age-related skin microbes on aging. Using 16S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequencing to profile the microbiomes of 160 skin samples from two anatomical sites, the cheek and the abdomen, on 80 individuals of varying ages, we developed age-related microbiota profiles for both intrinsic skin aging and photoaging to provide an improved understanding of the age-dependent variation in skin microbial composition. According to the landscape, the microbial composition in the Children group was significantly different from that in the other age groups. Further correlation analysis with clinical parameters and functional prediction in each group revealed that high enrichment of nine microbial communities (i.e., Cyanobacteria, Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Candida, and Malassezia) and 18 pathways (such as biosynthesis of antibiotics) potentially affected skin aging, implying that skin microbiomes may perform key functions in skin aging by regulating the immune response, resistance to ultraviolet light, and biosynthesis and metabolism of age-related substances. Our work re-establishes that skin microbiomes play an important regulatory role in the aging process and opens a new approach for targeted microbial therapy for skin aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaozhi Bai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tingwei Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaowei Yi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jizhong Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xujie Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huayu Zhu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee GE, Kim JJ, Kim HS, Sul WJ. Metagenomic analysis of the dust particles collected from the suction tube and the suction funnel of a dermatological laser smoke evacuator system. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:1249-1260. [PMID: 33079312 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has essentially been an explosion in the use of lasers in medicine, especially in the area of cosmetic dermatology. Potentially harmful substances are liberated when tissues are vaporized with laser. This creates numerous risks, including the spread of infectious disease. Smoke evacuators are devices that capture and filter laser plume, thereby maintaining a safe environment for the surgical team and patient. Our aim was to characterize the microbial community structure within the suction tube and funnel of the smoke evacuator system, identify their origin, and evaluate pathogenicity. Dust particles were collected from the instruments with a cotton swab. DNA was extracted from the swabs and the transport media, and sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq Xplatform. Metagenomic analysis was conducted using the Empowering the Development of Genomics Expertise (EDGE) Bioinformatics pipeline and custom Python scripts. The most abundant bacterial species were Micrococcus luteus and Brevibacterium casei in the suction tube, and Dermacoccus sp. Ellin 185 and Janibacter hoylei in the suction funnel. A total of 15 medium- to high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were constructed where we found 104 antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) and 741 virulence factors. Findings indicate that the suction tube and funnel are likely a reservoir of virulence factor genes and ARGs, which can possibly be passed on to other bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. We would like to emphasize the health risk these microorganisms pose and the need to reevaluate the current hygiene standards with regard to the smoke evacuator system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Eun Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jin Ju Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Hei Sung Kim
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
A New Benchmark to Determine What Healthy Western Skin Looks Like in Terms of Biodiversity Using Standardised Methodology. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant loss of microbial biodiversity on the skin has been linked to an increased prevalence of skin problems in the western world. The primary objective of this study was to obtain a benchmark value for the microbial diversity found on healthy western skin, using the Chao1 index. This benchmark was used to update our 2017 skin health measuring mechanism in line with standardised methodology. It used 50 human participants from Graz in Austria and at a read depth of 6600 sequences, we found the average Chao1 diversity to be ~180, with upper and lower quartiles of ~208 and ~150, respectively. Previous work with a larger sample size was unsatisfactory to use as a benchmark because different diversity indices and evaluation methodologies were used. The Medical University of Graz used the most recent version of the Chao1 index to obtain diversity results. Because of this study, we can transfer other benchmarks of skin microbiome diversity to the methodology used in this work from our 2017 study, such as “unhealthy western skin” and “caveman/perfect skin”. This could aid with the diagnostic assessment of susceptibility to cutaneous conditions or diseases and treatment. We also investigated the effect of sex and age, which are two known skin microbiome affecting factors. Although no statistical significance is seen for sex- and age-related changes in diversity, there appear to be changes related to both. Our preliminary results (10 in each of the five age groups) show adults aged 28–37 have the highest average diversity, and adults aged 48–57 have the lowest average diversity. In future work, this could be improved by obtaining benchmark diversity values from a larger sample size for any age, sex, body site, and area of residence, to which subjects can be compared. These improvements could help to investigate the ultimate question regarding which environmental factors in the western world are the main cause of the huge rise in skin problems. This could lead to future restrictions of certain synthetic chemicals or products found to be particularly harmful to the skin.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim M, Park T, Yun JI, Lim HW, Han NR, Lee ST. Investigation of Age-Related Changes in the Skin Microbiota of Korean Women. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101581. [PMID: 33066632 PMCID: PMC7602415 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of human skin is influenced by host and environmental factors. To determine if chronological age influences the composition of the skin microbiota on the forehead and hands, 73 Korean women were sorted into one of three age groups: (1) 10-29 years (n = 24), (2) 30-49 years (n = 21), and (3) 50-79 years (n = 28). From the 73 women, 146 skin samples (two skin sites per person) were collected. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was then conducted to analyze the skin microbiota. The overall microbial distribution varied on the forehead but was similar on the hands across the three age groups. In addition, the composition of the skin microbiota differed between the forehead and hands. Commensal microbiota, such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, and Corynebacterium, which contribute to maintaining skin health via dominant occupation, were affected by increasing age on forehead and hand skin. Alpha diversity indices increased significantly with age on forehead skin. This study indicates that older people may be more susceptible to pathogenic invasions due to an imbalanced skin microbiota resulting from age-related changes. The results of our study may help develop new strategies to rebalance skin microbiota shifted during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Tansol Park
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | | | - Hye Won Lim
- Shebah Biotech Inc., Chuncheon 24398, Korea;
| | - Na Rae Han
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- KustoGen Inc., Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8638
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhou Y, Lai Y, Tong X, Leung MHY, Tong JCK, Ridley IA, Lee PKH. Airborne Bacteria in Outdoor Air and Air of Mechanically Ventilated Buildings at City Scale in Hong Kong across Seasons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11732-11743. [PMID: 32852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the indoor airborne microbiome have mostly been confined to a single location and time point. Here, we characterized, over the course of a year, the geographic variation, building-function dependence, and dispersal characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne microbiomes (bacterial members only) of eight mechanically ventilated commercial buildings. Based on the Sloan neutral model, airborne microbiomes were randomly dispersed in the respective indoor and outdoor environments and between the two environments during each season. The dominant taxa in the indoor and outdoor environments showed minor variations at each location among seasons. The airborne microbiomes displayed weak seasonality for both indoor and outdoor environments, while a weak geographic variation was found only for the indoor environments. Source tracking results show that outdoor air and occupant skin were major contributors to the indoor airborne microbiomes, but the extent of the contribution from each source varied within and among buildings over the seasons, which suggests variations in local building use. Based on 32 cases of indoor airborne microbiome data, we determined that the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of PM2.5 was not a robust indicator of the sources found indoors. Alternatively, the indoor concentration of carbon dioxide was more closely correlated with the major sources of the indoor airborne microbiome in mechanically ventilated environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yonghang Lai
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinzhao Tong
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Marcus H Y Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jimmy C K Tong
- Building Sustainability Group, Arup, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian A Ridley
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick K H Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Young JM, Linacre A. Massively parallel sequencing is unlocking the potential of environmental trace evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 50:102393. [PMID: 33157385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) has revolutionised the field of genomics enabling substantial advances in human DNA profiling. Further, the advent of MPS now allows biological signatures to be obtained from complex DNA mixtures and trace amounts of low biomass samples. Environmental samples serve as ideal forms of contact trace evidence as detection at a scene can establish a link between a suspect, location and victim. Many studies have applied MPS technology to characterise the biodiversity within high biomass environmental samples (such as soil and water) to address questions related to ecology, conservation, climate change and human health. However, translation of these tools to forensic science remains in its infancy, due in part to the merging of traditional forensic ecology practices with unfamiliar DNA technologies and complex datasets. In addition, people and objects also carry low biomass environmental signals which have recently been shown to reflect a specific individual or location. The sensitivity, and reducing cost, of MPS is now unlocking the power of both high and low biomass environmental DNA (eDNA) samples as useful sources of genetic information in forensic science. This paper discusses the potential of eDNA to forensic science by reviewing the most explored applications that are leading the integration of this technology into the field. We introduce novel areas of forensic ecology that could also benefit from these tools with a focus on linking a suspect to a scene or establishing provenance of an unknown sample and discuss the current limitations and validation recommendations to achieve translation of eDNA into casework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Young
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - A Linacre
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The skin microbial communities, i.e., the microbiota, play a major role in skin barrier function so must remain dynamic to adapt to the changes in the niche environment that occur across the different body sites throughout the human lifespan. This review provides an overview of the major alterations occurring in the skin microbiome (microbial and genomic components) during the various stages of life, beginning with its establishment in the first weeks of life through to what is known about the microbiome in older populations. Studies that have helped identify the factors that most influence skin microbiome function, structure, and composition during the various life stages are highlighted, and how alterations affecting the delicate balance of the microbiota communities may contribute to variations in normal physiology and lead to skin disease is discussed. This review underlines the importance of improving our understanding of the skin microbiome in populations of all ages to gain insights into the pathophysiology of skin diseases and to allow better monitoring and targeted treatment of more vulnerable populations.
Collapse
|
43
|
Leung MHY, Tong X, Bastien P, Guinot F, Tenenhaus A, Appenzeller BMR, Betts RJ, Mezzache S, Li J, Bourokba N, Breton L, Clavaud C, Lee PKH. Changes of the human skin microbiota upon chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:100. [PMID: 32591010 PMCID: PMC7320578 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of environmental and public health concerns and contribute to adverse skin attributes such as premature skin aging and pigmentary disorder. However, little information is available on the potential roles of chronic urban PAH pollutant exposure on the cutaneous microbiota. Given the roles of the skin microbiota have on healthy and undesirable skin phenotypes and the relationships between PAHs and skin properties, we hypothesize that exposure of PAHs may be associated with changes in the cutaneous microbiota. In this study, the skin microbiota of over two hundred Chinese individuals from two cities in China with varying exposure levels of PAHs were characterized by bacterial and fungal amplicon and shotgun metagenomics sequencing. RESULTS Skin site and city were strong parameters in changing microbial communities and their assembly processes. Reductions of bacterial-fungal microbial network structural integrity and stability were associated with skin conditions (acne and dandruff). Multivariate analysis revealed associations between abundances of Propionibacterium and Malassezia with host properties and pollutant exposure levels. Shannon diversity increase was correlated to exposure levels of PAHs in a dose-dependent manner. Shotgun metagenomics analysis of samples (n = 32) from individuals of the lowest and highest exposure levels of PAHs further highlighted associations between the PAHs quantified and decrease in abundances of skin commensals and increase in oral bacteria. Functional analysis identified associations between levels of PAHs and abundance of microbial genes of metabolic and other pathways with potential importance in host-microbe interactions as well as degradation of aromatic compounds. CONCLUSIONS The results in this study demonstrated the changes in composition and functional capacities of the cutaneous microbiota associated with chronic exposure levels of PAHs. Findings from this study will aid the development of strategies to harness the microbiota in protecting the skin against pollutants. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus H. Y. Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinzhao Tong
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Florent Guinot
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Arthur Tenenhaus
- CentraleSupelec-L2S-Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes, Brain and Spine Institute, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | - Jing Li
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Pudong, China
| | | | - Lionel Breton
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Cécile Clavaud
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Patrick K. H. Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fan Z, Yang B, Ross RP, Stanton C, Shi G, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Protective effects of Bifidobacterium adolescentis on collagen-induced arthritis in rats depend on timing of administration. Food Funct 2020; 11:4499-4511. [PMID: 32383727 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies have addressed the role of probiotics in inflammation modulation via modifying gut microbiota. Perturbed gut microbiota is recognized as a pivotal trigger in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and manipulating gut microbiota at the early phase may be helpful to alleviate the disease based on the fact that dysbiosis occurred prior to clinical arthritis. The current study compared the effects of preventive and therapeutic treatment with Bifidobacterium adolescentis on collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Early B. adolescentis administration before CIA modelling performed better than late B. adolescentis treatment in reducing the clinical symptoms, rebalancing the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and maintaining the fecal concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as restoring the intestinal dysbiosis. Preventive B. adolescentis treatment restored the gut microbiota to a normal level while late B. adolescentis fed rats showed clearly different gut microbial profiles. In addition, there were slight discrepancies between early- and late- treatment of B. adolescentis in the production of specific auto-antibodies and tight junction proteins. All those results highlighted that early treatment of probiotics in arthritis might be a better timing for alleviating arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhexin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nagase S, Ogai K, Urai T, Shibata K, Matsubara E, Mukai K, Matsue M, Mori Y, Aoki M, Arisandi D, Sugama J, Okamoto S. Distinct Skin Microbiome and Skin Physiological Functions Between Bedridden Older Patients and Healthy People: A Single-Center Study in Japan. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:101. [PMID: 32322583 PMCID: PMC7156624 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the older populations, the number of bedridden older patients is becoming a matter of concern. Skin microbiome and skin physiological functions are known to change according to lifestyle and community; however, such changes in case of movement- and cleaning-restricted bedridden older patients have not yet been revealed. To address this issue, we analyzed skin microbiome and skin physiological functions, including pH, hydration, sebum level, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), of bedridden older patients, compared with those of ambulatory older and young individuals. For this analysis, we enrolled 19 healthy young and 18 ambulatory older individuals from the community and 31 bedridden older patients from a single, long-term care hospital in Japan. The area of interest was set to the sacral (lower back) skin, where pressure injuries (PIs) and subsequent infection frequently occurs in bedridden older patients. We observed a higher number of gut-related bacteria, fewer commensals, higher skin pH, and lower TEWL on the sacral skin of bedridden older patients than on that of young or ambulatory older individuals. In addition, we observed that 4 of the 31 bedridden older patients developed PIs during the research period; a higher abundance of pathogenic skin bacteria were also observed inside the PI wounds. These findings imply distinct skin microbiome and skin physiological functions in bedridden older patients in comparison with healthy individuals and may suggest the need for more stringent cleaning of the skin of bedridden older patients in light of the closeness of skin and wound microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nagase
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogai
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tamae Urai
- Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kana Shibata
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Emi Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kanae Mukai
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Matsue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Mori
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miku Aoki
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Defa Arisandi
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Junko Sugama
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Disordered cutaneous microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2019; 108:102391. [PMID: 31883828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and microbiota colonization has been receiving much attention during recent years. Here, we screened the cutaneous bacterial spectrums of 69 SLE patients, 49 healthy controls and 20 dermatomyositis (DM) patients and identified the specific changes of cutaneous microbial composition and abundance in SLE patients. We observed the decreasing diversity in community richness and evenness and the greater heterogeneity in SLE patients compared to healthy controls, which were also different from the cutaneous microbiome of DM patients. The skin microbial community disorders in SLE patients were correlated with several clinical features such as serum low complement level, gender, renal involvement and myositis. According to the Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and LDA Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis, several bacterial taxa such as Staphylococcus, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, were identified to be potential markers for SLE skin lesions. Furthermore, Picrust analysis showed that Staphylococcus aureus infection pathway was significantly enriched and exhibited a strong correlation with genus Staphylococcus in SLE patients. The changes in the composition and abundance of cutaneous microbiota in SLE patients suggest that the microbial dysbiosis is associated with the pathogenesis of SLE, which may be potentially reliable biomarker or therapeutic target for SLE.
Collapse
|
48
|
Yang Y, Zheng W, Cai Q, Shrubsole MJ, Pei Z, Brucker R, Steinwandel M, Bordenstein SR, Li Z, Blot WJ, Shu XO, Long J. Racial Differences in the Oral Microbiome: Data from Low-Income Populations of African Ancestry and European Ancestry. mSystems 2019; 4:e00639-19. [PMID: 31771977 PMCID: PMC6880044 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00639-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates the significant racial difference in gut, vaginal, and skin microbiomes. However, little is known regarding the racial difference in the oral microbiome. In this study, deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was utilized to assess the oral microbiome in mouth rinse samples of 1,058 African-Americans (AAs) and 558 European-Americans (EAs) from the Southern Community Cohort Study. Generally, AAs had a higher species richness than EAs, with P = 5.28 × 10-14 (Wilcoxon rank sum test) for Faith's phylogenetic diversity index. A significant difference in overall microbiome composition was observed between AAs and EAs, with P = 5.94 × 10-4 (MiRKAT) for the weighted UniFrac distance matrix. We also found 32 bacterial taxa showing a significant differential abundance or prevalence between the two racial groups at a Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05 in linear or logistic regression analyses. Generally, AAs showed a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and a lower abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes Interestingly, four periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, and Filifactor alocis, were more prevalent among AAs than among EAs, with Bonferroni-corrected P values of 5.23 × 10-6, 4.47 × 10-6, 1.08 × 10-3, and 4.49 × 10-5, respectively. In addition, all of these 32 taxa were significantly correlated with the percentage of genetic African ancestry. These findings call for research to understand how the racial difference in oral microbiome influences the health disparity.IMPORTANCE In this systemic investigation of racial differences in the oral microbiome using a large data set, we disclosed the significant differences in the oral microbial richness/evenness, as well as in the overall microbial composition, between African-Americans and European-Americans. We also found multiple oral bacterial taxa, including several preidentified oral pathogens, showing a significant different abundance or prevalence between African-Americans and European-Americans. Furthermore, these taxa were consistently found to be associated with the percentage of genetic African ancestry. Our findings warrant further research to understand how the racial difference in the oral microbiome influences the health disparity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Brucker
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Steinwandel
- International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth R Bordenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - William J Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Leonel C, Sena IFG, Silva WN, Prazeres PHDM, Fernandes GR, Mancha Agresti P, Martins Drumond M, Mintz A, Azevedo VAC, Birbrair A. Staphylococcus epidermidis role in the skin microenvironment. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5949-5955. [PMID: 31278859 PMCID: PMC6714221 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex dynamic physiological process in response to cutaneous destructive stimuli that aims to restore the cutaneous' barrier role. Deciphering the underlying mechanistic details that contribute to wound healing will create novel therapeutic strategies for skin repair. Recently, by using state-of-the-art technologies, it was revealed that the cutaneous microbiota interact with skin immune cells. Strikingly, commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced CD8+ T cells induce re-epithelization of the skin after injury, accelerating wound closure. From a drug development perspective, the microbiota may provide new therapeutic candidate molecules to accelerate skin healing. Here, we summarize and evaluate recent advances in the understanding of the microbiota in the skin microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Leonel
- Departamento de PatologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrasil
| | - Isadora F. G. Sena
- Departamento de PatologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrasil
| | - Walison N. Silva
- Departamento de PatologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrasil
| | | | | | - Pamela Mancha Agresti
- Departamento de Biologia GeralUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrasil
| | | | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of RadiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew York
| | - Vasco A. C. Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia GeralUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrasil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Departamento de PatologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrasil
- Department of RadiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew York
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pendegraft AH, Guo B, Yi N. Bayesian hierarchical negative binomial models for multivariable analyses with applications to human microbiome count data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220961. [PMID: 31437194 PMCID: PMC6706006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The analyses of large volumes of metagenomic data extracted from aggregate populations of microscopic organisms residing on and in the human body are advancing contemporary understandings of the integrated participation of microbes in human health and disease. Next generation sequencing technology facilitates said analyses in terms of diversity, community composition, and differential abundance by filtering and binning microbial 16S rRNA genes extracted from human tissues into operational taxonomic units. However, current statistical tools restrict study designs to investigations of limited numbers of host characteristics mediated by limited numbers of samples potentially yielding a loss of relevant information. This paper presents a Bayesian hierarchical negative binomial model as an efficient technique capable of compensating for multivariable sets including tens or hundreds of host characteristics as covariates further expanding analyses of human microbiome count data. Simulation studies reveal that the Bayesian hierarchical negative binomial model provides a desirable strategy by often outperforming three competing negative binomial model in terms of type I error while simultaneously maintaining consistent power. An application of the Bayesian hierarchical negative binomial model using subsets of the open data published by the American Gut Project demonstrates an ability to identify operational taxonomic units significantly differentiable among persons diagnosed by a medical professional with either inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome that are consistent with contemporary gastrointestinal literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H. Pendegraft
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Boyi Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nengjun Yi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|