1
|
Kerdiles O, Oye Mintsa Mi-mba MF, Coulombe K, Tremblay C, Émond V, Saint-Pierre M, Rouxel C, Berthiaume L, Julien P, Cicchetti F, Calon F. Additive neurorestorative effects of exercise and docosahexaenoic acid intake in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:574-586. [PMID: 38819068 PMCID: PMC11317935 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202502000-00033/figure1/v/2024-05-28T214302Z/r/image-tiff There is a need to develop interventions to slow or reverse the degeneration of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease after diagnosis. Given that preclinical and clinical studies suggest benefits of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, and exercise in Parkinson's disease, we investigated whether both could synergistically interact to induce recovery of the dopaminergic pathway. First, mice received a unilateral stereotactic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the striatum to establish an animal model of nigrostriatal denervation. Four weeks after lesion, animals were fed a docosahexaenoic acid-enriched or a control diet for the next 8 weeks. During this period, the animals had access to a running wheel, which they could use or not. Docosahexaenoic acid treatment, voluntary exercise, or the combination of both had no effect on (i) distance traveled in the open field test, (ii) the percentage of contraversive rotations in the apomorphine-induction test or (iii) the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta. However, the docosahexaenoic acid diet increased the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive terminals and induced a rise in dopamine concentrations in the lesioned striatum. Compared to docosahexaenoic acid treatment or exercise alone, the combination of docosahexaenoic acid and exercise (i) improved forelimb balance in the stepping test, (ii) decreased the striatal DOPAC/dopamine ratio and (iii) led to increased dopamine transporter levels in the lesioned striatum. The present results suggest that the combination of exercise and docosahexaenoic acid may act synergistically in the striatum of mice with a unilateral lesion of the dopaminergic system and provide support for clinical trials combining nutrition and physical exercise in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Kerdiles
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Méryl-Farelle Oye Mintsa Mi-mba
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Coulombe
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Émond
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Martine Saint-Pierre
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Clémence Rouxel
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Line Berthiaume
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Axe Neuroscience, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (Pavillon CHUL), 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Optinutribrain International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro, France; INAF, Canada), Quebec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Supti ST, Koehn LM, Newman SA, Pan Y, Nicolazzo JA. Iron Reduces the Trafficking of Fatty Acids from Human Immortalised Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Through Modulation of Fatty Acid Transport Protein 1 (FATP1/SLC27A1). Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03743-w. [PMID: 39044044 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with brain accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangle formation, in addition to reduced brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and increased brain iron levels. DHA requires access across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to enter the brain, and iron has been shown to affect the expression and function of a number of BBB transporters. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of iron on the expression and function of fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) and fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), both which mediate brain endothelial cell trafficking of DHA. METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of FABP5 and FATP1 in human cerebral microvascular endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells was assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively following ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) treatment (up to 750 µM, 72 h). The function of FABP5 and FATP1 was assessed via uptake and efflux of radiolabelled 3H-oleic acid and 14C-DHA. RESULTS FAC (500 µM, 72 h) had no impact on the expression of FABP5 at the protein and mRNA level in hCMEC/D3 cells, which was associated with a lack of effect on the uptake of 14C-DHA. FAC led to a 19.7% reduction in FATP1 protein abundance in hCMEC/D3 cells with no impact on mRNA levels, and this was associated with up to a 32.6% reduction in efflux of 14C-DHA. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate a role of iron in down-regulating FATP1 protein abundance and function at the BBB, which may have implications on fatty acid access to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Showmika T Supti
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Liam M Koehn
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie A Newman
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yijun Pan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mullins AV, Snider JM, Michael B, Porter LR, Brinton RD, Chilton FH. Impact of fish oil supplementation on plasma levels of highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing lipid classes and molecular species in American football athletes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:43. [PMID: 38978004 PMCID: PMC11232345 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have linked sports-related concussions and repeated subconcussive head impacts in contact sport athletes to elevated brain injury biomarkers. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the primary omega-3 (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in the brain, has shown neuroprotective effects in animal models after brain injury, but clinical research has shown mixed results. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 29 Division 1 collegiate American football players, exploring the impact of DHA (2.5 g) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1.0 g) supplied as ethyl esters, on levels of plasma lipids shown to cross the blood-brain barrier. Dietary intake data was collected using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Complex lipids and unesterified fatty acids were isolated from plasma, separated via reversed-phase liquid chromatography and analyzed by targeted lipidomics analysis. RESULTS FFQ results indicated that participants had low dietary n-3 HUFA intake and high omega-6 (n-6):n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and HUFA ratios at baseline. After DHA + EPA supplementation, plasma lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) containing DHA and EPA significantly increased at all timepoints (weeks 17, 21, and 26; p < 0.0001), surpassing placebo at Weeks 17 (p < 0.05) and 21 (p < 0.05). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species containing DHA or EPA, PC38:6 PC36:6, PC38:7, PC40:6, and PC40:8, increased significantly in the DHA + EPA treatment group at Weeks 17 (and 21. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified DHA and EPA rose post-supplementation in Weeks 17 and 21. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that n-3 HUFA supplementation, in the form of ethyl esters, increased the DHA and EPA containing plasma lipid pools the have the capacity to enrich brain lipids and the potential to mitigate the effects of sports-related concussions and repeated subconcussive head impacts. TRIAL REGISTRATION All deidentified data are available at ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT0479207.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Veronica Mullins
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Justin M Snider
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Bryce Michael
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Lydia Rose Porter
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Macura IJ, Djuricic I, Major T, Milanovic D, Sobajic S, Kanazir S, Ivkovic S. The supplementation of a high dose of fish oil during pregnancy and lactation led to an elevation in Mfsd2a expression without any changes in docosahexaenoic acid levels in the retina of healthy 2-month-old mouse offspring. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1330414. [PMID: 38328686 PMCID: PMC10847253 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1330414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction During fetal development, the proper development of neural and visual systems relies on the maternal supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids through placental transfer. Pregnant women are strongly advised to augment their diet with additional sources of omega-3, such as fish oil (FO). This supplementation has been linked to a reduced risk of preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, and perinatal depression. Recently, higher doses of omega-3 supplementation have been recommended for pregnant women. Considering that omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play a crucial role in maintaining the delicate homeostasis required for the proper functioning of the retina and photoreceptors the effects of high-dose fish oil (FO) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) in healthy offspring warrant better understanding. Methods The fatty acid content and the changes in the expression of the genes regulating cholesterol homeostasis and DHA transport in the retina and RPE were evaluated following the high-dose FO supplementation. Results Our study demonstrated that despite the high-dose FO treatment during pregnancy and lactation, the rigorous DHA homeostasis in the retina and RPE of the two-month-old offspring remained balanced. Another significant finding of this study is the increase in the expression levels of major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein (Mfsd2a), a primary DHA transporter. Mfsd2a also serves as a major regulator of transcytosis during development, and a reduction in Mfsd2a levels poses a major risk for the development of leaky blood vessels. Conclusion Impairment of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is associated with the development of numerous ocular diseases, and a better understanding of how to manipulate transcytosis in the BRB during development can enhance drug delivery through the BRB or contribute to the repair of central nervous system (CNS) barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Jovanovic Macura
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Djuricic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Major
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Desanka Milanovic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Selma Kanazir
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Ivkovic
- Vinca Institute for Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen J, Satyanarayanan SK, Li A, Yan L, Zhao Z, Yuan Q, Su KP, Su H. Unraveling the impact of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and glymphatic function. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:335-355. [PMID: 37914102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia represent major public health challenges but effective therapeutic options are limited. Pathological brain aging is associated with microvascular changes and impaired clearance systems. The application of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 or omega-3 PUFAs) is one of the most promising nutritional interventions in neurodegenerative disorders from epidemiological data, clinical and pre-clinical studies. As essential components of neuronal membranes, n-3 PUFAs have shown neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as modulatory effects through microvascular pathophysiology, amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance and glymphatic pathways. This review meticulously explores these underlying mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs against AD and dementia, synthesizing evidence from both animal and interventional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Lingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Ziai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Yuan T, Chen X, Liu X, Hu J, Liu Z. Effects of DHA on cognitive dysfunction in aging and Alzheimer's disease: The mediating roles of ApoE. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101256. [PMID: 37890592 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to rise due to the increasing aging population. Among the various genetic factors associated with AD, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a lipid transporter, stands out as the primary genetic risk factor. Specifically, individuals carrying the ApoE4 allele exhibit a significantly higher risk. However, emerging research indicates that dietary factors play a prominent role in modifying the risk of AD. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prominent ω-3 fatty acid, has garnered considerable attention for its potential to ameliorate cognitive function. The intricate interplay between DHA and the ApoE genotype within the brain, which may influence DHA's utilization and functionality, warrants further investigation. This review meticulously examines experimental and clinical studies exploring the effects of DHA on cognitive decline. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating the role of ApoE gene polymorphism and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. These studies suggest that early DHA supplementation may confer benefits to cognitively normal older adults carrying the ApoE4 gene. However, once AD develops, ApoE4 non-carriers may experience greater benefits compared to ApoE4 carriers, although the overall effectiveness of DHA supplementation at this stage is limited. Potential mechanisms underlying these differential effects may include accelerated DHA catabolism in ApoE4 carriers, impaired transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and compromised lipidation and circulatory function in ApoE4 carriers. Thus, the supplementation of DHA may represent a potential intervention strategy aimed at compensating for these deficiencies in ApoE4 carriers prior to the onset of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China; Dongguan Chuangwei Precision Nutrition and Health Innovation Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523170, China; Shaanxi Precision Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duro MV, Van Valkenburgh J, Ingles DE, Tran J, Cai Z, Ebright B, Wang S, Kerman BE, Galvan J, Hwang SH, Sta Maria NS, Zanderigo F, Croteau E, Cunnane SC, Rapoport SI, Louie SG, Jacobs RE, Yassine HN, Chen K. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of 22-[ 18F]Fluorodocosahexaenoic Acid as a Positron Emission Tomography Probe for Monitoring Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid Uptake Kinetics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4409-4418. [PMID: 38048230 PMCID: PMC10739598 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3), DHA], a polyunsaturated fatty acid, has an important role in regulating neuronal functions and in normal brain development. Dysregulated brain DHA uptake and metabolism are found in individuals carrying the APOE4 allele, which increases the genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and are implicated in the progression of several neurodegenerative disorders. However, there are limited tools to assess brain DHA kinetics in vivo that can be translated to humans. Here, we report the synthesis of an ω-radiofluorinated PET probe of DHA, 22-[18F]fluorodocosahexaenoic acid (22-[18F]FDHA), for imaging the uptake of DHA into the brain. Using the nonradiolabeled 22-FDHA, we confirmed that fluorination of DHA at the ω-position does not significantly alter the anti-inflammatory effect of DHA in microglial cells. Through dynamic PET-MR studies using mice, we observed the accumulation of 22-[18F]FDHA in the brain over time and estimated DHA's incorporation coefficient (K*) using an image-derived input function. Finally, DHA brain K* was validated using intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg arecoline, a natural product known to increase the DHA K* in rodents. 22-[18F]FDHA is a promising PET probe that can reveal altered lipid metabolism in APOE4 carriers, AD, and other neurologic disorders. This new probe, once translated into humans, would enable noninvasive and longitudinal studies of brain DHA dynamics by guiding both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlon
Vincent V. Duro
- Department
of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Juno Van Valkenburgh
- Department
of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Diana E. Ingles
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Jenny Tran
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Zhiheng Cai
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Brandon Ebright
- Alfred
E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Bilal E. Kerman
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Jasmin Galvan
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department
of Entomology and Nematology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Naomi S. Sta Maria
- Zilkha
Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Department
of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Molecular
Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York
State Psychiatric Institute, New
York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Etienne Croteau
- Sherbrooke
Center for Molecular Imaging, University
of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Stephen C. Cunnane
- Research
Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Stanley I. Rapoport
- National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9304, United States
| | - Stan G. Louie
- Alfred
E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Zilkha
Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Hussein N. Yassine
- Department
of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Kai Chen
- Department
of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nagata A, Oishi S, Kirishita N, Onoda K, Kobayashi T, Terada Y, Minami A, Senoo N, Yoshioka Y, Uchida K, Ito K, Miura S, Miyoshi N. Allyl Isothiocyanate Maintains DHA-Containing Glycerophospholipids and Ameliorates the Cognitive Function Decline in OVX Mice. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43118-43129. [PMID: 38024702 PMCID: PMC10652735 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature-induced fatty acid desaturation is highly conserved in animals, plants, and bacteria. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is an agonist of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which is activated by various chemophysiological stimuli, including low temperature. However, whether AITC induces fatty acid desaturation remains unknown. We showed here that AITC increased levels of glycerophospholipids (GP) esterified with unsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in TRPA1-expressing HEK cells. Additionally, GP-DHA including phosphatidylcholine (18:0/22:6) and phosphatidylethanolamine (18:0/22:6) was increased in the brain and liver of AITC-administered mice. Moreover, intragastrical injection of AITC in ovariectomized (OVX) female C57BL/6J mice dose-dependently shortened the Δlatency time determined by the Morris water maze test, indicating AITC ameliorated the cognitive function decline in these mice. Thus, the oral administration of AITC maintains GP-DHA in the liver and brain, proving to be a potential strategy for preventing cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akika Nagata
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Shiori Oishi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Nanako Kirishita
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Keita Onoda
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Takuma Kobayashi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yuko Terada
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Akira Minami
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yasukiyo Yoshioka
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Klievik BJ, Tyrrell AD, Chen CT, Bazinet RP. Measuring brain docosahexaenoic acid turnover as a marker of metabolic consumption. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108437. [PMID: 37201738 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) accretion in brain phospholipids is critical for maintaining the structural fluidity that permits proper assembly of protein complexes for signaling. Furthermore, membrane DHA can by released by phospholipase A2 and act as substrate for synthesis of bioactive metabolites that regulate synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Thus, brain DHA is consumed through multiple pathways including mitochondrial β-oxidation, autoxidation to neuroprostanes, as well as enzymatic synthesis of bioactive metabolites including oxylipins, synaptamide, fatty-acid amides, and epoxides. By using models developed by Rapoport and colleagues, brain DHA loss has been estimated to be 0.07-0.26 μmol DHA/g brain/d. Since β-oxidation of DHA in the brain is relatively low, a large portion of brain DHA loss may be attributed to synthesis of autoxidative and bioactive metabolites. In recent years, we have developed a novel application of compound specific isotope analysis to trace DHA metabolism. By the use of natural abundance in 13C-DHA in food supply, we are able to trace brain phospholipid DHA loss in free-living mice with estimates ranging from 0.11 to 0.38 μmol DHA/g brain/d, in reasonable agreement with previous methods. This novel fatty acid metabolic tracing methodology should improve our understanding of the factors that regulate brain DHA metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brinley J Klievik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Aidan D Tyrrell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li J, Jian Y, Liu R, Zhao X, Mao J, Wei W, Jiang C, Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhou P. Choline and Fish Oil Can Improve Memory of Mice through Increasing Brain DHA Level. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091799. [PMID: 37174337 PMCID: PMC10178732 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly enriched in the brain, and is essential for normal brain development and function. However, evidence suggests that currently used supplements, such as fish oil, do not significantly increase brain DHA levels. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether combined fish oil and choline supplementation could affect the type and enrich the content of DHA in the brain. The results revealed that the combined intake of fish oil and choline upregulated the expression of key transporters and receptors, including MFSD2A, FATP1, and FABP5, which increased the uptake of DHA in the brain. Additionally, this supplementation improved the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the brain, which, in turn, enhanced the learning and memory abilities of mice. These findings suggest that the combined intake of fish oil and choline improves the bioavailability of DHA in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Yaqiong Jian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- Danone Open Science Research Center for Life-Transforming Nutrition, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Jiangyi Mao
- Danone Open Science Research Center for Life-Transforming Nutrition, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Danone Open Science Research Center for Life-Transforming Nutrition, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Otoki Y, Yu D, Shen Q, Sahlas DJ, Ramirez J, Gao F, Masellis M, Swartz RH, Chan PC, Pettersen JA, Kato S, Nakagawa K, Black SE, Swardfager W, Taha AY. Quantitative Lipidomic Analysis of Serum Phospholipids Reveals Dissociable Markers of Alzheimer's Disease and Subcortical Cerebrovascular Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:665-682. [PMID: 37092220 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating phospholipid species have been shown to predict Alzheimer's disease (AD) prognosis but the link between phospholipid disturbances and subcortical small vessel cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) common in AD patients is not known. OBJECTIVE This study used quantitative lipidomics to measure serum diacyl, alkenyl (ether), alkyl, and lyso phospholipid species in individuals with extensive CeVD (n = 29), AD with minimal CeVD (n = 16), and AD with extensive CeVD (n = 14), and compared them to age-matched controls (n = 27). Memory was assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test. 3.0T MRI was used to assess hippocampal volume, atrophy, and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes as manifestations of CeVD. RESULTS AD was associated with significantly higher concentrations of choline plasmalogen 18:0_18:1 and alkyl-phosphocholine 18:1. CeVD was associated with significantly lower lysophospholipids containing 16:0. Phospholipids containing arachidonic acid (AA) were associated with poorer memory in controls, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing phospholipids were associated with better memory in individuals with AD+CeVD. In controls, DHA-containing phospholipids were associated with more atrophy and phospholipids containing linoleic acid and AA were associated with less atrophy. Lysophospholipids containing 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 were correlated with less atrophy in controls, and of these, alkyl-phosphocholine 18:1 was correlated with smaller WMH volumes. Conversely, 16:0_18:1 choline plasmalogen was correlated with greater WMH volumes in controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates discernable differences in circulating phospholipids in individuals with AD and CeVD, as well as new associations between phospholipid species with memory and brain structure that were specific to contexts of commonly comorbid vascular and neurodegenerative pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Otoki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Di Yu
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Qing Shen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Demetrios J Sahlas
- Department of Medicine (Neurology Division), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joel Ramirez
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology Division) and the Northern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard H Swartz
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pak Cheung Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Pettersen
- Department of Medicine (Neurology Division) and the Northern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shunji Kato
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Food Function Analysis, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology Division), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mfsd2a attenuated hypoxic-ischemic brain damage via protection of the blood-brain barrier in mfat-1 transgenic mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:71. [PMID: 36820986 PMCID: PMC9950179 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mfat-1 transgenic mice have protective effects against some central nervous system (CNS) disorders, owing to the high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content enriched in their brains. However, whether this protective effect is connected to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of the protective effect against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) of mfat-1 transgenic mice. mfat-1 mice not only demonstrated a significant amelioration of neurological dysfunction and neuronal damage but also partly maintained the physiological permeability of the BBB after HIBD. We initially showed this was associated with elevated major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2a (Mfsd2a) expression on the BBB, resulting from more lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-DHA entering the brain. Wild-type (WT) mice showed a similar Mfsd2a expression trend after long-term feeding with an LPC-DHA-rich diet. Knockdown of Mfsd2a by siRNA intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) injection neutralized the protective effect against HIBD-induced BBB disruption in mfat-1 mice, further validating the protective function of Mfsd2a on BBB. HIBD-induced BBB high permeability was attenuated by Mfsd2a, primarily through a transcellular pathway to decrease caveolae-like vesicle-mediated transcytosis. Taken together, these findings not only reveal that mfat-1 transgenic mice have higher expression of Mfsd2a on the BBB, which partly sustains BBB permeability via vesicular transcytosis to alleviate the severity of HIBD, but also suggest that dietary intake of LPC-DHA may upregulate Mfsd2a expression as a novel therapeutic strategy for BBB dysfunction and survival in HIBD patients.
Collapse
|
13
|
Aging decreases docosahexaenoic acid transport across the blood-brain barrier in C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281946. [PMID: 36795730 PMCID: PMC9934487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrients are actively taken up by the brain via various transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A lack of specific nutrients in the aged brain, including decreased levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is associated with memory and cognitive dysfunction. To compensate for decreased brain DHA, orally supplied DHA must be transported from the circulating blood to the brain across the BBB through transport carriers, including major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (MFSD2A) and fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) that transport esterified and non-esterified DHA, respectively. Although it is known that the integrity of the BBB is altered during aging, the impact of aging on DHA transport across the BBB has not been fully elucidated. We used 2-, 8-, 12-, and 24-month-old male C57BL/6 mice to evaluate brain uptake of [14C]DHA, as the non-esterified form, using an in situ transcardiac brain perfusion technique. Primary culture of rat brain endothelial cells (RBECs) was used to evaluate the effect of siRNA-mediated MFSD2A knockdown on cellular uptake of [14C]DHA. We observed that the 12- and 24-month-old mice exhibited significant reductions in brain uptake of [14C]DHA and decreased MFSD2A protein expression in the brain microvasculature compared with that of the 2-month-old mice; nevertheless, FABP5 protein expression was up-regulated with age. Brain uptake of [14C]DHA was inhibited by excess unlabeled DHA in 2-month-old mice. Transfection of MFSD2A siRNA into RBECs decreased the MFSD2A protein expression levels by 30% and reduced cellular uptake of [14C]DHA by 20%. These results suggest that MFSD2A is involved in non-esterified DHA transport at the BBB. Therefore, the decreased DHA transport across the BBB that occurs with aging could be due to age-related down-regulation of MFSD2A rather than FABP5.
Collapse
|
14
|
Determining nonesterified and total docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapenaenoic acid concentrations by LC-MS/MS in the plasma of patients with schizophrenia. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:467-477. [PMID: 35469438 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nonesterified, total docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapenaenoic acid (EPA) plasma levels were evaluated in patients with schizophrenia on different medications compared with healthy individuals using validated LC-MS/MS methods. Methods: Samples for nonesterified DHA and EPA assay were extracted in n-hexane-dichloromethane-isopropyl alcohol (2:1:0.1, V/V/V) and hydrolyzed at 90°C for 2 h before total DHA and EPA determination. Methods were validated in surrogate matrix and plasma. Results: These methods generated similar recovery for plasma (>89%) and surrogate matrix (>87%) and negligible matrix effects. Linearity, lower limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and stability were also validated. Conclusions: This study successfully determined DHA and EPA plasma levels in patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals using validated LC-MS/MS methods. Therefore, nonesterified DHA and total EPA levels could be used as schizophrenia biomarkers.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sliz E, Shin J, Ahmad S, Williams DM, Frenzel S, Gauß F, Harris SE, Henning AK, Hernandez MV, Hu YH, Jiménez B, Sargurupremraj M, Sudre C, Wang R, Wittfeld K, Yang Q, Wardlaw JM, Völzke H, Vernooij MW, Schott JM, Richards M, Proitsi P, Nauck M, Lewis MR, Launer L, Hosten N, Grabe HJ, Ghanbari M, Deary IJ, Cox SR, Chaturvedi N, Barnes J, Rotter JI, Debette S, Ikram MA, Fornage M, Paus T, Seshadri S, Pausova Z. Circulating Metabolome and White Matter Hyperintensities in Women and Men. Circulation 2022; 145:1040-1052. [PMID: 35050683 PMCID: PMC9645366 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter hyperintensities (WMH), identified on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of the human brain as areas of enhanced brightness, are a major risk factor of stroke, dementia, and death. There are no large-scale studies testing associations between WMH and circulating metabolites. METHODS We studied up to 9290 individuals (50.7% female, average age 61 years) from 15 populations of 8 community-based cohorts. WMH volume was quantified from T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images or as hypointensities on T1-weighted images. Circulating metabolomic measures were assessed with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Associations between WMH and metabolomic measures were tested by fitting linear regression models in the pooled sample and in sex-stratified and statin treatment-stratified subsamples. Our basic models were adjusted for age, sex, age×sex, and technical covariates, and our fully adjusted models were also adjusted for statin treatment, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, smoking, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Population-specific results were meta-analyzed using the fixed-effect inverse variance-weighted method. Associations with false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P values (PFDR)<0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS In the meta-analysis of results from the basic models, we identified 30 metabolomic measures associated with WMH (PFDR<0.05), 7 of which remained significant in the fully adjusted models. The most significant association was with higher level of hydroxyphenylpyruvate in men (PFDR.full.adj=1.40×10-7) and in both the pooled sample (PFDR.full.adj=1.66×10-4) and statin-untreated (PFDR.full.adj=1.65×10-6) subsample. In men, hydroxyphenylpyruvate explained 3% to 14% of variance in WMH. In men and the pooled sample, WMH were also associated with lower levels of lysophosphatidylcholines and hydroxysphingomyelins and a larger diameter of low-density lipoprotein particles, likely arising from higher triglyceride to total lipids and lower cholesteryl ester to total lipids ratios within these particles. In women, the only significant association was with higher level of glucuronate (PFDR=0.047). CONCLUSIONS Circulating metabolomic measures, including multiple lipid measures (eg, lysophosphatidylcholines, hydroxysphingomyelins, low-density lipoprotein size and composition) and nonlipid metabolites (eg, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, glucuronate), associate with WMH in a general population of middle-aged and older adults. Some metabolomic measures show marked sex specificities and explain a sizable proportion of WMH variance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Sliz
- The Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan M. Williams
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Frenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Friederike Gauß
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sarah E. Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ann-Kristin Henning
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria Valdes Hernandez
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yi-Han Hu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beatriz Jiménez
- National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Sudre
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Germany Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), partner site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Meike W. Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthew R. Lewis
- National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Germany Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), partner site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R. Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Josephine Barnes
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA
| | - Stephanie Debette
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Fornage
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tomas Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- ECOGENE-21, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tung TH, Nguyen NTK, Huang SY. New Insights into Depressive Disorder with Respect to Low-Grade Inflammation and Fish Oil Intake. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1539-1550. [PMID: 34732633 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unipolar depression has been recognized as one of the major diseases by the World Health Organization in the 21st century. The etiology of depression is complicated and includes genetic factors, stress, aging, and special physical status (pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, and trauma). Numerous animal and human studies have demonstrated that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are highly correlated to cognition and depression. These nutritional antidepressants, including EPA and DHA, have a range of neurobiological activities contributing to their potential antidepressant effects. Our preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that n-3 PUFA supplementation in addition to standard antidepressant medications may provide synergistic neuroprotective and antioxidant/inflammatory effects. To translate our preliminary findings into clinical application, this paper reviews the existing evidence on the antidepressant effects of n-3 PUFAs and the potential underlying mechanisms, which include modulation of chronic lowgrade inflammation and the corresponding changes in peripheral blood immune biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te-Hsuan Tung
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Nguyen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Heath RJ, Wood TR. Why Have the Benefits of DHA Not Been Borne Out in the Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease? A Narrative Review Focused on DHA Metabolism and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11826. [PMID: 34769257 PMCID: PMC8584218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid rich in seafood, is linked to Alzheimer's Disease via strong epidemiological and pre-clinical evidence, yet fish oil or other DHA supplementation has not consistently shown benefit to the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Furthermore, autopsy studies of Alzheimer's Disease brain show variable DHA status, demonstrating that the relationship between DHA and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the forms of DHA in the diet and plasma have specific metabolic fates that may affect brain uptake; however, the effect of DHA form on brain uptake is less pronounced in studies of longer duration. One major confounder of studies relating dietary DHA and Alzheimer's Disease may be that adipose tissue acts as a long-term depot of DHA for the brain, but this is poorly understood in the context of neurodegeneration. Future work is required to develop biomarkers of brain DHA and better understand DHA-based therapies in the setting of altered brain DHA uptake to help determine whether brain DHA should remain an important target in the prevention of Alzheimer's Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. Heath
- Emergency Medicine Department, Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang B, Li X. The Role of Mfsd2a in Nervous System Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:730534. [PMID: 34566571 PMCID: PMC8461068 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.730534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the maximum and most diversified membrane transporter, acting as uniporters, symporters and antiporters. MFS is considered to have a good development potential in the transport of drugs for the treatment of brain diseases. The major facilitator superfamily domain containing protein 2a (Mfsd2a) is a member of MFS. Mfsd2a-knockout mice have shown a marked decrease of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level in brain, exhibiting neuron loss, microcephaly and cognitive deficits, as DHA acts essentially in brain growth and integrity. Mfsd2a has attracted more and more attention in the study of nervous system diseases because of its critical role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transporting DHA, including inhibiting cell transport in central nervous system endothelial cells, alleviating BBB injury, avoiding BBB injury in cerebral hemorrhage model, acting as a carrier etc. Up to now, the clinical research of Mfsd2a in nervous system diseases is rare. This article reviewed the current research progress of Mfsd2a in nervous system diseases. It summarized the physiological functions of Mfsd2a in the occurrence and development of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), Alzheimer's disease (AD), sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) and intracranial tumor, aiming to provide ideas for the basic research and clinical application of Mfsd2a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- Operational Management Office, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Emergency Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Metherel AH, Rezaei K, Lacombe RJS, Bazinet RP. Plasma unesterified eicosapentaenoic acid is converted to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the liver and supplies the brain with DHA in the presence or absence of dietary DHA. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158942. [PMID: 33845223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent meta-analyses suggest that high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) supplements may be beneficial in managing the symptoms of major depression. However, brain EPA levels are hundreds-fold lower than docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), making the potential mechanisms of action of EPA in the brain less clear. Using a kinetic model the goal of this study was to determine how EPA impacts brain DHA levels. Following 8 weeks feeding of a 2% alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) or DHA diet (2% ALA + 2% DHA), 11-week-old Long Evans rats were infused with unesterified 13C-EPA at steady-state for 3 h with plasma collected at 30 min intervals and livers and brains collected after 3 h for determining DHA synthesis-accretion kinetics in multiple lipid fractions. Most of the newly synthesized liver 13C-DHA was in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 37%-56%), however, 75-80% of plasma 13C-DHA was found in triacylglycerols (TAG) at 14 ± 5 and 46 ± 12 nmol/g/day (p < 0.05) in the ALA and DHA group, respectively. In the brain, PE and phosphatidylserine (PS) accreted the most 13C-DHA, and DHA compared to ALA feeding shortened DHA half-lives in most lipid fractions, resulting in total brain DHA half-lives of 32 ± 6 and 96 ± 24 (days/g ± SEM), respectively (p < 0.05). EPA was predominantly converted and stored as PE-DHA in the liver, secreted to plasma as TAG-DHA and accumulated in brain as PE and PS-DHA. In conclusion, EPA is a substantial source for brain DHA turnover and suggests an important role for EPA in maintaining brain DHA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Kimia Rezaei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - R J Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee-Chang KJ, Taylor MC, Drummond G, Mulder RJ, Mansour MP, Brock M, Nichols PD. Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Naturally Concentrated at the sn-2 Position in Triacylglycerols of the Australian Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. Strain TC 20. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070382. [PMID: 34356807 PMCID: PMC8306615 DOI: 10.3390/md19070382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Labyrinthulomycetes or Labyrinthulea are a class of protists that produce a network of filaments that enable the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients. One of the main two Labyrinthulea groups is the thraustochytrids, which are becoming an increasingly recognised and commercially used alternate source of long-chain (LC, ≥C20) omega-3 containing oils. This study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, the regiospecificity of the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction derived from Australian thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain TC 20 obtained using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) analysis. The DHA present in the TC 20 TAG fraction was determined to be concentrated in the sn-2 position, with TAG (16:0/22:6/16:0) identified as the main species present. The sn-2 preference is similar to that found in salmon and tuna oil, and differs to seal oil containing largely sn-1,3 LC-PUFA. A higher concentration of sn-2 DHA occurred in the thraustochytrid TC 20 oil compared to that of tuna oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jye Lee-Chang
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.B.); (P.D.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-6232-5224
| | | | - Guy Drummond
- Pharmamark Nutrition Pty Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, QLD 4113, Australia;
| | | | | | - Mina Brock
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.B.); (P.D.N.)
| | - Peter D. Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia; (M.B.); (P.D.N.)
- Institute Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sugasini D, Yang P, Ng D, Khetarpal SA, Vitali C, Rader DJ, Subbaiah PV. Potential role of hepatic lipase in the accretion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159002. [PMID: 34197964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an essential fatty acid that is required for the normal development and function of the brain. Because of its inability to synthesize adequate amounts of DHA from the precursors, the brain has to acquire DHA from plasma through the blood brain barrier (BBB). Recent studies demonstrated the presence of a transporter at the BBB that specifically transports DHA into the brain in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC-DHA). However, the mechanism by which LPC-DHA is generated in the plasma is not known. Our previous studies showed that there are at least three different enzymes - lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), endothelial lipase (EL), and hepatic lipase (HL), which can generate LPC-DHA from sn-2 DHA phosphatidylcholine. Here we determined the relative contributions of these enzymes in the delivery of DHA to the brain by measuring the brain DHA levels in the mice deficient in each of these enzymes. The results show that the brain DHA levels of LCAT-deficient mice or EL-deficient mice were not significantly lower than those of their littermates. However, brain DHA was significantly decreased in HL deficient mice (13.5% of total fatty acids) compared to their littermates (17.1%) (p < 0.002), and further decreased to 8.3% of total fatty acids in mice deficient in both HL and EL. These results suggest that HL activity may be the major source for the generation of LPC-DHA in the plasma necessary for transport into the brain, and EL might contribute to this process in the absence of HL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dominic Ng
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumeet A Khetarpal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia Vitali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Papasani V Subbaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Chronic posttraumatic headache (PTH) is among the most common and disabling sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Current PTH treatments are often only partially effective and have problematic side effects. We previously showed in a small randomized trial of patients with chronic nontraumatic headaches that manipulation of dietary fatty acids decreased headache frequency, severity, and pain medication use. Pain reduction was associated with alterations in oxylipins derived from n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, suggesting that oxylipins could potentially mediate clinical pain reduction. The objective of this study was to investigate whether circulating oxylipins measured in the acute setting after TBI could serve as prognostic biomarkers for developing chronic PTH. Participants enrolled in the Traumatic Head Injury Neuroimaging Classification Protocol provided serum within 3 days of TBI and were followed up at 90 days postinjury with a neurobehavioral symptom inventory (NSI) and satisfaction with life survey. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods profiled 39 oxylipins derived from n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and n-6 arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. Statistical analyses assessed the association of oxylipins with headache severity (primary outcome, measured by headache question on NSI) as well as associations between oxylipins and total NSI or satisfaction with life survey scores. Among oxylipins, 4-hydroxy-DHA and 19,20-epoxy-docosapentaenoate (DHA derivatives) were inversely associated with headache severity, and 11-hydroxy-9-epoxy-octadecenoate (a linoleic acid derivative) was positively associated with headache severity. These findings support a potential for DHA-derived oxylipins as prognostic biomarkers for development of chronic PTH.
Collapse
|
23
|
Martinat M, Rossitto M, Di Miceli M, Layé S. Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:1185. [PMID: 33918517 PMCID: PMC8065891 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential fatty acids that are provided by dietary intake. Growing evidence suggests that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are paramount for brain functions. They constitute crucial elements of cellular membranes, especially in the brain. They are the precursors of several metabolites with different effects on inflammation and neuron outgrowth. Overall, long-chain PUFAs accumulate in the offspring brain during the embryonic and post-natal periods. In this review, we discuss how they accumulate in the developing brain, considering the maternal dietary supply, the polymorphisms of genes involved in their metabolism, and the differences linked to gender. We also report the mechanisms linking their bioavailability in the developing brain, their transfer from the mother to the embryo through the placenta, and their role in brain development. In addition, data on the potential role of altered bioavailability of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in the etiologies of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia, are reviewed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Leclerc M, Dudonné S, Calon F. Can Natural Products Exert Neuroprotection without Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073356. [PMID: 33805947 PMCID: PMC8037419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of evidence on the neuroprotective impact of natural products has been greatly extended in recent years. However, a key question that remains to be answered is whether natural products act directly on targets located in the central nervous system (CNS), or whether they act indirectly through other mechanisms in the periphery. While molecules utilized for brain diseases are typically bestowed with a capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier, it has been recently uncovered that peripheral metabolism impacts brain functions, including cognition. The gut–microbiota–brain axis is receiving increasing attention as another indirect pathway for orally administered compounds to act on the CNS. In this review, we will briefly explore these possibilities focusing on two classes of natural products: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) from marine sources and polyphenols from plants. The former will be used as an example of a natural product with relatively high brain bioavailability but with tightly regulated transport and metabolism, and the latter as an example of natural compounds with low brain bioavailability, yet with a growing amount of preclinical and clinical evidence of efficacy. In conclusion, it is proposed that bioavailability data should be sought early in the development of natural products to help identifying relevant mechanisms and potential impact on prevalent CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Leclerc
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- OptiNutriBrain-Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Dudonné
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- OptiNutriBrain-Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- OptiNutriBrain-Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-525-4444 (ext. 48697); Fax: +1-(418)-654-2761
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yoshinaga K, Ishikawa H, Beppu F, Gotoh N. Incorporation of Dietary Arachidonic and Docosatetraenoic Acid into Mouse Brain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2457-2461. [PMID: 33594883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to analyze the metabolism of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain for the research and development of functional foods. In this study, a single dose of 2,2-dideuterium-labeled docosatetraenoic acid ((+2)DTA) or 2,2-dideuterium-labeled arachidonic acid ((+2)AA) was orally administered to Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice and its metabolism in the brain was investigated. In the (+2)DTA group, the (+2)DTA content in the brain was significantly increased at 4, 8, 24, and 96 h compared to 0 h after administration, while in the (+2)AA group, the (+2)AA content was significantly increased at 4, 8, 24, and 96 h compared to 0 h. However, there was no significant difference in the content of (+2)DTA, a metabolite of (+2)AA, among all the groups. These results suggest that dietary (+2)DTA and (+2)AA pass through the blood-brain barrier and dietary (+2)AA is rather stored in the brain than converted to (+2)DTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1248, Japan
| | - Haruna Ishikawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Beppu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leikin-Frenkel A, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Hollander KS, Atrakchi D, Ravid O, Rand D, Kandel-Kfir M, Israelov H, Cohen H, Kamari Y, Shaish A, Harats D, Schnaider-Beeri M, Cooper I. Dietary alpha linolenic acid in pregnant mice and during weaning increases brain docosahexaenoic acid and improves recognition memory in the offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 91:108597. [PMID: 33545323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is critical for normal brain development and function. DHA is in danger of being significantly reduced in the human food supply, and the question of whether its metabolic precursor, the essential n-3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA) during pregnancy, can support fetal brain DHA levels for optimal neurodevelopment, is fundamental. Female mice were fed either ALA-enriched or Control diet during pregnancy and lactation. The direct effect of maternal dietary ALA on lipids was analyzed in liver, red blood cells, brain and brain vasculature, together with genes of fatty acid metabolism and transport in three-week-old offspring. The long-term effect of maternal dietary ALA on brain fatty acids and memory was studied in 19-week-old offspring. Three-week-old ALA offspring showed higher levels of n-3 fatty acids in liver, red blood cell, blood-brain barrier (BBB) vasculature and brain parenchyma, DHA enrichment in brain phospholipids and higher gene and protein expression of the DHA transporter, major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2a, compared to Controls. 19-week-old ALA offspring showed higher brain DHA levels and better memory performance than Controls. The increased brain DHA levels induced by maternal dietary ALA during pregnancy-lactation, together with the up-regulated levels of major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2a, may indicate a mode for greater DHA uptake with long-term impact on better memory in ALA offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Leikin-Frenkel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Dana Atrakchi
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Orly Ravid
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Daniel Rand
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Kandel-Kfir
- Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hila Israelov
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hofit Cohen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kamari
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Achva Academic College, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider-Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel; The Nehemia Rubin Excellence in Biomedical Research - The TELEM Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cisbani G, Bazinet RP. The role of peripheral fatty acids as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and brain inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 164:102205. [PMID: 33271431 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease. A wide range of techniques have been proposed to facilitate early diagnosis of AD, including biomarkers from the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Although phosphorylated tau and amyloid beta are amongst the most promising biomarkers of AD, other peripheral biomarkers have been identified and in this review we synthesize the current knowledge on circulating fatty acids. Fatty acids are involved in different biological process including neurotransmission and inflammation. Interestingly, some fatty acids appear to be modulated during disease progression, including long chain saturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid . However, discrepant results have been reported in the literature and there is the need for further validation and method standardization. Nonetheless, our literature review suggests that fatty acid analyses could potentially provide a valuable source of data to further inform the pathology and progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang Z, Emami S, Hennebelle M, Morgan RK, Lerno LA, Slupsky CM, Lein PJ, Taha AY. Linoleic acid-derived 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid is absorbed and incorporated into rat tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158870. [PMID: 33340768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LNA)-derived 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) is a bioactive lipid mediator that regulates multiple signaling processes in vivo. 13-HODE is also produced when LNA is oxidized during food processing. However, the absorption and incorporation kinetics of dietary 13-HODE into tissues is not known. The present study measured unesterified d4-13-HODE plasma bioavailability and incorporation into rat liver, adipose, heart and brain following gavage or intravenous (IV) injection (n = 3 per group). Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that d4-13-HODE was absorbed within 20 min of gavage, and continued to incorporate into plasma esterified lipid fractions throughout the 90 min monitoring period (incorporation half-life of 71 min). Following IV injection, unesterified d4-13-HODE was rapidly eliminated from plasma with a half-life of 1 min. Analysis of tracer incorporation kinetics into rat tissues following IV injection or gavage revealed that the esterified tracer preferentially incorporated into liver, adipose and heart compared to unesterified d4-13-HODE. No tracer was detected in the brain. This study demonstrates that dietary 13-HODE is absorbed, and incorporated into peripheral tissues from esterified plasma lipid pools. Understanding the chronic effects of dietary 13-HODE exposure on peripheral tissue physiology and metabolism merits future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shiva Emami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rhianna K Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Larry A Lerno
- Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Balakrishnan J, Kannan S, Govindasamy A. Structured form of DHA prevents neurodegenerative disorders: A better insight into the pathophysiology and the mechanism of DHA transport to the brain. Nutr Res 2020; 85:119-134. [PMID: 33482601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most important fatty acids that plays a critical role in maintaining proper brain function and cognitive development. Deficiency of DHA leads to several neurodegenerative disorders and, therefore, dietary supplementations of these fatty acids are essential to maintain cognitive health. However, the complete picture of how DHA is incorporated into the brain is yet to be explored. In general, the de novo synthesis of DHA is poor, and targeting the brain with specific phospholipid carriers provides novel insights into the process of reduction of disease progression. Recent studies have suggested that compared to triacylglycerol form of DHA, esterified form of DHA (i.e., lysophosphatidylcholine [lysoPC]) is better incorporated into the brain. Free DHA is transported across the outer membrane leaflet of the blood-brain barrier via APOE4 receptors, whereas DHA-lysoPC is transported across the inner membrane leaflet of the blood-brain barrier via a specific protein called Mfsd2a. Dietary supplementation of this lysoPC specific form of DHA is a novel therapy and is used to decrease the risk of various neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, structured glycerides of DHA - novel nutraceutical agents - are being widely used for the prevention and treatment of various neurological diseases. However, it is important to fully understand their metabolic regulation and mechanism of transportation to the brain. This article comprehensively reviews various studies that have evaluated the bioavailability of DHA, mechanisms of DHA transport, and role of DHA in preventing neurodegenerative disorders, which provides better insight into the pathophysiology of these disorders and use of structured DHA in improving neurological health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeyakumar Balakrishnan
- Central Research Laboratory, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal, Puducherry, India.
| | - Suganya Kannan
- Central Research Laboratory, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal, Puducherry, India
| | - Ambujam Govindasamy
- Department of General Surgery, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal. Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid Status during Pregnancy and Its Impact on Infant Neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123615. [PMID: 33255561 PMCID: PMC7759779 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary components are essential for the structural and functional development of the brain. Among these, docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), is critically necessary for the structure and development of the growing fetal brain in utero. DHA is the major n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain gray matter representing about 15% of all fatty acids in the human frontal cortex. DHA affects neurogenesis, neurotransmitter, synaptic plasticity and transmission, and signal transduction in the brain. Data from human and animal studies suggest that adequate levels of DHA in neural membranes are required for maturation of cortical astrocyte, neurovascular coupling, and glucose uptake and metabolism. Besides, some metabolites of DHA protect from oxidative tissue injury and stress in the brain. A low DHA level in the brain results in behavioral changes and is associated with learning difficulties and dementia. In humans, the third trimester-placental supply of maternal DHA to the growing fetus is critically important as the growing brain obligatory requires DHA during this window period. Besides, DHA is also involved in the early placentation process, essential for placental development. This underscores the importance of maternal intake of DHA for the structural and functional development of the brain. This review describes DHA’s multiple roles during gestation, lactation, and the consequences of its lower intake during pregnancy and postnatally on the 2019 brain development and function.
Collapse
|
31
|
McCusker MR, Bazinet RP, Metherel AH, Klein RY, Kundra A, Haibe-Kains B, Li M. Nonesterified Fatty Acids and Depression in Cancer Patients and Caregivers. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa156. [PMID: 33447694 PMCID: PMC7792569 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are known to have inflammatory effects. The inflammatory hypothesis of depression suggests that omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids might be negatively and positively correlated with depression, respectively. OBJECTIVE An exploratory study was conducted to determine the association between dietary free fatty acids and depressive symptoms in cancer patients and caregivers. METHODS Associations between depression and the NEFA pool were investigated in 56 cancer patients and 23 caregivers using a combination of nonparametric tests and regularized regression. Plasma NEFAs were measured using thin layer and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Depression was characterized both as a continuous severity score using the GRID-Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (GRID Ham-D), and as a categorical diagnosis of major depression by structured clinical interview. RESULTS Initial hypotheses regarding the relation between depression and omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids were not well supported. However, elaidic acid, a trans-unsaturated fatty acid found in hydrogenated vegetable oils, was found to be negatively correlated with continuous depression scores in cancer patients. No significant associations were found in caregivers. CONCLUSIONS An unexpected negative association between elaidic acid and depression was identified, supporting recent literature on the role of G protein-coupled receptors in depression. Further research is needed to confirm this result and to evaluate the potential role of G protein agonists as therapeutic agents for depression in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R McCusker
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roberta Yael Klein
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arjun Kundra
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Ontario Institute of Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Canada
| | - Madeline Li
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Manual Kollareth DJ, Deckelbaum RJ, Liu Z, Ramakrishnan R, Jouvene C, Serhan CN, Ten VS, Zirpoli H. Acute injection of a DHA triglyceride emulsion after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mice increases both DHA and EPA levels in blood and brain ✰. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102176. [PMID: 33038830 PMCID: PMC7685398 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that acute injection of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) triglyceride emulsions (tri-DHA) conferred neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in a neonatal mouse stroke model. We showed that exogenous DHA increased concentrations of DHA in brain mitochondria as well as DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) levels in the brain. The objective of the present study was to investigate the distribution of emulsion particles and changes in plasma lipid profiles after tri-DHA injection in naïve mice and in animals subjected to HI injury. We also examined whether tri-DHA injection would change DHA- and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived SPM levels in the brain. To address this, neonatal (10-day-old) naïve and HI mice were injected with radiolabeled tri-DHA emulsion (0.375 g tri-DHA/kg bw), and blood clearance and tissue distribution were analyzed. Among all the organs assayed, the lowest uptake of emulsion particles was in the brain (<0.4% recovered dose) in both naïve and HI mice, while the liver had the highest uptake. Tri-DHA administration increased DHA concentrations in plasma lysophosphatidylcholine and non-esterified fatty acids. Additionally, treatment with tri-DHA after HI injury significantly elevated the levels of DHA-derived SPMs and monohydroxy-containing DHA-derived products in the brain. Further, tri-DHA administration increased resolvin E2 (RvE2, 5S,18R-dihydroxy-eicosa-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E-pentaenoic acid) and monohydroxy-containing EPA-derived products in the brain. These results suggest that the transfer of DHA through plasma lipid pools plays an important role in DHA brain transport in neonatal mice subjected to HI injury. Furthermore, increases in EPA and EPA-derived SPMs following tri-DHA injection demonstrate interlinked metabolism of these two fatty acids. Hence, changes in both EPA and DHA profile patterns need to be considered when studying the protective effects of DHA after HI brain injury. Our results highlight the need for further investigation to differentiate the effects of DHA from EPA on neuroprotective pathways following HI damage. Such information could contribute to the development of specific DHA-EPA formulations to improve clinical endpoints and modulate potential biomarkers in ischemic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Zequn Liu
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Charlotte Jouvene
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Vadim S Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hylde Zirpoli
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fernandez RF, Ellis JM. Acyl-CoA synthetases as regulators of brain phospholipid acyl-chain diversity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 161:102175. [PMID: 33031993 PMCID: PMC8693597 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Each individual cell-type is defined by its distinct morphology, phenotype, molecular and lipidomic profile. The importance of maintaining cell-specific lipidomic profiles is exemplified by the numerous diseases, disorders, and dysfunctional outcomes that occur as a direct result of altered lipidome. Therefore, the mechanisms regulating cellular lipidome diversity play a role in maintaining essential biological functions. The brain is an organ particularly rich in phospholipids, the main constituents of cellular membranes. The phospholipid acyl-chain profile of membranes in the brain is rather diverse due in part to the high degree of cellular heterogeneity. These membranes and the acyl-chain composition of their phospholipids are highly regulated, but the mechanisms that confer this tight regulation are incompletely understood. A family of enzymes called acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) stands at a pinnacle step allowing influence over cellular acyl-chain selection and subsequent metabolic flux. ACSs perform the initial reaction for cellular fatty acid metabolism by ligating a Coenzyme A to a fatty acid which both traps a fatty acid within a cell and activates it for metabolism. The ACS family of enzymes is large and diverse consisting of 25-26 family members that are nonredundant, each with unique distribution across and within cell types, and differential fatty acid substrate preferences. Thus, ACSs confer a critical intracellular fatty acid selecting step in a cell-type dependent manner providing acyl-CoA moieties that serve as essential precursors for phospholipid synthesis and remodeling, and therefore serve as a key regulator of cellular membrane acyl-chain compositional diversity. Here we will discuss how the contribution of individual ACSs towards brain lipid metabolism has only just begun to be elucidated and discuss the possibilities for how ACSs may differentially regulate brain lipidomic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina F Fernandez
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, NC, United States
| | - Jessica M Ellis
- Department of Physiology and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, NC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zirpoli H, Chang CL, Carpentier YA, Michael-Titus AT, Ten VS, Deckelbaum RJ. Novel Approaches for Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapeutics: Chronic Versus Acute Administration to Protect Heart, Brain, and Spinal Cord. Annu Rev Nutr 2020; 40:161-187. [PMID: 32966188 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews novel approaches for omega-3 fatty acid (FA) therapeutics and the linked molecular mechanisms in cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In vitro and in vivo research studies indicate that omega-3 FAs affect synergic mechanisms that include modulation of cell membrane fluidity, regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, and production of bioactive mediators. We compare how chronic and acute treatments with omega-3 FAs differentially trigger pathways of protection in heart, brain, and spinal cord injuries. We also summarize recent omega-3 FA randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses and discuss possible reasons for controversial results, with suggestions on improving the study design for future clinical trials. Acute treatment with omega-3 FAs offers a novel approach for preserving cardiac and neurological functions, and the combinations of acute treatment with chronic administration of omega-3 FAs might represent an additional therapeutic strategy for ameliorating adverse cardiovascular and CNS outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hylde Zirpoli
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Chuchun L Chang
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Yvon A Carpentier
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Nutrition Lipid Developments, SPRL, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery, and Trauma, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim S Ten
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang Z, Liu CH, Huang S, Fu Z, Tomita Y, Britton WR, Cho SS, Chen CT, Sun Y, Ma JX, He X, Chen J. Wnt signaling activates MFSD2A to suppress vascular endothelial transcytosis and maintain blood-retinal barrier. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7457. [PMID: 32923627 PMCID: PMC7455181 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) causes retinal edema and vision loss. We investigated the role of Wnt signaling in maintaining the BRB by limiting transcytosis. Mice lacking either the Wnt co-receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5-/- ) or the Wnt ligand Norrin (Ndpy/- ) exhibit increased retinal vascular leakage and enhanced endothelial transcytosis. Wnt signaling directly controls the transcription of an endothelium-specific transcytosis inhibitor, major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (MFSD2A), in a β-catenin-dependent manner. MFSD2A overexpression reverses Wnt deficiency-induced transcytosis in endothelial cells and in retinas. Moreover, Wnt signaling mediates MFSD2A-dependent vascular endothelium transcytosis through a caveolin-1 (CAV-1)-positive caveolae pathway. In addition, levels of omega-3 fatty acids are also decreased in Wnt signaling-deficient retinas, reflecting the basic function of MFSD2A as a lipid transporter. Our findings uncovered the Wnt/β-catenin/MFSD2A/CAV-1 axis as a key pathway governing endothelium transcytosis and inner BRB integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William R. Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steve S. Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chuck T. Chen
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-01, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xi He
- The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nemeth M, Wallner B, Schuster D, Siutz C, Quint R, Wagner KH, Millesi E. Effects of dietary fatty acids on the social life of male Guinea pigs from adolescence to adulthood. Horm Behav 2020; 124:104784. [PMID: 32504693 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or saturated fatty acids (SFAs) differently modulates neurophysiological and behavioral functions in response to altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity and an individual's development. In this context, an individual's social environment, including social interactions and social hierarchies, is closely related to hormone concentrations and possibly interacts with dietary fatty acid effects. We investigated if dietary supplementation with walnut oil (high in PUFAs) and coconut fat (high in SFAs), compared to a control group, affects body mass gain, cortisol and testosterone concentrations, plasma fatty acids, and social behavior in male domestic guinea pigs from adolescence to adulthood. For analyses of cortisol and testosterone concentrations, social interactions were included as covariates in order to consider effects of social behavior on hormone concentrations. Our results revealed that SFAs increased escalated conflicts like fights and stimulated cortisol and testosterone concentrations, which limited body mass gain and first-year survival. PUFAs did not remarkably affect social behavior and hormone concentrations, but enabled the strongest body mass gain, which probably resulted from an energetic advantage. Neither sociopositive nor agonistic behaviors explained age-specific differences in hormone concentrations between groups. However, a high number of subdominant individuals and lower testosterone concentrations were related to increased cortisol concentrations in adult PUFA males. Our findings demonstrate the importance of dietary fatty acids regarding behavioral and endocrine developmental processes and adaptations to the social environment by modulating HPA-axis function and body homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nemeth
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Siutz
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Quint
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Millesi
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Semba RD. Perspective: The Potential Role of Circulating Lysophosphatidylcholine in Neuroprotection against Alzheimer Disease. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:760-772. [PMID: 32190891 PMCID: PMC7360459 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive disorder involving cognitive impairment, loss of learning and memory, and neurodegeneration affecting wide areas of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. AD is characterized by altered lipid metabolism in the brain. Lower concentrations of long-chain PUFAs have been described in the frontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus in the brain in AD. The brain can synthesize only a few fatty acids; thus, most fatty acids must enter the brain from the blood. Recent studies show that PUFAs such as DHA (22:6) are transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) via a specific LPC receptor at the BBB known as the sodium-dependent LPC symporter 1 (MFSD2A). Higher dietary PUFA intake is associated with decreased risk of cognitive decline and dementia in observational studies; however, PUFA supplementation, with fatty acids esterified in triacylglycerols did not prevent cognitive decline in clinical trials. Recent studies show that LPC is the preferred carrier of PUFAs across the BBB into the brain. An insufficient pool of circulating LPC containing long-chain fatty acids could potentially limit the supply of long-chain fatty acids to the brain, including PUFAs such as DHA, and play a role in the pathobiology of AD. Whether adults with low serum LPC concentrations are at greater risk of developing cognitive decline and AD remains a major gap in knowledge. Preventing and treating cognitive decline and the development of AD remain a major challenge. The LPC pathway is a promising area for future investigators to identify modifiable risk factors for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang Y, Wu G, Zhang Y, Wang X, Jin Q, Zhang H. Advances in exogenous docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipids: Sources, positional isomerism, biological activities, and advantages. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1420-1448. [PMID: 33337094 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipids (DHA-PLs) have attracted much attention because of theirs unique health benefits. Compared with other forms of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), DHA-PLs possess superior biological effects (e.g., anticancer, lipid metabolism regulation, visual development, and brain and nervous system biochemical reactions), more intricate metabolism mechanisms, and a stronger attraction to consumer. The production of DHA-PLs is hampered by several challenges associated with the limited content of DHA-PLs in natural sources, incomplete utilization of by-products, few microorganisms for DHA-PLs production, high cost, and complex process of artificial preparation of DHA-PLs. In this article, the sources, biological activities, and commercial applications of DHA-PLs were summarized, with intensive discussions on advantages of DHA-PLs over DHA, isomerism of DHA in phospholipids (PLs), and brain health. The excellent biological characteristics of DHA-PLs are primarily concerned with DHA and PLs. The metabolic fate of different DHA-PLs varies from the position of DHA in PLs to polar groups in DHA-PLs. Overall, well understanding of DHA-PLs about their sources and characteristics is critical to accelerate the production of DHA-PLs, economically enhance the value of DHA-PLs, and improve the applicability of DHA-PLs and the acceptance of consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lust CAC, Mountjoy M, Robinson LE, Oliver JM, Ma DWL. Sports-related concussions and subconcussive impacts in athletes: incidence, diagnosis, and the emerging role of EPA and DHA. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:886-892. [PMID: 32119565 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sports-related concussions (SRC) are traumatic brain injuries induced as the result of a biomechanical force to the body that temporarily impair neurological functions. Not all traumatic impacts reach the threshold necessary to produce concussive symptoms; however, the culmination of these events is known as a subconcussive impact (SCI). Athletes who have been diagnosed with a SRC or those who accumulate multiple SCI have exhibited structural damage to the brain, impairments to learning and memory, and an increase in depressive symptoms. This area is rapidly evolving, and current clinical definitions of injury, diagnosis, and treatment of SRC and SCI are reviewed. In tandem, there is also growing research examining the role of nutrition in brain injuries, focusing primarily on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The potential role of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in reducing inflammation and promoting recovery following brain injury are also reviewed. Overall, advancements in the evaluation of SRC and SCI coupled with n-3 PUFA supplementation show promise in the management of brain injuries, leading to better long-term health outcomes for athletes. Novelty SRC have garnered widespread attention due to the growing body of reported prevalence in youth and professional sports. Current definitions and protocol(s) for diagnosing SRC and SCI have improved, but still require further evaluation. n-3, EPA and DHA, reduce inflammation and promote recovery following brain injuries in experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody A C Lust
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Athletics, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Changes in Plasma Fatty Acids, Free Amino Acids, Antioxidant Defense, and Physiological Stress by Oleuropein Supplementation in Pigs Prior to Slaughter. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010056. [PMID: 31936246 PMCID: PMC7022758 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive tree leaves are characterized for having not only a potent antioxidant power but also effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. The impact of the individual oleuropein (OLE), vitamin E + Se (VE), or a combined supplementation of oleuropein, vitamin E, and selenium (VEOLE) was evaluated on pig plasma metabolites under fasting prior to slaughter. VEOLE and OLE had lesser n-3 plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and greater monounsaturated free fatty acids compared to control. The n-3-fatty acid mobilization was directly correlated with greater cystine and inversely with oxidized glutathione/reduced glutathione (GSSH/GSH) levels. This faster use of n-3 fatty acids might act as an indicator of glutathione synthesis mediated by an increase of cystine in plasma. Different correlations and linear adjustments were observed between plasma antioxidant power and free cystine, free glycine, free glutamine, monounsaturated free fatty acids, and total n-3. The best response to stress was found in VEOLE. Cortisol reached the greatest positive correlation with plasma total n-3 fatty acids, which suggests a faster uptake of n-3 for biological functions such as stress control or energy supply in the brain. From a practical point of view, an enhanced oxidative status as well as control of physiological stress prior to slaughter by the combined antioxidants supplementation might have positive effects on pork quality.
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen CT, Schultz JA, Haven SE, Wilhite B, Liu CH, Chen J, Hibbeln JR. Loss of RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) selectively lowers docosahexaenoic acid in developing cerebellum. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 152:102036. [PMID: 31835092 PMCID: PMC7041906 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) of staggerer mice results in extensive granule and Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum as well as in learned motor deficits, cognition impairments and perseverative tendencies that are commonly observed in autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). The effects of RORα on brain lipid metabolism associated with cerebellar atrophy remain unexplored. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of RORα deficiency on brain phospholipid fatty acid concentrations and compositions. Staggerer mice (Rorasg/sg) and wildtype littermates (Rora+/+) were fed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing diets ad libitum. At 2 months and 7 or more months old, brain total phospholipid fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. In the cerebellum, all fatty acid concentrations were reduced in 2 months old mice. Since total fatty acid concentrations were significantly different at 2-month-old, we examined changes in fatty acid composition. The composition of ARA was not significantly different between genotypes; though DHA composition remained significantly lowered. Despite cerebellar atrophy at >7-months-old, cerebellar fatty acid concentrations had recovered comparably to wildtype control. Therefore, RORα may be necessary for fatty acid accretions during neurodevelopment. Specifically, the effects of RORα on PUFA metabolisms are region-specific and age-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-01, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Joseph A Schultz
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-01, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Sophie E Haven
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-01, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Breanne Wilhite
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-01, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-01, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lacombe RJS, Lee CC, Bazinet RP. Turnover of brain DHA in mice is accurately determined by tracer-free natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:116-126. [PMID: 31712249 PMCID: PMC6939594 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d119000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is highly enriched in the long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFA DHA. Due to the limited capacity for local DHA synthesis in the brain, it relies on a continual supply from the circulation to replenish metabolized DHA. Previous studies investigating brain DHA turnover and metabolism have relied on isotope tracers to determine brain fatty acid kinetics; however, this approach is cumbersome and costly. We applied natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis via high-precision gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry, without the use of labeled tracers, to determine the half-life of brain DHA in mice following a dietary switch experiment. Mice fed diets containing either α-linolenic acid (ALA) or DHA as the sole dietary n-3 PUFA were switched onto diets containing ALA, DHA, or ALA + DHA at 6 weeks of age, while control mice were maintained on their respective background diet. We measured brain DHA carbon isotope ratios (reported as δ13CDHA signatures) over a 168-day time course. Brain δ13CDHA signatures of control mice maintained on background diets over the time course were stable (P > 0.05). Brain δ13CDHA signatures of mice switched to the DHA or ALA + DHA diet from the ALA diet changed over time, yielding brain incorporation half-lives of 40 and 34 days, respectively. These half-lives determined by natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis were consistent with estimates from kinetic isotope tracer studies. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis in the study of fatty acid metabolism without the use of isotopically labeled fatty acid tracers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi-Chiu Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Klatt KC, McDougall MQ, Malysheva OV, Brenna JT, Roberson MS, Caudill MA. Reproductive state and choline intake influence enrichment of plasma lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA: a post hoc analysis of a controlled feeding trial. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:1221-1229. [PMID: 31782377 PMCID: PMC10864093 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily domain 2a protein was identified recently as a lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) symporter with high affinity for LPC species enriched with DHA (LPC-DHA). To test the hypothesis that reproductive state and choline intake influence plasma LPC-DHA, we performed a post hoc analysis of samples available through 10 weeks of a previously conducted feeding study, which provided two doses of choline (480 and 930 mg/d) to non-pregnant (n 21), third-trimester pregnant (n 26), and lactating (n 24) women; all participants consumed 200 mg of supplemental DHA and 22 % of their daily choline intake as 2H-labelled choline. The effects of reproductive state and choline intake on total LPC-DHA (expressed as a percentage of LPC) and plasma enrichments of labelled LPC and LPC-DHA were assessed using mixed and generalised linear models. Reproductive state interacted with time (P = 0·001) to influence total LPC-DHA, which significantly increased by week 10 in non-pregnant women, but not in pregnant or lactating women. Contrary to total LPC-DHA, patterns of labelled LPC-DHA enrichments were discordant between pregnant and lactating women (P < 0·05), suggestive of unique, reproductive state-specific mechanisms that result in reduced production and/or enhanced clearance of LPC-DHA during pregnancy and lactation. Regardless of the reproductive state, women consuming 930 v. 480 mg choline per d exhibited no change in total LPC-DHA but higher d3-LPC-DHA (P = 0·02), indicating that higher choline intakes favour the production of LPC-DHA from the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Our results warrant further investigation into the effect of reproductive state and dietary choline on LPC-DHA dynamics and its contribution to DHA status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Klatt
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Olga V. Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Nutrition and of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Mark S. Roberson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marie A. Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sugasini D, Yalagala PCR, Goggin A, Tai LM, Subbaiah PV. Enrichment of brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly dependent upon the molecular carrier of dietary DHA: lysophosphatidylcholine is more efficient than either phosphatidylcholine or triacylglycerol. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 74:108231. [PMID: 31665653 PMCID: PMC6885117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly concentrated in the brain, and its deficiency is associated with several neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. However, the currently used supplements do not appreciably enrich brain DHA, although they enrich most other tissues. We tested the hypothesis that the ability of the dietary carrier to augment brain DHA depends upon the generation of DHA-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), the preferred carrier of DHA across the blood brain barrier. We compared the efficacy of DHA-triacylglycerol (TAG), di-DHA phosphatidylcholine (PC) and DHA-LPC to enrich brain DHA following their gavage to normal rats for 30 days, all at a dose of 10 mg DHA/day. The results show that DHA from TAG, which is released as free DHA or monoacylglycerol during digestion and is absorbed as TAG in chylomicrons, was incorporated preferentially into adipose tissue and heart but not into brain. In contrast, LPC-DHA increased brain DHA by up to 100% but had no effect on adipose tissue. Di-DHA PC, which generates both free DHA and LPC-DHA during the digestion, enriched DHA in brain, as well as in heart and liver. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor was increased by di-DHA PC and DHA-LPC, but not by TAG-DHA, showing that enrichment of brain DHA correlated with its functional effect. We conclude that dietary DHA from TAG or from natural PC (sn-2 position) is not suitable for brain enrichment, whereas DHA from LPC (at either sn-1 or sn-2 position) or from sn-1 position of PC efficiently enriches the brain and is functionally effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhavamani Sugasini
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Poorna C R Yalagala
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Alexis Goggin
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Papasani V Subbaiah
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Thau-Zuchman O, Ingram R, Harvey GG, Cooke T, Palmas F, Pallier PN, Brook J, Priestley JV, Dalli J, Tremoleda JL, Michael-Titus AT. A Single Injection of Docosahexaenoic Acid Induces a Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediator Profile in the Injured Tissue and a Long-Lasting Reduction in Neurological Deficit after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:66-79. [PMID: 31256709 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to life-changing neurological deficits, which reflect the fast-evolving secondary injury post-trauma. There is a need for acute protective interventions, and the aim of this study was to explore in an experimental TBI model the neuroprotective potential of a single bolus of a neuroactive omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), administered in a time window feasible for emergency services. Adult mice received a controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) and neurological impairment was assessed with the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) up to 28 days post-injury. DHA (500 nmol/kg) or saline were injected intravenously at 30 min post-injury. The lipid mediator profile was assessed in the injured hemisphere at 3 h post-CCI. After completion of behavioral tests and lesion assessment using magnetic resonance imaging, over 7 days or 28 days post-TBI, the tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The single DHA bolus significantly reduced the injury-induced neurological deficit and increased pro-resolving mediators in the injured brain. DHA significantly reduced lesion size, the microglia and astrocytic reaction, and oxidation, and decreased the accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), indicating a reduced axonal injury at 7 days post-TBI. DHA reduced the neurofilament light levels in plasma at 28 days. Therefore, an acute single bolus of DHA post-TBI, in a time window relevant for acute emergency intervention, can induce a long-lasting and significant improvement in neurological outcome, and this is accompanied by a marked upregulation of neuroprotective mediators, including the DHA-derived resolvins and protectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orli Thau-Zuchman
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Ingram
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina G Harvey
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cooke
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Palmas
- Lipid Mediator Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick N Pallier
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Brook
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John V Priestley
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Lipid Mediator Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi L Tremoleda
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- Center for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma,z Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Melo HM, Santos LE, Ferreira ST. Diet-Derived Fatty Acids, Brain Inflammation, and Mental Health. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:265. [PMID: 30983955 PMCID: PMC6448040 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Western societies experienced drastic changes in eating habits during the past century. The modern nutritional profile, typically rich in saturated fats and refined sugars, is recognized as a major contributing factor, along with reduced physical activity, to the current epidemics of metabolic disorders, notably obesity and diabetes. Alongside these conditions, recent years have witnessed a gradual and significant increase in prevalence of brain diseases, particularly mood disorders. While substantial clinical/epidemiological evidence supports a correlation between metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders, the mechanisms of pathogenesis in the latter are often multifactorial and causal links have been hard to establish. Neuroinflammation stands out as a hallmark feature of brain disorders that may be linked to peripheral metabolic dyshomeostasis caused by an unhealthy diet. Dietary fatty acids are of particular interest, as they may play a dual role, both as a component of high-calorie obesogenic diets and as signaling molecules involved in inflammatory responses. Here, we review current literature connecting diet-related nutritional imbalance and neuropsychiatric disorders, focusing on the role of dietary fatty acids as signaling molecules directly relevant to inflammatory processes and to neuronal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Melo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Eduardo Santos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio T. Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bazinet RP, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M. How the plasma lysophospholipid and unesterified fatty acid pools supply the brain with docosahexaenoic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 142:1-3. [PMID: 30773208 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain requires a constant supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from blood to maintain DHA levels within the brain. Several plasma pools have been proposed to supply the brain with DHA, including plasma lipoproteins, lysophosphatidylcholine and unesterified fatty acids. Here we briefly review the evidence for each plasma pool supplying the brain highlighting controversies and remaining questions. We conclude that circulating lysophosphatidylcholine has a higher brain/body partition coefficient than unesterified DHA while unesterified DHA entry into the brain is more rapid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Ave A., Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, INSA-Lyon, IMBL, 20 Ave A., Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yalagala PCR, Sugasini D, Dasarathi S, Pahan K, Subbaiah PV. Dietary lysophosphatidylcholine-EPA enriches both EPA and DHA in the brain: potential treatment for depression. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:566-578. [PMID: 30530735 PMCID: PMC6399499 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EPA and DHA protect against multiple metabolic and neurologic disorders. Although DHA appears more effective for neuroinflammatory conditions, EPA is more beneficial for depression. However, the brain contains negligible amounts of EPA, and dietary supplements fail to increase it appreciably. We tested the hypothesis that this failure is due to absorption of EPA as triacylglycerol, whereas the transporter at the blood-brain barrier requires EPA as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). We compared tissue uptake in normal mice gavaged with equal amounts (3.3 μmol/day) of either LPC-EPA or free EPA (surrogate for current supplements) for 15 days and also measured target gene expression. Compared with the no-EPA control, LPC-EPA increased brain EPA >100-fold (from 0.03 to 4 μmol/g); free EPA had little effect. Furthermore, LPC-EPA, but not free EPA, increased brain DHA 2-fold. Free EPA increased EPA in adipose tissue, and both supplements increased EPA and DHA in the liver and heart. Only LPC-EPA increased EPA and DHA in the retina, and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cyclic AMP response element binding protein, and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A in the brain. These novel results show that brain EPA can be increased through diet. Because LPC-EPA increased both EPA and DHA in the brain, it may help in the treatment of depression as well as neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
49
|
Chouinard‐Watkins R, Lacombe RJS, Metherel AH, Masoodi M, Bazinet RP. DHA Esterified to Phosphatidylserine or Phosphatidylcholine is More Efficient at Targeting the Brain than DHA Esterified to Triacylglycerol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801224. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Chouinard‐Watkins
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - R. J. Scott Lacombe
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Lipid BiologyNestlé Research EPFL Innovation Park 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Taha AY, Trepanier MO, Coibanu FA, Saxena A, Jeffrey MA, Taha NMY, Burnham WM, Bazinet RP. Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deprivation Does Not Alter Seizure Thresholds but May Prevent the Anti-seizure Effects of Injected Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1188. [PMID: 30804888 PMCID: PMC6370649 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain concentrations of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been reported to positively correlate with seizure thresholds in rodent seizure models. It is not known whether brain DHA depletion, achieved by chronic dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency, lowers seizure thresholds in rats. Objective: The present study tested the hypothesis that lowering brain DHA concentration with chronic dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation in rats will reduce seizure thresholds, and that compared to injected oleic acid (OA), injected DHA will raise seizure thresholds in rats maintained on n-3 PUFA adequate and deficient diets. Methods: Rats (60 days old) were surgically implanted with electrodes in the amygdala, and subsequently randomized to the AIN-93G diet containing adequate levels of n-3 PUFA derived from soybean oil or an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet derived from coconut and safflower oil. The rats were maintained on the diets for 37 weeks. Afterdischarge seizure thresholds (ADTs) were measured every 4–6 weeks by electrically stimulating the amygdala. Between weeks 35 and 37, ADTs were assessed within 1 h of subcutaneous OA or DHA injection (600 mg/kg). Seizure thresholds were also measured in a parallel group of non-implanted rats subjected to the maximal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 110 mg/kg) seizure test. PUFA composition was measured in the pyriform-amygdala complex of another group of non-implanted rats sacrificed at 16 and 32 weeks. Results: Dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation did not significantly alter amygdaloid seizure thresholds or latency to PTZ-induced seizures. Acute injection of OA did not alter amygdaloid ADTs of rats on the n-3 PUFA adequate or deficient diets, whereas acute injection of DHA significantly increased amygdaloid ADTs in rats on the n-3 PUFA adequate control diet as compared to rats on the n-3 PUFA deficient diet (P < 0.05). Pyriform-amygdala DHA percent composition did not significantly differ between the groups, while n-6 docosapentaenoic acid, a marker of n-3 PUFA deficiency, was significantly increased by 2.9-fold at 32 weeks. Conclusion: Chronic dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency does not alter seizure thresholds in rats, but may prevent the anti-seizure effects of DHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Trepanier
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Flaviu A Coibanu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anjali Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie A Jeffrey
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadeen M Y Taha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W McIntyre Burnham
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|