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Pérez-Núñez R, González MF, Avalos AM, Leyton L. Impacts of PI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in reactive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1031-1041. [PMID: 38845231 PMCID: PMC11438337 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous system. Upon injury and inflammation, astrocytes become reactive and undergo morphological and functional changes. Depending on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2, reactive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses, respectively. However, this binary classification does not fully capture the diversity of astrocyte responses observed across different diseases and injuries. Transcriptomic analysis has revealed that reactive astrocytes have a complex landscape of gene expression profiles, which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of their reactivity. Astrocytes actively participate in regulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types, releasing cytokines, and influencing the immune response. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte reactivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior, as evidenced by in silico , in vitro , and in vivo results. In astrocytes, inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of molecular events, where nuclear factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory responses. Here, we review the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activation. We highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte reactivity, including the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), α v β 3 integrin/PI3K/AKT/connexin 43, and Notch/PI3K/AKT pathways. While targeting the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control reactive astrocytes and prevent central nervous system damage, evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial outcomes. This dual function of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its complexity in astrocyte reactivity and brain function modulation. The review emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to understand their functions accurately and these models are essential for clarifying astrocyte behavior. The findings should then be validated using in vivo models to ensure real-life relevance. The review also highlights the significance of PI3K/AKT pathway modulation in preventing central nervous system damage, although further studies are required to fully comprehend its role due to varying factors such as different cell types, astrocyte responses to inflammation, and disease contexts. Specific strategies are clearly necessary to address these variables effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Pérez-Núñez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernanda González
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Avalos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Le N, Awad S, Palazzo I, Hoang T, Blackshaw S. Viral-mediated Oct4 overexpression and inhibition of Notch signaling synergistically induce neurogenic competence in mammalian Müller glia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.18.613666. [PMID: 39345433 PMCID: PMC11429848 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.18.613666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Retinal Müller glia in cold-blooded vertebrates can reprogram into neurogenic progenitors to replace neurons lost to injury, but mammals lack this ability. While recent studies have shown that transgenic overexpression of neurogenic bHLH factors and glial-specific disruption of NFI family transcription factors and Notch signaling induce neurogenic competence in mammalian Müller glia, induction of neurogenesis in wildtype glia has thus far proven elusive. Here we report that viral-mediated overexpression of the pluripotency factor Oct4 ( Pou5f1 ) induces transdifferentiation of wildtype mouse Müller glia into bipolar neurons and stimulates this process synergistically in parallel with Notch loss of function. Single cell multiomic analysis shows that Oct4 overexpression leads to widespread changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility, inducing activity of both the neurogenic transcription factor Rfx4 and the Yamanaka factors Sox2 and Klf4. This study demonstrates that viral-mediated overexpression of Oct4 induces neurogenic competence in wildtype retinal Müller glia, identifying mechanisms that could be used in cell-based therapies for treating retinal dystrophies.
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Pazzin DB, Previato TTR, Budelon Gonçalves JI, Zanirati G, Xavier FAC, da Costa JC, Marinowic DR. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Organoids in Advancing Neuropathology Research and Therapies. Cells 2024; 13:745. [PMID: 38727281 PMCID: PMC11083827 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the groundbreaking impact of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and three-dimensional organoid models in propelling forward neuropathology research. With a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, neuromotor disorders, and related conditions, iPSCs provide a platform for personalized disease modeling, holding significant potential for regenerative therapy and drug discovery. The adaptability of iPSCs, along with associated methodologies, enables the generation of various types of neural cell differentiations and their integration into three-dimensional organoid models, effectively replicating complex tissue structures in vitro. Key advancements in organoid and iPSC generation protocols, alongside the careful selection of donor cell types, are emphasized as critical steps in harnessing these technologies to mitigate tumorigenic risks and other hurdles. Encouragingly, iPSCs show promising outcomes in regenerative therapies, as evidenced by their successful application in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Bottega Pazzin
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Thales Thor Ramos Previato
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - João Ismael Budelon Gonçalves
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Fernando Antonio Costa Xavier
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
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4
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Cho HE, Lee S, Seo JH, Kang SW, Choi WA, Cho SR. In Vivo Reprogramming Using Yamanaka Factors in the CNS: A Scoping Review. Cells 2024; 13:343. [PMID: 38391956 PMCID: PMC10886652 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, pose significant challenges in medicine. These conditions, characterized by progressive neuronal loss, have remained largely incurable, exacting a heavy toll on individuals and society. In recent years, in vivo reprogramming using Yamanaka factors has emerged as a promising approach for central nervous system regeneration. This technique involves introducing transcription factors, such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to induce their conversion into neurons. This review summarizes the current state of in vivo reprogramming research in the central nervous system, focusing on the use of Yamanaka factors. In vivo reprogramming using Yamanaka factors has shown promising results in several animal models of central nervous system diseases. Studies have demonstrated that this approach can promote the generation of new neurons, improve functional outcomes, and reduce scar formation. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed before this approach can be translated into clinical practice. These challenges include optimizing the efficiency of reprogramming, understanding the cell of origin for each transcription factor, and developing methods for reprogramming in non-subventricular zone areas. Further research is needed to overcome the remaining challenges, but this approach has the potential to revolutionize the way we treat central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Eol Cho
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwoo Lee
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woong Kang
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ah Choi
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe. Cell 2023; 186:243-278. [PMID: 36599349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1430] [Impact Index Per Article: 1430.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging is driven by hallmarks fulfilling the following three premises: (1) their age-associated manifestation, (2) the acceleration of aging by experimentally accentuating them, and (3) the opportunity to decelerate, stop, or reverse aging by therapeutic interventions on them. We propose the following twelve hallmarks of aging: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, disabled macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. These hallmarks are interconnected among each other, as well as to the recently proposed hallmarks of health, which include organizational features of spatial compartmentalization, maintenance of homeostasis, and adequate responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda Partridge
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, UK; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Altos Labs, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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6
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López-Otín C, Pietrocola F, Roiz-Valle D, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Meta-hallmarks of aging and cancer. Cell Metab 2023; 35:12-35. [PMID: 36599298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Both aging and cancer are characterized by a series of partially overlapping "hallmarks" that we subject here to a meta-analysis. Several hallmarks of aging (i.e., genomic instability, epigenetic alterations, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis) are very similar to specific cancer hallmarks and hence constitute common "meta-hallmarks," while other features of aging (i.e., telomere attrition and stem cell exhaustion) act likely to suppress oncogenesis and hence can be viewed as preponderantly "antagonistic hallmarks." Disabled macroautophagy and cellular senescence are two hallmarks of aging that exert context-dependent oncosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic effects. Similarly, the equivalence or antagonism between aging-associated deregulated nutrient-sensing and cancer-relevant alterations of cellular metabolism is complex. The agonistic and antagonistic relationship between the processes that drive aging and cancer has bearings for the age-related increase and oldest age-related decrease of cancer morbidity and mortality, as well as for the therapeutic management of malignant disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - David Roiz-Valle
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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7
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Monsour M, Borlongan CV. No one left behind: Inclusion of individuals experiencing homelessness in TBI stem cell therapy. Med Hypotheses 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Clark IH, Roman A, Fellows E, Radha S, Var SR, Roushdy Z, Borer SM, Johnson S, Chen O, Borgida JS, Steevens A, Shetty A, Strell P, Low WC, Grande AW. Cell Reprogramming for Regeneration and Repair of the Nervous System. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2598. [PMID: 36289861 PMCID: PMC9599606 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent barrier to the cure and treatment of neurological diseases is the limited ability of the central and peripheral nervous systems to undergo neuroregeneration and repair. Recent efforts have turned to regeneration of various cell types through cellular reprogramming of native cells as a promising therapy to replenish lost or diminished cell populations in various neurological diseases. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the current viral vectors, genes of interest, and target cellular populations that have been studied, as well as the challenges and future directions of these novel therapies. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which cellular reprogramming could be optimized as treatment in neurological diseases and a review of the most recent cellular reprogramming in vitro and in vivo studies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac H. Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alex Roman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emily Fellows
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swathi Radha
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zachary Roushdy
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel M. Borer
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Johnson
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Olivia Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jacob S. Borgida
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aleta Steevens
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anala Shetty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Molecular, Cell, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Phoebe Strell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Comparative and Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Molecular, Cell, Developmental Biology & Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Comparative and Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew W. Grande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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de Almeida EJR, Ibrahim HJ, Chitolina Schetinger MR, de Andrade CM, Cardoso AM. Modulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Microglial Activation Through Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3221-3240. [PMID: 35962936 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS), in addition to being one of the main features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia are known for their immune functions and have multiple reactive phenotypes related to the types of stages involving neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on the state of activation of microglia in the CNS, it can be neuroprotective or neurotoxic. In this context, AD is a neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques, formation of fibrillar tangles of tau protein, and loss of neurons due to neurotoxic activation of microglia. However, PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the cortical regions, spinal cord, and brain stem, which occurs by microglial activation, contributing to the neuroinflammatory process. In this aspect, the activation of microglia in both pathologies triggers high levels of inflammatory markers, such as interleukins, and causes the neuroinflammatory process of the diseases. Thus, physical exercise is pointed out as neuroprotective, as it can act to strengthen neurogenesis and reduce the inflammatory process. Therefore, the present review addresses the neuroprotective effect of microglia after different types of physical exercise protocols and evaluates the activity and effects of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory parameters and mechanisms of AD and PD. This review will discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise through microglia activation with neuroprotective activity and the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, Room 121, Veterinary Hospital Building, Avenue Roraima No. 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Physical Education From Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences From Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, SC, 89815-899, Brazil.
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10
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Zibetti C. Deciphering the Retinal Epigenome during Development, Disease and Reprogramming: Advancements, Challenges and Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050806. [PMID: 35269428 PMCID: PMC8908986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurogenesis is driven by concerted actions of transcription factors, some of which are expressed in a continuum and across several cell subtypes throughout development. While seemingly redundant, many factors diversify their regulatory outcome on gene expression, by coordinating variations in chromatin landscapes to drive divergent retinal specification programs. Recent studies have furthered the understanding of the epigenetic contribution to the progression of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. The knowledge of the epigenomic mechanisms that control the acquisition and stabilization of retinal cell fates and are evoked upon damage, holds the potential for the treatment of retinal degeneration. Herein, this review presents the state-of-the-art approaches to investigate the retinal epigenome during development, disease, and reprogramming. A pipeline is then reviewed to functionally interrogate the epigenetic and transcriptional networks underlying cell fate specification, relying on a truly unbiased screening of open chromatin states. The related work proposes an inferential model to identify gene regulatory networks, features the first footprinting analysis and the first tentative, systematic query of candidate pioneer factors in the retina ever conducted in any model organism, leading to the identification of previously uncharacterized master regulators of retinal cell identity, such as the nuclear factor I, NFI. This pipeline is virtually applicable to the study of genetic programs and candidate pioneer factors in any developmental context. Finally, challenges and limitations intrinsic to the current next-generation sequencing techniques are discussed, as well as recent advances in super-resolution imaging, enabling spatio-temporal resolution of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zibetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, Building 36, 0455 Oslo, Norway
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11
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Monsour M, Ebedes D, Borlongan CV. A review of the pathology and treatment of TBI and PTSD. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:114009. [PMID: 35150737 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This literature review focuses on the underlying pathophysiology of TBI and PTSD symptoms, while also examining the plethora of stem cell treatment options to ameliorate these neuronal and functional changes. As more veterans return suffering from TBI and/or PTSD, it is vital that researchers discover novel therapies to mitigate the detrimental symptoms of both diagnoses. A variety of stem cell treatments have been studied and offer hopeful options for TBI and PTSD recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Monsour
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Dominique Ebedes
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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12
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Gao X, Li W, Syed F, Yuan F, Li P, Yu Q. PD-L1 signaling in reactive astrocytes counteracts neuroinflammation and ameliorates neuronal damage after traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:43. [PMID: 35135580 PMCID: PMC8822654 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue damage and cellular destruction are the major events in traumatic brain injury (TBI), which trigger sterile neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. While appropriate acute and transient neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses facilitate the repair and adaptation of injured brain tissues, prolonged and excessive neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses exacerbate brain damage. The mechanisms that control the intensity and duration of neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in TBI largely remain elusive. METHODS We used the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI to study the role of immune checkpoints (ICPs), key regulators of immune homeostasis, in the regulation of neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain in vivo. RESULTS We found that de novo expression of PD-L1, a potent inhibitory ICP, was robustly and transiently induced in reactive astrocytes, but not in microglia, neurons, or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). These PD-L1+ reactive astrocytes were highly enriched to form a dense zone around the TBI lesion. Blockade of PD-L1 signaling enlarged brain tissue cavity size, increased infiltration of inflammatory Ly-6CHigh monocytes/macrophages (M/Mɸ) but not tissue-repairing Ly-6CLowF4/80+ M/Mɸ, and worsened TBI outcomes in mice. PD-L1 gene knockout enhanced production of CCL2 that is best known for its ability to interact with its cognate receptor CCR2 on Ly-6CHigh M/Mϕ to chemotactically recruit these cells into inflammatory sites. Mechanically, PD-L1 signaling in astrocytes likely exhibits dual inhibitory activities for the prevention of excessive neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses to TBI through (1) the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to suppress the activity of brain-infiltrating PD-1+ immune cells, such as PD-1+ T cells, and (2) PD-L1 intrinsic signaling to regulate the timing and intensity of astrocyte reactions to TBI. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1+ astrocytes act as a gatekeeper to the brain to control TBI-related neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses, thereby opening a novel avenue to study the role of ICP-neuroimmune axes in the pathophysiology of TBI and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Department of Neurological Surgery, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Science Building, MS267, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Fahim Syed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Science Building, MS267, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Department of Neurological Surgery, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Science Building, MS267, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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13
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Direct neuronal reprogramming: Fast forward from new concepts toward therapeutic approaches. Neuron 2021; 110:366-393. [PMID: 34921778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated cells have long been considered fixed in their identity. However, about 20 years ago, the first direct conversion of glial cells into neurons in vitro opened the field of "direct neuronal reprogramming." Since then, neuronal reprogramming has achieved the generation of fully functional, mature neurons with remarkable efficiency, even in diseased brain environments. Beyond their clinical implications, these discoveries provided basic insights into crucial mechanisms underlying conversion of specific cell types into neurons and maintenance of neuronal identity. Here we discuss such principles, including the importance of the starter cell for shaping the outcome of neuronal reprogramming. We further highlight technical concerns for in vivo reprogramming and propose a code of conduct to avoid artifacts and pitfalls. We end by pointing out next challenges for development of less invasive cell replacement therapies for humans.
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14
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Ding Z, Dai C, Shan W, Liu R, Lu W, Gao W, Zhang H, Huang W, Guan J, Yin Z. TNF-α up-regulates Nanog by activating NF-κB pathway to induce primary rat spinal cord astrocytes dedifferentiation. Life Sci 2021; 287:120126. [PMID: 34758295 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Astrocytes re-acquire stem cell potential upon inflammation, thereby becoming a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine. Nanog is an essential transcription factor to maintain the characteristics of stem cells. We aimed to investigate the role of Nanog in astrocyte dedifferentiation. MAIN METHODS TNF-α was used to induce the dedifferentiation of primary rat spinal cord astrocytes. The expression of immature markers CD44 and Musashi-1 was detected by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The Nanog gene is knocked down by small interference RNA. Nanog expression was measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting. BAY 11-7082 was used to suppress NF-κB signals in astrocytes. NF-κB signaling was evaluated by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that TNF-α promoted the re-expression of CD44 and Musashi-1 in astrocytes. Dedifferentiated astrocytes could be induced to differentiate into oligodendrocyte lineage cells indicating that the astrocytes had pluripotency. In addition, TNF-α treatment activated NF-κB signaling pathway and up-regulated Nanog. Knockdown of Nanog reversed the increase of CD44 and Musashi-1 induced by TNF-α without affecting the activation of NF-κB signaling. Importantly, blocking NF-κB signaling by BAY 11-7082 inhibited the expression of immature markers suggesting that TNF-α induces dedifferentiation of astrocytes through the NF-κB signaling pathway. BAY 11-7082 could also inhibit the expression of Nanog, which indicated that Nanog was regulated by NF-κB signaling pathway. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway through TNF-α leads to astrocytes dedifferentiation via Nanog. These results expand our understanding of the mechanism of astrocytes dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287#Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 230071, Anhui, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Intersection of Guangde Road and Leshui Road, Hefei 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Ce Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Intersection of Guangde Road and Leshui Road, Hefei 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Wenshan Shan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
| | - Jianzhong Guan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287#Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 230071, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, 2600#Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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15
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The Evolving Role of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Cerebral Organoids in Treating and Modeling Neurosurgical Diseases. World Neurosurg 2021; 155:171-179. [PMID: 34454068 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), as both direct therapeutics and building blocks for 3D in vitro models, has exhibited exciting potential in both helping to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and treating diseases relevant to neurosurgery. Transplantation of IPSCs is being studied in neurological injuries and diseases, such as spinal cord injury and Parkinson's disease, whose clinical manifestations stem from underlying neuronal and/or axonal degeneration. Both animal models and clinical trials have shown that IPSCs have the ability to regenerate damaged neural tissue. Such evidence makes IPSCs a potentially promising therapeutic modality for patients who suffer from these neurological injuries/diseases. In addition, the cerebral organoid, a 3D assembly of IPSC aggregates that develops heterogeneous brain regions, has become the first in vitro model to closely recapitulate the complexity of the brain extracellular matrix, a 3-dimensional network of molecules that structurally and biochemically support neighboring cells. Cerebral organoids have become an exciting prospect for modeling and testing drug susceptibility of brain tumors, such as glioblastoma and metastatic brain cancer. As patient-derived organoid models are becoming more faithful to the brain, they are becoming an increasingly accurate substitute for patient clinical trials; such patient-less trials would protect the patient from potentially ineffective drugs, and speed up trial results and optimize cost. In this review, we aim to describe the role of IPSCs and cerebral organoids in treating and modeling diseases that are relevant to neurosurgery.
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16
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Götz M, Bocchi R. Neuronal replacement: Concepts, achievements, and call for caution. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:185-192. [PMID: 33984604 PMCID: PMC8411662 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative approaches have made such a great progress, now aiming toward replacing the exact neurons lost upon injury or neurodegeneration. Transplantation and direct reprogramming approaches benefit from identification of molecular programs for neuronal subtype specification, allowing engineering of more precise neuronal subtypes. Disentangling subtype diversity from dynamic transcriptional states presents a challenge now. Adequate identity and connectivity is a prerequisite to restore neuronal network function, which is achieved by transplanted neurons generating the correct output and input, depending on the location and injury condition. Direct neuronal reprogramming of local glial cells has also made great progress in achieving high efficiency of conversion, with adequate output connectivity now aiming toward the goal of replacing neurons in a noninvasive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany; SyNergy Excellence Cluster, Munich, Germany.
| | - Riccardo Bocchi
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute of Stem Cell Research, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany.
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17
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Crocker KL, Marischuk K, Rimkus SA, Zhou H, Yin JCP, Boekhoff-Falk G. Neurogenesis in the adult Drosophila brain. Genetics 2021; 219:6297258. [PMID: 34117750 PMCID: PMC8860384 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's currently affect ∼25 million people worldwide (Erkkinen et al. 2018). The global incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is estimated at ∼70 million/year (Dewan et al. 2018). Both neurodegenerative diseases and TBI remain without effective treatments. We are utilizing adult Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the mechanisms of brain regeneration with the long term goal of identifying targets for neural regenerative therapies. We specifically focused on neurogenesis, i.e. the generation of new cells, as opposed to the regrowth of specific subcellular structures such as axons. Like mammals, Drosophila have few proliferating cells in the adult brain. Nonetheless, within 24 hours of a Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (PTBI) to the central brain, there is a significant increase in the number of proliferating cells. We subsequently detect both new glia and new neurons and the formation of new axon tracts that target appropriate brain regions. Glial cells divide rapidly upon injury to give rise to new glial cells. Other cells near the injury site upregulate neural progenitor genes including asense and deadpan and later give rise to the new neurons. Locomotor abnormalities observed after PTBI are reversed within two weeks of injury, supporting the idea that there is functional recovery. Together, these data indicate that adult Drosophila brains are capable of neuronal repair. We anticipate that this paradigm will facilitate the dissection of the mechanisms of neural regeneration and that these processes will be relevant to human brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassi L Crocker
- Genetics Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Science and Medicine Graduate Research Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Khailee Marischuk
- Genetics Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Stacey A Rimkus
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jerry C P Yin
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Grace Boekhoff-Falk
- Genetics Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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18
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Badanjak K, Fixemer S, Smajić S, Skupin A, Grünewald A. The Contribution of Microglia to Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4676. [PMID: 33925154 PMCID: PMC8125756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the world's population ageing, the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is on the rise. In recent years, inflammatory processes have emerged as prominent contributors to the pathology of PD. There is great evidence that microglia have a significant neuroprotective role, and that impaired and over activated microglial phenotypes are present in brains of PD patients. Thereby, PD progression is potentially driven by a vicious cycle between dying neurons and microglia through the instigation of oxidative stress, mitophagy and autophagy dysfunctions, a-synuclein accumulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Hence, investigating the involvement of microglia is of great importance for future research and treatment of PD. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent findings concerning the microglia-neuronal interplay in PD with a focus on human postmortem immunohistochemistry and single-cell studies, their relation to animal and iPSC-derived models, newly emerging technologies, and the resulting potential of new anti-inflammatory therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Badanjak
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Sonja Fixemer
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Luxembourg Centre for Neuropathology (LCNP), L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Semra Smajić
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (K.B.); (S.F.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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19
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Ding Z, Dai C, Zhong L, Liu R, Gao W, Zhang H, Yin Z. Neuregulin-1 converts reactive astrocytes toward oligodendrocyte lineage cells via upregulating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway to repair spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111168. [PMID: 33395598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal demyelination is a consistent pathological characteristic of Spinal cord injury (SCI). Promoting differentiation of oligodendrocytes is of importance for remyelination. Conversion of reactive astrocytes with stem cell potential to oligodendrocytes is proposed as an innovative strategy for SCI repair. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) plays an essential role in the differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Therefore, it's a potential treatment for demyelination in SCI that using Nrg1 to drive reactive astrocytes toward oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In this study, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was used to induce dedifferentiation of primary rat spinal cord astrocytes into reactive astrocytes and Nrg1 was used to induce astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that astrocytes treated with TNF-α expressed immaturity markers CD44 and Musashi1 at mRNA and protein levels, indicating that TNF-α induced the stem cell state of astrocytes. Nrg1 induced reactive astrocytes to express oligodendrocyte markers PDGFR-α and O4 at mRNA and protein levels, indicating that Nrg1 directly converts reactive astrocytes toward oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Moreover, upregulation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling activation in response to Nrg1 was observed. In rats with SCI, intrathecal treatment with Nrg1 converted reactive astrocytes to oligodendrocyte lineage cells, inhibited astrogliosis, promoted remyelination, protected axons and eventually improved BBB score. All the biological effects of Nrg1 were significantly reversed by the co-administration of Nrg1 and ErbB inhibitor, suggesting that Nrg1 functioned through the receptor ErbB. Our findings indicate that Nrg1 is sufficient to trans-differentiate reactive astrocytes to oligodendrocytes via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and repair SCI. Delivery of Nrg1 for the remyelination processes could be a promising strategy for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ce Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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20
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Atkinson SP. A Preview of Selected Articles. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 9:1273-1276. [PMID: 33460310 PMCID: PMC7581444 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Kisby T, Lázaro I, Fisch S, Cartwright EJ, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Adenoviral Mediated Delivery of OSKM Factors Induces Partial Reprogramming of Mouse Cardiac Cells In Vivo. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kisby
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Irene Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences 58 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University Center for Life Science 3 Blackfan Circle Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Sudeshna Fisch
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
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22
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Huang X, Wang C, Zhou X, Wang J, Xia K, Yang B, Gong Z, Ying L, Yu C, Shi K, Shu J, Cheng F, Han B, Liang C, Li F, Chen Q. Overexpression of the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4 improves motor function after spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:940-951. [PMID: 32449258 PMCID: PMC7415207 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Astrogliosis and glial scar formation following spinal cord injury (SCI) are viewed as major obstacles that hinder axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Regulating the glial scar and axonal regeneration in the lesion site is important for treating SCI. Aims Considering the important role of astrocyte in glial scar formation and subsequent axonal regeneration, we intended to investigate the effect of the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4 on astrocyte and the underlying mechanism after spinal cord contusion injury in transgenic mice. Results Western blotting, q‐PCR, immunofluorescence, and functional evaluation suggested that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression decreased in the lesion area, the porosity of the scar increased, and remyelination enhanced. Mice overexpressing the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4 had higher Basso Mouse Scale scores than did the control mice. Moreover, using immunofluorescence and Western blotting, we discovered that some astrocytes expressed nestin and sox2 protein, suggesting that these astrocytes were reprogrammed into neural stem cell‐like cells. Furthermore, a cell scratch assay showed that the migration ability of the astrocytes was significantly inhibited in the presence of the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4. In addition, we demonstrated that the Hippo/Yap pathway was activated after these two transcription factors overexpressed in astrocytes. Conclusions In summary, these results suggest that overexpression of the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4 could induce astrocyte reprogramming, which subsequently improves remyelination and functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Ying
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kesi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Shu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, School of Medicine, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Tai W, Xu XM, Zhang CL. Regeneration Through in vivo Cell Fate Reprogramming for Neural Repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:107. [PMID: 32390804 PMCID: PMC7193690 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) has very limited regenerative capacity upon neural injuries or under degenerative conditions. In recent years, however, significant progress has been made on in vivo cell fate reprogramming for neural regeneration. Resident glial cells can be reprogrammed into neuronal progenitors and mature neurons in the CNS of adult mammals. In this review article, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on innate adult neurogenesis under pathological conditions and then focus on induced neurogenesis through cell fate reprogramming. We discuss how the reprogramming process can be regulated and raise critical issues requiring careful considerations to move the field forward. With emerging evidence, we envision that fate reprogramming-based regenerative medicine will have a great potential for treating neurological conditions such as brain injury, spinal cord injury (SCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Tai
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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24
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Fang J, Hsueh YY, Soto J, Sun W, Wang J, Gu Z, Khademhosseini A, Li S. Engineering Biomaterials with Micro/Nanotechnologies for Cell Reprogramming. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1296-1318. [PMID: 32011856 PMCID: PMC10067273 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell reprogramming is a revolutionized biotechnology that offers a powerful tool to engineer cell fate and function for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug discovery, and beyond. Leveraging advances in biomaterials and micro/nanotechnologies can enhance the reprogramming performance in vitro and in vivo through the development of delivery strategies and the control of biophysical and biochemical cues. In this review, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for cell reprogramming and highlight the recent breakthroughs in engineering biomaterials with micro/nanotechnologies to improve reprogramming efficiency and quality. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges for reprogramming technologies and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Yuan-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University Hospital , Tainan 70456 , Taiwan
| | - Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Radiology , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
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25
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Zarei-Kheirabadi M, Vaccaro AR, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Kiani S, Baharvand H. An Overview of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Mechanisms Involved in Astrocyte Development in the Central Nervous System. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:266-280. [PMID: 31847709 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, our knowledge about the function of the central nervous system (CNS) and astrocytes has improved, and research has confirmed the key roles that astrocytes play in the physiology and pathology of the CNS. Here, we reviewed the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that regulate the development of astrocytes, which are generated from radial glial cells. These regulatory systems modulate various signaling pathways and transcription factors. In this review, four stages of astrocyte development-specification (patterning and switch), migration, proliferation, and maturation, are discussed. In astrocyte patterning, VA1-VA3 domains create the astrocyte subtypes by differential expression of Slit1 and Reelin in the spinal cord. In the brain, patterning creates several astrocyte subtypes by different organizing centers. At the switch step, the janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway governs the transition of neurogenesis to gliogenesis. Bone marrow protein and Notch pathways are also important players of the progliogenic switch. Intrinsic regulation is mediated by DNA methylation transferases, and polycomb group complexes can intrinsically affect the development of astrocytes. In the next stage, these cells proliferate and migrate to their final location. Astrocyte maturation is accomplished through the development of cellular processes, molecular markers, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Zarei-Kheirabadi
- Department of Brain, Cognitive Sciences and Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedics, Rothman Orthopedic Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Brain, Cognitive Sciences and Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Wohl SG, Hooper MJ, Reh TA. MicroRNAs miR-25, let-7 and miR-124 regulate the neurogenic potential of Müller glia in mice. Development 2019; 146:dev179556. [PMID: 31383796 PMCID: PMC6765125 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Müller glial cells (MG) generate retinal progenitor (RPC)-like cells after injury in non-mammalian species, although this does not occur in the mammalian retina. Studies have profiled gene expression in these cells to define genes that may be relevant to their differences in neurogenic potential. However, less is known about differences in micro-RNA (miRNA) expression. In this study, we compared miRNAs from RPCs and MG to identify miRNAs more highly expressed in RPCs, and others more highly expressed in MG. To determine whether these miRNAs are relevant to the difference in neurogenic potential between these two cell types, we tested them in dissociated cultures of MG using either mimics or antagomiRs to increase or reduce expression, respectively. Among the miRNAs tested, miR-25 and miR-124 overexpression, or let-7 antagonism, induced Ascl1 expression and conversion of ∼40% of mature MG into a neuronal/RPC phenotype. Our results suggest that the differences in miRNA expression between MG and RPCs contribute to their difference in neurogenic potential, and that manipulations in miRNAs provide a new tool with which to reprogram MG for retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie G Wohl
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, The State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Marcus J Hooper
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Flitsch LJ, Brüstle O. Evolving principles underlying neural lineage conversion and their relevance for biomedical translation. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31559012 PMCID: PMC6743253 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18926.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific and technological advances of the past decade have shed light on the mechanisms underlying cell fate acquisition, including its transcriptional and epigenetic regulation during embryonic development. This knowledge has enabled us to purposefully engineer cell fates
in vitro by manipulating expression levels of lineage-instructing transcription factors. Here, we review the state of the art in the cell programming field with a focus on the derivation of neural cells. We reflect on what we know about the mechanisms underlying fate changes in general and on the degree of epigenetic remodeling conveyed by the distinct reprogramming and direct conversion strategies available. Moreover, we discuss the implications of residual epigenetic memory for biomedical applications such as disease modeling and neuroregeneration. Finally, we cover recent developments approaching cell fate conversion in the living brain and define questions which need to be addressed before cell programming can become an integral part of translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, North Rhine Wesphalia, 53127, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, North Rhine Wesphalia, 53127, Germany
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28
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Zhou Y, Shao A, Xu W, Wu H, Deng Y. Advance of Stem Cell Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:301. [PMID: 31456663 PMCID: PMC6700304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of human mortality and morbidity, which can induce serious neurological damage. At present, clinical treatments for neurological dysfunction after TBI include hyperbaric oxygen, brain stimulation and behavioral therapy, but the therapeutic effect is not satisfactory. Recent studies have found that exogenous stem cells can migrate to damaged brain tissue, then participate in the repair of damaged brain tissue by further differentiation to replace damaged cells, while releasing anti-inflammatory factors and growth factors, thereby significantly improving neurological function. This article will mainly review the effects, deficiencies and related mechanisms of different types of stem cells in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Popa-Wagner A, Hermann D, Gresita A. Genetic conversion of proliferative astroglia into neurons after cerebral ischemia: a new therapeutic tool for the aged brain? GeroScience 2019; 41:363-368. [PMID: 31300928 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke represents the 2nd leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause for long-term disabilities, for which no cure exists. After stroke, neurons are frequently lost in the infarct core. On the other hand, other cells such as astrocytes become reactive and proliferative, disrupting the neurovascular unit in the lesioned area, especially in the aged brain. Therefore, restoring the balance between neurons and nonneuronal cells within the perilesional area is crucial for post stroke recovery. In addition, the aged post stroke brain mounts a fulminant proliferative astroglial response leading to the buildup of gliotic scars that prevent neural regeneration. Therefore, "melting" glial scars has been attempted for decades, albeit with little success. Alternative strategies include transforming inhibitory gliotic tissue into an environment conducive to neuronal regeneration and axonal growth by genetic conversion of astrocytes into neurons. The latter idea has gained momentum following the discovery that in vivo direct lineage reprogramming in the adult mammalian brain is a feasible strategy for reprogramming nonneuronal cells into neurons. This exciting new technology emerged as a new approach to circumvent cell transplantation for stroke therapy. However, the potential of this new methodology has not been yet tested to improve restoration of structure and function in the hostile environment caused by the fulminant inflammatory reaction in the brains of aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania. .,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dirk Hermann
- Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrei Gresita
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
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30
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de Lázaro I, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Transient transcription factor (OSKM) expression is key towards clinical translation of in vivo cell reprogramming. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 9:733-736. [PMID: 28455313 PMCID: PMC5452046 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming adult, fully differentiated cells to pluripotency in vivo via Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c‐Myc (OSKM) overexpression has proved feasible in various independent studies and could be used to induce tissue regeneration owing to the proliferative capacity and differentiation potential of the reprogrammed cells. However, a number of these reports have described the generation of teratomas caused by sustained reprogramming, which precludes the therapeutic translation of this technology. A recent study by the Izpisúa‐Belmonte laboratory described a cyclic regime for short‐term OSKM expression in vivo that prevents complete reprogramming to the pluripotent state as well as tumorigenesis. We comment here on this and other studies that provide evidence that in vivo OSKM induction can enhance tissue regeneration, while avoiding the feared formation of teratomas. These results could inspire more research to explore the potential of in vivo reprogramming in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene de Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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31
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de Lázaro I, Yilmazer A, Nam Y, Qubisi S, Razak FMA, Degens H, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Non-viral, Tumor-free Induction of Transient Cell Reprogramming in Mouse Skeletal Muscle to Enhance Tissue Regeneration. Mol Ther 2018; 27:59-75. [PMID: 30470628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc (OKSM) transcription factors can de-differentiate adult cells in vivo. While sustained OKSM expression triggers tumorigenesis through uncontrolled proliferation of toti- and pluripotent cells, transient reprogramming induces pluripotency-like features and proliferation only temporarily, without teratomas. We sought to transiently reprogram cells within mouse skeletal muscle with a localized injection of plasmid DNA encoding OKSM (pOKSM), and we hypothesized that the generation of proliferative intermediates would enhance tissue regeneration after injury. Intramuscular pOKSM administration rapidly upregulated pluripotency (Nanog, Ecat1, and Rex1) and early myogenesis genes (Pax3) in the healthy gastrocnemius of various strains. Mononucleated cells expressing such markers appeared in clusters among myofibers, proliferated only transiently, and did not lead to dysplasia or tumorigenesis for at least 120 days. Nanog was also upregulated in the gastrocnemius when pOKSM was administered 7 days after surgically sectioning its medial head. Enhanced tissue regeneration after reprogramming was manifested by the accelerated appearance of centronucleated myofibers and reduced fibrosis. These results suggest that transient in vivo reprogramming could develop into a novel strategy toward the acceleration of tissue regeneration after injury, based on the induction of transiently proliferative, pluripotent-like cells in situ. Further research to achieve clinically meaningful functional regeneration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene de Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Acelya Yilmazer
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yein Nam
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sara Qubisi
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Fazilah Maizatul Abdul Razak
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; UCL School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London (UCL), London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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32
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Mokhtarzadeh Khanghahi A, Satarian L, Deng W, Baharvand H, Javan M. In vivo conversion of astrocytes into oligodendrocyte lineage cells with transcription factor Sox10; Promise for myelin repair in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203785. [PMID: 30212518 PMCID: PMC6136770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that astroglial cells can be directly converted into functional neurons or oligodendrocytes. Here, we report that a single transcription factor Sox10 could reprogram astrocytes into oligodendrocyte-like cells, in vivo. For transdifferentiation, Sox10-GFP expressing viral particles were injected into cuprizone-induced demyelinated mice brains after which we assessed for the presence of specific oligodendrocyte lineage cell markers by immunohistofluorescence (IHF). As control, another group of demyelinated mice received GFP expressing viral particles. After 3 weeks, the majority of transduced (GFP+) cells in animals which received control vector were astrocytes, while in animals which received Sox10-GFP vector, the main population of GFP+ cells were positive for oligodendrocyte lineage markers. We also extracted primary astrocytes from mouse pups and purified them. Primary astrocytes were transduced in vitro and then transplanted into demyelinated brains for later fate mapping. After three weeks, in vitro transduced and then transplanted astrocytes showed oligodendrocyte progenitor and mature oligodendrocyte markers. Further confirmation was done by transduction of astrocytes with lentiviral particles that expressed Sox10 and GFP and their culture in the oligodendrocyte progenitor medium. The induced cells expressed oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (iOPCs) markers. Our findings showed the feasibility of reprogramming of astrocytes into oligodendrocyte-like cells in vivo, by using a single transcription factor, Sox10. This finding suggested a master regulatory role for Sox10 which enabled astrocytes to change their fate to OPC-like cells and establish an oligodendroglial phenotype. We hope this approach lead to effective myelin repair in patients suffering from myelination deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Mokhtarzadeh Khanghahi
- Department of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Satarian
- Department of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wenbin Deng
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
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33
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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34
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Pesaresi M, Bonilla-Pons SA, Cosma MP. In vivo somatic cell reprogramming for tissue regeneration: the emerging role of the local microenvironment. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:119-128. [PMID: 30071468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed an exponential increase of interest in the reprogramming process. This has been motivated by the enthusiasm of unravelling key aspects not only of cell identity and dedifferentiation, but also of the endogenous regenerative capacities of mammalian organs. Here, we present the most recent advances in the field of reprogramming, stressing how they are re-defining the rules of cell fate and plasticity in vivo. Specifically, we focus on the emerging role of the tissue microenvironment, with particular emphasis on tissue damage, inflammation and senescence that can facilitate in vivo reprogramming and regeneration through cell-extrinsic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pesaresi
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi A Bonilla-Pons
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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35
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AAVvector-mediated in vivo reprogramming into pluripotency. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2651. [PMID: 29985406 PMCID: PMC6037684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) holds vast potential for basic research and regenerative medicine. However, it remains hampered by a need for vectors to express reprogramming factors (Oct-3/4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc; OKSM) in selected organs. Here, we report OKSM delivery vectors based on pseudotyped Adeno-associated virus (AAV). Using the AAV-DJ capsid, we could robustly reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblasts with low vector doses. Swapping to AAV8 permitted to efficiently reprogram somatic cells in adult mice by intravenous vector delivery, evidenced by hepatic or extra-hepatic teratomas and iPSC in the blood. Notably, we accomplished full in vivo reprogramming without c-Myc. Most iPSC generated in vitro or in vivo showed transcriptionally silent, intronic or intergenic vector integration, likely reflecting the increased host genome accessibility during reprogramming. Our approach crucially advances in vivo reprogramming technology, and concurrently facilitates investigations into the mechanisms and consequences of AAV persistence. In vivo reprogramming of somatic cells is hampered by the need for vectors to express the OKSM factors in selected organs. Here the authors report new AAV-based vectors capable of in vivo reprogramming at low doses.
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36
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Novel Epigenetic Techniques Provided by the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7834175. [PMID: 30123293 PMCID: PMC6079388 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7834175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics classically refers to the inheritable changes of hereditary information without perturbing DNA sequences. Understanding mechanisms of how epigenetic factors contribute to inheritable phenotype changes and cell identity will pave the way for us to understand diverse biological processes. In recent years, the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has provided us with new routes to the epigenetic field. In this review, novel epigenetic techniques utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system are the main contents to be discussed, including epigenome editing, temporal and spatial control of epigenetic effectors, noncoding RNA manipulation, chromatin in vivo imaging, and epigenetic element screening.
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37
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Current understanding of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury and cell-based therapeutic opportunities. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:137-151. [PMID: 29764704 PMCID: PMC6034172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that TBI is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Despite improved supportive and rehabilitative care of TBI patients, unfortunately, all late phase clinical trials in TBI have yet to yield a safe and effective neuroprotective treatment. The disappointing clinical trials may be attributed to variability in treatment approaches and heterogeneity of the population of TBI patients as well as a race against time to prevent or reduce inexorable cell death. TBI is not just an acute event but a chronic disease. Among many mechanisms involved in secondary injury after TBI, emerging preclinical studies indicate that posttraumatic prolonged and progressive neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegeneration which may be treatable long after the initiating brain injury. This review provides an overview of recent understanding of neuroinflammation in TBI and preclinical cell-based therapies that target neuroinflammation and promote functional recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
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38
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Doeser MC, Schöler HR, Wu G. Reduction of Fibrosis and Scar Formation by Partial Reprogramming In Vivo. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1216-1225. [PMID: 29761584 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC (OSKM) to induce partial reprogramming while avoiding the pluripotent state and teratoma formation has recently been discussed as a strategy for regenerating damaged tissues in vivo, whereby the impact of partial reprogramming on tissue repair remains to be elucidated. Here, we activated OSKM transcription factors in cutaneous wounds of OSKM-inducible transgenic mice and found that induction of OSKM factors in excisional wounds caused a diminished fibroblast transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts and wound contraction. Gene expression analyses showed downregulation of the profibrotic marker genes transforming growth factor beta 1, Collagen I, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Consequently, histological analyses demonstrated that OSKM induction in incisional wounds resulted in reduced scar tissue formation. These data provide proof of concept that OSKM-mediated partial reprogramming in situ can diminish fibrosis and improve tissue healing with less scar formation without the risk of tumor formation. This new insight into the effects of partial reprogramming in vivo may be relevant for developing reprogramming-based regenerative therapies for tissue injury and fibrotic diseases. Stem Cells 2018;36:1216-1225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus C Doeser
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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Adult Neural Stem Cells: Basic Research and Production Strategies for Neurorestorative Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4835491. [PMID: 29760724 PMCID: PMC5901847 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4835491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over many decades, constructing genetically and phenotypically stable lines of neural stem cells (NSC) for clinical purposes with the aim of restoring irreversibly lost functions of nervous tissue has been one of the major goals for multiple research groups. The unique ability of stem cells to maintain their own pluripotent state even in the adult body has made them into the choice object of study. With the development of the technology for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and direct transdifferentiation of somatic cells into the desired cell type, the initial research approaches based on the use of allogeneic NSCs from embryonic or fetal nervous tissue are gradually becoming a thing of the past. This review deals with basic molecular mechanisms for maintaining the pluripotent state of embryonic/induced stem and reprogrammed somatic cells, as well as with currently existing reprogramming strategies. The focus is on performing direct reprogramming while bypassing the stage of iPSCs which is known for genetic instability and an increased risk of tumorigenesis. A detailed description of various protocols for obtaining reprogrammed neural cells used in the therapy of the nervous system pathology is also provided.
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40
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Wu J, Vogel T, Gao X, Lin B, Kulwin C, Chen J. Neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4935. [PMID: 29563509 PMCID: PMC5862953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
No FDA approved pharmacological therapy is available that would reduce cell death following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a highly selective agonist of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in hippocampal slice cultures undergoing direct impact. However, no one has tested whether Dex, in addition to its sedative action, has neuroprotective effects in an animal model of TBI. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of Dex on an animal model of TBI. Mice received different doses of Dex (1, 10, or 100 µg/kg bodyweight, n = 10 each group) or saline as control at 1 hour and 12 hours following TBI. The mice treated with Dex lost less cortical tissue than the control mice. Further analysis found that Dex treatment reduced cell death in the cortex and the hippocampus measured by Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining, prevented axonal degeneration detected by immunostaining with antibody against β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), and protected synapses from elimination with synaptophysin staining. Taken together, in an in vivo murine model of TBI, Dex at the dose of 100 µg/kg not only prevented tissue lesion and cell death, but also reduced axonal injury and synaptic degeneration caused by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Todd Vogel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Charles Kulwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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41
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global public health concern, with limited treatment options available. Despite improving survival rate after TBI, treatment is lacking for brain functional recovery and structural repair in clinic. Recent studies have suggested that the mature brain harbors neural stem cells which have regenerative capacity following brain insults. Much progress has been made in preclinical TBI model studies in understanding the behaviors, functions, and regulatory mechanisms of neural stem cells in the injured brain. Different strategies targeting these cell population have been assessed in TBI models. In parallel, cell transplantation strategy using a wide range of stem cells has been explored for TBI treatment in pre-clinical studies and some in clinical trials. This review summarized strategies which have been explored to enhance endogenous neural stem cell-mediated regeneration and recent development in cell transplantation studies for post-TBI brain repair. RECENT FINDINGS Thus far, neural regeneration through neural stem cells either by modulating endogenous neural stem cells or by stem cell transplantation has attracted much attention. It is highly speculated that targeting neural stem cells could be a potential strategy to repair and regenerate the injured brain. Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration are major aspects for TBI therapeutic development. With technique advancement, it is hoped that stem cell-based therapy targeting neuroregeneration will be able to translate to clinic in not so far future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Weston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O.Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O.Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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42
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In Vivo Transient and Partial Cell Reprogramming to Pluripotency as a Therapeutic Tool for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6850-6862. [PMID: 29353456 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In theory, human diseases in which a specific cell type degenerates, such as neurodegenerative diseases, can be therapeutically addressed by replacement of the lost cells. The classical strategy for cell replacement is exogenous cell transplantation, but now, cell replacement can also be achieved with in situ reprogramming. Indeed, many of these disorders are age-dependent, and "rejuvenating" strategies based on cell epigenetic modifications are a possible approach to counteract disease progression. In this context, transient and/or partial reprogramming of adult somatic cells towards pluripotency can be a promising tool for neuroregeneration. Temporary and controlled in vivo overexpression of Yamanaka reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM)) has been proven feasible in different experimental settings and could be employed to facilitate in situ tissue regeneration; this regeneration can be accomplished either by producing novel stem/precursor cells, without the challenges posed by exogenous cell transplantation, or by changing the epigenetic adult cell signature to the signature of a younger cell. The risk of this procedure resides in the possible lack of perfect control of the process, carrying a potential oncogenic or unexpected cell phenotype hazard. Recent studies have suggested that these limits can be overcome by a tightly controlled cyclic regimen of short-term OSKM expression in vivo that prevents full reprogramming to the pluripotent state and avoids both tumorigenesis and the presence of unwanted undifferentiated cells. On the other hand, this strategy can enhance tissue regeneration for therapeutic purposes in aging-related neurological diseases as well. These data could open the path to further research on the therapeutic potential of in vivo reprogramming in regenerative medicine.
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43
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Engineering new neurons: in vivo reprogramming in mammalian brain and spinal cord. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:201-212. [PMID: 29170823 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are postmitotic. Once lost because of injury or degeneration, they do not regenerate in most regions of the mammalian central nervous system. Recent advancements nevertheless clearly reveal that new neurons can be reprogrammed from non-neuronal cells, especially glial cells, in the adult mammalian brain and spinal cord. Here, we give a brief overview concerning cell fate reprogramming in vivo and then focus on the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Specifically, we critically review the cellular sources and the reprogramming factors for in vivo neuronal conversion. Influences of environmental cues and the challenges ahead are also discussed. The ability of inducing new neurons from an abundant and broadly distributed non-neuronal cell source brings new perspectives regarding regeneration-based therapies for traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries and degenerative diseases.
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44
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Multipotency and therapeutic potential of NG2 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Pino A, Fumagalli G, Bifari F, Decimo I. New neurons in adult brain: distribution, molecular mechanisms and therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:4-22. [PMID: 28690140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Are new neurons added in the adult mammalian brain?" "Do neural stem cells activate following CNS diseases?" "How can we modulate their activation to promote recovery?" Recent findings in the field provide novel insights for addressing these questions from a new perspective. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about adult neurogenesis and neural stem cell niches in healthy and pathological conditions. We will first overview the milestones that have led to the discovery of the classical ventricular and hippocampal neural stem cell niches. In adult brain, new neurons originate from proliferating neural precursors located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. However, recent findings suggest that new neuronal cells can be added to the adult brain by direct differentiation (e.g., without cell proliferation) from either quiescent neural precursors or non-neuronal cells undergoing conversion or reprogramming to neuronal fate. Accordingly, in this review we will also address critical aspects of the newly described mechanisms of quiescence and direct conversion as well as the more canonical activation of the neurogenic niches and neuroblast reservoirs in pathological conditions. Finally, we will outline the critical elements involved in neural progenitor proliferation, neuroblast migration and differentiation and discuss their potential as targets for the development of novel therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Pino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy.
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46
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Guida F, Boccella S, Iannotta M, De Gregorio D, Giordano C, Belardo C, Romano R, Palazzo E, Scafuro MA, Serra N, de Novellis V, Rossi F, Maione S, Luongo L. Palmitoylethanolamide Reduces Neuropsychiatric Behaviors by Restoring Cortical Electrophysiological Activity in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:95. [PMID: 28321191 PMCID: PMC5337754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major public health problem, which is associated with neurological dysfunction. In severe or moderate cases of TBI, in addition to its high mortality rate, subjects may encounter diverse behavioral dysfunctions. Previous reports suggest that an association between TBI and chronic pain syndromes tends to be more common in patients with mild forms of brain injury. Despite causing minimal brain damage, mild TBI (mTBI) often leads to persistent psychologically debilitating symptoms, which can include anxiety, various forms of memory and learning deficits, and depression. At present, no effective treatment options are available for these symptoms, and little is known about the complex cellular activity affecting neuronal activity that occurs in response to TBI during its late phase. Here, we used a mouse model to investigate the effect of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on both the sensorial and neuropsychiatric dysfunctions associated with mTBI through behavioral, electrophysiological, and biomolecular approaches. Fourteen-day mTBI mice developed anxious, aggressive, and reckless behavior, whilst depressive-like behavior and impaired social interactions were observed from the 60th day onward. Altered behavior was associated with changes in interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) expression levels and neuronal firing activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Compared with vehicle, PEA restored the behavioral phenotype and partially normalized the biochemical and functional changes occurring at the supraspinal level. In conclusion, our findings reveal some of the supraspinal modifications responsible for the behavioral alterations associated with mTBI and suggest PEA as a pharmacological tool to ameliorate neurological dysfunction induced by the trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN)Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo De Gregorio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Catia Giordano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Belardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Romano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Palazzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Maria A Scafuro
- Department of Anesthesiology, Surgery and Emergency, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Serra
- Department of Radiology, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Vito de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN) Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN)Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN)Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy; Young Against Pain (YAP) Italian Group, NaplesItaly
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47
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Advances in Monitoring Cell-Based Therapies with Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010198. [PMID: 28106829 PMCID: PMC5297829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are currently being developed for applications in both regenerative medicine and in oncology. Preclinical, translational, and clinical research on cell-based therapies will benefit tremendously from novel imaging approaches that enable the effective monitoring of the delivery, survival, migration, biodistribution, and integration of transplanted cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers several advantages over other imaging modalities for elucidating the fate of transplanted cells both preclinically and clinically. These advantages include the ability to image transplanted cells longitudinally at high spatial resolution without exposure to ionizing radiation, and the possibility to co-register anatomical structures with molecular processes and functional changes. However, since cellular MRI is still in its infancy, it currently faces a number of challenges, which provide avenues for future research and development. In this review, we describe the basic principle of cell-tracking with MRI; explain the different approaches currently used to monitor cell-based therapies; describe currently available MRI contrast generation mechanisms and strategies for monitoring transplanted cells; discuss some of the challenges in tracking transplanted cells; and suggest future research directions.
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48
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Mir S, Cai W, Andres DA. RIT1 GTPase Regulates Sox2 Transcriptional Activity and Hippocampal Neurogenesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2054-2064. [PMID: 28007959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.749770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, the process of generating mature neurons from neuronal progenitor cells, makes critical contributions to neural circuitry and brain function in both healthy and disease states. Neurogenesis is a highly regulated process in which diverse environmental and physiological stimuli are relayed to resident neural stem cell populations to control the transcription of genes involved in self-renewal and differentiation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing neurogenesis is necessary for the development of translational strategies to harness this process for neuronal repair. Here we report that the Ras-related GTPase RIT1 serves to control the sequential proliferation and differentiation of adult hippocampal neural progenitor cells, with in vivo expression of active RIT1 driving robust adult neurogenesis. Gene expression profiling analysis demonstrates increased expression of a specific set of transcription factors known to govern adult neurogenesis in response to active RIT1 expression in the hippocampus, including sex-determining region Y-related HMG box 2 (Sox2), a well established regulator of stem cell self-renewal and neurogenesis. In adult hippocampal neuronal precursor cells, RIT1 controls an Akt-dependent signaling cascade, resulting in the stabilization and transcriptional activation of phosphorylated Sox2. This study supports a role for RIT1 in relaying niche-derived signals to neural/stem progenitor cells to control transcription of genes involved in self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Mir
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509 and
| | - Weikang Cai
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509 and.,the Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Douglas A Andres
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509 and
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49
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Wang X, Du J, Wang D, Zeng F, Wei Y, Wang F, Feng C, Li N, Dai R, Deng Y, Quan Z, Qing H. Effects of simulated microgravity on human brain nervous tissue. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:199-204. [PMID: 27268042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During spaceflight, the negative effects of space microgravity on astronauts are becoming more and more prominent, and especially, of which on the nervous system is urgently to be solved. For this purpose tissue blocks and primary cells of nervous tissues obtained from glioma of patients were cultivated after culturing for about 7days, explanted tissues and cells were then randomly divided into two groups, one for static culture (control group, C), and the other for rotary processing for 1day, 3days, 5days, 7days and 14days (experiment group, E). Figures captured by inverted microscope revealed that, with short time rotating for 1day or 3days, morphology changes of tissue blocks were not obvious. When the rotary time was extended to 7days or 14days, it was found that cell somas is significantly larger and the ability of adhesion is declined in comparison with that in control group. Additionally, the arrangement of cells migrated from explanted tissues was disorganized, and the migration distance became shorter. In immunofluorescence analysis, β-tubulin filaments in control group appeared to organize into bundles. While in experiment group, β-tubulin was highly disorganized. In conclusion, simulated microgravity treatment for a week affected the morphology of nervous tissue, and caused highly disorganized distribution of cytoskeleton and the increase of cell apoptosis. These morphological changes might be one of the causes of apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghan Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianxin Du
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Demei Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yukui Wei
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Fuli Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengcheng Feng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nuomin Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongji Dai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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