1
|
Frye RE, Rincon N, McCarty PJ, Brister D, Scheck AC, Rossignol DA. Biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 197:106520. [PMID: 38703861 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 36 children and is associated with physiological abnormalities, most notably mitochondrial dysfunction, at least in a subset of individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis discovered 204 relevant articles which evaluated biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD individuals. Significant elevations (all p < 0.01) in the prevalence of lactate (17%), pyruvate (41%), alanine (15%) and creatine kinase (9%) were found in ASD. Individuals with ASD had significant differences (all p < 0.01) with moderate to large effect sizes (Cohen's d' ≥ 0.6) compared to controls in mean pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, ATP, and creatine kinase. Some studies found abnormal TCA cycle metabolites associated with ASD. Thirteen controlled studies reported mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions or variations in the ASD group in blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, leucocytes, granulocytes, and brain. Meta-analyses discovered significant differences (p < 0.01) in copy number of mtDNA overall and in ND1, ND4 and CytB genes. Four studies linked specific mtDNA haplogroups to ASD. A series of studies found a subgroup of ASD with elevated mitochondrial respiration which was associated with increased sensitivity of the mitochondria to physiological stressors and neurodevelopmental regression. Lactate, pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, carnitine, and acyl-carnitines were associated with clinical features such as delays in language, social interaction, cognition, motor skills, and with repetitive behaviors and gastrointestinal symptoms, although not all studies found an association. Lactate, carnitine, acyl-carnitines, ATP, CoQ10, as well as mtDNA variants, heteroplasmy, haplogroups and copy number were associated with ASD severity. Variability was found across biomarker studies primarily due to differences in collection and processing techniques as well as the intrinsic heterogeneity of the ASD population. Several studies reported alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in mothers of children with ASD and in neonates who develop ASD. Treatments targeting mitochondria, particularly carnitine and ubiquinol, appear beneficial in ASD. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD and common physiological abnormalities in individuals with ASD including gastrointestinal disorders, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction is outlined. Several subtypes of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD are discussed, including one related to neurodevelopmental regression, another related to alterations in microbiome metabolites, and another related to elevations in acyl-carnitines. Mechanisms linking abnormal mitochondrial function with alterations in prenatal brain development and postnatal brain function are outlined. Given the multisystem complexity of some individuals with ASD, this review presents evidence for the mitochondria being central to ASD by contributing to abnormalities in brain development, cognition, and comorbidities such as immune and gastrointestinal dysfunction as well as neurodevelopmental regression. A diagnostic approach to identify mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD is outlined. From this evidence, it is clear that many individuals with ASD have alterations in mitochondrial function which may need to be addressed in order to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. The fact that alterations in mitochondrial metabolism may be found during pregnancy and early in the life of individuals who eventually develop ASD provides promise for early life predictive biomarkers of ASD. Further studies may improve the understanding of the role of the mitochondria in ASD by better defining subgroups and understanding the molecular mechanisms driving some of the unique changes found in mitochondrial function in those with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Southwest Autism Research and Resource Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Rossignol Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Patrick J McCarty
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70113, United States of America.
| | | | - Adrienne C Scheck
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States of America.
| | - Daniel A Rossignol
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Rossignol Medical Center, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng L, Jiao Y, Zhong H, Tan Y, Yin Y, Liu Y, Liu D, Wu M, Wang G, Huang J, Wang P, Qin M, Wang M, Xiao Y, Lv T, Luo Y, Hu H, Hou ST, Kui L. Human-derived fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates social deficits of the BTBR mouse model of autism through a potential mechanism involving vitamin B 6 metabolism. mSystems 2024; 9:e0025724. [PMID: 38780265 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00257-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication deficiencies and stereotypic behaviors influenced by hereditary and/or environmental risk factors. There are currently no approved medications for treating the core symptoms of ASD. Human fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a potential intervention to improve autistic symptoms, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of human-derived FMT on behavioral and multi-omics profiles of the BTBR mice, an established model for ASD. FMT effectively alleviated the social deficits in the BTBR mice and normalized their distinct plasma metabolic profile, notably reducing the elevated long-chain acylcarnitines. Integrative analysis linked these phenotypic changes to specific Bacteroides species and vitamin B6 metabolism. Indeed, vitamin B6 supplementation improved the social behaviors in BTBR mice. Collectively, these findings shed new light on the interplay between FMT and vitamin B6 metabolism and revealed a potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic role of FMT in ASD.IMPORTANCEAccumulating evidence supports the beneficial effects of human fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the precise mechanism by which FMT induces a shift in the microbiota and leads to symptom improvement remains incompletely understood. This study integrated data from colon-content metagenomics, colon-content metabolomics, and plasma metabolomics to investigate the effects of FMT treatment on the BTBR mouse model for ASD. The analysis linked the amelioration of social deficits following FMT treatment to the restoration of mitochondrial function and the modulation of vitamin B6 metabolism. Bacterial species and compounds with beneficial roles in vitamin B6 metabolism and mitochondrial function may further contribute to improving FMT products and designing novel therapies for ASD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zheng
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Neuroscience, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Xbiome Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinming Jiao
- Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haolin Zhong
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Neuroscience, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Xbiome Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Ding Liu
- Xbiome Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Manli Wu
- Xbiome Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoyun Wang
- Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meirong Qin
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingbang Wang
- Microbiome Therapy Center, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiying Lv
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangzi Luo
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Han Hu
- Xbiome Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Hou
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Neuroscience, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Kui
- Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mahmoud AH, Elhefnawei DM, EL-Desouky MA, Kadry MO. Reciprocal crosslink among MeCP2/BDNF /CREB signaling pinpointed in autism spectrum disorder. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:91-99. [PMID: 38229920 PMCID: PMC10789594 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder, or individual disability (ID), is a condition characterized by complications in social interaction, restricted repetitive behavior, and difficulties in social communication. Neuquinon (NQ) possess a powerful therapeutic potential in various neurodegenerative disease. Nevertheless, contributing to NQ's low water solubility and bioavailability, its medicinal use has been constrained. Liposomes were supposed to be prospective drug-delivering agents for NQ, crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and reaching the target organs. The current investigation aims to track the signaling pathways that govern NQ and liposomal neuquinon (LNQ) action in autistic models generated by ethyl formic acid. The neurotransmitters gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in addition to, the gene expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and the DNA damage COMET analysis at different time intervals of the study, were assessed. EFA in a dose of 500 mg/kg BW was used to induce autism in rats, and then NQ and LNQ were administered in 10 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg BW, respectively. The results revealed that NQ and LNQ significantly down-regulated BDNF, GABA, and AChE; on the other hand, they up-regulated MeCP2, CREB gene expressions, and ACh action. NQ and LNQ displayed improvement in DNA damage in almost all brain regions after EFA alterations; even better results were noticed post-LNQ therapy. Therefore, it may be concluded that neuquinon and liposomal-loaded neuquinon have a therapeutic index versus EFA-induced autism in a rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam H. Mahmoud
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Doaa M. Elhefnawei
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | | | - Mai O. Kadry
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Csoka AB, El Kouhen N, Bennani S, Getachew B, Aschner M, Tizabi Y. Roles of Epigenetics and Glial Cells in Drug-Induced Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biomolecules 2024; 14:437. [PMID: 38672454 PMCID: PMC11048423 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe deficits in social communication and interaction, repetitive movements, abnormal focusing on objects, or activity that can significantly affect the quality of life of the afflicted. Neuronal and glial cells have been implicated. It has a genetic component but can also be triggered by environmental factors or drugs. For example, prenatal exposure to valproic acid or acetaminophen, or ingestion of propionic acid, can increase the risk of ASD. Recently, epigenetic influences on ASD have come to the forefront of investigations on the etiology, prevention, and treatment of this disorder. Epigenetics refers to DNA modifications that alter gene expression without making any changes to the DNA sequence. Although an increasing number of pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals are being implicated in the etiology of ASD, here, we specifically focus on the molecular influences of the abovementioned chemicals on epigenetic alterations in neuronal and glial cells and their potential connection to ASD. We conclude that a better understanding of these phenomena can lead to more effective interventions in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonei B. Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Nacer El Kouhen
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
| | - Samia Bennani
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cantando I, Centofanti C, D’Alessandro G, Limatola C, Bezzi P. Metabolic dynamics in astrocytes and microglia during post-natal development and their implications for autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354259. [PMID: 38419654 PMCID: PMC10899402 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by elusive underlying mechanisms. Recent attention has focused on the involvement of astrocytes and microglia in ASD pathology. These glial cells play pivotal roles in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, including the regulation of metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between ASD and inborn errors of metabolism. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the functions of microglia and astrocytes in ASD is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. This review aims to provide a summary of the metabolism of astrocytes and microglia during post-natal development and the evidence of disrupted metabolic pathways in ASD, with particular emphasis on those potentially important for the regulation of neuronal post-natal maturation by astrocytes and microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Cantando
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristiana Centofanti
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed Via Atinese 18, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed Via Atinese 18, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vacy K, Thomson S, Moore A, Eisner A, Tanner S, Pham C, Saffery R, Mansell T, Burgner D, Collier F, Vuillermin P, O'Hely M, Boon WC, Meikle P, Burugupalli S, Ponsonby AL. Cord blood lipid correlation network profiles are associated with subsequent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder symptoms at 2 years: a prospective birth cohort study. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104949. [PMID: 38199043 PMCID: PMC10825361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions with early life origins. Alterations in blood lipids have been linked to ADHD and ASD; however, prospective early life data are limited. This study examined (i) associations between the cord blood lipidome and ADHD/ASD symptoms at 2 years of age, (ii) associations between prenatal and perinatal predictors of ADHD/ASD symptoms and cord blood lipidome, and (iii) mediation by the cord blood lipidome. METHODS From the Barwon Infant Study cohort (1074 mother-child pairs, 52.3% male children), child circulating lipid levels at birth were analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. These were clustered into lipid network modules via Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis. Associations between lipid modules and ADHD/ASD symptoms at 2 years, assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist, were explored via linear regression analyses. Mediation analysis identified indirect effects of prenatal and perinatal risk factors on ADHD/ASD symptoms through lipid modules. FINDINGS The acylcarnitine lipid module is associated with both ADHD and ASD symptoms at 2 years of age. Risk factors of these outcomes such as low income, Apgar score, and maternal inflammation were partly mediated by higher birth acylcarnitine levels. Other cord blood lipid profiles were also associated with ADHD and ASD symptoms. INTERPRETATION This study highlights that elevated cord blood birth acylcarnitine levels, either directly or as a possible marker of disrupted cell energy metabolism, are on the causal pathway of prenatal and perinatal risk factors for ADHD and ASD symptoms in early life. FUNDING The foundational work and infrastructure for the BIS was sponsored by the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Deakin University, and Barwon Health. Subsequent funding was secured from the Minderoo Foundation, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ENDpoiNTs: No 825759), National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) and Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore [APP1149047], The William and Vera Ellen Houston Memorial Trust Fund (via HOMER Hack), The Shepherd Foundation, The Jack Brockhoff Foundation, the Scobie & Claire McKinnon Trust, the Shane O'Brien Memorial Asthma Foundation, the Our Women Our Children's Fund Raising Committee Barwon Health, the Rotary Club of Geelong, the Ilhan Food Allergy Foundation, Geelong Medical and Hospital Benefits Association, Vanguard Investments Australia Ltd, the Percy Baxter Charitable Trust, and Perpetual Trustees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Vacy
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah Thomson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Archer Moore
- Melbourne School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Alex Eisner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Sam Tanner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Cindy Pham
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Toby Mansell
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Fiona Collier
- Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong 3220, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3010, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Wah Chin Boon
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Meikle
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Satvika Burugupalli
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ait Tayeb AEK, Colle R, Chappell K, El-Asmar K, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, David DJ, Trabado S, Chanson P, Feve B, Becquemont L, Verstuyft C, Corruble E. Metabolomic profiles of 38 acylcarnitines in major depressive episodes before and after treatment. Psychol Med 2024; 54:289-298. [PMID: 37226550 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172300140x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression is associated with changes in plasma L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine. But its association with acylcarnitines remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess metabolomic profiles of 38 acylcarnitines in patients with major depression before and after treatment compared to healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Metabolomic profiles of 38 plasma short-, medium-, and long-chain acylcarnitines were performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in 893 HCs from the VARIETE cohort and 460 depressed patients from the METADAP cohort before and after 6 months of antidepressant treatment. RESULTS As compared to HCs, depressed patients had lower levels of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines. After 6 months of treatment, increased levels of medium- and long-chain acyl-carnitines were observed that no longer differed from those of controls. Accordingly, several medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines were negatively correlated with depression severity. CONCLUSIONS These medium- and long-chain acylcarnitine dysregulations argue for mitochondrial dysfunction through fatty acid β-oxidation impairment during major depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abd El Kader Ait Tayeb
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
| | - Romain Colle
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
| | - Kenneth Chappell
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
| | - Khalil El-Asmar
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cécile Acquaviva-Bourdain
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire; Unité Médicale Pathologies Héréditaires du Métabolisme et du Globule Rouge; Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est; CHU de Lyon; F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Denis J David
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
| | - Séverine Trabado
- INSERM UMR-S U1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- INSERM UMR-S U1185, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Bruno Feve
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Service d'Endocrinologie, CRMR PRISIS, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Laurent Becquemont
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
- Centre de recherche clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- CESP, MOODS Team, INSERM UMR 1018, Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, F-94275, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mehranfard N, Ghasemi M, Rajabian A, Ansari L. Protective potential of naringenin and its nanoformulations in redox mechanisms of injury and disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22820. [PMID: 38058425 PMCID: PMC10696200 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Increased intracellular levels of ROS can lead to the oxidation of lipids, DNA, and proteins, contributing to cellular damage. Hence, the maintenance of redox hemostasis is essential. Naringenin (NAR) is a flavonoid included in the flavanones subcategory. Various pharmacological actions have been ascribable to this phytochemical composition, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antiadipogenic, neuro-, and cardio-protective activities. This review focused on the underlying mechanism responsible for the antioxidative stress properties of NAR and its' nanoformulations. Several lines of in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest the effects of NAR and its nanoformulation on their target cells via modulating signaling pathways. These nanoformulations include nanoemulsion, nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and nanomicelle. This review also highlights several beneficial health effects of NAR nanoformulations on human diseases including brain disorders, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and small intestine injuries. Employing nanoformulation can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of NAR and consequently efficiency by reducing its limitations, such as low bioavailability. The protective effects of NAR and its' nanoformulations against oxidative stress may be linked to the modulation of Nrf2-heme oxygenase-1, NO/cGMP/potassium channel, COX-2, NF-κB, AMPK/SIRT3, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, BDNF, NOX, and LOX-1 pathways. Understanding the mechanism behind the protective effects of NAR can facilitate drug development for the treatment of oxidative stress-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Mehranfard
- Nanokadeh Darooee Samen Private Joint Stock Company, Urmia, 5715793731, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Legha Ansari
- Nanokadeh Darooee Samen Private Joint Stock Company, Urmia, 5715793731, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nickel K, Menke M, Endres D, Runge K, Tucci S, Schumann A, Domschke K, Tebartz van Elst L, Maier S. Altered markers of mitochondrial function in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2023; 16:2125-2138. [PMID: 37715660 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests potential mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in fatty acid metabolism in a subgroup of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), indicated by higher lactate, pyruvate levels, and mitochondrial disorder prevalence. This study aimed to further investigate potential mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD by assessing blood metabolite levels linked to mitochondrial metabolism. Blood levels of creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate, pyruvate, free and total carnitine, as well as acylcarnitines were obtained in 73 adults with ASD (47 males, 26 females) and compared with those of 71 neurotypical controls (NTC) (44 males, 27 females). Correlations between blood parameters and psychometric ASD symptom scores were also explored. Lower CK (pcorr = 0.045) levels were found exclusively in males with ASD compared to NTC, with no such variation in females. ALT and AST levels did not differ significantly between both groups. After correction for antipsychotic and antidepressant medication, CK remained significant. ASD participants had lower serum lactate levels (pcorr = 0.036) compared to NTC, but pyruvate and carnitine concentrations showed no significant difference. ASD subjects had significantly increased levels of certain acylcarnitines, with a decrease in tetradecadienoyl-carnitine (C14:2), and certain acylcarnitines correlated significantly with autistic symptom scores. We found reduced serum lactate levels in ASD, in contrast to previous studies suggesting elevated lactate or pyruvate. This difference may reflect the focus of our study on high-functioning adults with ASD, who are likely to have fewer secondary genetic conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings of significantly altered acylcarnitine levels in ASD support the hypothesis of altered fatty acid metabolism in a subset of ASD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Nickel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mia Menke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kimon Runge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Tucci
- Pharmacy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anke Schumann
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Siracusano M, Arturi L, Riccioni A, Noto A, Mussap M, Mazzone L. Metabolomics: Perspectives on Clinical Employment in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13404. [PMID: 37686207 PMCID: PMC10487559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is imminent, and metabolomics is one of the main actors on stage. We summarize and discuss the current literature on the clinical application of metabolomic techniques as a possible tool to improve early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), to define clinical phenotypes and to identify co-occurring medical conditions. A review of the current literature was carried out after PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar were consulted. A total of 37 articles published in the period 2010-2022 was included. Selected studies involve as a whole 2079 individuals diagnosed with ASD (1625 males, 394 females; mean age of 10, 9 years), 51 with other psychiatric comorbidities (developmental delays), 182 at-risk individuals (siblings, those with genetic conditions) and 1530 healthy controls (TD). Metabolomics, reflecting the interplay between genetics and environment, represents an innovative and promising technique to approach ASD. The metabotype may mirror the clinical heterogeneity of an autistic condition; several metabolites can be expressions of dysregulated metabolic pathways thus liable of leading to clinical profiles. However, the employment of metabolomic analyses in clinical practice is far from being introduced, which means there is a need for further studies for the full transition of metabolomics from clinical research to clinical diagnostic routine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Siracusano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Lucrezia Arturi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Assia Riccioni
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Antonio Noto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, Km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Michele Mussap
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, Km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Mazzone
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Policlinico Tor Vergata Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- Systems Medicine Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Montpellier Street 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de la Rubia Ortí JE, Moneti C, Serrano-Ballesteros P, Castellano G, Bayona-Babiloni R, Carriquí-Suárez AB, Motos-Muñoz M, Proaño B, Benlloch M. Liposomal Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate for the Treatment of Intestinal Dysbiosis in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3265. [PMID: 37513683 PMCID: PMC10383799 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by varying degrees of difficulty in social interaction and communication. These deficits are often associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, indicating alterations in both intestinal microbiota composition and metabolic activities. The intestinal microbiota influences the function and development of the nervous system. In individuals with ASD, there is an increase in bacterial genera such as Clostridium, as well as species involved in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) like Prevotella copri. Conversely, decreased amounts of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. are observed. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the polyphenols with the greatest beneficial activity on microbial growth, and its consumption is associated with reduced psychological distress. Therefore, the objective of this review is to analyze how EGCG and its metabolites can improve the microbial dysbiosis present in ASD and its impact on the pathology. The analysis reveals that EGCG inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria like Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile. Moreover, it increases the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia spp. As a result, EGCG demonstrates efficacy in increasing the production of metabolites involved in maintaining epithelial integrity and improving brain function. This identifies EGCG as highly promising for complementary treatment in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Costanza Moneti
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Castellano
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno (CITSAM), Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Bayona-Babiloni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Carriquí-Suárez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Motos-Muñoz
- Department of Personality Psychology, Treatment and Methodology, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Child Neurorehabilitation Unit, Manises Hospital, 46940 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Proaño
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bagcioglu E, Solmaz V, Erbas O, Özkul B, Çakar B, Uyanikgil Y, Söğüt İ. Modafinil Improves Autism-like Behavior in Rats by Reducing Neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:9-23. [PMID: 37043086 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the ameliorating effect of Modafinil on neuroinflammation, behavioral, and histopathological alterations in rats induced by propionic acid (PPA). Thirty male Wistar rats were used in the study, divided into 3 groups of ten subjects. One group served as a control, the subjects in the other two were given 250 mg/kg/day of PPA by intraperitoneal injection over the course of 5 days to induce autism. The experimental design was as follows: Group 1: Normal control (orally-fed control, n = 10); Group 2 (PPA + saline, n = 10): PPA and 1 ml/kg/day % 0.9 NaCl saline via oral gavage; Group 3 (PPA + Modafinil, n = 10) PPA and 30 mg/kg/day Modafinil (Modiodal tablets 100 mg, Cephalon) via oral gavage. All of the groups were investigated for behavioral, biochemical, and histological abnormality. Autism-like behaviors were reduced significantly in the rats treated with PPA. TNF-α, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), IL-17, IL-2, and NF-KB levels as well as MDA levels and lactate were significantly higher in those treated with PPA compared to the control group. Using immunohistochemical methods, the number of neurons and GFAP immunoreactivity was significantly altered in PPA-treated rats compared to the control. Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), we found that lactate levels were significantly higher in the PPA-treated rats, while creatinine levels were significantly decreased. In the rats administered with Modafinil, behavior, neuroinflammation, and histopathological changes brought about by PPA were significantly reversed. Our results demonstrate the potential role of Modafinil in ameliorating PPA-induced neuroinflammation in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erman Bagcioglu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Volkan Solmaz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oytun Erbas
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Bilim University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Özkul
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Çakar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yigit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Söğüt
- Department of Biochemistry, Demiroğlu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Al-Ayadhi L, Bhat RS, Alghamdi FA, Alhadlaq AS, El-Ansary A. Influence of Auditory Integrative Training on Casein Kinase 2 and Its Impact on Behavioral and Social Interaction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4317-4330. [PMID: 37232743 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable disturbances in post-translational protein phosphorylation have recently been discovered in multiple neurological disorders. Casein kinase-2 (CK2) is a tetrameric Ser/Thr protein kinase that phosphorylates a large number of substrates and contributes in several cellular physiological and pathological processes. CK2 is highly expressed in the mammalian brain and catalyzes the phosphorylation of a large number of substrates that are crucial in neuronal or glial homeostasis and inflammatory signaling processes across synapses. In this study, we investigated the impact of auditory integration therapy (AIT) for the treatment of sensory processing abnormalities in autism on plasma CK2 levels. A total of 25 ASD children, aged between 5 and 12 years, were enrolled and participated in the present research study. AIT was performed for two weeks, for a period of 30 min, twice a day, with a 3 h interval between sessions. Before and after AIT, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Short Sensory Profile (SSP) scores were calculated, and plasma CK2 levels were assayed using an ELISA test. The CARS and SRS indices of autism severity improved as a result of AIT, which could be related to the decreased level of plasma CK2. However, the mean value of the SSP scores was not significantly increased after AIT. The relationship between CK2 downregulation and glutamate excitotoxicity, neuro-inflammation, and leaky gut, as etiological mechanisms in ASD, was proposed and discussed. Further research, conducted on a larger scale and with a longer study duration, are required to assess whether the cognitive improvement in ASD children after AIT is related to the downregulation of CK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Ali Alghamdi
- College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
- Autism Center, Lotus Holistic Medical Center, Abu Dhabi 110281, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang LL, Stiernborg M, Skott E, Xu J, Wu Y, Landberg R, Arefin S, Kublickiene K, Millischer V, Nilsson IAK, Schalling M, Giacobini M, Lavebratt C. Effects of a Synbiotic on Plasma Immune Activity Markers and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with ADHD-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:1293. [PMID: 36904292 PMCID: PMC10004766 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synbiotic 2000, a pre + probiotic, reduced comorbid autistic traits and emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. Immune activity and bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbiota-gut-brain axis mediators. The aim was to investigate Synbiotic 2000 effects on plasma levels of immune activity markers and SCFAs in children and adults with ADHD. ADHD patients (n = 182) completed the 9-week intervention with Synbiotic 2000 or placebo and 156 provided blood samples. Healthy adult controls (n = 57) provided baseline samples. At baseline, adults with ADHD had higher pro-inflammatory sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 and lower SCFA levels than controls. Children with ADHD had higher baseline sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-2Rα, and lower formic, acetic, and propionic acid levels than adults with ADHD. sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and propionic acid levels were more abnormal in children on medication. Synbiotic 2000, compared to placebo, reduced IL-12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increased propionic acid levels in children on medication. SCFAs correlated negatively with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. Preliminary human aortic smooth-muscle-cell experiments indicated that SCFAs protected against IL-1β-induced ICAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that treatment with Synbiotic 2000 reduces IL12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increases propionic acid levels in children with ADHD. Propionic acid, together with formic and acetic acid, may contribute to the lowering of the higher-than-normal sICAM-1 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu L. Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Miranda Stiernborg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Skott
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- PRIMA Child and Adult Psychiatry Stockholm AB, 163 74 Rinkeby, Sweden
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yujiao Wu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samsul Arefin
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ida A. K. Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - MaiBritt Giacobini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- PRIMA Child and Adult Psychiatry Stockholm AB, 163 74 Rinkeby, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effect of Adding l -Carnitine to Risperidone on Behavioral, Cognitive, Social, and Physical Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Autism: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 2023; 46:55-59. [PMID: 36735565 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present research aimed to evaluate the effect of adding l -carnitine to risperidone in treating children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS In this randomized controlled clinical trial study, 50 ASD children and adolescents were divided into 2 groups: those receiving l -carnitine and risperidone (n = 25) and those receiving placebo and risperidone (n = 25). Treatment continued for 8 weeks, and participants were assessed at the beginning of the study, in the fourth and eighth weeks, by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). RESULTS l -Carnitine add-on therapy reduced the scores of total ABC and subscales of restlessness, lethargy and social isolation, stereotypic behavior, and inappropriate speech at weeks 4 and 8. There was a significant difference between the 2 groups in the score of total ABC and subscale of lethargy and social isolation. CONCLUSIONS According to the present study, adding l -carnitine to risperidone improves ASD symptoms.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumar H, Kulkarni G, Diwan V, Sharma B. Shielding Effect of Ryanodine Receptor Modulator in Rat Model of Autism. Basic Clin Neurosci 2023; 14:247-261. [PMID: 38107532 PMCID: PMC10719969 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2966.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A neurodevelopmental disorder, autism is typically identified with three primary behavioral consequences, such as social impairment, communication problems, and limited or stereotypical behavior. Because of its co-morbidity and lack of therapeutic options, autism is a global economic burden. A short chain of fatty acid, propionic acid is formed biologically by the gut microbiome. Propionic acid levels that are too high can cause leaky intestines, which can lead to autism-like symptoms. Methods To induce autism, male Albino Wistar rats were given propionic acid (250 mg/kg/po on the 21st, 22nd, and 23rd postnatal days). Rats also received a ryanodine receptor antagonist (Ruthenium red: 3 mg/kg/po; postnatal 21st to 50th day) to see what influence it had on propionic acid-induced autism. Anxiety, social behavior, and repeated behaviors were all assessed, as well as oxidative stress, inflammatory indicators, neuro signaling proteins, and blood-brain barrier permeability. Results Ruthenium red was found to counter the propionic acid-induced increases in anxiety, repetitive behavior prefrontal cortex levels of IL-6, TNF-α, TBARS, Evans blue leakage, and water content along with decreases in social behavior, IL-10, and GSH followed by hippocampus CREB and BDNF levels. Conclusion Ryanodine receptor antagonists presented a neuroprotective effect in propionic acid-induced conditions like autism by modulatory effects on social and repetitive behavior, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotein changes. Ryanodine receptors can be further explored in depth to manage autism as a condition. Highlights Ruthenium red can reduce the propionic acid-induced anxiety of rats with autism.Ruthenium red can improve the propionic acid-induced changes in repetitive behavior of rats with autism.Ruthenium red can reduce the propionic acid-induced social behavior dysfunction in rats with autism. Plain Language Summary Autism is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder mainly diagnosed with social behavior dysfunction, communication problems, and repetitive behavior. Due to high comorbidity and multiple unknown factors involvement, its exact etiology remains unclear, and so no successful treatment is available. Among the environmentally produced models of autism in rats, the most common is created by propionic acid (PPA). With short-chain type fatty acid, PPA is one of the mediators for the cycle of cell metabolism. This study attempted to study the effect of a ryano-dine receptor antagonist (Ruthenium red) on PPA-induced Anxiety, social behavior dysfunction, and repeated behaviors in rats with autism. The results showed the modulatory effects of Ruthenium red PPA-induced conditions including social and repetitive behavior, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotein changes in rats with autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Nodia, India
| | - G.T. Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Nodia, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Nodia, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang P, Hameed R, Abbas M, Balooch S, Alharthi B, Du Y, Abbas A, Younas A, Du D. Integrated omic techniques and their genomic features for invasive weeds. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:44. [PMID: 36680630 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging invasive weeds display rapid adaptation against different stressful environments compared to their natives. Rapid adaptation and dispersal habits helped invasive populations have strong diversity within the population compared to their natives. Advances in molecular marker techniques may lead to an in-depth understanding of the genetic diversity of invasive weeds. The use of molecular techniques is rapidly growing, and their implications in invasive weed studies are considered powerful tools for genome purposes. Here, we review different approach used multi-omics by invasive weed studies to understand the functional structural and genomic changes in these species under different environmental fluctuations, particularly, to check the accessibility of advance-sequencing techniques used by researchers in genome sequence projects. In this review-based study, we also examine the importance and efficiency of different molecular techniques in identifying and characterizing different genes, associated markers, proteins, metabolites, and key metabolic pathways in invasive and native weeds. Use of these techniques could help weed scientists to further reduce the knowledge gaps in understanding invasive weeds traits. Although these techniques can provide robust insights about the molecular functioning, employing a single omics platform can rarely elucidate the gene-level regulation and the associated real-time expression of weedy traits due to the complex and overlapping nature of biological interactions. We conclude that different multi-omic techniques will provide long-term benefits in launching new genome projects to enhance the understanding of invasive weeds' invasion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Rashida Hameed
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Manzer Abbas
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidra Balooch
- Institute of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Badr Alharthi
- Department of Biology, University College of Al Khurmah, Taif University, PO. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yizhou Du
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Computer Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adeel Abbas
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Afifa Younas
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nabi SU, Rehman MU, Arafah A, Taifa S, Khan IS, Khan A, Rashid S, Jan F, Wani HA, Ahmad SF. Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders by Mitochondrial-targeted Drug: Future of Neurological Diseases Therapeutics. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1042-1064. [PMID: 36411568 PMCID: PMC10286588 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221121095618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex etiology that might involve environmental and genetic variables. Recently, some epidemiological studies conducted in various parts of the world have estimated a significant increase in the prevalence of autism, with 1 in every 59 children having some degree of autism. Since autism has been associated with other clinical abnormalities, there is every possibility that a sub-cellular component may be involved in the progression of autism. The organelle remains a focus based on mitochondria's functionality and metabolic role in cells. Furthermore, the mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally and has its DNA and organelle that remain actively involved during embryonic development; these characteristics have linked mitochondrial dysfunction to autism. Although rapid stride has been made in autism research, there are limited studies that have made particular emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction and autism. Accumulating evidence from studies conducted at cellular and sub-cellular levels has indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction's role in autism is more than expected. The present review has attempted to describe the risk factors of autism, the role of mitochondria in the progression of the disease, oxidative damage as a trigger point to initiate mitochondrial damage, genetic determinants of the disease, possible pathogenic pathways and therapeutic regimen in vogue and the developmental stage. Furthermore, in the present review, an attempt has been made to include the novel therapeutic regimens under investigation at different clinical trial stages and their potential possibility to emerge as promising drugs against ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ul Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar J&K, 190006, India
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Taifa
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar J&K, 190006, India
| | - Iqra Shafi Khan
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar J&K, 190006, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Jan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CT University, Ludhiana, Ferozepur Road, Punjab, 142024, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Degree College Sumbal, Bandipora, J&K, India
| | - Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maternal treatment with sodium butyrate reduces the development of autism-like traits in mice offspring. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
20
|
Boktor JC, Adame MD, Rose DR, Schumann CM, Murray KD, Bauman MD, Careaga M, Mazmanian SK, Ashwood P, Needham BD. Global metabolic profiles in a non-human primate model of maternal immune activation: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4959-4973. [PMID: 36028571 PMCID: PMC9772216 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence implicates severe maternal infections as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD and schizophrenia. Accordingly, animal models mimicking infection during pregnancy, including the maternal immune activation (MIA) model, result in offspring with neurobiological, behavioral, and metabolic phenotypes relevant to human neurodevelopmental disorders. Most of these studies have been performed in rodents. We sought to better understand the molecular signatures characterizing the MIA model in an organism more closely related to humans, rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), by evaluating changes in global metabolic profiles in MIA-exposed offspring. Herein, we present the global metabolome in six peripheral tissues (plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, three regions of intestinal mucosa scrapings, and feces) from 13 MIA and 10 control offspring that were confirmed to display atypical neurodevelopment, elevated immune profiles, and neuropathology. Differences in lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism discriminated these MIA and control samples, with correlations of specific metabolites to behavior scores as well as to cytokine levels in plasma, intestinal, and brain tissues. We also observed modest changes in fecal and intestinal microbial profiles, and identify differential metabolomic profiles within males and females. These findings support a connection between maternal immune activation and the metabolism, microbiota, and behavioral traits of offspring, and may further the translational applications of the MIA model and the advancement of biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD or schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Boktor
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mark D Adame
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Destanie R Rose
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Karl D Murray
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Milo Careaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Brittany D Needham
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar H, Diwan V, Sharma B. Protective Effect of Nimodipine Against Valproic-acid Induced Biochemical and Behavioral Phenotypes of Autism. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 20:725-736. [PMID: 36263647 PMCID: PMC9606438 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.4.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Present study was designed to investigate behavioral and biochemical role of nimodipine in prenatal valproic acid (Pre-VPA) induced autism in rats. METHODS Valproic acid was utilized to induce autistic phenotypes in Wistar rats. The rats were assessed for social behavior. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were utilized for various biochemical assessments, whereas cerebellum was used to assess blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. RESULTS Pre-VPA rats showed reduction social interaction. Pre-VPA administration were decreased PFC levels of interleukin- 10 (IL-10), and glutathione along with hippocampus cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Also, the animals have shown increase in PFC levels of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, Evans blue leakage and water content. Nimodipine countered Pre-VPA administered reduction in social interaction, CREB, BDNF, inflammation, oxidative stress, BBB permeability. CONCLUSION Pre-VPA has induced autistic phenotype, which were attenuated by nimodipine in rats. Nimodipine and other calcium channel blockers should further investigate to check the management of autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hariom Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India,CNS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Bhupesh Sharma Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-007X
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thorel E, Clergeaud F, Rodrigues AMS, Lebaron P, Stien D. A Comparative Metabolomics Approach Demonstrates That Octocrylene Accumulates in Stylophora pistillata Tissues as Derivatives and That Octocrylene Exposure Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Senescence. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2160-2167. [PMID: 36318224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the effect of octocrylene on Stylophora pistillata and to compare the metabolomic response of this coral species to that obtained with Pocillopora damicornis. When S. pistillata coral was exposed to octocrylene, it accumulated octocrylene derivatives similar to P. damicornis. Octocrylene-fatty acid conjugates were found, as well as octocrylene heterosides. Furthermore, the tissue concentrations of various acylcarnitines and three sphingoid bases increased significantly. This phenomenon was indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction and the induction of cellular senescence processes in exposed corals. Overall, the responses of the two corals to octocrylene pollution were consistent. The proven impact of octocrylene on a second coral species suggests that potential environmental octocrylene pollution could impact many reef-building species. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that octocrylene may be modified in vivo by many organisms and that levels of octocrylene contamination in the food chain have probably been underestimated until now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evane Thorel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Fanny Clergeaud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alice M S Rodrigues
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche, Observatoire Océanologique, FR3724, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brister D, Rose S, Delhey L, Tippett M, Jin Y, Gu H, Frye RE. Metabolomic Signatures of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1727. [PMID: 36294866 PMCID: PMC9604590 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with many variations in metabolism, but the ex-act correlates of these metabolic disturbances with behavior and development and their links to other core metabolic disruptions are understudied. In this study, large-scale targeted LC-MS/MS metabolomic analysis was conducted on fasting morning plasma samples from 57 children with ASD (29 with neurodevelopmental regression, NDR) and 37 healthy controls of similar age and gender. Linear model determined the metabolic signatures of ASD with and without NDR, measures of behavior and neurodevelopment, as well as markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, redox, methylation, and mitochondrial metabolism. MetaboAnalyst ver 5.0 (the Wishart Research Group at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada) identified the pathways associated with altered metabolic signatures. Differences in histidine and glutathione metabolism as well as aromatic amino acid (AAA) biosynthesis differentiated ASD from controls. NDR was associated with disruption in nicotinamide and energy metabolism. Sleep and neurodevelopment were associated with energy metabolism while neurodevelopment was also associated with purine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. While behavior was as-sociated with some of the same pathways as neurodevelopment, it was also associated with alternations in neurotransmitter metabolism. Alterations in methylation was associated with aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and branched chain amino acid (BCAA) and nicotinamide metabolism. Alterations in glutathione metabolism was associated with changes in glycine, serine and threonine, BCAA and AAA metabolism. Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were as-sociated with energy metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Alterations in mitochondrial metabolism was associated with alterations in energy metabolism and L-glutamine. Using behavioral and biochemical markers, this study finds convergent disturbances in specific metabolic pathways with ASD, particularly changes in energy, nicotinamide, neurotransmitters, and BCAA, as well as aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brister
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Leanna Delhey
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Marie Tippett
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brief exposure of neuronal cells to levels of SCFAs observed in human systemic circulation impair lipid metabolism resulting in apoptosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14355. [PMID: 35999262 PMCID: PMC9399085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18363-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between gut microbiota and the brain is an enigma. Alterations in the gut microbial community affects enteric metabolite levels, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs have been proposed as a possible mechanism through which the gut microbiome modulate brain health and function. This study analyzed for the first time the effects of SCFAs at levels reported in human systemic circulation on SH-SY5Y human neuronal cell energy metabolism, viability, survival, and the brain lipidome. Cell and rat brain lipidomics was done using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Neuronal cells viability, survival and energy metabolism were analyzed via flow cytometer, immunofluorescence, and SeahorseXF platform. Lipidomics analysis demonstrated that SCFAs significantly remodeled the brain lipidome in vivo and in vitro. The most notable remodulation was observed in the metabolism of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, and mitochondrial lipids carnitine and cardiolipin. Increased mitochondrial mass, fragmentation, and hyperfusion occurred concomitant with the altered mitochondrial lipid metabolism resulting in decreased neuronal cell respiration, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and increased cell death. This suggests SCFAs at levels observed in human systemic circulation can adversely alter the brain lipidome and neuronal cell function potentially negatively impacting brain health outcomes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Nordberg D, Attwood MM, Smesny S, Sen ZD, Guo AC, Oler E, Tian S, Zheng J, Wishart DS, Liepinsh E, Schiöth HB. Acylcarnitines: Nomenclature, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Potential, Drug Targets, and Clinical Trials. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:506-551. [PMID: 35710135 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylcarnitines are fatty acid metabolites that play important roles in many cellular energy metabolism pathways. They have historically been used as important diagnostic markers for inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation and are being intensively studied as markers of energy metabolism, deficits in mitochondrial and peroxisomal β -oxidation activity, insulin resistance, and physical activity. Acylcarnitines are increasingly being identified as important indicators in metabolic studies of many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, neurologic disorders, and certain cancers. The US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug L-carnitine, along with short-chain acylcarnitines (acetylcarnitine and propionylcarnitine), is now widely used as a dietary supplement. In light of their growing importance, we have undertaken an extensive review of acylcarnitines and provided a detailed description of their identity, nomenclature, classification, biochemistry, pathophysiology, supplementary use, potential drug targets, and clinical trials. We also summarize these updates in the Human Metabolome Database, which now includes information on the structures, chemical formulae, chemical/spectral properties, descriptions, and pathways for 1240 acylcarnitines. This work lays a solid foundation for identifying, characterizing, and understanding acylcarnitines in human biosamples. We also discuss the emerging opportunities for using acylcarnitines as biomarkers and as dietary interventions or supplements for many wide-ranging indications. The opportunity to identify new drug targets involved in controlling acylcarnitine levels is also discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive overview of acylcarnitines, including their nomenclature, structure and biochemistry, and use as disease biomarkers and pharmaceutical agents. We present updated information contained in the Human Metabolome Database website as well as substantial mapping of the known biochemical pathways associated with acylcarnitines, thereby providing a strong foundation for further clarification of their physiological roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maija Dambrova
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Janis Kuka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Didi Nordberg
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Zumrut Duygu Sen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - An Chi Guo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Eponine Oler
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Siyang Tian
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - David S Wishart
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia (M.D., M.M.-K., J.K., R.V., E.L.); Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, (D.N., M.M.A., H.B.S.); Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany (S.S., Z.D.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (A.C.G., E.O., S.T., J.Z., D.S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li K, Schön M, Naviaux JC, Monk JM, Alchus-Laiferová N, Wang L, Straka I, Matejička P, Valkovič P, Ukropec J, Tarnopolsky MA, Naviaux RK, Ukropcová B. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma metabolomics of acute endurance exercise. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22408. [PMID: 35713567 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200509r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics has emerged as a powerful new tool in precision medicine. No studies have yet been published on the metabolomic changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced by acute endurance exercise. CSF and plasma were collected from 19 young active adults (13 males and 6 females) before and 60 min after a 90-min monitored outdoor run. The median age, BMI, and VO2 max of subjects was 25 years (IQR 22-31), 23.2 kg/m2 (IQR 21.7-24.5), and 47 ml/kg/min (IQR 38-51), respectively. Targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomics was performed by liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the CSF, purines and pyrimidines accounted for 32% of the metabolic impact after acute endurance exercise. Branch chain amino acids, amino acid neurotransmitters, fatty acid oxidation, phospholipids, and Krebs cycle metabolites traceable to mitochondrial function accounted for another 52% of the changes. A narrow but important channel of metabolic communication was identified between the brain and body by correlation network analysis. By comparing these results to previous work in experimental animal models, we found that over 80% of the changes in the CSF correlated with a cascade of mitochondrial and metabolic changes produced by ATP signaling. ATP is released as a co-neurotransmitter and neuromodulator at every synapse studied to date. By regulating brain mitochondrial function, ATP release was identified as an early step in the kinetic cascade of layered benefits produced by endurance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Martin Schön
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jane C Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jonathan M Monk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nikoleta Alchus-Laiferová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Igor Straka
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Matejička
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Valkovič
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim A, Zisman CR, Holingue C. Influences of the Immune System and Microbiome on the Etiology of ASD and GI Symptomology of Autistic Individuals. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:141-161. [PMID: 35711026 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental condition associated with impairments in communication and social interactions, and repetitive and restricted behavior or interests. Autistic individuals are more likely to experience gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms than neurotypical individuals. This may be partially due to dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. In this article, we describe the interaction of the microbiome and immune system on autism etiology. We also summarize the links between the microbiome and gastrointestinal and related symptoms among autistic individuals. We report that microbial interventions, including diet, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal transplants, and immune-modulating therapies such as cytokine blockade during the preconception, pregnancy, and postnatal period may impact the neurodevelopment, behavior, and gastrointestinal health of autistic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kim
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Corina R Zisman
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Calliope Holingue
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Multivariate Analysis of Metabolomic and Nutritional Profiles among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060923. [PMID: 35743708 PMCID: PMC9224818 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been promising results regarding the capability of statistical and machine-learning techniques to offer insight into unique metabolomic patterns observed in ASD. This work re-examines a comparative study contrasting metabolomic and nutrient measurements of children with ASD (n = 55) against their typically developing (TD) peers (n = 44) through a multivariate statistical lens. Hypothesis testing, receiver characteristic curve assessment, and correlation analysis were consistent with prior work and served to underscore prominent areas where metabolomic and nutritional profiles between the groups diverged. Improved univariate analysis revealed 46 nutritional/metabolic differences that were significantly different between ASD and TD groups, with individual areas under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) scores of 0.6–0.9. Many of the significant measurements had correlations with many others, forming two integrated networks of interrelated metabolic differences in ASD. The TD group had 189 significant correlation pairs between metabolites, vs. only 106 for the ASD group, calling attention to underlying differences in metabolic processes. Furthermore, multivariate techniques identified potential biomarker panels with up to six metabolites that were able to attain a predictive accuracy of up to 98% for discriminating between ASD and TD, following cross-validation. Assessing all optimized multivariate models demonstrated concordance with prior physiological pathways identified in the literature, with some of the most important metabolites for discriminating ASD and TD being sulfate, the transsulfuration pathway, uridine (methylation biomarker), and beta-amino isobutyrate (regulator of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism).
Collapse
|
29
|
Central Nervous System Metabolism in Autism, Epilepsy and Developmental Delays: A Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050371. [PMID: 35629876 PMCID: PMC9148155 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with metabolic pathway imbalances; however, most metabolic measurements are made peripherally, leaving central metabolic disturbances under-investigated. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained intraoperatively from children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 34), developmental delays (DD, n = 20), and those without known DD/ASD (n = 34) was analyzed using large-scale targeted mass spectrometry. Eighteen also had epilepsy (EPI). Metabolites significantly related to ASD, DD and EPI were identified by linear models and entered into metabolite–metabolite network pathway analysis. Common disrupted pathways were analyzed for each group of interest. Central metabolites most involved in metabolic pathways were L-cysteine, adenine, and dodecanoic acid for ASD; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, L-aspartic acid, and glycine for EPI; and adenosine triphosphate, L-glutamine, ornithine, L-arginine, L-lysine, citrulline, and L-homoserine for DD. Amino acid and energy metabolism pathways were most disrupted in all disorders, but the source of the disruption was different for each disorder. Disruption in vitamin and one-carbon metabolism was associated with DD and EPI, lipid pathway disruption was associated with EPI and redox metabolism disruption was related to ASD. Two microbiome metabolites were also detected in the CSF: shikimic and cis-cis-muconic acid. Overall, this study provides increased insight into unique metabolic disruptions in distinct but overlapping neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mohammad FK, Palukuri MV, Shivakumar S, Rengaswamy R, Sahoo S. A Computational Framework for Studying Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Physiol 2022; 13:760753. [PMID: 35330929 PMCID: PMC8940246 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.760753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The integrity of the intestinal epithelium is crucial for human health and is harmed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). An aberrant gut microbial composition resulting in gut-derived metabolic toxins was found to damage the intestinal epithelium, jeopardizing tissue integrity. These toxins further reach the brain via the gut-brain axis, disrupting the normal function of the brain. A mechanistic understanding of metabolic disturbances in the brain and gut is essential to design effective therapeutics and early intervention to block disease progression. Herein, we present a novel computational framework integrating constraint based tissue specific metabolic (CBM) model and whole-body physiological pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modeling for ASD. Furthermore, the role of gut microbiota, diet, and oxidative stress is analyzed in ASD. Methods A representative gut model capturing host-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria interaction was developed using CBM techniques and patient data. Simultaneously, a PBPK model of toxin metabolism was assembled, incorporating multi-scale metabolic information. Furthermore, dynamic flux balance analysis was performed to integrate CBM and PBPK. The effectiveness of a probiotic and dietary intervention to improve autism symptoms was tested on the integrated model. Results The model accurately highlighted critical metabolic pathways of the gut and brain that are associated with ASD. These include central carbon, nucleotide, and vitamin metabolism in the host gut, and mitochondrial energy and amino acid metabolisms in the brain. The proposed dietary intervention revealed that a high-fiber diet is more effective than a western diet in reducing toxins produced inside the gut. The addition of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum longum, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Prevotella ruminicola to the diet restores gut microbiota balance, thereby lowering oxidative stress in the gut and brain. Conclusion The proposed computational framework is novel in its applicability, as demonstrated by the determination of the whole-body distribution of ROS toxins and metabolic association in ASD. In addition, it emphasized the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to alleviate autism symptoms. Notably, the presented integrated model validates the importance of combining PBPK modeling with COBRA -specific tissue details for understanding disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Khan Mohammad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Meghana Venkata Palukuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Shruti Shivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Raghunathan Rengaswamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Swagatika Sahoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Therapeutic Effects of a Novel Form of Biotin on Propionic Acid-Induced Autistic Features in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061280. [PMID: 35334937 PMCID: PMC8955994 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium biotinate (MgB) is a novel biotin complex with superior absorption and anti-inflammatory effects in the brain than D-Biotin. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different doses of MgB on social behavior deficits, learning and memory alteration, and inflammatory markers in propionic acid (PPA)-exposed rats. In this case, 35 Wistar rats (3 weeks old) were distributed into five groups: 1, Control; 2, PPA treated group; 3, PPA+MgBI (10 mg, HED); 4, PPA+MgBII (100 mg, HED); 5, PPA+MgBIII (500 mg, HED). PPA was given subcutaneously at 500 mg/kg/day for five days, followed by MgB for two weeks. PPA-exposed rats showed poor sociability and a high level of anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairments (p < 0.001). In a dose-dependent manner, behavioral and learning-memory disorders were significantly improved by MgB supplementation (p < 0.05). PPA decreased both the numbers and the sizes of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. However, MgB administration increased the sizes and the densities of Purkinje cells. MgB improved the brain and serum Mg, biotin, serotonin, and dopamine concentrations, as well as antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSH) (p < 0.05). In addition, MgB treatment significantly regulated the neurotoxicity-related cytokines and neurotransmission-related markers. For instance, MgB significantly decreased the expression level of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, CCL-3, CCL-5, and CXCL-16 in the brain, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). These data demonstrate that MgB may ameliorate dysfunctions in social behavior, learning and memory and reduce the oxidative stress and inflammation indexes of the brain in a rat model.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rong P, Zhao S, Fu Q, Chen M, Yang L, Song Y, Zhang X, Ma R. Case report: One child with an autism spectrum disorder who had chronically elevated serum levels of CK and CK-MB. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:995237. [PMID: 36147964 PMCID: PMC9485572 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.995237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Some patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit elevated serum creatine kinase levels, which are believed to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Although a few articles have reported this situation in the past and the increase mostly ranges from 100 to 300 U/L, there is a paucity of previous study focusing on the serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme. This article discusses a 5-year-old girl with ASD, whose serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme have been rising for nearly 2 years, fluctuating at 584-993 and 111-625 U/L respectively. Except for behavioral and language symptoms associated with ASD, the child appears normal in other aspects. The child's laboratory tests showed no abnormality, except that the serum levels of lactic acid was slightly higher than normal (1.89 mmol/L, normal 1.33-1.78 mmol/L). The child was prescribed with a traditional Chinese medicine during the process and the serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme level decreased dramatically to 111 U/L after the treatment. This study firstly recorded the serum creatine kinase levels and the MB isoenzyme in patients with autism spectrum disorder for nearly 2 years, indicating that patients with ASD may experience long-term increases in serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, and that the traditional Chinese medicine decoction Xinfukang can temporarily reduce the serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme level in patients. Nevertheless, the effect is not sustained. Therefore, it is of great importance to conduct long-term longitudinal studies so as to elucidate the potential mechanism responsible for long-term elevation of serum creatine kinase level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Rong
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyi Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianfang Fu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengrui Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Libin Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifei Song
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xilian Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Ma
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ding H, Yi X, Zhang X, Wang H, Liu H, Mou WW. Imbalance in the Gut Microbiota of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:572752. [PMID: 34790583 PMCID: PMC8591234 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.572752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are complex behavioral changes manifesting early in childhood, which impacts how an individual perceives and socializes with others. The study aims to assess the disparities in gut microbiota (GM) amongst healthy controls and children with ASD. Methods The study was performed on 25 children with ASD and 20 healthy children. Autistic symptoms were diagnosed and assessed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders and the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC). Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were assessed with a GI Severity Index (GSI) questionnaire. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by the high−throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The alpha diversity was estimated using the Shannon, Chao, and ACE indexes. The unweighted UniFrac analysis and the PCA plots were used to represent the beta diversity. LDA and LEfSe were used to assess the effect sizes of each abundant differential taxon. Results Children with high GSI scores had much higher ATEC Total scores than those with lower GSI-scores. GI symptoms were strongly associated with symptoms of ASD. There was no difference in Chao, ACE, and Shannon indexes between ASD patients and healthy controls. Both groups showed a significant microbiota structure clustering in the plotted PCAs and significant differences in its composition at the family, order, genus, and phyla levels. There were also noteworthy overall relative differences in Actinobacteria and Firmicutes between both groups. Conclusions This study shows the relationship between the clinical manifestations of Autistic symptoms and GI symptoms. ASD patients have dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which may be related to the onset of ASD. These findings may be beneficial for developing ASD symptoms by changing gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengli Oil Field Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Xinhao Yi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shengli Oil Field Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengli Oil Field Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengli Oil Field Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengli Oil Field Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Wei-Wei Mou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengli Oil Field Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Frye RE, Lionnard L, Singh I, Karim MA, Chajra H, Frechet M, Kissa K, Racine V, Ammanamanchi A, McCarty PJ, Delhey L, Tippett M, Rose S, Aouacheria A. Mitochondrial morphology is associated with respiratory chain uncoupling in autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:527. [PMID: 34645790 PMCID: PMC8514530 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with unique changes in mitochondrial metabolism, including elevated respiration rates and morphological alterations. We examined electron transport chain (ETC) complex activity in fibroblasts derived from 18 children with ASD as well as mitochondrial morphology measurements in fibroblasts derived from the ASD participants and four typically developing controls. In ASD participants, symptoms severity was measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale and Aberrant Behavior Checklist. Mixed-model regression demonstrated that alterations in mitochondrial morphology were associated with both ETC Complex I+III and IV activity as well as the difference between ETC Complex I+III and IV activity. The subgroup of ASD participants with relative elevation in Complex IV activity demonstrated more typical mitochondrial morphology and milder ASD related symptoms. This study is limited by sample size given the invasive nature of obtaining fibroblasts from children. Furthermore, since mitochondrial function is heterogenous across tissues, the result may be specific to fibroblast respiration. Previous studies have separately described elevated ETC Complex IV activity and changes in mitochondrial morphology in cells derived from children with ASD but this is the first study to link these two findings in mitochondrial metabolism. The association between a difference in ETC complex I+III and IV activity and normal morphology suggests that mitochondrial in individuals with ASD may require ETC uncoupling to function optimally. Further studies should assess the molecular mechanisms behind these unique metabolic changes.Trial registration: Protocols used in this study were registered in clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02000284 and NCT02003170.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
- University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Loïc Lionnard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 CNRS, UM, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Indrapal Singh
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mohammad A Karim
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hanane Chajra
- Clariant Active ingredients, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31036, Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Mathilde Frechet
- Clariant Active ingredients, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31036, Toulouse Cedex 1, France
| | - Karima Kissa
- LPHI, CNRS, INSERM, Emergence of Haematopoietic Stem Cells and Cancer, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Victor Racine
- QuantaCell SAS, 2 allée du Doyen Georges Brus, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Amrit Ammanamanchi
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick John McCarty
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Leanna Delhey
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Marie Tippett
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Abdel Aouacheria
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 CNRS, UM, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Erten F. Lycopene ameliorates propionic acid-induced autism spectrum disorders by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress in rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13922. [PMID: 34476820 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to study lycopene efficacy in brain-behavior, pro-inflammatory and apoptotic markers, and antioxidant levels in a rodent model. Rats were administered with propionic acid (PPA) (500 mg/kg BW) to induce autism-like disorders, then treated with different lycopene (L) concentrations (5, 10, 20 mg kg-1 day-1 ) for 35 days. The groups were: (i);control, (ii);PPA, (iii);PPA + L5, (iv);PPA + L10, and (v);PPA + L20. In this study, serum and brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased with lycopene supplements compared to the PPA group, similarly to the brain levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1α, IL-8, NF-κB, TNF-α; p < .05). Besides, brain levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 decreased, whereas pro-apoptotic Bax, antioxidant Nrf2, and HO-1 levels in brain increased compared with PPA (p < .05). This study showed that lycopene might have therapeutic value to improve the dysfunctions in learning and memory in a dose-dependent way, along with the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic molecular responses in a rat model of ASD-like disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study suggested that lycopene can reduce propionic acid (PPA)-induced learning and memory impairment and oxidative damage by participating in multiple biological activities such as antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Lycopene protects serum and brain tissues against PPA induced oxidative damage in rats. These effects may be realized through up-regulation of the brain Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and down-regulation of the IL-1α, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels. Lycopene may also contribute to memory and learning function, apoptotic/antiapoptotic modulation, and antioxidant and possible therapeutic efficacy in PPA-induced- Autism spectrum disorder cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Erten
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nikam V, Mohammad NS. Tissue-specific DNase I footprint analysis confirms the association of GATAD2B Q470* variant with intellectual disability. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
37
|
Sharma AR, Batra G, Saini L, Sharma S, Mishra A, Singla R, Singh A, Singh RS, Jain A, Bansal S, Modi M, Medhi B. Valproic acid and Propionic acid modulated mechanical pathways associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder at prenatal and neonatal exposure. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:399-408. [PMID: 34365961 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210806165430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a composite disorder of brain development with uncertain etiology and pathophysiology. Genetic factors are important in ASD causation, although environmental factors are also involved in ASD pathophysiology. Environmental factors might affect the genetic processes of brain development through the modulation of molecular pathways that might be involved with ASD. Valproic acid and Propionic acid are the major environmental factors that serve as medicine and food preservative. VPA is used as an anti-epileptic medicine, but it has adverse effects on pregnant women and alters the developmental patterns of the embryo. It is a multi-targeting agent and affects through the 5-HT, GABA, etc. PPA is a secondary metabolite of gut microbiota that is commonly used as a food preservative. PPA plays a significant role in ASD causation by altering the several developmental molecular pathways like PTEN/Akt, mTOR/Gskβ, Cytokines activated pathways, etc., at the prenatal and neonatal stage. Moreover, ASD complexity might be increased by some other important factors like vitamin A deficiency and Vitamin A is important for cortical brain development and neuronal cell differentiation. Additionally, several important genes such as RELN, Lhx2, CREB, IL-6, NMDA, BDNF, etc. also altered in ASD that involved in brain development, Central Nervous System, Enteric Nervous System. These genes affect the neuronal differentiation, hyperactivity, oxidative stress, oxytocin, and GABA imbalance that lead the improper behavior in autistic individuals. These genes are also studied in VPA and PPA ASD-like animal models. In this review, we explored the mechanical pathways that might be altered with VPA and PPA exposures at the embryonic developmental stage or neonatal developmental stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Gitika Batra
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Lokesh Saini
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Rubal Singla
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Rahul Soloman Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Manish Modi
- Department of Neurology,Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
An mtDNA mutant mouse demonstrates that mitochondrial deficiency can result in autism endophenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021429118. [PMID: 33536343 PMCID: PMC8017921 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021429118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have increasingly been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, corroborated by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) germline and somatic variants being found in ASD patients. If mitochondrial defects can generate ASD, then specific mtDNA mutations should induce ASD endophenotypes in mice. We tested this prediction by introduction of an mtDNA ND6 gene missense mutation (ND6P25L) into the mouse germline and found ASD endophenotypes. The ND6P25L mice exhibit impaired social interaction, compulsive behavior, and increased anxiety. They have reduced electroencephalographic delta and theta wave power, increased predilection to seizures, but without diminution of hippocampal interneurons. These endophenotypes correlate with impaired cortical and hippocampal mitochondrial respiration and increased reactive oxygen species production. Thus, mitochondrial defects can be sufficient to produce ASD phenotypes. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by a deficit in social communication, pathologic repetitive behaviors, restricted interests, and electroencephalogram (EEG) aberrations. While exhaustive analysis of nuclear DNA (nDNA) variation has revealed hundreds of copy number variants (CNVs) and loss-of-function (LOF) mutations, no unifying hypothesis as to the pathophysiology of ASD has yet emerged. Based on biochemical and physiological analyses, it has been hypothesized that ASD may be the result of a systemic mitochondrial deficiency with brain-specific manifestations. This proposal has been supported by recent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses identifying both germline and somatic mtDNA variants in ASD. If mitochondrial defects do predispose to ASD, then mice with certain mtDNA mutations should present with autism endophenotypes. To test this prediction, we examined a mouse strain harboring an mtDNA ND6 gene missense mutation (P25L). This mouse manifests impaired social interactions, increased repetitive behaviors and anxiety, EEG alterations, and a decreased seizure threshold, in the absence of reduced hippocampal interneuron numbers. EEG aberrations were most pronounced in the cortex followed by the hippocampus. Aberrations in mitochondrial respiratory function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also most pronounced in the cortex followed by the hippocampus, but absent in the olfactory bulb. These data demonstrate that mild systemic mitochondrial defects can result in ASD without apparent neuroanatomical defects and that systemic mitochondrial mutations can cause tissue-specific brain defects accompanied by regional neurophysiological alterations.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lee S, Kang H, Jung H, Kim E, Lee E. Gene Dosage- and Age-Dependent Differential Transcriptomic Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex of Shank2-Mutant Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:683196. [PMID: 34177464 PMCID: PMC8226033 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.683196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank2 is an abundant postsynaptic scaffolding protein that is known to regulate excitatory synapse assembly and synaptic transmission and has been implicated in various neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Previous studies on Shank2-mutant mice provided mechanistic insights into their autistic-like phenotypes, but it remains unclear how transcriptomic patterns are changed in brain regions of the mutant mice in age- and gene dosage-dependent manners. To this end, we performed RNA-Seq analyses of the transcripts from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of heterozygous and homozygous Shank2-mutant mice lacking exons 6 and 7 at juvenile (week 3) and adult (week 12) stages. Juvenile heterozygous Shank2-mutant mice showed upregulation of glutamate synapse-related genes, downregulation of ribosomal and mitochondrial genes, and transcriptomic changes that are opposite to those observed in ASD (anti-ASD) such as upregulation of ASD_down (downregulated in ASD), GABA neuron-related, and oligodendrocyte-related genes. Juvenile homozygous Shank2 mice showed upregulation of chromatin-related genes and transcriptomic changes that are in line with those occurring in ASD (pro-ASD) such as downregulation of ASD_down, GABA neuron-related, and oligodendrocyte-related genes. Adult heterozygous and homozygous Shank2-mutant mice both exhibited downregulation of ribosomal and mitochondrial genes and pro-ASD transcriptomic changes. Therefore, the gene dosage- and age-dependent effects of Shank2 deletions in mice include differential transcriptomic changes across distinct functional contexts, including synapses, chromatin, ribosomes, mitochondria, GABA neurons, and oligodendrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungjoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, KISTI, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwajin Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunee Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Resveratrol Effect in Fibroblasts from Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060510. [PMID: 34199819 PMCID: PMC8229571 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have an increase in blood acyl-carnitine (AC) concentrations indicating a mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (mtFAO) impairment. However, there are no data on systematic mtFAO analyses in ASD. We analyzed tritiated palmitate oxidation rates in fibroblasts from patients with ASD before and after resveratrol (RSV) treatment, according to methods used for the diagnosis of congenital defects in mtFAO. ASD participants (N = 10, 60%; male; mean age (SD) 7.4 (3.2) years) were divided in two age-equivalent groups based on the presence (N = 5) or absence (N = 5) of elevated blood AC levels. In addition, electron transport chain (ETC) activity in fibroblasts and muscle biopsies and clinical characteristics were compared between the ASD groups. Baseline fibroblast mtFAO was not significantly different in patients in comparison with control values. However, ASD patients with elevated AC exhibited significantly decreased mtFAO rates, muscle ETC complex II activity, and fibroblast ETC Complex II/III activity (p < 0.05), compared with patients without an AC signature. RSV significantly increased the mtFAO activity in all study groups (p = 0.001). The highest mtFAO changes in response to RSV were observed in fibroblasts from patients with more severe symptoms on the Social Responsiveness Scale total (p = 0.001) and Awareness, Cognition, Communication and Motivation subscales (all p < 0.01). These findings suggested recognition of an ASD patient subset characterized by an impaired mtFAO flux associated with abnormal blood AC. The study elucidated that RSV significantly increased fibroblast mtFAO irrespective of plasma AC status, and the highest changes to RSV effects on mtFAO were observed in the more severely affected patients.
Collapse
|
41
|
El-Sayed A, Aleya L, Kamel M. The link among microbiota, epigenetics, and disease development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28926-28964. [PMID: 33860421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is a community of various microorganisms that inhabit or live on the skin of humans/animals, sharing the body space with their hosts. It is a sort of complex ecosystem of trillions of commensals, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms, including trillions of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. The microbiota plays a role in the health and disease status of the host. Their number, species dominance, and viability are dynamic. Their long-term disturbance is usually accompanied by serious diseases such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, or even cancer. While epigenetics is a term that refers to different stimuli that induce modifications in gene expression patterns without structural changes in the inherited DNA sequence, these changes can be reversible or even persist for several generations. Epigenetics can be described as cell memory that stores experience against internal and external factors. Results from multiple institutions have contributed to the role and close interaction of both microbiota and epigenetics in disease induction. Understanding the mechanisms of both players enables a better understanding of disease induction and development and also opens the horizon to revolutionary therapeutic approaches. The present review illustrates the roles of diet, microbiome, and epigenetics in the induction of several chronic diseases. In addition, it discusses the application of epigenetic data to develop diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics and evaluate their safety for patients. Understanding the interaction among all these elements enables the development of innovative preventive/therapeutic approaches for disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Schären M, Riefke B, Slopianka M, Keck M, Gruendemann S, Wichard J, Brunner N, Klein S, Snedec T, Theinert KB, Pietsch F, Rachidi F, Köller G, Bannert E, Spilke J, Starke A. Aspects of transition cow metabolomics-Part III: Alterations in the metabolome of liver and blood throughout the transition period in cows with different liver metabotypes. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9245-9262. [PMID: 34024605 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the postpartum (PP) energy metabolism of the transition dairy cow; however, studies describing the liver metabolome during this period were lacking. The aim of the presented study was therefore to compare the alterations in the liver and blood metabolome of transition dairy cows. For this purpose, an on-farm trial with 80 German Holstein cows (mean lactation number: 3.9; range: 2-9) was performed, with thorough documentation of clinical traits and clinical chemistry, as well as production data. Liver biopsies and blood samples were collected at d 14 (mean: 12 d, range: 1-26 d) antepartum (AP), d 7 (7, 4-13) and 28 (28, 23-34; mean, earliest-latest) PP for targeted mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit (Biocrates Life Sciences). Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate (partial least squares discriminant analysis) as well as univariate methods (linear mixed model). Multivariate data analysis of the liver metabolome revealed 3 different metabotypes (A = medium, B = minor, C = large alterations in the liver metabolome profile between AP and PP). In metabotype C, an increase of almost all acylcarnitines, lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC), sphingomyelins, and some phosphatidylcholines (PC, mainly at 7 d PP) was observed after calving. In contrast to metabotype C, the clinical data of the metabotype B animals indicated a higher PP lipomobilization and occurrence of transition cow diseases. The liver metabolome profile of these animals most likely mirrors a failure of adaptation to the PP state. This strong occurrence of metabotypes was much less pronounced in the blood metabolome. Additionally, differences in metabolic patterns were observed across the transition period when comparing liver and blood matrices (e.g., in different biogenic amines, acylcarnitines and sphingolipids). In summary, the blood samples at 7 d PP showed lower acylcarnitines and PC, with minor alterations and a heterogeneous pattern in AA, biogenic amines, and sphingomyelins compared with 14 d AP. In contrast to 7 d PP, the blood samples at 28 PP revealed an increase in several AA, lysoPC, PC, and sphingomyelins in comparison to the AP state, irrespective of the metabotype. In the liver biopsies metabotype B differed from metabotype C animals ante partum by following metabolites: higher α aminoadipic acid, lower AA, serotonin, taurine, and symmetric dimethylarginine levels, lower or higher concentrations of certain acylcarnitines (higher: C2, C3, C5, C4:1; lower: C12:1, C14:1-OH, C16:2), and lower lysoPC (a C16:0, C18:0, C20:3, C20:4) and hexose levels. In blood samples, fewer differences were observed, with lower serotonin, acylcarnitine C16:2, lysoPC (a C16:0, C17:0, C18:0 and C18:1), PC aa C38:0, and PC ae C42:2. The results show that the use of only the blood metabolome to assess liver metabolism may be hampered by the fact that blood profiles are influenced by the metabolism of many organs, and metabolomics analysis from liver biopsies is a more suitable method to identify distinct metabotypes. Future studies should investigate the stability and reproducibility of the metabotype and phenotypes observed, and the possible predictive value of the metabolites already differing AP between metabotype B and C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schären
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - B Riefke
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Slopianka
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Keck
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Gruendemann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Wichard
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - N Brunner
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - S Klein
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - T Snedec
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K B Theinert
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Pietsch
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Rachidi
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Köller
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Bannert
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Spilke
- Biometrics and Informatics in Agriculture Group, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Str. 4, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Frye RE, Cakir J, Rose S, Palmer RF, Austin C, Curtin P, Arora M. Mitochondria May Mediate Prenatal Environmental Influences in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2021; 11:218. [PMID: 33803789 PMCID: PMC8003154 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that the mitochondrion, an essential cellular organelle, mediates the long-term prenatal environmental effects of disease in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many prenatal environmental factors which increase the risk of developing ASD influence mitochondria physiology, including toxicant exposures, immune activation, and nutritional factors. Unique types of mitochondrial dysfunction have been associated with ASD and recent studies have linked prenatal environmental exposures to long-term changes in mitochondrial physiology in children with ASD. A better understanding of the role of the mitochondria in the etiology of ASD can lead to targeted therapeutics and strategies to potentially prevent the development of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Janet Cakir
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA;
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.A.); (P.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.A.); (P.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.A.); (P.C.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zolkipli-Cunningham Z, Naviaux JC, Nakayama T, Hirsch CM, Monk JM, Li K, Wang L, Le TP, Meinardi S, Blake DR, Naviaux RK. Metabolic and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia and the maternal immune activation mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248771. [PMID: 33735311 PMCID: PMC7971557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, studies in mice, rats, and humans have suggested that abnormalities in purinergic signaling may be a final common pathway for many genetic and environmental causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study in mice was conducted to characterize the bioenergetic, metabolomic, breathomic, and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia triggered by systemic injection of the purinergic agonist and danger signal, extracellular ATP (eATP). Responses were studied in C57BL/6J mice in the maternal immune activation (MIA) model and controls. Basal metabolic rates and locomotor activity were measured in CLAMS cages. Plasma metabolomics measured 401 metabolites. Breathomics measured 98 volatile organic compounds. Intraperitoneal eATP dropped basal metabolic rate measured by whole body oxygen consumption by 74% ± 6% (mean ± SEM) and rectal temperature by 6.2˚ ± 0.3˚C in 30 minutes. Over 200 metabolites from 37 different biochemical pathways where changed. Breathomics showed an increase in exhaled carbon monoxide, dimethylsulfide, and isoprene. Metabolomics revealed an acute increase in lactate, citrate, purines, urea, dopamine, eicosanoids, microbiome metabolites, oxidized glutathione, thiamine, niacinamide, and pyridoxic acid, and decreased folate-methylation-1-carbon intermediates, amino acids, short and medium chain acyl-carnitines, phospholipids, ceramides, sphingomyelins, cholesterol, bile acids, and vitamin D similar to some children with ASD. MIA animals were hypersensitive to postnatal exposure to eATP or poly(IC), which produced a rebound increase in body temperature that lasted several weeks before returning to baseline. Acute hyperpurinergia produced metabolic and behavioral changes in mice. The behaviors and metabolic changes produced by ATP injection were associated with mitochondrial functional changes that were profound but reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M. Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Thuy P. Le
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Potential Role of L-Carnitine in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061202. [PMID: 33805796 PMCID: PMC8000371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
L-carnitine plays an important role in the functioning of the central nervous system, and especially in the mitochondrial metabolism of fatty acids. Altered carnitine metabolism, abnormal fatty acid metabolism in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been documented. ASD is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition that is usually diagnosed in early childhood. Patients with ASD require careful classification as this heterogeneous clinical category may include patients with an intellectual disability or high functioning, epilepsy, language impairments, or associated Mendelian genetic conditions. L-carnitine participates in the long-chain oxidation of fatty acids in the brain, stimulates acetylcholine synthesis (donor of the acyl groups), stimulates expression of growth-associated protein-43, prevents cell apoptosis and neuron damage and stimulates neurotransmission. Determination of L-carnitine in serum/plasma and analysis of acylcarnitines in a dried blood spot may be useful in ASD diagnosis and treatment. Changes in the acylcarnitine profiles may indicate potential mitochondrial dysfunctions and abnormal fatty acid metabolism in ASD children. L-carnitine deficiency or deregulation of L-carnitine metabolism in ASD is accompanied by disturbances of other metabolic pathways, e.g., Krebs cycle, the activity of respiratory chain complexes, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Supplementation of L-carnitine may be beneficial to alleviate behavioral and cognitive symptoms in ASD patients.
Collapse
|
46
|
MahmoudianDehkordi S, Ahmed AT, Bhattacharyya S, Han X, Baillie RA, Arnold M, Skime MK, John-Williams LS, Moseley MA, Thompson JW, Louie G, Riva-Posse P, Craighead WE, McDonald W, Krishnan R, Rush AJ, Frye MA, Dunlop BW, Weinshilboum RM, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Alterations in acylcarnitines, amines, and lipids inform about the mechanism of action of citalopram/escitalopram in major depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:153. [PMID: 33654056 PMCID: PMC7925685 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), yet their mechanisms of action are not fully understood and their therapeutic benefit varies among individuals. We used a targeted metabolomics approach utilizing a panel of 180 metabolites to gain insights into mechanisms of action and response to citalopram/escitalopram. Plasma samples from 136 participants with MDD enrolled into the Mayo Pharmacogenomics Research Network Antidepressant Medication Pharmacogenomic Study (PGRN-AMPS) were profiled at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. After treatment, we saw increased levels of short-chain acylcarnitines and decreased levels of medium-chain and long-chain acylcarnitines, suggesting an SSRI effect on β-oxidation and mitochondrial function. Amines-including arginine, proline, and methionine sulfoxide-were upregulated while serotonin and sarcosine were downregulated, suggesting an SSRI effect on urea cycle, one-carbon metabolism, and serotonin uptake. Eighteen lipids within the phosphatidylcholine (PC aa and ae) classes were upregulated. Changes in several lipid and amine levels correlated with changes in 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores (HRSD17). Differences in metabolic profiles at baseline and post-treatment were noted between participants who remitted (HRSD17 ≤ 7) and those who gained no meaningful benefits (<30% reduction in HRSD17). Remitters exhibited (a) higher baseline levels of C3, C5, alpha-aminoadipic acid, sarcosine, and serotonin; and (b) higher week-8 levels of PC aa C34:1, PC aa C34:2, PC aa C36:2, and PC aa C36:4. These findings suggest that mitochondrial energetics-including acylcarnitine metabolism, transport, and its link to β-oxidation-and lipid membrane remodeling may play roles in SSRI treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siamak MahmoudianDehkordi
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ahmed T. Ahmed
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- grid.252381.f0000 0001 2169 5989Department of Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | | | - Matthias Arnold
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC USA ,grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michelle K. Skime
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Lisa St. John-Williams
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - M. Arthur Moseley
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - J. Will Thompson
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Gregory Louie
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC USA
| | - Patricio Riva-Posse
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - W. Edward Craighead
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - William McDonald
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Ranga Krishnan
- grid.262743.60000000107058297Department of Psychiatry, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL USA
| | - A. John Rush
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University, Health Sciences Center, Permian Basin, TX USA
| | - Mark A. Frye
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Boadie W. Dunlop
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Richard M. Weinshilboum
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Needham BD, Adame MD, Serena G, Rose DR, Preston GM, Conrad MC, Campbell AS, Donabedian DH, Fasano A, Ashwood P, Mazmanian SK. Plasma and Fecal Metabolite Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:451-462. [PMID: 33342544 PMCID: PMC7867605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with hallmark behavioral manifestations including impaired social communication and restricted repetitive behavior. In addition, many affected individuals display metabolic imbalances, immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and altered gut microbiome compositions. METHODS We sought to better understand nonbehavioral features of ASD by determining molecular signatures in peripheral tissues through mass spectrometry methods (ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) with broad panels of identified metabolites. Herein, we compared the global metabolome of 231 plasma and 97 fecal samples from a large cohort of children with ASD and typically developing control children. RESULTS Differences in amino acid, lipid, and xenobiotic metabolism distinguished ASD and typically developing samples. Our results implicated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, hormone level elevations, lipid profile changes, and altered levels of phenolic microbial metabolites. We also revealed correlations between specific metabolite profiles and clinical behavior scores. Furthermore, a summary of metabolites modestly associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction in ASD is provided, and a pilot study of metabolites that can be transferred via fecal microbial transplant into mice is identified. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a connection between metabolism, gastrointestinal physiology, and complex behavioral traits and may advance discovery and development of molecular biomarkers for ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany D. Needham
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mark D. Adame
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Gloria Serena
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Destanie R. Rose
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA,The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessio Fasano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA,The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sarkis K. Mazmanian
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hewitson L, Mathews JA, Devlin M, Schutte C, Lee J, German DC. Blood biomarker discovery for autism spectrum disorder: A proteomic analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246581. [PMID: 33626076 PMCID: PMC7904196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Given the lack of specific pharmacological therapy for ASD and the clinical heterogeneity of the disorder, current biomarker research efforts are geared mainly toward identifying markers for determining ASD risk or for assisting with a diagnosis. A wide range of putative biological markers for ASD is currently being investigated. Proteomic analyses indicate that the levels of many proteins in plasma/serum are altered in ASD, suggesting that a panel of proteins may provide a blood biomarker for ASD. Serum samples from 76 boys with ASD and 78 typically developing (TD) boys, 18 months-8 years of age, were analyzed to identify possible early biological markers for ASD. Proteomic analysis of serum was performed using SomaLogic’s SOMAScanTM assay 1.3K platform. A total of 1,125 proteins were analyzed. There were 86 downregulated proteins and 52 upregulated proteins in ASD (FDR < 0.05). Combining three different algorithms, we found a panel of 9 proteins that identified ASD with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.8599±0.0640, with specificity and sensitivity of 0.8217±0.1178 and 0.835±0.1176, respectively. All 9 proteins were significantly different in ASD compared with TD boys, and were significantly correlated with ASD severity as measured by ADOS total scores. Using machine learning methods, a panel of serum proteins was identified that may be useful as a blood biomarker for ASD in boys. Further verification of the protein biomarker panel with independent test sets is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hewitson
- The Johnson Center for Child Health and Development, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A Mathews
- Departments of Mathematical Sciences and Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Program, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Morgan Devlin
- The Johnson Center for Child Health and Development, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Claire Schutte
- The Johnson Center for Child Health and Development, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Dwight C German
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
El-Ansary A, Chirumbolo S, Bhat RS, Dadar M, Ibrahim EM, Bjørklund G. The Role of Lipidomics in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 24:31-48. [PMID: 31691195 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-019-00430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome commonly diagnosed in early childhood; it is usually characterized by impairment in reciprocal communication and speech, repetitive behaviors, and social withdrawal with loss in communication skills. Its development may be affected by a variety of environmental and genetic factors. Trained physicians diagnose and evaluate the severity of ASD based on clinical evaluations of observed behaviors. As such, this approach is inevitably dependent on the expertise and subjective assessment of those administering the clinical evaluations. There is a need to identify objective biological markers associated with diagnosis or clinical severity of the disorder. Several important issues and concerns exist regarding the diagnostic competence of the many abnormal plasma metabolites produced in the different biochemical pathways evaluated in individuals with ASD. The search for high-performing bio-analytes to diagnose and follow-up ASD development is still a major target in medicine. Dysregulation in the oxidative stress response and proinflammatory processes are major etiological causes of ASD pathogenesis. Furthermore, dicarboxylic acid metabolites, cholesterol-related metabolites, phospholipid-related metabolites, and lipid transporters and mediators are impaired in different pathological conditions that have a role in the ASD etiology. A mechanism may exist by which pro-oxidant environmental stressors and abnormal metabolites regulate clinical manifestations and development of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Eiman M Ibrahim
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Panisi C, Guerini FR, Abruzzo PM, Balzola F, Biava PM, Bolotta A, Brunero M, Burgio E, Chiara A, Clerici M, Croce L, Ferreri C, Giovannini N, Ghezzo A, Grossi E, Keller R, Manzotti A, Marini M, Migliore L, Moderato L, Moscone D, Mussap M, Parmeggiani A, Pasin V, Perotti M, Piras C, Saresella M, Stoccoro A, Toso T, Vacca RA, Vagni D, Vendemmia S, Villa L, Politi P, Fanos V. Autism Spectrum Disorder from the Womb to Adulthood: Suggestions for a Paradigm Shift. J Pers Med 2021; 11:70. [PMID: 33504019 PMCID: PMC7912683 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide spectrum of unique needs and strengths of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a challenge for the worldwide healthcare system. With the plethora of information from research, a common thread is required to conceptualize an exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm. The epidemiological and clinical findings in ASD cannot be explained by the traditional linear genetic model, hence the need to move towards a more fluid conception, integrating genetics, environment, and epigenetics as a whole. The embryo-fetal period and the first two years of life (the so-called 'First 1000 Days') are the crucial time window for neurodevelopment. In particular, the interplay and the vicious loop between immune activation, gut dysbiosis, and mitochondrial impairment/oxidative stress significantly affects neurodevelopment during pregnancy and undermines the health of ASD people throughout life. Consequently, the most effective intervention in ASD is expected by primary prevention aimed at pregnancy and at early control of the main effector molecular pathways. We will reason here on a comprehensive and exhaustive pathogenetic paradigm in ASD, viewed not just as a theoretical issue, but as a tool to provide suggestions for effective preventive strategies and personalized, dynamic (from womb to adulthood), systemic, and interdisciplinary healthcare approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panisi
- Fondazione Istituto Sacra Famiglia ONLUS, Cesano Boscone, 20090 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Federico Balzola
- Division of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Pier Mario Biava
- Scientific Institute of Research and Care Multimedica, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Bolotta
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Marco Brunero
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ernesto Burgio
- ECERI—European Cancer and Environment Research Institute, Square de Meeus 38-40, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Alberto Chiara
- Dipartimento Materno Infantile ASST, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Croce
- Centro Domino per l’Autismo, Universita’ Cattolica Brescia, 20139 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carla Ferreri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Niccolò Giovannini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, 22038 Tavernerio, Italy;
| | - Roberto Keller
- Adult Autism Centre DSM ASL Città di Torino, 10138 Turin, Italy;
| | - Andrea Manzotti
- RAISE Lab, Foundation COME Collaboration, 65121 Pescara, Italy;
| | - Marina Marini
- DIMES, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (P.M.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Lucia Migliore
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Lucio Moderato
- Fondazione Istituto Sacra Famiglia ONLUS, Cesano Boscone, 20090 Milan, Italy;
| | - Davide Moscone
- Associazione Spazio Asperger ONLUS, Centro Clinico CuoreMenteLab, 00141 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Mussap
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS ISNB, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Pasin
- Milan Institute for health Care and Advanced Learning, 20124 Milano, Italy;
| | | | - Cristina Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Stoccoro
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Tiziana Toso
- Unione Italiana Lotta alla Distrofia Muscolare UILDM, 35100 Padova, Italy;
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council of Italy, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - David Vagni
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy, 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | | | - Laura Villa
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Politi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09100 Cagliari, Italy; (M.M.); (V.F.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|