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Li W, Hu H, Liu F, Li H, You J. Influence of dissolved organic carbon on multimedia distribution and toxicity of fipronil and its transformation products in lotic waterways. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:52-64. [PMID: 37032042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fate and ecological impacts of fipronil and its transformation products (FIPs) in aquatic environment have caused worldwide attention, however, the influence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on multimedia distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity of FIPs in field waterways was largely unknown. Here, we collected 11 companion water and sediment samples along a lotic stream in Guangzhou, South China. FIPs were ubiquitous with total water concentrations ranging from 1.22 to 43.2 ng/L (14.8 ± 12.9 ng/L) and fipronil sulfone was predominant in both water and sediment. More than 70% of FIPs in aqueous phase were bound to DOC and the KDOC values of FIPs were approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than Kd-s/KOC, emphasizing the significance of DOC in phase partitioning and transport of FIPs in aquatic environment. Water and sediment samples were more toxic to Chironomus dilutus than Hyallela azteca, and FIPs (especially fipronil sulfone) pronouncedly contributed toxicity to C. dilutus. Toxic units (TU) based on freely dissolved concentrations in water determined by solid phase microextraction significantly improved toxicity estimation of FIPs to the invertebrates compared to TUs based on aqueous concentrations. The present study highlights the significance of DOC association on fate and ecological risk of hydrophobic insecticides in lotic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizong Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Hu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Fen Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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2
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Kong J, Cao X, Huang W, Li C, Xian Q, Yang S, Li S, Sun C, He H. Predicting the bioavailability of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: ZIF-8/h-BN solid-phase microextraction versus Tenax extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120896. [PMID: 36535426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in sediments has been widely reported, but research on NPAH bioavailability is lacking. In this study, a self-made zeolite imidazolate framework-8/hexagonal boron nitride (ZIF-8/h-BN) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and commercial Tenax are compared as efficient tools to predict the bioavailability of NPAHs in sediments with bioassays using Cipangopaludina chinensis. During the process of SPME, the NPAH concentrations on the ZIF-8/h-BN fibers reached extraction equilibrium after 72 h. The fiber extraction of NPAHs in sediments was well-fitted by the pseudo first-order kinetic model with a rate constant of 2 × 10-2 h-1 (R2 > 0.98). The extraction rates ranking of NPAHs in sediments was 2-nitrobiphenyl>1-nitropyrene>5-nitroacenaphthene>2-nitrofluorene. Compared with SPME, NPAH concentrations reached equilibrium after 168 h for the Tenax extraction. The orders of magnitude of fast, slow, and very slow desorption rate constants were 10-1, 10-2, and 10-4, respectively. At extraction equilibrium (168 h), the SPME was close to the bioavailability of the NPAHs in sediments to Cipangopaludina chinensis with a slope statistically approximated to one. In addition, the linear regression for SPME (R2 = 0.7285) was slightly higher than that of the Tenax extraction (R2 = 0.7168) over a short time (6 h). This could be because the coating material of ZIF-8/h-BN can rapidly adsorb freely dissolved NPAHs, and the SPME fibers can accurately predict the bioaccumulated concentrations of NPAHs in exposed organisms by measuring the concentration of NPAHs in the pore water of sediment. This study provides a time-saving and easy procedure to predict the bioavailability of NPAHs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wen Huang
- Kaver Scientific Instruments, Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210000, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qiming Xian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, PR China.
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3
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Bako C, Martinez A, Ewald JM, Hua JBX, Ramotowski DJ, Dong Q, Schnoor JL, Mattes TE. Aerobic Bioaugmentation to Decrease Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Emissions from Contaminated Sediments to Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14338-14349. [PMID: 36178372 PMCID: PMC9583607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We conducted experiments to determine whether bioaugmentation with aerobic, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading microorganisms can mitigate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions from contaminated sediment to air. Paraburkholderia xenovorans strain LB400 was added to bioreactors containing PCB-contaminated site sediment. PCB mass in both the headspace and aqueous bioreactor compartments was measured using passive samplers over 35 days. Time-series measurements of all 209 PCB congeners revealed a 57% decrease in total PCB mass accumulated in the vapor phase of bioaugmented treatments relative to non-bioaugmented controls, on average. A comparative congener-specific analysis revealed preferential biodegradation of lower-chlorinated PCBs (LC-PCBs) by LB400. Release of the most abundant congener (PCB 4 [2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl]) decreased by over 90%. Simulations with a PCB reactive transport model closely aligned with experimental observations. We also evaluated the effect of the phytogenic biosurfactant, saponin, on PCB bioavailability and biodegradation by LB400. Time-series qPCR measurements of biphenyl dioxygenase (bphA) genes showed that saponin better maintained bphA abundance, compared to the saponin-free treatment. These findings indicate that an active population of bioaugmented, aerobic PCB-degrading microorganisms can effectively lower PCB emissions and may therefore contribute to minimizing PCB inhalation exposure in communities surrounding PCB-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
M. Bako
- The
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans
Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
- IIHR—Hydroscience
& Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andres Martinez
- The
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans
Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
- IIHR—Hydroscience
& Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jessica M. Ewald
- The
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans
Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
- IIHR—Hydroscience
& Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jason B. X. Hua
- The
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans
Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
- IIHR—Hydroscience
& Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - David J. Ramotowski
- The
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans
Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
- IIHR—Hydroscience
& Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Qin Dong
- The
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans
Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
- IIHR—Hydroscience
& Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- The
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans
Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
- IIHR—Hydroscience
& Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Timothy E. Mattes
- The
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans
Center for the Engineering Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
- IIHR—Hydroscience
& Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Nutile SA, Shao Y. Determining the reusability of Tenax beads (60-80 mesh) in estimates of bioaccessibility using single-point extractions. Talanta 2022; 250:123734. [PMID: 35858529 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Single-point Tenax extractions are a viable means of estimating bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediment, soil, and intestinal fluids. One advantage of this extraction technique is that after thorough cleaning and drying, Tenax beads can be reused in subsequent extractions with the assumption that no changes in bioaccessibility estimates will occur. This assumption of reusability, however, has not been tested. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the reusability of Tenax beads by comparing bioaccessible polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations measured by differently aged Tenax beads. New Tenax beads (60-80 mesh) were aged through 24 h single-point Tenax extractions of clean sand 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 times. The aged Tenax was then used to extract 27 PCB congeners from laboratory spiked sediment and the bioaccessible PCB concentrations were compared. Despite significant effects of PCB congener (F26, 567 = 97.291, p = 2.00 × 10-16), Tenax age (F6, 567 = 14.735, p = 1.12 × 10-15), and the interaction of these two terms (F156, 567 = 1.711, p = 4.79 × 10-6) on bioaccessible concentrations measured by Tenax, the significance was due to two PCB congeners that showed large variation during analytical quantification. For the remaining 25 congeners, no differences in bioaccessible PCB concentrations were found between differently aged Tenax, suggesting repeated use did not impact bioaccessible estimates provided by Tenax. Scanning electron microscope imaging revealed no significant changes in the visible surface area of the Tenax beads after aging (F6, 203 = 1.434, p = 0.203), suggesting no significant changes in the Tenax phase volume resulting in consistent estimates of bioaccessibility through repeated use. Given the strong correlations between single-point Tenax extractable and tissue concentrations, providing data to detail the reusability of Tenax in repeated extractions further demonstrates the applicability of this extraction technique in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Nutile
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University - The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA.
| | - Yucheng Shao
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University - The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
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5
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Hiki K, Watanabe H, Yamamoto H. Sources of variation in sediment toxicity of hydrophobic organic chemicals: Meta-analysis of 10-14-day spiked-sediment tests with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:1003-1013. [PMID: 33739609 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spiked-sediment toxicity tests with benthic organisms are routinely used to assess the potential ecological impact of sediment-associated hydrophobic organic contaminants. Although several sediment tests have been standardized, experimental factors such as spiking methods still vary between laboratories. To identify the experimental factors that affect the bioavailability of contaminants and account for the highest percentage of the variability of toxicity values (i.e., 50% lethal concentration; LC50), we performed a meta-analysis of published 10-14-day spiked-sediment toxicity tests with the standard test species Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus. Analysis of 172 test records revealed that the variability of sediment LC50s for a given combination of chemical and test species was large. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) was 65%, even after organic carbon normalization, and was slightly larger than the CV in water-only tests (49%). Regression analyses revealed that the most important factor contributing to the variability of the sediment LC50s was sediment type (i.e., environmental or formulated sediment) and that use of formulated sediment (i.e., composed of peat, cellulose, or leaves as organic carbon source) tended to cause higher toxicity than use of environmental sediment. This might be caused by the difference in partitioning the coefficient of organic contaminants and the resulting difference in the bioavailability between sediment types. The effects of other factors, including aging periods and spiking methods, were insignificant or specific to certain chemicals. These discoveries facilitate refinement of the methodologies used in sediment toxicity testing and the correct interpretation of test results. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1003-1013. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoshiro Hiki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
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6
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Liu Y, Xie S, Sun Y, Ma L, Lin Z, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R. In-situ and ex-situ measurement of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil air based on passive sampling: PAH exchange kinetics, non-equilibrium correction and comparison with traditional estimations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124646. [PMID: 33250309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge to accurately estimate chemical activity of hydrophobic organic contaminants in field soils. Ex-situ and in-situ determinations were developed for this purpose based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive sampling and non-equilibrium correction by release of performance reference compounds (PRCs) previously spiked to the samplers. This work investigated kinetic processes of target contaminants' uptake into and PRCs' release from the sampler in an ex-situ soil suspension incubated for 100 days. A close agreement of kinetic parameters for pyrene's (target) uptake into and deuterated pyrene's (PRC) release from LDPE indicated their similar exchange kinetics. Three kinetic models were developed to correct uptake of target compounds in non-equilibrium conditions via release processes of PRCs. The second-order kinetic model was recommended for ex-situ measurements. The PRC-based non-equilibrium corrections were further applied to in-situ static passive sampling from several weeks to months in a PAH-contaminated field site. Two-weeks' deployments were sufficient for quantifying lighter PAHs (logKOA < 8.0), but not recommended to accurately estimate heavier PAHs (logKOA > 9.0), even if over four months. Concentration estimates from the in-situ and ex-situ passive samplings were comparable in order of magnitude with traditional estimation from equilibrium partitioning models considering both organic and black carbon fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shuya Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Yajie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, United States
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7
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Murcia-Morales M, Van der Steen JJM, Vejsnæs F, Díaz-Galiano FJ, Flores JM, Fernández-Alba AR. APIStrip, a new tool for environmental contaminant sampling through honeybee colonies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138948. [PMID: 32380327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Honeybee colonies are proven bio-samplers in their foraging area, as organic contaminants such as pesticides are continuously deposited in their hives. However, the use of honeybee colonies for the biomonitoring of contaminants requires the sampling of biological matrices such as bees, pollen, honey or beeswax. This active sampling alters the colonies, especially in the case of frequent sampling intervals. In this study, a non-biological passive sampler based on Tenax TA is described: the APIStrip (Adsorb Pesticide In-hive Strip). A concentrated solution of Tenax in dichloromethane has been applied to a polystyrene strip, resulting in a bee-proof, in-hive passive sampler. The pesticides and related contaminants adsorbed onto its surface can be extracted in acetonitrile and analyzed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The APIStrip preparation has been optimized, the optimal exposure period has been stablished as 14 days and the stability of the pesticides on the APIStrip surface has been evaluated. Preliminary tests demonstrated the efficacy, sensitivity, representativeness and reproducibility of the APIStrip-based sampling when compared to the analysis of beeswax comb, which facilitates the detection of contaminants even in beehives exposed to low polluting pressure. Field studies in Denmark, performed in the INSIGNIA monitoring study over a six-month period, demonstrated their value and applicability by detecting 40 different pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Murcia-Morales
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco José Díaz-Galiano
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José Manuel Flores
- Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain.
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8
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Wang S, Lao W, Li H, You J. Measuring bioconcentration factors of sediment-associated fipronil in Lumbriculus variegatus using passive sampling techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122420. [PMID: 32143163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil and its degradates have been detected ubiquitously in aquatic environment worldwide, yet little is known about its bioaccumulation potential. The goal of the present study was to measure bioconcentration factor (BCF) of sediment-associated fipronil in a benthic invertebrate, Lumbriculus variegatus using passive sampling techniques. Three passive samplers including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film, poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber and polyacrylate fiber were evaluated. PMMA film was identified as the preferred method and was applied to determine fipronil log KOC (3.77 ± 0.04). BCF of sediment-associated fipronil in L. variegatus was obtained through measuring freely dissolved concentration (Cfree). Because fipronil degraded in sediment, time weighted average (TWA) Cfree was estimated for calculating BCFTWA (1855 ± 293 mL/g lipid). Fipronil BCF was also measured in a water-only bioaccumulation test of L. variegatus under constant exposure condition. This BCF value (1892 ± 76 mL/g lipid) was comparable with the BCFTWA, validating effectiveness of the passive sampling method for the measurement of sediment Cfree. Fipronil was bioaccumulative in L. variegatus according to the USEPA's criteria. The combination of Cfree and TWA concentration measurements was demonstrated to properly determine BCF value for moderately hydrophobic and degradable chemicals in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhui Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coast Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, United States.
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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9
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Cheng F, Li H, Ma H, Wu F, Fu Z, You J. Identifying bioaccessible suspect toxicants in sediment using adverse outcome pathway directed analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121853. [PMID: 31874758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical mixtures are a common occurrence in contaminated sediment and determining causal relationship between sediment contamination and adverse outcomes is challenging. The bioavailability and choice of bioassay endpoints played important roles in elucidating causality. As such, bioaccessibility-based XAD extraction and adverse outcome pathway (AOP) guided bioassays were incorporated into an effect-directed analysis to more effectively determine sediment causality. XAD extracts of sediments from urban waterways in Guangzhou, China were examined using cell viability bioassays with four human tumor cells from lung, liver, breast, and bone marrow. Pronounced effects to SH-SY5Y cells were noted, thus neurotoxicity was subsequently focused in the AOP-guided bioassays. Intracellular calcium influx, mitochondrial membrane potential inhibition, reactive oxygen species generation, and cell viability were utilized as evidence for neurotoxicity AOP-guided analysis. Suspect toxicants were identified in active fractions using GC-MS. Toxicity confirmation was performed by evaluating toxicity contributions of the candidates to the pathway. Cypermethrin, bisphenol A, galaxolide, tonalide, and versalide were found as the major stressors across key events of the studied pathway. Moreover, good correlations among key events validated the feasibility of method to predict in vivo response, suggesting that considering bioavailability and AOP improved environmental relevance for toxicant identification in a complex mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhiyou Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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10
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Furihata S, Kasai A, Hidaka K, Ikegami M, Ohnishi H, Goka K. Ecological risks of insecticide contamination in water and sediment around off-farm irrigated rice paddy fields. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:628-638. [PMID: 31108296 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ecological impacts of insecticides in aquatic areas around agricultural lands have long been ignored in the regulation scheme of pesticides in Japan. Upon the scheme, the predicted concentration of an insecticide in the main stream of a river is the only parameter considered, suggesting that the ecological impacts of insecticides on local biodiversity around agricultural fields are underestimated. To fill this knowledge gap, we measured insecticide concentrations in surface water and sediment in aquatic areas around paddy fields at 35 locations across Japan. Among the 18 insecticides considered, 15 were detected somewhere in Japan and their concentrations were generally higher in the southwestern region in Japan (e.g. Hiroshima, Saga, or Kagoshima prefectures). Most insecticides were accumulated at higher concentrations in sediment than in surface water, consistent with previous studies. We also detected insecticides applied to nursery boxes at high concentrations in surrounding aquatic areas, although such application is generally considered to have low environmental risks. In addition, derivatives of fipronil, which have similar toxicity as that of fipronil, were often detected in sediment at higher concentrations than fipronil itself. Concentrations of dinotefuran in water at two sampling points were higher than the 5% hazardous concentration (HC5), indicating a possibility of a risk of acute toxicity to aquatic organisms. Our findings indicate that ecological risk assessments of insecticides and their derivatives should be expanded to include concentrations in sediment and water around paddy fields as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Furihata
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hidaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Makihiko Ikegami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohnishi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Koichi Goka
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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11
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Lu Z, Gan J, Cui X, Delgado-Moreno L, Lin K. Understanding the bioavailability of pyrethroids in the aquatic environment using chemical approaches. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:194-207. [PMID: 31129496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of commonly used insecticides and are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment in various regions. Aquatic toxicity of pyrethroids was often overestimated when using conventional bulk chemical concentrations because of their strong hydrophobicity. Over the last two decades, bioavailability has been recognized and applied to refine the assessment of ecotoxicological effects of pyrethroids. This review focuses on recent advances in the bioavailability of pyrethroids, specifically in the aquatic environment. We summarize the development of passive sampling and Tenax extraction methods for assessing the bioavailability of pyrethroids. Factors affecting the bioavailability of pyrethroids, including physicochemical properties of pyrethroids, and quality and quantity of organic matter, were overviewed. Various applications of bioavailability on the assessment of bioaccumulation and acute toxicity of pyrethroids were also discussed. The final section of this review highlights future directions of research, including development of standardized protocols for measurement of bioavailability, establishment of bioavailability-based toxicity benchmarks and water/sediment quality criteria, and incorporation of bioavailability into future risk assessment and management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Lu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Laura Delgado-Moreno
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Kunde Lin
- The Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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12
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Sinche FL, Lotufo GR, Landrum P, Lydy MJ. Can Tenax Extraction Be Used as a Surrogate Exposure Metric for Laboratory-Based Bioaccumulation Tests Using Marine Sediments? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1188-1197. [PMID: 30790349 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Tenax technique was used as an alternative exposure metric to assess the bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from contaminated marine sediments. The sediments used were collected from 2 Superfund sites, New Bedford Harbor (MA, USA) and Gould Island (RI, USA). No sieving was conducted for either sediment after arrival, and sediments were stored in stainless steel drums at 2.8 to 4.0 °C in the dark until use. Exhaustive chemical extractions, single-point 24-h Tenax extractions, and 14-d bioaccumulation tests using the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus were conducted for both sediments. The sum of 119 PCB congeners from total exhaustive chemical extraction in the New Bedford Harbor and Gould Island sediments were 1084 and 188.2 µg/g organic carbon, respectively. The PCB concentrations from the bioaccumulation tests and Tenax extractions showed that both exposure metrics followed a similar trend in amount and distribution of PCB congeners. The results from both exposure metrics were fit into a log-log linear regression, and then compared with a previously developed log-log linear model for freshwater organisms. The results showed that although the marine data fell within the prediction intervals of the freshwater linear model, the marine regression followed a lower trajectory due to the differences in both the slopes and intercepts between the marine and freshwater regressions. The present study showed a strong relationship between Tenax and marine invertebrate PCB concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1188-1197. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico L Sinche
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Peter Landrum
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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13
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:247-263. [PMID: 30173033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to high production and use following the phase out and stringent regulation in the use of brominated flame retardants. OPFRs represent a group of compounds with a wide range in their polarity, solubility and persistence. OPFRs are widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products such as textiles, electronics, industrial materials and furniture to prevent the risk of fire. They are also utilized as plasticizers, antifoaming or anti-wear agents in lacquers, hydraulic fluids and floor polishing agents. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge regardimg the analytical methodology applied for their determination in wastewater and aquatic environment as well as their occurrence in water, wastewater, sediments and sludge. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives have been identified, which include the elucidation of sources, pathways and fate of OPFRs in aquatic environment and possible risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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14
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Li H, Yi X, Cheng F, Tong Y, Mehler WT, You J. Identifying Organic Toxicants in Sediment Using Effect-Directed Analysis: A Combination of Bioaccessibility-Based Extraction and High-Throughput Midge Toxicity Testing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:996-1003. [PMID: 30585062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA) were integrated to diagnose toxicity drivers in a complex system, such as sediment. In TIE manipulation, XAD resin was utilized as an amending agent for characterizing organic toxicants, which also facilitate a large-volume bioaccessibility-based extraction for EDA purposes. Both raw sediments in TIE and extract fractions in EDA were tested with Chironomus dilutus for toxicity using whole-sediment testing and a high-throughput microplate assay. This allowed for a direct link between whole-sediment TIE and EDA, which strongly strengthened the characterization and identification of toxicants. Sediments amended with XAD resin, as part of the TIE, significantly reduced midge mortality compared with unamended sediments, suggesting that organics were one class of main toxicants. On the basis of bioaccessible concentrations in sediment measured by XAD extraction, a group of previously unidentified contaminants, synthetic polycyclic musks (versalide, tonalide, and galaxolide), were found to explain 32-73% of the observed toxicity in test sediments. Meanwhile, three pyrethroids contributed to an additional 17-35% of toxicity. Surprisingly, the toxicity contribution of musks and pyrethroids reached 58-442 and 56-1625%, respectively, based on total sediment concentrations measured by exhaustive extraction. This suggested that total sediment concentrations significantly overestimated toxicity and that bioavailability should be considered in toxicity identification. Identifying nontarget toxicants sheds a light on application of the integrated TIE and EDA method in defining causality in a complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Xiaoyi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Fei Cheng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yujun Tong
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - W Tyler Mehler
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T5G 2L6 , Canada
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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15
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Ren X, Wang F, Cao F, Guo J, Sun H. Desorption of atrazine in biochar-amended soils: Effects of root exudates and the aging interactions between biochar and soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:687-693. [PMID: 30173114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of wheat root exudates and the aging interactions between biochar and soil on atrazine desorption from biochar-amended soil were carefully examined. Compared with CaCl2 solution, wheat root exudates significantly increase the desorption of atrazine from biochar, mainly by promoting the desorption of atrazine adsorbed on biochar with specific forces. Wheat root exudates were effectively separated into three components with different electrical properties, namely, anionic, neutral, and cationic components. Mainly due to the carboxyl-containing compounds, the anionic component was the main active component in the wheat root exudates that enhances the desorption of atrazine from the biochar. Additionally, wheat root exudates can increase the desorption of atrazine from biochar-amended soil. The promotion of atrazine desorption by root exudates was more obvious in soils with low organic matter contents, where atrazine was mainly adsorbed by biochar. The aging interaction between the biochar and soil increased the total desorption rate and rapid desorbing fraction of the atrazine in the soil, most likely due to the reduction of the biochar sorption capacity in the aged biochar-amended soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fengmei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Junkang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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16
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Škulcová L, Scherr KE, Chrást L, Hofman J, Bielská L. Influence of soil γ-irradiation and spiking on sorption of p,p'-DDE and soil organic matter chemistry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:125-132. [PMID: 29510307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fate of organic chemicals and their metabolites in soils is often investigated in model matrices having undergone various pre-treatment steps that may qualitatively or quantitatively interfere with the results. Presently, effects associated with soil sterilization by γ-irradiation and soil spiking using an organic solvent were studied in one freshly spiked soil (sterilization prior to contamination) and its field-contaminated (sterilization after contamination) counterpart for the model organic compound 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene (p,p'-DDE). Changes in the sorption and potential bioavailability of spiked and native p,p'-DDE were measured by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), XAD-assisted extraction (XAD), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and linked to qualitative changes in soil organic matter (SOM) chemistry measured by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Reduced sorption of p,p´-DDE detected with XAD and SPME was associated more clearly with spiking than with sterilization, but SFE showed a negligible impact. Spiking resulted in an increase of the DRIFT-derived hydrophobicity index, but irradiation did not. Spectral peak height ratio descriptors indicated increasing hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity in pristine soil following sterilization, and a greater reduction of hydrophobic over hydrophilic groups as a consequence of spiking. In parallel, reduced sorption of p,p´-DDE upon spiking was observed. Based on the present samples, γ-irradiation appears to alter soil sorptive properties to a lesser extent when compared to common laboratory processes such as spiking with organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Škulcová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Kerstin E Scherr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukáš Chrást
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic; Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic.
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17
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Wang J, Taylor A, Xu C, Schlenk D, Gan J. Evaluation of different methods for assessing bioavailability of DDT residues during soil remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:462-470. [PMID: 29587217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the total chemical concentration, bioavailability is a better measurement of risks of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) to biota in contaminated soil or sediment. Many different bioavailability estimation methods have been introduced to assess the effectiveness of remediation treatments. However, to date the different methods have rarely been evaluated against each other, leading to confusions in method selection. In this study, four different bioavailability estimation methods, including solid phase microextraction (SPME) and polyethylene passive sampling (PE) aiming to detect free chemical concentration (Cfree), and Tenax desorption and isotope dilution method (IDM) aiming to measure chemical accessibility, were used in parallel to estimate in bioavailability of DDT residues (DDXs) in a historically contaminated soil after addition of different black carbon sorbents. Bioaccumulation into earthworm (Eisenia fetida) was measured concurrently for verification. Activated carbon or biochar amendment at 0.2-2% decreased earthworm bioaccumulation of DDXs by 83.9-99.4%, while multi-walled carbon nanotubes had a limited effect (4.3-20.7%). While all methods correctly predicted changes in DDX bioavailability after black carbon amendment, passive samplers offered more accurate predictions. Predicted levels of DDXs in earthworm lipid using the estimated bioavailability and empirical BCFs matched closely with the experimentally derived tissue concentrations. However, Tenax and IDM overestimated bioavailability when the available DDX levels were low. Our findings suggested that both passive samplers and bioaccessibility methods can be used in assessing remediation efficiency, presenting flexibility in method selection. While accessibility-oriented methods offer better sensitivity and shorter sampling time, passive samplers may be more advantageous because of their better performance and computability for in situ deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Allison Taylor
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chenye Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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18
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Li H, Zhang J, You J. Diagnosis of complex mixture toxicity in sediments: Application of toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:944-954. [PMID: 29128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Determining causality of sediment toxicity is of great importance in aquatic risk assessment, but there are tremendous challenges due to joint toxicity of trace pollutants in complex sediment matrices. Two approaches, namely toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA) have been developed. Conventional sediment TIEs take the advantage of environmental relevance by using whole organism bioassays; however, they suffer from lack of effective methods for specifically identifying major contributors as it typically only evaluates contaminant class rather than specific contaminants. Alternatively, EDA is a powerful tool in identifying causes of sediment toxicity with sophisticated fractionation and chemical analysis of targeted and non-targeted non-polar organic toxicants, but it is not always environmentally relevant due to the use of in-vitro bioassays and exhaustive solvent extraction. An integrated TIE and EDA method would provide an environmentally relevant and toxicant specific approach to effectively determine causality of sediment toxicity by combining the merits of the two methods. Bioavailability-based extraction and dosing techniques are recommended to be incorporated into the integrated method to improve the accuracy of toxicity diagnosis. Besides considering bioavailability in the integrated TIE and EDA approach, the premise of adverse outcome pathways should also be considered. Generally speaking, both TIE and EDA have focused on adverse effects at cellular and organism levels. The addition of trait-based approaches in screening multiple toxicological endpoints helps to extend effects on cellular and organism levels to population level, and provides a better understanding of potential impacts to the community and ecosystem. The outcome pathway underlies the critical role of determining causality in interpreting impacts of complex mixtures to benthic community and aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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19
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Sinche FL, Nutile SA, Huff Hartz KE, Landrum PF, Lydy MJ. Effects of type and quantity of organic carbon on the bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls in contaminated sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1280-1290. [PMID: 29315752 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon principally controls sorption and desorption of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediments. We investigated the effects of organic carbon type and quantity on compound bioaccessibility. The desorption of 21 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was determined in spiked sediments amended with black carbon, humic acid, and sawdust at either 3 or 6% organic carbon. Desorption parameters were determined using Tenax sequential extractions and then modeled as operationally defined rapid, slow, and very slow fractions and rate constants. The effects of the amendments on PCB bioaccumulation were also evaluated using Lumbriculus variegatus. The lowest and highest PCB bioaccessibilities were observed in the black carbon and sawdust amendments, respectively. The total amount of PCBs desorbed ranged from 3 to 27% for the black carbon amendments, 12 to 55% for humic acid amendments, 16 to 80% for sawdust amendments, and 35 to 89% for controls. The results also showed that desorption of PCBs was slower in 6% amendments than 3% amendments, and this finding was most evident in humic acid and black carbon amendments. Overall, the trend in PCB bioaccumulation was similar to what was found for compound desorption in that the highest PCB bioaccumulation was observed in controls and sawdust amendments, whereas humic acid and black carbon amendments showed lower bioaccumulation. Finally, the 24-h single-point Tenax and bioaccumulation data were fit to a Tenax regression model. The PCB bioaccumulation was effectively predicted by the model, with 80% of the data falling within the 95% confidence intervals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1280-1290. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico L Sinche
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Sam A Nutile
- School of Science, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara E Huff Hartz
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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20
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Wang J, Taylor A, Schlenk D, Gan J. Application and validation of isotope dilution method (IDM) for predicting bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:871-877. [PMID: 29499523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) using the total chemical concentration following exhaustive extraction may overestimate the actual availability of HOCs to non-target organisms. Existing methods for estimating HOC bioavailability in soil have various operational limitations. In this study, we explored the application of isotope dilution method (IDM) to quantify the accessible fraction (E) of DDTs and PCBs in both historically-contaminated and freshly-spiked soils. After addition of 13C or deuterated analogues to a soil sample, the phase distribution of isotope-labeled and native chemicals reached an apparent equilibrium within 48 h of mixing. The derived E values in the three soils ranged from 0.19 to 0.82, depending on the soil properties and also the contact time of HOCs (i.e., aging). The isotope dilution method consistently predicted greater accumulation into earthworm (Eisenia fetida) than that by polyethylene (PE) or solid phase microextraction (SPME) sampler, likely because desorption in the gut enhanced bioavailability of soil-borne HOCs. A highly significant linear regression (R2 = 0.91) was found between IDM and 24-h Tenax desorption, with a slope statistically identical to 1. The IDM-derived accessible concentration (Ce) was further shown to accurately predict tissue residues in earthworm exposed in the same soils. Given the relatively short duration and simple steps, IDM has the potential to be readily adopted for measuring HOC bioaccessibility in soil and for improving risk assessment and evaluation of remediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Allison Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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21
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Archer MC, Harwood AD, Nutile SA, Hartz KEH, Mills MA, Garvey JE, Lydy MJ. The Value of Using Multiple Metrics to Evaluate PCB Exposure. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:361-371. [PMID: 28601932 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for evaluating exposure in ecosystems contaminated with hydrophobic organic contaminants typically focus on sediment exposure. However, a comprehensive environmental assessment requires a more holistic approach that not only estimates sediment concentrations, but also accounts for exposure by quantifying other pathways, such as bioavailability, bioaccumulation, trophic transfer potential, and transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants within and outside of the aquatic system. The current study evaluated the ability of multiple metrics to estimate exposure in an aquatic ecosystem. This study utilized a small lake contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to evaluate exposure to multiple trophic levels as well as the transport of these contaminants within and outside of the lake. The PCBs were localized to sediments in one area of the lake, yet this area served as the source of PCBs to aquatic invertebrates, emerging insects, and fish and terrestrial spiders in the riparian ecosystem. The Tenax extractable and biota PCB concentrations indicated tissue concentrations were localized to benthic invertebrates and riparian spiders in a specific cove. Fish data, however, demonstrated that fish throughout the lake had PCB tissue concentrations, leading to wider exposure risk. The inclusion of PCB exposure measures at several trophic levels provided multiple lines of evidence to the scope of exposure through the aquatic and riparian food web, which aids in assessing risk and developing potential future remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Archer
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Amanda D Harwood
- Biology and Environmental Studies, Alma College, Alma, MI, 48801, USA
| | - Samuel A Nutile
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Kara E Huff Hartz
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Marc A Mills
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 44023, USA
| | - Jim E Garvey
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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22
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You J, Li H. Improving the accuracy of effect-directed analysis: the role of bioavailability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1484-1498. [PMID: 29114659 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems have been suffering from contamination by multiple stressors. Traditional chemical-based risk assessment usually fails to explain the toxicity contributions from contaminants that are not regularly monitored or that have an unknown identity. Diagnosing the causes of noted adverse outcomes in the environment is of great importance in ecological risk assessment and in this regard effect-directed analysis (EDA) has been designed to fulfill this purpose. The EDA approach is now increasingly used in aquatic risk assessment owing to its specialty in achieving effect-directed nontarget analysis; however, a lack of environmental relevance makes conventional EDA less favorable. In particular, ignoring the bioavailability in EDA may cause a biased and even erroneous identification of causative toxicants in a mixture. Taking bioavailability into consideration is therefore of great importance to improve the accuracy of EDA diagnosis. The present article reviews the current status and applications of EDA practices that incorporate bioavailability. The use of biological samples is the most obvious way to include bioavailability into EDA applications, but its development is limited due to the small sample size and lack of evidence for metabolizable compounds. Bioavailability/bioaccessibility-based extraction (bioaccessibility-directed and partitioning-based extraction) and passive-dosing techniques are recommended to be used to integrate bioavailability into EDA diagnosis in abiotic samples. Lastly, the future perspectives of expanding and standardizing the use of biological samples and bioavailability-based techniques in EDA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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He H, Gao Z, Zhu D, Guo J, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L, Sun C. Assessing bioaccessibility and bioavailability of chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:239-246. [PMID: 28942249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in sediments has been well documented, but the study about their bioavailability remains lacking. This study investigated the applicability of solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and Tenax extraction to predict the bioavailability of two chlorinated OPFRs: tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tri(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate, in sediments. Our results showed that both SPME fiber and Tenax extracted concentrations correlated significantly with the measured concentrations in the aquatic worm (Lumbriculus variegatus). We also measured the Tenax extracted concentrations at 6 and 24 h, and a strong linear relationship between these two time durations was found. In addition, the 6-h Tenax extracted concentrations also significantly correlated with the SPME fiber extracted concentrations, and the Tenax extracted concentrations were much higher than the SPME fiber extracted concentrations. These results demonstrate the efficiency of SPME and Tenax extraction methods to predict the bioavailability of chlorinated OPFRs in sediments, and it was found that the Tenax extraction is more promising than the SPME extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- Jiangsu Engineering Consulting Center, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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24
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Guo M, Gong Z, Li X, Allinson G, Rookes J, Cahill D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioavailability in industrial and agricultural soils: Linking SPME and Tenax extraction with bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:191-197. [PMID: 28260684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial and agricultural soils using chemical methods and a bioassay, and to study the relationships between the methods. This was conducted by comparing the quantities of PAHs extracted from two manufactured gas plant (MGP) soils and an agricultural soil with low level contamination by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and Tenax-TA extraction with the quantities taken up by the earthworm (Eisenia fetida). In addition, a biodegradation experiment was conducted on one MGP soil (MGP-A) to clarify the relationship between PAH removal by biodegradation and the variation in PAH concentrations in soil pore water. Results demonstrated that the earthworm bioassay could not be used to examine PAH bioavailability in the tested MGP soils; which was the case even in the diluted MGP-A soils after biodegradation. However, the bioassay was successfully applied to the agricultural soil. These results suggest that earthworms can only be used for bioassays in soils with low toxicity. In general, rapidly desorbing concentrations extracted by Tenax-TA could predict PAH concentrations accumulated in earthworms (R2=0.66), while SPME underestimated earthworm concentrations by a factor of 2.5. Both SPME and Tenax extraction can provide a useful tool to predict PAH bioavailability for earthworms, but Tenax-TA extraction was proven to be a more sensitive and precise method than SPME for the prediction of earthworm exposure in the agricultural soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zongqiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Graeme Allinson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRE), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - James Rookes
- Deakin University, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong campus at Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - David Cahill
- Deakin University, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong campus at Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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25
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Li Y, Zhu Y, Liu X, Wu X, Dong F, Xu J, Zheng Y. Bioavailability assessment of thiacloprid in soil as affected by biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:185-191. [PMID: 28013080 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biochars can significantly sorb pesticides, and reduce their bioavailability in agricultural soils. In this study, the effects of a type of biochar (BC500) on the sorption, degradation, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of thiacloprid, which is a commonly used insecticide, were investigated. The thiacloprid sorption constant (Kf values) increased by 14 times after 2% BC500 application, and the degradation of the insecticide decreased with increasing amounts of the biochars in the soil. Coupled with the exhaustive extraction and single-point Tenax method, the bioavailability of thiacloprid was predicted in the presence of the biochar. In soils amended with BC500, the thiacloprid concentrations accumulated in Tenax correlated well with those observed in earthworms (R2 = 0.887), whereas the concentrations extracted by exhaustive method followed a less significant relationship with those in earthworms (R2 = 0.624). The results of Tenax extractions and earthworm bioassays indicate that biochar reduces the bioavailability of thiacloprid in soil, but the delayed degradation and increased earthworm accumulation in aged biochar-amended soil imply that the environmental risks of biochar application to earthworms remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yulong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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26
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Optimization of Tenax extraction parameters for polychlorinated biphenyls in contaminated sediments. Talanta 2017; 164:386-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Li H, Cheng F, Wei Y, Lydy MJ, You J. Global occurrence of pyrethroid insecticides in sediment and the associated toxicological effects on benthic invertebrates: An overview. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:258-271. [PMID: 27825741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are the third most applied group of insecticides worldwide and are extensively used in agricultural and non-agricultural applications. Pyrethroids exhibit low toxicity to mammals, but have extremely high toxicity to fish and non-target invertebrates. Their high hydrophobicity, along with pseudo-persistence due to continuous input, indicates that pyrethroids will accumulate in sediment, pose long-term exposure concerns to benthic invertebrates and ultimately cause significant risk to benthic communities and aquatic ecosystems. The current review synthesizes the reported sediment concentrations of pyrethroids and associated toxicity to benthic invertebrates on a global scale. Geographically, the most studied area was North America, followed by Asia, Europe, Australia and Africa. Pyrethroids were frequently detected in both agricultural and urban sediments, and bifenthrin and cypermethrin were identified as the main contributors to toxicity in benthic invertebrates. Simulated hazard quotients (HQ) for sediment-associated pyrethroids to benthic organisms ranged from 10.5±31.1 (bifenthrin) to 41.7±204 (cypermethrin), suggesting significant risk. The current study has provided evidence that pyrethroids are not only commonly detected in the aquatic environment, but also can cause toxic effects to benthic invertebrates, and calls for better development of accurate sediment quality criteria and effective ecological risk assessment methods for this emerging class of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, 251 Life Science II, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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28
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Jia F, Liao C, Xue J, Taylor A, Gan J. Comparing different methods for assessing contaminant bioavailability during sediment remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:270-277. [PMID: 27570195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment contamination by persistent organic pollutants from historical episodes is widespread and remediation is often needed to clean up severely contaminated sites. Measuring contaminant bioavailability in a before-and-after manner lends to improved assessment of remediation effectiveness. However, a number of bioavailability measurement methods have been developed, posing a challenge in method selection for practitioners. In this study, three different bioavailability measurement methods, i.e., solid phase microextraction (SPME), Tenax desorption, and isotope dilution method (IDM), were compared in evaluating changes in bioavailability of DDT and its degradates in sediment following simulated remediation treatments. When compared to the unamended sediments, all three methods predicted essentially the same degrees of changes in bioavailability after amendment with activated carbon, charcoal or sand. After normalizing over the unamended control, measurements by different methods were linearly correlated with each other, with slopes close to 1. The same observation was further made with a Superfund site marine sediment. This finding suggests that different methods may be used in evaluating remediation efficiency. However, Tenax desorption or IDM consistently offered better sensitivity than SPME in detecting bioavailability changes. Results from this study highlight the value of considering bioavailability when evaluating remediation effectiveness and provide guidance on the selection of bioavailability measurement methods in such assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Chunyang Liao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiaying Xue
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Allison Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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29
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Bräunig J, Tang JYM, Warne MSJ, Escher BI. Bioanalytical effect-balance model to determine the bioavailability of organic contaminants in sediments affected by black and natural carbon. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:181-190. [PMID: 27176940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In sediments several binding phases dictate the fate and bioavailability of organic contaminants. Black carbon (BC) has a high sorptive capacity for organic contaminants and can limit their bioavailability, while the fraction bound to organic carbon (OC) is considered to be readily desorbable and bioavailable. We investigated the bioavailability and mixture toxicity of sediment-associated contaminants by combining different extraction techniques with in vitro bioanalytical tools. Sediments from a harbour with high fraction of BC, and sediments from remote, agricultural and urban areas with lower BC were treated with exhaustive solvent extraction, Tenax extraction and passive sampling to estimate total, bioaccessible and bioavailable fractions, respectively. The extracts were characterized with cell-based bioassays that measure dioxin-like activity (AhR-CAFLUX) and the adaptive stress response to oxidative stress (AREc32). Resulting bioanalytical equivalents, which are effect-scaled concentrations, were applied in an effect-balance model, consistent with a mass balance-partitioning model for single chemicals. Sediments containing BC had most of the bioactivity associated to the BC fraction, while the OC fraction played a role for sediments with lower BC. As effect-based sediment-water distribution ratios demonstrated, most of the bioactivity in the AhR-CAFLUX was attributable to hydrophobic chemicals while more hydrophilic chemicals activated AREc32, even though bioanalytical equivalents in the aqueous phase remained negligible. This approach can be used to understand the fate and effects of mixtures of diverse organic contaminants in sediments that would not be possible if single chemicals were targeted by chemical analysis; and make informed risk-based decisions concerning the management of contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bräunig
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Janet Y M Tang
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael St J Warne
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Government, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation (DSITI), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Science, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Cell Toxicology, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Germany
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30
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Zhu B, Wu S, Xia X, Lu X, Zhang X, Xia N, Liu T. Effects of carbonaceous materials on microbial bioavailability of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 312:216-223. [PMID: 27037476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of various types of carbonaceous materials (CMs) on the bioavailability of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-degrading microorganisms in CM-amended sediments. The microbial debromination ratio of BDE-47 was reduced by 92.8%-98.2% in the 5.0% CM-amended sediment compared with in sediment without CM amendment after 100 d of anaerobic incubation. The concentrations of lower brominated products also decreased when the content of CMs increased from 0.2% to 5.0%. The inhibitory effects of CMs on BDE-47 debromination were CM content- and characteristic-specific. The reciprocals of BDE-47 debromination ratios and lower brominated product concentrations showed positive linear correlations with CM contents in sediments (p<0.01), and the slopes of linear regression fitting generally correlated with specific surface areas (SSAs) of CMs. Desorption of BDE-47 from CMs indicated the declined desorbing fraction of BDE-47 was responsible for the reduction in BDE-47 bioavailability to microorganisms, thus decreasing its debromination in sediments amended with CMs. This study revealed that CM amendment could reduce the PBDE bioavailability to PBDE-degrading microorganisms in sediments, and it is expected to help deepen our understanding of the environmental behaviors and risks of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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31
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Škulcová L, Neuwirthová N, Hofman J, Bielská L. Assessment of the biological and chemical availability of the freshly spiked and aged DDE in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:105-112. [PMID: 26840523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study compared the ability of various chemical methods (XAD, β-hydroxypropylcyclodextrin - HPCD) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME)) to mimic earthworm uptake from two similar soils containing either spiked or aged p,p´-DDE, thus representing two extreme scenarios with regard to the length of pollutant-soil contact time and the way of contamination. The extent of bioaccumulation was assessed at fixed exposure periods (10 and 21 days) and at equilibrium derived from uptake curves by multiple-point comparison or kinetic modeling. The decision on the best chemical predictor of biological uptake differed. The degree of bioaccumulation at equilibrium was best predicted by XAD while HPCD rather reflected the extent of accumulation derived after 21 days when, however, steady-state was not reached for spiked p,p´-DDE. SPME seemed to underestimate the uptake of aged p,p´-DDE, probably of the fraction taken up via soil particles. Thus, the degree of predictability seems to be associated with the capability of the chemical method to mimic the complex earthworm uptake via skin and intestinal tract as well as with the quality of biological data where the insufficient length of exposure period appears to be the major concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Škulcová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - N Neuwirthová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - J Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - L Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500, Czech Republic.
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32
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Hong S, Yim UH, Ha SY, Shim WJ, Jeon S, Lee S, Kim C, Choi K, Jung J, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Bioaccessibility of AhR-active PAHs in sediments contaminated by the Hebei Spirit oil spill: Application of Tenax extraction in effect-directed analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:706-712. [PMID: 26408977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of toxic substances in sedimentary residual oil is a crucial factor that needs to be considered for accurate risk assessments posed by oil spills. However, information on oil weathering processes and bioaccessibility of residual oil is often not sufficient and clear. In the present study, bioaccessibility of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal sediments near the site of the Hebei Spirit oil spill (Korea, 2007) was assessed by Tenax extraction in effect-directed analysis (EDA). Sediment samples collected 6 years after the oil spill were extracted using Soxhlet or Tenax, and EDA was performed using a battery of H4IIE-luc bioassay and GC/MSD analysis. Concentrations of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in Soxhlet extracts ranged from 210 to 53,000 μg kg(-1) dry mass. However, concentrations of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in Tenax extracts were approximately 20-fold less compared to those in Soxhlet extracts. In Soxhlet and Tenax extracts, the major AhR-active PAHs were identified as C1-chrysene, C3-chrysene, and C4-phenanthrene. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQ(PAHs)) explained 31% and 60% of the bioassay-derived TCDD-EQ concentrations in Soxhlet and Tenax extracts, respectively. Overall, bioaccessibility of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in sedimentary residual oils depended on hydrophobicity (log K(ow)) and degree of weathering of crude oil. The results of the present study provide further evidence in support of the biological and ecological recoveries of oil spill sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Hong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeon Jeon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Zoology & Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology and Chemistry & State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Booij K, Robinson CD, Burgess RM, Mayer P, Roberts CA, Ahrens L, Allan IJ, Brant J, Jones L, Kraus UR, Larsen MM, Lepom P, Petersen J, Pröfrock D, Roose P, Schäfer S, Smedes F, Tixier C, Vorkamp K, Whitehouse P. Passive Sampling in Regulatory Chemical Monitoring of Nonpolar Organic Compounds in the Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3-17. [PMID: 26619247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed compliance monitoring requirements in the European Union, the United States, and the Oslo-Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, and evaluated if these are met by passive sampling methods for nonpolar compounds. The strengths and shortcomings of passive sampling are assessed for water, sediments, and biota. Passive water sampling is a suitable technique for measuring concentrations of freely dissolved compounds. This method yields results that are incompatible with the EU's quality standard definition in terms of total concentrations in water, but this definition has little scientific basis. Insufficient quality control is a present weakness of passive sampling in water. Laboratory performance studies and the development of standardized methods are needed to improve data quality and to encourage the use of passive sampling by commercial laboratories and monitoring agencies. Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling is well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher levels. Despite the existence of several knowledge gaps, passive sampling presently is the best available technology for chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds. Key issues to be addressed by scientists and environmental managers are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , PO Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Craig D Robinson
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory , 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB30 1AD, U.K
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Anker Engelunds Vej 1, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cindy A Roberts
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Brant
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT U.K
| | - Lisa Jones
- Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uta R Kraus
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Wuestland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Larsen
- Aarhus University , Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Lepom
- Federal Environment Agency, Laboratory for Water Analysis, Bismarckplatz 1, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jördis Petersen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Patrick Roose
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Gulledelle 100, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Schäfer
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Deltares, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Tixier
- Ifremer , Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Lab. Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University , Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Paul Whitehouse
- Environment Agency, Evidence Directorate, Red Kite House, Howbery Park OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
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Chen X, Li H, You J. Joint toxicity of sediment-associated permethrin and cadmium to Chironomus dilutus: The role of bioavailability and enzymatic activities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:138-144. [PMID: 26367707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides and metals commonly co-occurred in sediment and caused toxicity to benthic organisms jointly. To improve accuracy in assessing risk of the sediments contaminated by insecticides and metals, it is of great importance to understand interaction between the contaminants and reasons for the interaction. In the current study, permethrin and cadmium were chosen as representative contaminants to study joint toxicity of pyrethroids and metals to a benthic invertebrate Chironomus dilutus. A median effect/combination index-isobologram was applied to evaluate the interaction between sediment-bound permethrin and cadmium at three dose ratios. Antagonistic interaction was observed in the midges for all treatments. Comparatively, cadmium-dominated group (the ratio of toxicity contribution from permethrin and cadmium was 1:3) showed stronger antagonism than equitoxicity (1:1) and permethrin-dominated groups (3:1). The reasons for the observed antagonism were elucidated from two aspects, including bioavailability and enzymatic activity. The bioavailability of permethrin, expressed as the freely dissolved concentrations in sediment porewater and measured by solid phase microextraction, was not altered by the addition of cadmium, suggesting the change in permethrin bioavailability was not the reason for the antagonism. On the other hand, the activities of metabolic enzymes, glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase in the midges which were exposed to mixtures of permethrin and cadmium were significantly higher than those in the midges exposed to permethrin solely. Cadmium considerably enhanced the detoxifying processes of permethrin in the midges, which largely explained the observed antagonistic interaction between permethrin and cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing You
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Meng XZ, Xiang N, Yu L, Zhang J, Chen L, Dai X. Exploring the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:1-5. [PMID: 26327497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sewage sludge are assessed based on the concentration by exhaustive extraction, which is a likely overestimation of the pool available to exposed organisms. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in sewage sludge from Shanghai using a 3-compartment model and a 6-d Tenax extraction. The very slowly fraction contributed 56-88% of total PBDEs in spiked sludge, whereas the rapidly desorbing fraction contributed only 1.1-10%. For the same PBDE congener, the rapidly desorbing fractions for sewage sludge measured in the present study were lower than those for sediment. The bioaccessible concentrations of PBDEs were 2.3-56 ng/g dry weight in sewage sludge from Shanghai, which represented 5.2% of the concentration determined by exhaustive (Soxhlet) extraction. BDE-209 was the predominant congener in sludge, contributing to 63% of the total. Moreover, the Ratio between 6-h Tenax and Soxhlet concentrations (T/S Ratio, indicating bioaccessibility) was lower in sludge generated from industrial wastewater treatment compared to sludge from facilities that treated mostly domestic wastewater. The T/S Ratio of PBDE congeners was related to KOW, specifically as KOW increases, the T/S Ratio decreased. These results will improve understanding of the fate and potential toxicity of PBDEs during land and/or landfill application of sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Nan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lihong Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Jiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Li YL, He W, Liu WX, Kong XZ, Yang B, Yang C, Xu FL. Influences of binding to dissolved organic matter on hydrophobic organic compounds in a multi-contaminant system: Coefficients, mechanisms and ecological risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:461-468. [PMID: 26277648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The complexation flocculation (CF) method was successfully employed to identify binding coefficients (Kdoc) of specific organic contaminants to dissolved organic matter (DOM, often indicated by dissolved organic carbon, DOC) in a multi-contaminant hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) system. Kdoc values were obtained for most of the evaluated 33 HOCs, indicating the feasibility and applicability of the CF method in a multi-contaminant system. Significant positive correlations were observed between binding coefficients and octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) for organic halogen compounds, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (R(2) = 0.95, p < 0.05) and organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs) (methoxychlor excluded, R(2) = 0.82, p < 0.05). The positive correlations identified between the lgKdoc and lgBCF (bioconcentration factor) for PBDEs and OCPs, as well as the negative correlation observed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), indicated that different binding or partition mechanisms between PAHs and organic halogen compounds exist. These differences further result in discriminative competition partitions of HOCs between DOM and organisms. Assuming that only freely dissolved HOCs are bioconcentrative, the results of DOM-influenced bioconcentration factor (BCFDOM) and DOM-influenced lowest observed effect level (LOELDOM) indicate that the ecological risk of HOCs is decreased by DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Long Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Research Centre for Water Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Maruya KA, Lao W, Tsukada D, Diehl DW. A passive sampler based on solid phase microextraction (SPME) for sediment-associated organic pollutants: Comparing freely-dissolved concentration with bioaccumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:192-197. [PMID: 26246043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The elevated occurrence of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and legacy organchlorine pesticides (e.g. chlordane and DDT) in estuarine sediments continues to poses challenges for maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems. Current efforts to develop and apply protective, science-based sediment quality regulations for impaired waterbodies are hampered by non-concordance between model predictions and measured bioaccumulation and toxicity. A passive sampler incorporating commercially available solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers was employed in lab and field studies to measure the freely dissolved concentration of target HOCs (Cfree) and determine its suitability as a proxy for bioaccumulation. SPME deduced Cfree for organochlorines was highly correlated with tissue concentrations (Cb) of Macoma and Nereis spp. co-exposed in laboratory microcosms containing both spiked and naturally contaminated sediments. This positive association was also observed in situ for endemic bivalves, where SPME samplers were deployed for up to 1 month at an estuarine field site. The concordance between Cb and Cfree for PAH was more variable, in part due to likely biotransformation by model invertebrates. These results indicate that SPME passive samplers can serve as a proxy for bioaccumulation of sediment-associated organochlorines in both lab and field studies, reducing the uncertainty associated with model predictions that do not adequately account for differential bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - David Tsukada
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Dario W Diehl
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
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Qi HX, Li HZ, Ma P, You J. Integrated sediment quality assessment through biomarker responses and bioavailability measurements: Application in Tai Lake, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 119:148-154. [PMID: 26004354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A weight of evidence (WoE) framework has been applied to assess sediment quality of a typical freshwater lake, Tai Lake in China, where the sediments were contaminated by various chemicals but showed no acute lethality to the benthic invertebrate, Chironomus dilutus. A quantitative scoring method was employed to integrate three lines of evidence (LoE), including adverse effects in life cycle bioassays, biomarker responses, and bioavailability-based chemical analysis. Six biomarkers were determined in C. dilutus after the exposure to the sediments from Tai Lake and provided sensitive indication of sublethal effects at the molecular level. The biomarkers included cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation. The changes of the biomarkers were summarized for individual sampling sites by computing the integrated biomarker response (IBR) indices. Complementary information was also confirmed by the interrelationship of the LoEs. The IBR indices gained before pupation correlated well with the impairments of emergence of the midges, and altered acetylcholinesterase was corroborated by the detection of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide. The relationship between bioavailable toxic units estimated by Tenax extractable concentrations of chemicals in sediment and the observed toxicity in the midges helped to identify the putative toxicity contributors to C. dilutus. Overall, the WoE method clearly distinguished the contaminated sites and ranked them by the level of contamination. Sediment-associated pesticides, particularly γ-hexachlorocyclohexane and chlorpyrifos, were the possible contributors to chronic toxicity to the midges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xue Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing You
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Yi X, Li H, Ma P, You J. Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1744-1750. [PMID: 25753920 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sediments in urban waterways of Guangzhou, China, were contaminated by a variety of chemicals and showed prevalent toxicity to benthic organisms. A combination of whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and bioavailability-based extraction was used to identify the causes of sediment toxicity. Of the 6 sediment samples collected, 4 caused 100% mortality to Chironomus dilutus in 10-d bioassays, and the potential toxicants were assessed using TIE in these sediments after dilution. The results of phase I characterization showed that organic contaminants were the principal contributors to the mortality of the midges in 2 sediments and that metals and organics jointly caused the mortality in the other 2 sediments. Ammonia played no role in the mortality for any samples. Conventional toxic unit analysis in phase II testing identified Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn as the toxic metals, with cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, and fipronils being the toxic organics. To improve the accuracy of identifying the toxicants, 4-step sequential extraction and Tenax extraction were conducted to analyze the bioavailability of the metals and organics, respectively. Bioavailable toxic unit analysis narrowed the list of toxic contributors, and the putative toxicants included 3 metals (Zn, Ni, and Pb) and 3 pesticides (cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and fipronils). Metals contributed to the mortality in all sediments, but sediment dilution reduced the toxicity and confounded the characterization of toxicity contribution from metals in 2 sediments in phase I. Incorporating bioavailability-based measurements into whole-sediment TIE improved the accuracy of identifying the causative toxicants in urban waterways where multiple stressors occurred and contributed to sediment toxicity jointly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing You
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Harwood AD, Nutile SA, Landrum PF, Lydy MJ. Tenax extraction as a simple approach to improve environmental risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1445-1453. [PMID: 26118373 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that using exhaustive chemical extractions is not an effective means of assessing exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediments and that bioavailability-based techniques are an improvement over traditional methods. One technique that has shown special promise as a method for assessing the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediment is the use of Tenax-extractable concentrations. A 6-h or 24-h single-point Tenax-extractable concentration correlates to both bioaccumulation and toxicity. This method has demonstrated effectiveness for several hydrophobic organic compounds in various organisms under both field and laboratory conditions. In addition, a Tenax bioaccumulation model was developed for multiple compounds relating 24-h Tenax-extractable concentrations to oligochaete tissue concentrations exposed in both the laboratory and field. This model has demonstrated predictive capacity for additional compounds and species. Use of Tenax-extractable concentrations to estimate exposure is rapid, simple, straightforward, and relatively inexpensive, as well as accurate. Therefore, this method would be an invaluable tool if implemented in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Harwood
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel A Nutile
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Lydy MJ, Harwood AD, Nutile SA, Landrum PF. Tenax extraction of sediments to estimate desorption and bioavailability of hydrophobic contaminants: a literature review. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2015; 11:208-220. [PMID: 25377271 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing sediment-associated hydrophobic contaminants is problematic, because assessing the total amount of a compound available for chemical exchange with an organism is difficult. To address this, contaminant concentrations have been normalized for specific sediment characteristics (including organic C content) or the chemical activity has been estimated using passive samplers. Another approach to assess compound availability is to determine the extent of readily desorbed compound using resin extractions of sediment slurries. The present paper reviews the literature that uses Tenax® TA, a 2,6-diphenylene-oxide polymer as an extraction tool to measure bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediment. Some work has assessed the extent of desorption with sequential extractions to characterize the maximum rate and pool sizes for different desorbing fractions of bound contaminant. As such, the rapidly desorbing fraction has been well correlated with the extent of degradation, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of hydrophobic contaminants. A shortcut to measuring the full desorption curve to determine the rapidly desorbing compound is to use a single-point extraction, with 6 h or 24 h extractions being the most common. The Tenax extraction has been shown to be effective with laboratory-spiked sediments, field-collected sediments, laboratory-exposed organisms, field-collected organisms, and studies among laboratories. Furthermore, a literature-based model has described the bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls from independently measured field-collected sediments. Despite the success of this approach, applying the Tenax method to manage contaminated sediments is limited by the absence of a standard set of conditions to perform the extractions, as well as standard methods for using field sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
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Pee GY, Na S, Wei Z, Weavers LK. Increasing the bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment using ultrasound. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 122:265-272. [PMID: 25532768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of sonication on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the bioaccessible and less bioaccessible fractions of three contaminated sediments (Little Scioto River, OH-LS; Gary, IN-GI; Eagle Harbor, WA-EH) was examined. After 60min sonication, the fractions of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene remaining in the LS sediment were 0.76±0.18, 0.83±0.04 and 0.76±0.05, respectively, indicating ultrasonic degradation of PAHs in the sediment. In addition, there was a significant decrease in PAH concentration (i.e., up to 91.4%) in the less bioaccessible fractions for all three sediments with sonication. The bioaccessible fraction of phenanthrene and pyrene in LS and pyrene in EH increased by 12.9%, 48.3% and 27.8%, respectively, followed by a slight decrease due to degradation. The initial increase suggests that ultrasonic irradiation of sediment either transfers the PAHs from the less bioaccessible sites to the bioaccessible sites for treatment or transforms less bioaccessible sites into bioaccessible sites. A comparatively smaller reduction (i.e., 20.2%) in the less bioaccessible fraction in GI sediment is attributed to the larger fraction of black carbon in the organic carbon content of the sediment hindering the ability of ultrasound to switch the PAHs from the less to the more bioaccessible sites. Overall ultrasonic irradiation of contaminated sediments is a technique to enhance contaminant remediation by reducing the fraction of contaminants in less bioaccessible sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gim-Yang Pee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Seungmin Na
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Li C, Cui XY, Fan YY, Teng Y, Nan ZR, Ma LQ. Tenax as sorption sink for in vitro bioaccessibility measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:47-52. [PMID: 25299793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based in vitro methods have been developed to measure bioaccessibility of organic contaminants in soils. However, bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) can be underestimated by in vitro tests if gastrointestinal (GI) solution fails to provide sufficient sorption sink for HOCs. To circumvent this drawback, Tenax was included in GI solution as sorption sink to trap mobilized HOCs and maintain the desorption gradient between soil and GI solution. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were selected as target HOCs, and physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was selected as the in vitro method. Inclusion of Tenax in GI solution increased bioaccessibility of PAHs in five spiked soils from 8.25-20.8% to 55.7-65.9% and the bioaccessibility of PAHs in a field contaminated soil from 3.70-6.92% to 16.3-31.0%. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of Tenax as sorption sink to enhance PAH mobilization in bioaccessibility measurement in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xin Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Ying Ying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zhong Ren Nan
- National Laboratory of West China's Environment System, College of Resource & Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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44
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Coleman JG, Lotufo GR, Kennedy AJ, Poda AR, Rushing TS, Ruiz CE, Bridges TS. Testing of various membranes for use in a novel sediment porewater isolation chamber for infaunal invertebrate exposure to PCBs. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 106:65-69. [PMID: 24582361 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In benthic sediment bioassays, determining the relative contribution to exposure by contaminants in overlying water, porewater, and sediment particles is technically challenging. The purpose of the present study was to assess the potential for membranes to be utilized as a mechanism to allow freely dissolved hydrophobic organic contaminants into a pathway isolation exposure chamber (PIC) while excluding all sediment particles and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This investigation was conducted in support of a larger effort to assess contaminant exposure pathways to benthos. While multiple passive samplers exist for estimating concentrations of contaminants in porewater such as those using solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) and polyoxymethylene (POM), techniques to effectively isolate whole organism exposure to porewater within a sediment system are not available. We tested the use of four membranes of different pore sizes (0.1-1.2μm) including nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylsulfone, and polytetrafluoroethylene with a hydrophilic coating. Exposures included both diffusion of radiolabeled and non-labeled contaminants across membranes from aqueous, sediment slurry, and whole sediment sources to assess and evaluate the best candidate membrane. Data generated from the present study was utilized to select the most suitable membrane for use in the larger bioavailability project which sought to assess the relevance of functional ecology in bioavailability of contaminated sediments at remediation sites. The polytetrafluoroethylene membrane was selected for use in the PIC, although exclusion of dissolved organic carbon was not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Coleman
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Aimee R Poda
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Todd S Rushing
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geotechnical Structures Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Carlos E Ruiz
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Todd S Bridges
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
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Li H, Zhang B, Wei Y, Wang F, Lydy MJ, You J. Bioaccumulation of highly hydrophobic organohalogen flame retardants from sediments: application of toxicokinetics and passive sampling techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6957-6964. [PMID: 24845805 DOI: 10.1021/es5011708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly hydrophobic organohalogen flame retardants (HHOFRs) are found ubiquitously in the environment; therefore, a better understanding of their bioavailability is needed. In the current study, bioaccumulation testing using the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, and passive sampling (solid-phase microextraction (SPME)) were performed to study the bioaccumulation potential of HHOFRs, including decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and dechlorane plus (DP), in laboratory-spiked and field-collected sediments. The HHOFRs were bioavailable to L. variegatus even though their biota-sediment accumulation factors were low (0.016 ± 0.002 to 0.48 ± 0.082 g organic carbon/g lipid, syn-DP > anti-DP > deca-BDE > DBDPE). Hydrophobicity and stereoisomerism affected HHOFR bioavailability. Meanwhile, HHOFR concentrations on the SPME fibers (Cf) correlated with those in biota (Cb), suggesting the potential application of SPME in bioavailability prediction for those compounds. The log Cf to log Cb correlation for deca-BDE and DP had a greater intercept than that for polychlorinated biphenyls (data obtained from the literature) although the slopes were similar, while data for DBDPE fell on the regression line for PCBs, implying some uncertainty in application of SPMEs across chemical classes. The increasing sorptive ability of proteins for HHOFRs in comparison to the less-brominated BDEs suggested that protein-binding should be considered when estimating bioaccumulation potential of HHOFRs in benthic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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46
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Du J, Li Y, Huang ZC, You J. Chronic toxicity thresholds for sediment-associated Benzo[a]pyrene in the Midge (Chironomus dilutus). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:370-378. [PMID: 24553811 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems and have been shown to be one of the causes of sediment toxicity to benthic invertebrates. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was selected as a representative for the PAH family of compounds for developing chronic sediment toxicity thresholds for Chironomus dilutus. Life-cycle toxicity testing was initiated using newly hatched midge larvae and terminated until hatch of the second generation. Median lethal concentrations were 92.5 ± 19.6 and 56.9 ± 1.76 μg/g organic carbon (OC) after exposing midges to sediment-associated BaP for 20 days (before pupation) and 43 days (end of test), respectively. Sublethal toxicity was described as 5 and 50 % effect concentrations (EC5 and EC50), and these were 6.63 ± 0.82 and 41.1 ± 1.61 μg/g OC for growth reduction at 20 days, respectively. Impairments of emergence and reproduction of C. dilutus were also assessed at the end of the testing, and the EC5 and EC50 values were 3.41 ± 0.53 and 26.9 ± 1.43 μg/g OC for emergence and 2.18 ± 0.34 and 13.4 ± 1.13 μg/g OC for reproduction, respectively. In addition, bioavailability-based chronic toxicity thresholds were also established using Tenax-extractable BaP concentrations. Although more environmentally relevant, data regarding chronic toxicity are less available than those regarding acute toxicity. Therefore, establishing numeric chronic toxicity thresholds for sediment-associated BaP with the consideration of the bioavailability would improve the accuracy of assessing PAH-related sediment toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Lydy MJ, Landrum PF, Oen AMP, Allinson M, Smedes F, Harwood AD, Li H, Maruya KA, Liu J. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: state of the science for organic contaminants. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:167-78. [PMID: 24307344 PMCID: PMC4235472 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, for example, amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced carbon, and the associated partition coefficients are difficult to determine, particularly for native sediment. Thus, the development of PSMs that represent the chemical activity of complex compound-sediment interactions, expressed as the freely dissolved contaminant concentration in porewater (Cfree ), offer a better proxy for endpoints of concern, such as reactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Passive sampling methods have estimated Cfree using both kinetic and equilibrium operating modes and used various polymers as the sorbing phase, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, and polyoxymethylene in various configurations, such as sheets, coated fibers, or vials containing thin films. These PSMs have been applied in laboratory exposures and field deployments covering a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A wide range of calibration conditions exist in the literature to estimate Cfree , but consensus values have not been established. The most critical criteria are the partition coefficient between water and the polymer phase and the equilibrium status of the sampler. In addition, the PSM must not appreciably deplete Cfree in the porewater. Some of the future challenges include establishing a standard approach for PSM measurements, correcting for nonequilibrium conditions, establishing guidance for selection and implementation of PSMs, and translating and applying data collected by PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy MP Oen
- Department of Environmental Technology, Norwegian Geotechnical InstituteOslo, Norway
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM) School of Chemistry, The University of MelbourneParkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Foppe Smedes
- DeltaresUtrecht, The Netherlands
- RECETOX, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda D Harwood
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project AuthorityCosta Mesa, California, USA
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Cachada A, Pereira R, da Silva EF, Duarte AC. The prediction of PAHs bioavailability in soils using chemical methods: state of the art and future challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:463-480. [PMID: 24300458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the available fraction of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) is extremely important for assessing their risk to the environment and human health. This available fraction, which can be solubilized and/or easily extracted, is believed to be the most accessible for bioaccumulation, biosorption and/or transformation by organisms. Based on this, two main types of chemical methods have been developed, closely related to the concepts of bioaccessibility and freely available concentrations: non-exhaustive extractions and biomimetic methods. Since bioavailability is species and compound specific, this work focused only in one of the most widespread group of HOCs in soils: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims at producing a state of the art knowledge base on bioavailability and chemical availability of PAHs in soils, clarifying which chemical methods can provide a better prediction of an organism exposure, and which are the most promising ones. Therefore, a review of the processes involved on PAHs availability to microorganisms, earthworms and plants was performed and the outputs given by the different chemical methods were evaluated. The suitability of chemical methods to predict bioavailability of the 16 US EPA PAHs in dissimilar naturally contaminated soils was not yet demonstrated, being especially difficult for high molecular weight compounds. Even though the potential to predict microbial mineralization using non-exhaustive extractions is promising, it will be very difficult to achieve for earthworms and plants, due to the complexity of accumulation mechanisms which are not taken into account by chemical methods. Yet, the existing models could be improved by determining compound, species and site specific parameters. Moreover, chemical availability can be very useful to understand the bioavailability processes and the behavior of PAHs in soils. The inclusion of chemical methods on risk assessment has been suggested and it is promising, despite some methods overpredict risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cachada
- University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- University of Aveiro, Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec-GeoBioSciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Center, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Mackenbach EM, Harwood AD, Mills MA, Landrum PF, Lydy MJ. Application of a Tenax model to assess bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls in field sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:286-292. [PMID: 24127319 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature has shown that bioavailability-based techniques, such as Tenax extraction, can estimate sediment exposure to benthos. In a previous study by the authors, Tenax extraction was used to create and validate a literature-based Tenax model to predict oligochaete bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from sediment; however, its ability to assess sediment remediation was unknown. The present study further tested the Tenax model by examining the impacts of remediation on surface sediment concentrations, Tenax extractable concentrations, and tissue concentrations of laboratory-exposed Lumbriculus variegatus. Tenax extractable concentration was an effective exposure metric to evaluate changes in Lumbriculus exposure preremediation and postremediation, with 75% of the postremediation data corresponding to the Tenax model. At nondredged sites, bioaccumulation was better predicted by the Tenax model, with 86% of the data falling within the 95% confidence intervals, than at dredged sites, for which only 64% of the data fit the Tenax model. In both pre- and postdredge conditions, when the model failed, it was conservative, predicting higher PCB concentrations than observed in the oligochaetes, particularly for the postdredge data. The present study advances understanding of the applicability of the Tenax model for use when examining systems that may have undergone significant disturbances. The Tenax model provides a unique tool for quickly quantifying potential exposure to benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mackenbach
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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50
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Riding MJ, Doick KJ, Martin FL, Jones KC, Semple KT. Chemical measures of bioavailability/bioaccessibility of PAHs in soil: fundamentals to application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:687-700. [PMID: 23583092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment and remediation of contaminated land is inherently dependent on the contaminants present and their availability for interaction with soil biota. An ever-growing body of evidence suggests that current regulatory procedures over-estimate the 'true' fraction available to biota. Thus, a procedure that predicts the 'bioavailable fraction' would be useful for predicting 'actual' exposure limits and provide a more relevant basis for risk assessment. The aim of this paper is to address several important questions: "How should bioavailability be defined?" "What factors affect bioavailability measurement?" "To what extent have existing protocols measured bioavailability?" "What is actually measured by chemical techniques purported to determine bioavailability?" We offer two definitions (namely 'bioavailability' and 'bioaccessibility') and review commonly employed chemical extraction techniques to measure putative bioavailability. Relative advantages and disadvantages of the techniques are highlighted to elucidate underlying factors for the wide range of conclusions observed in the literature. Although the concept of bioavailability is implicit to contaminated land risk assessment and remediation, explicit reference to and use of adjustment factors is rare amongst regulatory bodies and remediators. Use of chemical determinants for bioavailability, applicable within current legislation and due consideration to inherent variability, are proposed and barriers to their implementation discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Riding
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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