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Fan H, Wu J, Yang K, Xiong C, Xiong S, Wu X, Fang Z, Zhu J, Huang J. Dietary regulation of intestinal stem cells in health and disease. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:730-745. [PMID: 37758199 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2262780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Diet is a critical regulator for physiological metabolism and tissue homeostasis, with a close relation to health and disease. As an important organ for digestion and absorption, the intestine comes into direct contact with many dietary components. The rapid renewal of its mucosal epithelium depends on the continuous proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The function and metabolism of ISCs can be controlled by a variety of dietary patterns including calorie restriction, fasting, high-fat, ketogenic, and high-sugar diets, as well as different nutrients including vitamins, amino acids, dietary fibre, and probiotics. Therefore, dietary interventions targeting ISCs may make it possible to prevent and treat intestinal disorders such as colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and radiation enteritis. This review summarised recent research on the role and mechanism of diet in regulating ISCs, and discussed the potential of dietary modulation for intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hancheng Fan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kangping Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaoyi Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Siyi Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingwu Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jialyu Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
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Mamis K, Zhang R, Bozic I. Stochastic model for cell population dynamics quantifies homeostasis in colonic crypts and its disruption in early tumorigenesis. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231020. [PMID: 37848058 PMCID: PMC10581771 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The questions of how healthy colonic crypts maintain their size, and how homeostasis is disrupted by driver mutations, are central to understanding colorectal tumorigenesis. We propose a three-type stochastic branching process, which accounts for stem, transit-amplifying (TA) and fully differentiated (FD) cells, to model the dynamics of cell populations residing in colonic crypts. Our model is simple in its formulation, allowing us to estimate all but one of the model parameters from the literature. Fitting the single remaining parameter, we find that model results agree well with data from healthy human colonic crypts, capturing the considerable variance in population sizes observed experimentally. Importantly, our model predicts a steady-state population in healthy colonic crypts for relevant parameter values. We show that APC and KRAS mutations, the most significant early alterations leading to colorectal cancer, result in increased steady-state populations in mutated crypts, in agreement with experimental results. Finally, our model predicts a simple condition for unbounded growth of cells in a crypt, corresponding to colorectal malignancy. This is predicted to occur when the division rate of TA cells exceeds their differentiation rate, with implications for therapeutic cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mamis
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ruibo Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ivana Bozic
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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3
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Vitali R, Palone F, De Stefano I, Fiorente C, Novelli F, Pasquali E, Fratini E, Tanori M, Leonardi S, Tanno B, Colantoni E, Soldi S, Galletti S, Grimaldi M, Morganti AG, Fuccio L, Pazzaglia S, Pioli C, Mancuso M, Vesci L. Characterization of Early and Late Damage in a Mouse Model of Pelvic Radiation Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108800. [PMID: 37240150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelvic radiation disease (PRD), a frequent side effect in patients with abdominal/pelvic cancers treated with radiotherapy, remains an unmet medical need. Currently available preclinical models have limited applications for the investigation of PRD pathogenesis and possible therapeutic strategies. In order to select the most effective irradiation protocol for PRD induction in mice, we evaluated the efficacy of three different locally and fractionated X-ray exposures. Using the selected protocol (10 Gy/day × 4 days), we assessed PRD through tissue (number and length of colon crypts) and molecular (expression of genes involved in oxidative stress, cell damage, inflammation, and stem cell markers) analyses at short (3 h or 3 days after X-ray) and long (38 days after X-rays) post-irradiation times. The results show that a primary damage response in term of apoptosis, inflammation, and surrogate markers of oxidative stress was found, thus determining a consequent impairment of cell crypts differentiation and proliferation as well as a local inflammation and a bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes after several weeks post-irradiation. Changes were also found in microbiota composition, particularly in the relative abundance of dominant phyla, related families, and in alpha diversity indices, as an indication of dysbiotic conditions induced by irradiation. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation, measured during the experimental timeline, identified lactoferrin, along with elastase, as useful non-invasive tools to monitor disease progression. Thus, our preclinical model may be useful to develop new therapeutic strategies for PRD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Vitali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Palone
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria De Stefano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorente
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pasquali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Fratini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mirella Tanori
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Colantoni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Soldi
- AAT Advanced Analytical Technologies Srl, Via P. Majavacca 12, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Serena Galletti
- AAT Advanced Analytical Technologies Srl, Via P. Majavacca 12, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Maria Grimaldi
- Corporate R&D, Alfasigma S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00071 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Alessio Giuseppe Morganti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fuccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Vesci
- Corporate R&D, Alfasigma S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30.400, 00071 Pomezia, Italy
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Hussein EOS, Suliman GM, Al-Owaimer AN, Al-Baadani HH, Al-Garadi MA, Ba-Awadh HA, Qaid MM, Swelum AA. Effect of water supplementation of Magic oil at different growing periods on growth performance, carcass traits, blood biochemistry, and ileal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102775. [PMID: 37269792 PMCID: PMC10242640 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural antibiotic substitutes have recently been used as growth promoters and to combat pathogens. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of adding Magic oil (nano-emulsified plant oil) at different growing periods on growth performance, histomorphology of the ileum, carcass traits, and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens. A total of 432-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 water supplementation treatment groups based on growing periods, with 4 groups of Magic oil programs compared to probiotic (Albovit) as a positive control and nonsupplemented group as a negative control, with 9 replicates each with 8 birds (4♂ and 4♀). The periods of adding Magic oil Magic oil were 35, 20, 23, and 19 d for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Birds' performance was evaluated during 0 to 4, 4 to 14, 21 to 30, 30 to 35, and overall days old. Carcass parameters, blood chemistry, and ileal histomorphology were examined on d 35. The findings showed that birds in the T4 group of the Magic oil supplementation program (from 1 to 4 and 21 to 35 d of age) consumed 1.82% and 4.20% more food, gained 3.08% and 6.21% more, and converted feed to meat 1.39% and 2.07% more than Albovit and negative control, respectively, during the experiment (1-35). Magic oil particularly T1 (Magic oil is supplemented throughout the growing period) and T4 programs improved intestinal histology compared to the negative control. There were no changes (P > 0.05) between treatments in carcass parameters and blood biochemistry. In conclusion, water supplementation with Magic oil for broilers improves intestinal morphometrics and growth performance similar to or better than probiotic, especially during brooding and overall periods. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of adding both nano-emulsified plant oil and probiotics on different parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah N Al-Owaimer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani H Al-Baadani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged A Al-Garadi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Qaid
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Guevara-Garcia A, Soleilhac M, Minc N, Delacour D. Regulation and functions of cell division in the intestinal tissue. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023:S1084-9521(23)00004-6. [PMID: 36702722 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, epithelial cells are key elements of tissue organization. In developing epithelial tissues, cellular proliferation and differentiation are under the tight regulation of morphogenetic programs to ensure correct organ formation and functioning. In these processes, proliferation rates and division orientation regulate the speed, timing and direction of tissue expansion but also its proper patterning. Moreover, tissue homeostasis relies on spatio-temporal modulations of daughter cell behavior and arrangement. These aspects are particularly crucial in the intestine, which is one of the most proliferative tissues in adults, making it a very attractive adult organ system to study the role of cell division on epithelial morphogenesis and organ function. Although epithelial cell division has been the subject of intense research for many years in multiple models, it still remains in its infancy in the context of the intestinal tissue. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on cell division and regulatory mechanisms at play in the intestinal epithelial tissue, as well as their importance in developmental biology and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matis Soleilhac
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France.
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Corominas-Murtra B, Hannezo E. Modelling the dynamics of mammalian gut homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022:S1084-9521(22)00317-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Gao Y, Chen H, Cang X, Chen H, Di Y, Qi J, Cai H, Luo K, Jin S. Transplanted hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells alleviated small intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury via intrinsic and paracrine mechanisms in a rat model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1016597. [PMID: 36274835 PMCID: PMC9581151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1016597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a common intestinal disease with high morbidity and mortality. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been increasingly used in various intestinal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of hair follicle MSCs (HFMSCs) on small intestinal IR injury. Methods: We divided Sprague–Dawley rats into three groups: the sham group, IR group and IR + HFMSCs group. A small intestinal IR injury rat model was established by clamping of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 30 min and reperfusion for 2 h. HFMSCs were cultured in vitro and injected into the rats through the tail vein. Seven days after treatment, the intrinsic homing and differentiation characteristics of the HFMSCs were observed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining, and the paracrine mechanism of HFMSCs was assessed by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: A small intestinal IR injury model was successfully established. HFMSCs could home to damaged sites, express proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers, and promote small intestinal ISC marker expression. The expression levels of angiopoietin-1 (ANG1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1) in the IR + HFMSCs group were higher than those in the IR group. HFMSCs could prevent IR-induced apoptosis by increasing B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression and decreasing Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bax) expression. Oxidative stress level detection showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) content was increased in the IR + HFMSCs group compared to the IR group. An elevated diamine oxidase (DAO) level reflected the potential protective effect of HFMSCs on the intestinal mucosal barrier. Conclusion: HFMSCs are beneficial to alleviate small intestinal IR injury through intrinsic homing to the small intestine and by differentiating into ISCs, via a paracrine mechanism to promote angiogenesis, reduce apoptosis, regulate the oxidative stress response, and protect intestinal mucosal function potentially. Therefore, this study suggests that HFMSCs serve as a new option for the treatment of small intestinal IR injury.
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Mathematical modelling identifies conditions for maintaining and escaping feedback control in the intestinal epithelium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5569. [PMID: 35368028 PMCID: PMC8976856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe intestinal epithelium is one of the fastest renewing tissues in mammals. It shows a hierarchical organisation, where intestinal stem cells at the base of crypts give rise to rapidly dividing transit amplifying cells that in turn renew the pool of short-lived differentiated cells. Upon injury and stem-cell loss, cells can also de-differentiate. Tissue homeostasis requires a tightly regulated balance of differentiation and stem cell proliferation, and failure can lead to tissue extinction or to unbounded growth and cancerous lesions. Here, we present a two-compartment mathematical model of intestinal epithelium population dynamics that includes a known feedback inhibition of stem cell differentiation by differentiated cells. The model shows that feedback regulation stabilises the number of differentiated cells as these become invariant to changes in their apoptosis rate. Stability of the system is largely independent of feedback strength and shape, but specific thresholds exist which if bypassed cause unbounded growth. When dedifferentiation is added to the model, we find that the system can recover faster after certain external perturbations. However, dedifferentiation makes the system more prone to losing homeostasis. Taken together, our mathematical model shows how a feedback-controlled hierarchical tissue can maintain homeostasis and can be robust to many external perturbations.
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Nutritional stimulation by in-ovo feeding modulates cellular proliferation and differentiation in the small intestinal epithelium of chicks. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:91-101. [PMID: 34977379 PMCID: PMC8669250 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional stimulation of the developing small intestine of chick embryos can be conducted by in-ovo feeding (IOF). We hypothesized that IOF of glutamine and leucine can enhance small intestinal development by promoting proliferation and differentiation of multipotent small intestinal epithelial cells. Broiler embryos (n = 128) were subject to IOF of glutamine (IOF-Gln), leucine (IOF-Leu), NaCl (IOF-NaCl) or no injection (control) at embryonic d 17 (E 17). Multipotent, progenitor and differentiated cells were located and quantified in the small intestinal epithelium between E 17 and d 7 after hatch (D 7) in all treatment groups by immunofluorescence of SRY-box transcription factor 9 (Sox9) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), in-situ hybridization of leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) and histochemical goblet cell staining. The effects of IOF treatments at E 19 (48 h post-IOF), in comparison to control embryos, were as follows: total cell counts increased by 40%, 33% and 19%, and multipotent cell counts increased by 52%, 50% and 38%, in IOF-Gln, IOF-Leu and IOF-NaCl embryos, respectively. Only IOF-Gln embryos exhibited a significance, 36% increase in progenitor cell counts. All IOF treatments shifted Lgr5+ stem cell localizations to villus bottoms. The differentiated, PepT1+ region of the villi was 1.9 and 1.3-fold longer in IOF-Gln and IOF-Leu embryos, respectively, while goblet cell densities decreased by 20% in IOF-Gln embryos. Post–hatch, crypt and villi epithelial cell counts were significantly higher IOF-Gln chicks, compared to control chicks (P < 0.05). We conclude IOF of glutamine stimulates small intestinal maturation and functionality during the peri-hatch period by promoting multipotent cell proliferation and differentiation, resulting in enhanced compartmentalization of multipotent and differentiated cell niches and expansions of the absorptive surface area.
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Qin X, Wu Y, Liu S, Yang L, Yuan H, Cai S, Flesch J, Li Z, Tang Y, Li X, Zhuang Y, You C, Liu C, Yu C. Surface Modification of Polycaprolactone Scaffold With Improved Biocompatibility and Controlled Growth Factor Release for Enhanced Stem Cell Differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:802311. [PMID: 35071210 PMCID: PMC8782149 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.802311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been widely used as a scaffold material for tissue engineering. Reliable applications of the PCL scaffolds require overcoming their native hydrophobicity and obtaining the sustained release of signaling factors to modulate cell growth and differentiation. Here, we report a surface modification strategy for electrospun PCL nanofibers using an azide-terminated amphiphilic graft polymer. With multiple alkylation and pegylation on the side chains of poly-L-lysine, stable coating of the graft polymer on the PCL nanofibers was achieved in one step. Using the azide-alkyne “click chemistry”, we functionalized the azide-pegylated PCL nanofibers with dibenzocyclooctyne-modified nanocapsules containing growth factor, which rendered the nanofiber scaffold with satisfied cell adhesion and growth property. Moreover, by specific immobilization of pH-responsive nanocapsules containing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), controlled release of active BMP-2 from the PCL nanofibers was achieved within 21 days. When bone mesenchyme stem cells were cultured on this nanofiber scaffold, enhanced ossification was observed in correlation with the time-dependent release of BMP-2. The established surface modification can be extended as a generic approach to hydrophobic nanomaterials for longtime sustainable release of multiplex signaling proteins for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qin
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Susu Cai
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Julia Flesch
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Zehao Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Tang
- SINOPEC, Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- SINOPEC, Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhuang
- Science and Technology Department China Petrochemical Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang You
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Chaoyong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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11
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Brischetto C, Krieger K, Klotz C, Krahn I, Kunz S, Kolesnichenko M, Mucka P, Heuberger J, Scheidereit C, Schmidt-Ullrich R. NF-κB determines Paneth versus goblet cell fate decision in the small intestine. Development 2021; 148:273388. [PMID: 34751748 PMCID: PMC8627599 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the transcription factor NF-κB in intestinal inflammation and tumor formation has been investigated extensively, a physiological function of NF-κB in sustaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis beyond inflammation has not been demonstrated. Using NF-κB reporter mice, we detected strong NF-κB activity in Paneth cells, in ‘+4/+5’ secretory progenitors and in scattered Lgr5+ crypt base columnar stem cells of small intestinal (SI) crypts. To examine NF–κB functions in SI epithelial self-renewal, mice or SI crypt organoids (‘mini-guts’) with ubiquitously suppressed NF-κB activity were used. We show that NF-κB activity is dispensable for maintaining SI epithelial proliferation, but is essential for ex vivo organoid growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate a dramatic reduction of Paneth cells in the absence of NF-κB activity, concomitant with a significant increase in goblet cells and immature intermediate cells. This indicates that NF-κB is required for proper Paneth versus goblet cell differentiation and for SI epithelial homeostasis, which occurs via regulation of Wnt signaling and Sox9 expression downstream of NF-κB. The current study thus presents evidence for an important role for NF-κB in intestinal epithelial self-renewal. Summary: The transcription factor NF-κB, together with downstream Wnt and Sox9, is required for Paneth and goblet cell fate decisions and for maintenance of the small intestinal stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Brischetto
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Krieger
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inge Krahn
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Séverine Kunz
- CF Electron Microscopy, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Kolesnichenko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Mucka
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Signal Transduction in Development and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
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12
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van der Post S, Birchenough GMH, Held JM. NOX1-dependent redox signaling potentiates colonic stem cell proliferation to adapt to the intestinal microbiota by linking EGFR and TLR activation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108949. [PMID: 33826887 PMCID: PMC10327654 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The colon epithelium is a primary point of interaction with the microbiome and is regenerated by a few rapidly cycling colonic stem cells (CSCs). CSC self-renewal and proliferation are regulated by growth factors and the presence of bacteria. However, the molecular link connecting the diverse inputs that maintain CSC homeostasis remains largely unknown. We report that CSC proliferation is mediated by redox-dependent activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling via NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1). NOX1 expression is CSC specific and is restricted to proliferative CSCs. In the absence of NOX1, CSCs fail to generate ROS and have a reduced proliferation rate. NOX1 expression is regulated by Toll-like receptor activation in response to the microbiota and serves to link CSC proliferation with the presence of bacterial components in the crypt. The TLR-NOX1-EGFR axis is therefore a critical redox signaling node in CSCs facilitating the quiescent-proliferation transition and responds to the microbiome to maintain colon homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd van der Post
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - George M H Birchenough
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jason M Held
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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13
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Michael H, Paim FC, Miyazaki A, Langel SN, Fischer DD, Chepngeno J, Goodman SD, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 administered as a dextranomar microsphere biofilm enhances immune responses against human rotavirus in a neonatal malnourished pig model colonized with human infant fecal microbiota. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246193. [PMID: 33592026 PMCID: PMC7886176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of diarrhea in children. It causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where HRV vaccine efficacy is low. The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) 1917 has been widely used in the treatment of enteric diseases in humans. However, repeated doses of EcN are required to achieve maximum beneficial effects. Administration of EcN on a microsphere biofilm could increase probiotic stability and persistence, thus maximizing health benefits without repeated administrations. Our aim was to investigate immune enhancement by the probiotic EcN adhered to a dextranomar microsphere biofilm (EcN biofilm) in a neonatal, malnourished piglet model transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) and infected with rotavirus. To create malnourishment, pigs were fed a reduced amount of bovine milk. Decreased HRV fecal shedding and protection from diarrhea were evident in the EcN biofilm treated piglets compared with EcN suspension and control groups. Moreover, EcN biofilm treatment enhanced natural killer cell activity in blood mononuclear cells (MNCs). Increased frequencies of activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in systemic and intestinal tissues and activated conventional dendritic cells (cDC) in blood and duodenum were also observed in EcN biofilm as compared with EcN suspension treated pigs. Furthermore, EcN biofilm treated pigs had increased frequencies of systemic activated and resting/memory antibody forming B cells and IgA+ B cells in the systemic tissues. Similarly, the mean numbers of systemic and intestinal HRV-specific IgA antibody secreting cells (ASCs), as well as HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in serum and small intestinal contents, were increased in the EcN biofilm treated group. In summary EcN biofilm enhanced innate and B cell immune responses after HRV infection and ameliorated diarrhea following HRV challenge in a malnourished, HIFM pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Francine C. Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David D. Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Goodman
- Centre for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
| | - Anastasia Nickolaevna Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
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14
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Agarwal T, Onesto V, Lamboni L, Ansari A, Maiti TK, Makvandi P, Vosough M, Yang G. Engineering biomimetic intestinal topological features in 3D tissue models: retrospects and prospects. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-020-00120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Juanes MA. Cytoskeletal Control and Wnt Signaling-APC's Dual Contributions in Stem Cell Division and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3811. [PMID: 33348689 PMCID: PMC7766042 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium architecture is sustained by stem cell division. In principle, stem cells can divide symmetrically to generate two identical copies of themselves or asymmetrically to sustain tissue renewal in a balanced manner. The choice between the two helps preserve stem cell and progeny pools and is crucial for tissue homeostasis. Control of spindle orientation is a prime contributor to the specification of symmetric versus asymmetric cell division. Competition for space within the niche may be another factor limiting the stem cell pool. An integrative view of the multiple links between intracellular and extracellular signals and molecular determinants at play remains a challenge. One outstanding question is the precise molecular roles of the tumour suppressor Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) for sustaining gut homeostasis through its respective functions as a cytoskeletal hub and a down regulator in Wnt signalling. Here, we review our current understanding of APC inherent activities and partners in order to explore novel avenues by which APC may act as a gatekeeper in colorectal cancer and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Angeles Juanes
- School of Health and Life Science, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK;
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, 38 John Dixon Lane, Darlington DL1 1HG, UK
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16
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Reicher N, Melkman-Zehavi T, Dayan J, Uni Z. It's All About Timing: Early Feeding Promotes Intestinal Maturation by Shifting the Ratios of Specialized Epithelial Cells in Chicks. Front Physiol 2020; 11:596457. [PMID: 33391016 PMCID: PMC7773643 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.596457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine (SI) of chicks (Gallus gallus) matures rapidly during the initial post-hatch period and acquires digestive, absorptive, and secretive capabilities. The effects of the timing of first feeding on the quantities and distribution of specialized epithelial cells, which generate and maintain SI morphology and functionality, have not yet been examined. In this study, we identified specialized SI epithelial cell sub-types, including stem, progenitor, proliferating, and differentiated cells within crypts and villi of chicks during the first 10 days post-hatch, by in situ hybridization (ISH), immunofluorescence (IF), and histochemical staining. We then examined their quantities and ratios between day of hatch and d10 in chicks that were fed upon hatch [early feeding (EF)], compared to chicks that were fed 24 h post-hatch [delayed feeding (DF)]. Results showed that EF increased total cell quantities in the crypts and villi at days 1, 3, 7, and 10, compared to DF (p < 0.0001). At d3, EF, in comparison to DF, decreased crypt stem cell proportions (p < 0.0001), increased crypt proliferating (p < 0.01) and differentiated (p < 0.05) cell proportions, and increased villus enterocyte proportions (p < 0.01). By d10, EF increased both the quantities and proportions of villus enterocytes and goblet cells, compared to DF. We conclude that feeding upon hatch, compared to 24 h-delayed feeding, enhanced SI maturation and functionality by increasing the quantities and proportions of proliferating and differentiated cells, thus expanding the digestive, absorptive, and secretive cell populations throughout the initial post-hatch period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Reicher
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Melkman-Zehavi
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Dayan
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zehava Uni
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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17
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Lahoz-Beltra R, Rodriguez RJ. Modeling a cancerous tumor development in a virtual patient suffering from a depressed state of mind: Simulation of somatic evolution with a customized genetic algorithm. Biosystems 2020; 198:104261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Almet AA, Maini PK, Moulton DE, Byrne HM. Modeling perspectives on the intestinal crypt, a canonical system for growth, mechanics, and remodeling. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Liu K, Jia M, Wong EA. Delayed access to feed affects broiler small intestinal morphology and goblet cell ontogeny. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5275-5285. [PMID: 33142443 PMCID: PMC7647802 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Broilers are often deprived of feed and water for up to 48 h after hatch. This delayed access to feed (DAF) can inhibit small intestine development. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DAF on small intestinal morphology, mRNA abundance of the goblet cell marker Muc2 and absorptive cell marker PepT1, and the distribution of goblet cells in young broilers. Cobb 500 chicks, hatching within a 12-h window, were randomly allocated into 3 groups: control with no feed delay (ND), 24-h feed delay (DAF24), and 36-h feed delay (DAF36). Morphology, gene expression, and in situ hybridization analyses were conducted on the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at 0, 24, 36, 72, 120, and 168 h after hatch. Statistical analysis was performed using a t test for ND and DAF24 at 24 h. A 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (P < 0.05) were used for ND, DAF24, and DAF36 from 36 h. At 24 to 36 h, DAF decreased the ratio of villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) in the duodenum but increased VH/CD in the ileum due to changes in CD, whereas at 72 h, DAF decreased VH/CD due to a decrease in VH. The mRNA abundance of PepT1 was upregulated, while Muc2 mRNA was downregulated in DAF chicks. Cells expressing Muc2 mRNA were present along the villi and in the crypts. The ratio of the number of goblet cells found in the upper half to the lower half of the villus was greater in DAF chicks than in ND chicks, suggesting that DAF affected the appearance of new goblet cells. The number of Muc2 mRNA-expressing cells in the crypt, however, was generally not affected by DAF. In conclusion, DAF transiently affected small intestinal morphology, upregulated PepT1 mRNA, downregulated Muc2 mRNA, and changed the distribution of goblet cells in the villi. By 168 h, however, these parameters were not different between ND, DAF24, and DAF36 chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Liu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - M Jia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - E A Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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20
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Reynolds KL, Cloft SE, Wong EA. Changes with age in density of goblet cells in the small intestine of broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2342-2348. [PMID: 32359569 PMCID: PMC7597461 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells secrete mucin 2 (Muc2), which is a major component of the mucus that lines the intestinal tract and creates a protective barrier between pathogens and the intestinal epithelial cells and thus are important for chick health. The objectives of this study were to determine the age-specific and intestinal segment-specific expression of Muc2 mRNA and changes in the number of goblet cells from late embryogenesis to early after hatch. Small intestinal samples from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected from Cobb 500 broilers at embryonic day 19 (e19), day of hatch (doh), and day 2 and 4 after hatch. Cells expressing Muc2 mRNA and mucin glycoprotein were detected by in situ hybridization or alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff staining, respectively. Along the villi, there were many more cells expressing Muc2 mRNA than those stained for mucin glycoprotein. In the crypt, cells expressing Muc2 mRNA did not stain for mucin glycoprotein. There was an increase in the density of goblet cells in the villi and Muc2 mRNA expressing cells in the crypts of the jejunum and ileum from e19 to doh and day 2 to day 4, with no change between doh and day 2. In contrast, in the duodenum, the density of goblet cells in the villi and Muc2 mRNA expressing cells in the crypts remained constant from e19 to day 4. At day 4, the villi in the ileum had a greater density of goblet cells than the duodenum. In the crypt, the ileum had a greater density of Muc2 mRNA expressing cells than the duodenum at doh, and the ileum and jejunum both had greater densities of Muc2 mRNA expressing cells than the duodenum at day 4. These results indicate that the population of goblet cells has reached a steady state by doh in the duodenum, whereas in the jejunum and ileum, a steady-state population was not reached until after hatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Reynolds
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech. Blacksburg 24061
| | - S E Cloft
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech. Blacksburg 24061
| | - E A Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech. Blacksburg 24061.
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21
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Deniz AAH, Abdik EA, Abdik H, Aydın S, Şahin F, Taşlı PN. Zooming in across the Skin: A Macro-to-Molecular Panorama. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1247:157-200. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Fendrik AJ, Romanelli L, Rotondo E. Stochastic cell renewal process and lengthening of cell cycle. Phys Biol 2019; 17:016004. [PMID: 31722323 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab576c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of the stem cell population responsible for homeostatic cell renewal processes is analyzed. We assume that this regime is the product of a delicate balance between symmetric divisions that, after each cell cycle, originates a new stem cell or its disappearance (through cell differentiation). This dynamics leads to a monoclonal population, that is for an initial homogeneous set of stem cells, fixation of each clone is equiprobable. In this work we show that if there is an altered stem cell with a longer cell cycle than the rest, the fixation of this altered clone is more likely. We also study the consequeces of the appearance of successive alterations with these characteristics and their fixations. This effect is purely due to inherent characteristics of the cell renewal dynamics and as time goes by it leads to a quiescence state for stem cells owing to the recurrent fixation of such altered cells. Therefore it would contribute to the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fendrik
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento-J.M.Gutierrez 1150, (1613) Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas- Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Das B, Okamoto K, Rabalais J, Kozan PA, Marchelletta RR, McGeough MD, Durali N, Go M, Barrett KE, Das S, Sivagnanam M. Enteroids expressing a disease-associated mutant of EpCAM are a model for congenital tufting enteropathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G580-G591. [PMID: 31433211 PMCID: PMC6879886 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by severe intestinal failure in infancy and mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) gene. Previous studies of CTE in mice expressing mutant EpCAM show neonatal lethality. Hence, to study the cellular, molecular, and physiological alterations that result from EpCAM mutation, a tamoxifen-inducible mutant EpCAM enteroid model has been generated. The presence of mutant EpCAM in the model was confirmed at both mRNA and protein levels. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated the reduced expression of mutant EpCAM. Mutant enteroids had reduced budding potential as well as significantly decreased mRNA expression for epithelial lineage markers (Mucin 2, lysozyme, sucrase-isomaltase), proliferation marker Ki67, and secretory pathway transcription factors (Atoh1, Hnf1b). Significantly decreased numbers of Paneth and goblet cells were confirmed by staining. These findings were correlated with intestinal tissue from CTE patients and the mutant mice model that had significantly fewer Paneth and goblet cells than in healthy counterparts. FITC-dextran studies demonstrated significantly impaired barrier function in monolayers derived from mutant enteroids compared with control monolayers. In conclusion, we have established an ex vivo CTE model. The role of EpCAM in the budding potential, differentiation, and barrier function of enteroids is noted. Our study establishes new facets of EpCAM biology that will aid in understanding the pathophysiology of CTE and role of EpCAM in health and disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we develop a novel ex vivo enteroid model for congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) based on epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) gene mutations found in patients. With this model we demonstrate the role of EpCAM in maintaining the functional homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium, including differentiation, proliferation, and barrier integrity. This study further establishes a new direction in EpCAM biology that will help in understanding the detailed pathophysiology of CTE and role of EpCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Das
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin Okamoto
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John Rabalais
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Philip A. Kozan
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Matthew D. McGeough
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nassim Durali
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria Go
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim E. Barrett
- 2Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Soumita Das
- 3Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mamata Sivagnanam
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California,4Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California
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24
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Hartl L, Huelsz-Prince G, van Zon J, Tans SJ. Apical constriction is necessary for crypt formation in small intestinal organoids. Dev Biol 2019; 450:76-81. [PMID: 30914321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small intestinal organoids have become an important tool to study crypt homeostasis, cell fate dynamics and tissue biomechanics. Yet, the mechanisms that drive the budding of crypts from the smooth organoid epithelium remain incompletely understood. Locally enhanced proliferation has been suggested to induce tissue buckling and crypt initiation. Here we report that changes in cell morphology play a crucial role in crypt formation. Crypt formation is preceded by local epithelial thickening, apicobasal elongation, and apical narrowing, resulting in a wedge-like cell-shape, followed by apical evagination and crypt outgrowth. Myosin II activity is found to coincide with apical constriction of cells, while inhibition of myosin suppresses apical constriction and bud formation. The data suggest that myosin-driven apical constriction is a key driving force of bud initiation in small intestinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Hartl
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen van Zon
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander J Tans
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Zhang H, Li H, Kidrick J, Wong E. Localization of cells expressing SGLT1 mRNA in the yolk sac and small intestine of broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:984-990. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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26
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Sei Y, Feng J, Chow CC, Wank SA. Asymmetric cell division-dominant neutral drift model for normal intestinal stem cell homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G64-G74. [PMID: 30359083 PMCID: PMC6383375 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00242.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The normal intestinal epithelium is continuously regenerated at a rapid rate from actively cycling Lgr5-expressing intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that reside at the crypt base. Recent mathematical modeling based on several lineage-tracing studies in mice shows that the symmetric cell division-dominant neutral drift model fits well with the observed in vivo growth of ISC clones and suggests that symmetric divisions are central to ISC homeostasis. However, other studies suggest a critical role for asymmetric cell division in the maintenance of ISC homeostasis in vivo. Here, we show that the stochastic branching and Moran process models with both a symmetric and asymmetric division mode not only simulate the stochastic growth of the ISC clone in silico but also closely fit the in vivo stem cell dynamics observed in lineage-tracing studies. In addition, the proposed model with highest probability for asymmetric division is more consistent with in vivo observations reported here and by others. Our in vivo studies of mitotic spindle orientations and lineage-traced progeny pairs indicate that asymmetric cell division is a dominant mode used by ISCs under normal homeostasis. Therefore, we propose the asymmetric cell division-dominant neutral drift model for normal ISC homeostasis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The prevailing mathematical model suggests that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) divide symmetrically. The present study provides evidence that asymmetric cell division is the major contributor to ISC maintenance and thus proposes an asymmetric cell division-dominant neutral drift model. Consistent with this model, in vivo studies of mitotic spindle orientation and lineage-traced progeny pairs indicate that asymmetric cell division is the dominant mode used by ISCs under normal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitatsu Sei
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianying Feng
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carson C. Chow
- 2Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen A. Wank
- 1Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Sun X, Jia Z. Microbiome modulates intestinal homeostasis against inflammatory diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:97-105. [PMID: 30459007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eliminating prophylactic antibiotics in food animal production has exerted pressure on discovering antimicrobial alternatives (e.g. microbiome) to reduce elevated intestinal diseases. Intestinal tract is a complex ecosystem coupling host cells with microbiota. The microbiota and its metabolic activities and products are collectively called microbiome. Intestinal homeostasis is reached through dynamic and delicate crosstalk between host immunity and microbiome. However, this balance can be occasionally broken, which results in intestinal inflammatory diseases such as human Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, chicken necrotic enteritis, and swine postweaning diarrhea. In this review, we introduce the intestinal immune system, intestinal microbiome, and microbiome modulation of inflammation against intestinal diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide updated knowledge on host-microbe interaction and to promote using microbiome as new antimicrobial strategies to reduce intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolun Sun
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States.
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
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28
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Ballweg R, Lee S, Han X, Maini PK, Byrne H, Hong CI, Zhang T. Unraveling the Control of Cell Cycle Periods during Intestinal Stem Cell Differentiation. Biophys J 2018; 115:2250-2258. [PMID: 30467024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During differentiation, intestinal stem cells (ISCs), a prototypical adult stem cell pool, become either secretory transit-amplifying cells, which give rise to all secretory cell types, or absorptive transit-amplifying cells, which give rise to enterocytes. These cells exhibit distinct cell cycle dynamics: ISCs cycle with a period of 24 h and absorptive transit-amplifying cells cycle with a period of ∼12 h, whereas secretory transit-amplifying cells arrest their cycle. The cell cycle dynamics of ISCs and their progeny are a systems-level property that emerges from interactions between the cell cycle control machinery and multiple regulatory pathways. Although many mathematical models have been developed to study the details of the cell cycle and related regulatory pathways, few models have been constructed to unravel the dynamic consequences of their interactions. To fill this gap, we present a simplified model focusing on the interaction between four key regulatory pathways (STAT, Wnt, Notch, and MAPK) and cell cycle control. After experimentally validating a model prediction, which showed that the Notch pathway can fine-tune the cell cycle period, we perform further model analysis that reveals that the change of cell cycle period accompanying ISC differentiation may be controlled by a design principle that has been well studied in dynamical systems theory-a saddle node on invariant circle bifurcation. Given that the mechanisms that control the cell cycle are conserved in most eukaryotic cell types, this general principle potentially controls the interplay between proliferation and differentiation for a broad range of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ballweg
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Suengwon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Health Ministry, Beijing, China; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian I Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tongli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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29
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Obniski R, Sieber M, Spradling AC. Dietary Lipids Modulate Notch Signaling and Influence Adult Intestinal Development and Metabolism in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2018; 47:98-111.e5. [PMID: 30220569 PMCID: PMC6894183 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis involves a complex balance of developmental signals and environmental cues that dictate stem cell function. We found that dietary lipids control enteroendocrine cell production from Drosophila posterior midgut stem cells. Dietary cholesterol influences new intestinal cell differentiation in an Hr96-dependent manner by altering the level and duration of Notch signaling. Exogenous lipids modulate Delta ligand and Notch extracellular domain stability and alter their trafficking in endosomal vesicles. Lipid-modulated Notch signaling occurs in other nutrient-dependent tissues, suggesting that Delta trafficking in many cells is sensitive to cellular sterol levels. These diet-mediated alterations in young animals contribute to a metabolic program that persists after the diet changes. A low-sterol diet also slows the proliferation of enteroendocrine tumors initiated by Notch pathway disruption. Thus, a specific dietary nutrient can modify a key intercellular signaling pathway to shift stem cell differentiation and cause lasting changes in tissue structure and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Obniski
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Matthew Sieber
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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30
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Zhou JHS, Markham JF, Duffy KR, Hodgkin PD. Stochastically Timed Competition Between Division and Differentiation Fates Regulates the Transition From B Lymphoblast to Plasma Cell. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2053. [PMID: 30250473 PMCID: PMC6139340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to external stimuli, naïve B cells proliferate and take on a range of fates important for immunity. How their fate is determined is a topic of much recent research, with candidates including asymmetric cell division, lineage priming, stochastic assignment, and microenvironment instruction. Here we manipulate the generation of plasmablasts from B lymphocytes in vitro by varying CD40 stimulation strength to determine its influence on potential sources of fate control. Using long-term live cell imaging, we directly measure times to differentiate, divide, and die of hundreds of pairs of sibling cells. These data reveal that while the allocation of fates is significantly altered by signal strength, the proportion of siblings identified with asymmetric fates is unchanged. In contrast, we find that plasmablast generation is enhanced by slowing times to divide, which is consistent with a hypothesis of competing timed stochastic fate outcomes. We conclude that this mechanistically simple source of alternative fate regulation is important, and that useful quantitative models of signal integration can be developed based on its principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie H S Zhou
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John F Markham
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Victoria Research Laboratory, National ICT Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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31
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Su S, Dwyer DM, Miska KB, Fetterer RH, Jenkins MC, Wong EA. Expression of host defense peptides in the intestine of Eimeria-challenged chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2421-2427. [PMID: 28521031 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan Eimeria, which produces intestinal lesions leading to weight gain depression. Current control methods include vaccination and anticoccidial drugs. An alternative approach involves modulating the immune system. The objective of this study was to profile the expression of host defense peptides such as avian beta-defensins (AvBDs) and liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), which are part of the innate immune system. The mRNA expression of AvBD family members 1, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 13 and LEAP2 was examined in chickens challenged with either E. acervulina, E. maxima, or E. tenella. The duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ceca were collected 7 d post challenge. In study 1, E. acervulina challenge resulted in down-regulation of AvBD1, AvBD6, AvBD10, AvBD11, AvBD12, and AvBD13 in the duodenum. E. maxima challenge caused down-regulation of AvBD6, AvBD10, and AvBD11 in the duodenum, down-regulation of AvBD10 in the jejunum, but up-regulation of AvBD8 and AvBD13 in the ceca. E. tenella challenge showed no change in AvBD expression in any tissue. In study 2, which involved challenge with only E. maxima, there was down-regulation of AvBD1 in the ileum, AvBD11 in the jejunum and ileum, and LEAP2 in all 3 segments of the small intestine. The expression of LEAP2 was further examined by in situ hybridization in the jejunum of chickens from study 2. LEAP2 mRNA was expressed similarly in the enterocytes lining the villi, but not in the crypts of control and Eimeria challenged chickens. The lengths of the villi in the Eimeria challenged chickens were less than those in the control chickens, which may in part account for the observed down-regulation of LEAP2 mRNA quantified by PCR. Overall, the AvBD response to Eimeria challenge was not consistent; whereas LEAP2 was consistently down-regulated, which suggests that LEAP2 plays an important role in modulating an Eimeria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Su
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - D M Dwyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - K B Miska
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville MD 20705
| | - R H Fetterer
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville MD 20705
| | - M C Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville MD 20705
| | - E A Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
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32
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Zhang H, Wong EA. Spatial transcriptional profile of PepT1 mRNA in the yolk sac and small intestine in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2871-2876. [PMID: 28482069 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yolk sac and small intestine are 2 important organs responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients in chickens during the embryonic and posthatch periods, respectively. The peptide transporter PepT1 is expressed in both the yolk sac and small intestine and plays an important role in the transport of amino acids as short peptides. The objective of this study was to profile the spatial transcriptional patterns of PepT1 mRNA in the yolk sac and small intestine from embryonic and posthatch broilers. The distribution of PepT1 mRNA was investigated by in situ hybridization at embryonic (e) d 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and day of hatch (doh) in the yolk sac and at e19, doh, and d 1, d 4, and d 7 posthatch in the small intestine. PepT1 mRNA was expressed in the endodermal cells of the yolk sac. PepT1 mRNA was barely detectable at e11, increased from e11 to e13, e15, and e17, and then gradually decreased from e19 to doh. In the small intestine, there was a rapid increase in expression of PepT1 mRNA in the enterocytes from e19 to doh, with expression relatively constant from d 1 to d 7. In addition, there was a differential increase in the heights of the villi in different parts of the small intestine from d 1 to 7, which may partially explain the temporal increase in PepT1 mRNA detected by qPCR. The villi in the duodenum showed the earliest increase in villus height and ultimately resulted in the highest villi at d 7. These results demonstrate that there are temporal changes in PepT1 mRNA expression in the yolk sac and the small intestine, which correspond with their expected role in nutrient uptake during the embryonic and posthatch periods.
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33
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Brautigan DL, Li R, Kubicka E, Turner SD, Garcia JS, Weintraut ML, Wong EA. Lysolecithin as feed additive enhances collagen expression and villus length in the jejunum of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2889-2898. [PMID: 28444343 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adding lysolecithin to feed has reportedly improved the performance of broiler chickens. Lysolecithin is generated by phospholipase catalyzed hydrolysis of lecithin. The enzymatic reaction converts various phospholipids into the corresponding lysophospholipids, with lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) one of the primary products. Here we compared supplementation with a commercial lysolecithin (Lysoforte®) with comparable levels of highly purified LPC for effects on broilers. Despite no differences in weight gain during the starter period, we discovered a significant increase in average villus length with lysolecithin and an increase in villus width with purified LPC. High-throughput gene expression microarray analyses revealed many more genes were regulated in the epithelium of the jejunum by lysolecithin compared to purified LPC. The most up-regulated genes and pathways were for collagen, extracellular matrix, and integrins. Staining sections of the jejunum with Picrosirius Red confirmed the increased deposition of collagen fibrils in the villi of broilers fed lysolecithin, but not purified LPC. Thus, lysolecithin elicits gene expression in the intestinal epithelium, leading to enhanced collagen deposition and villus length. Purified LPC alone as a supplement does not mimic these responses. Feed supplementation with lysolecithin triggers changes in the intestinal epithelium with the potential to improve overall gut health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Brautigan
- Center for Cell Signaling and Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
| | - R Li
- Center for Cell Signaling and Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
| | - E Kubicka
- Center for Cell Signaling and Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
| | - S D Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
| | - J S Garcia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - M L Weintraut
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - E A Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
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34
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Quantitative translational modeling to facilitate preclinical to clinical efficacy & toxicity translation in oncology. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO306. [PMID: 29796306 PMCID: PMC5961452 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant scientific advances in biomedical research have expanded our knowledge of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis, mechanisms of cancer growth, and the importance of the cancer immunity cycle. However, despite scientific advances in the understanding of cancer biology, the success rate of oncology drug development remains the lowest among all therapeutic areas. In this review, some of the key translational drug development objectives in oncology will be outlined. The literature evidence of how mathematical modeling could be used to build a unifying framework to answer these questions will be summarized with recommendations on the strategies for building such a mathematical framework to facilitate the prediction of clinical efficacy and toxicity of investigational antineoplastic agents. Together, the literature evidence suggests that a rigorous and unifying preclinical to clinical translational framework based on mathematical models is extremely valuable for making go/no-go decisions in preclinical development, and for planning early clinical studies.
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35
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Fendrik AJ, Romanelli L, Rotondo E. Neutral dynamics and cell renewal of colonic crypts in homeostatic regime. Phys Biol 2018; 15:036003. [PMID: 29381141 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aaab9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The self renewal process in colonic crypts is the object of several studies. We present here a new compartment model with the following characteristics: (a) we distinguish different classes of cells: stem cells, six generations of transit amplifying cells and the differentiated cells; (b) in order to take into account the monoclonal character of crypts in homeostatic regimes we include symmetric divisions of the stem cells. We first consider the dynamic differential equations that describe the evolution of the mean values of the populations, but the small observed value of the total number of cells involved plus the huge dispersion of experimental data found in the literature leads us to study the stochastic discrete process. This analysis allows us to study fluctuations, the neutral drift that leads to monoclonality, and the effects of the fixation of mutant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fendrik
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento-J.M.Gutierrez 1150, (1613) Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas- Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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36
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Zhang H, Wong E. Identification of cells expressing OLFM4 and LGR5 mRNA by in situ hybridization in the yolk sac and small intestine of embryonic and early post-hatch chicks. Poult Sci 2018; 97:628-633. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Poleszczuk J, Macklin P, Enderling H. Agent-Based Modeling of Cancer Stem Cell Driven Solid Tumor Growth. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1516:335-346. [PMID: 27044046 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Computational modeling of tumor growth has become an invaluable tool to simulate complex cell-cell interactions and emerging population-level dynamics. Agent-based models are commonly used to describe the behavior and interaction of individual cells in different environments. Behavioral rules can be informed and calibrated by in vitro assays, and emerging population-level dynamics may be validated with both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Here, we describe the design and implementation of a lattice-based agent-based model of cancer stem cell driven tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Poleszczuk
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA
| | - Paul Macklin
- Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Heiko Enderling
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA.
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38
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Pathology and genetics of hereditary colorectal cancer. Pathology 2018; 50:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Barthel ER. On the utility of a compartmental population kinetics model of intestinal epithelial stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Theor Biol Med Model 2017; 14:25. [PMID: 29254493 PMCID: PMC5735948 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-017-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The small intestinal epithelium is a dynamic system with specialized cell types. The various cell populations of this tissue are continually renewed and replenished from stem cells that reside in the small intestinal crypt. The cell types and their locations in the crypt and villus are well known, but the details of the kinetics of stem cell division, and precursor cell proliferation and differentiation into mature enterocytes and secretory cells are still being studied. These proliferation and differentiation events have been extensively modeled with a variety of computational approaches in the past. Methods A compartmental population kinetics model, incorporating experimentally measured proliferation rates for various intestinal epithelial cell types, is implemented for a previously reported scheme for the intestinal cell dynamics. A sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the effect that varying the model parameters has upon the model outputs, the steady-state cell populations. Results The model is unable to reproduce the experimentally known timescale of renewal of the intestinal epithelium if literature values for the proliferation rates of stem cells and transit amplifying cells are employed. Unphysically large rates of proliferation result when these parameters are allowed to vary to reproduce this timescale and the steady-state populations of terminally differentiated intestinal epithelial cells. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the strongest contributor to the steady-state populations is the transit amplifying cell proliferation rate when literature values are used, but that the differentiation rate of transit amplifying cells to secretory progenitor cells dominates when all parameters are allowed to vary. Conclusions A compartmental population kinetics model of proliferation and differentiation of cells of the intestinal epithelium can provide a simplifying means of understanding a complicated multistep process. However, when literature values for proliferation rates of the crypt based columnar and transit amplifying cell populations are employed in the model, it cannot reproduce the experimentally known timescale of intestinal epithelial renewal. Nevertheless, it remains a valuable conceptual tool, and its sensitivity analysis provides important clues for which events in the process are the most important in controlling the steady-state populations of specialized intestinal epithelial cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12976-017-0071-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Barthel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, 5841 S Maryland Ave MC 4062, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Shankaran H, Cronin A, Barnes J, Sharma P, Tolsma J, Jasper P, Mettetal JT. Systems Pharmacology Model of Gastrointestinal Damage Predicts Species Differences and Optimizes Clinical Dosing Schedules. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 7:26-33. [PMID: 28941225 PMCID: PMC5784737 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) are frequently dose limiting for oncology agents, requiring extensive clinical testing of alternative schedules to identify optimal dosing regimens. Here, we develop a translational mathematical model to predict these clinical AEs starting from preclinical GI toxicity data. The model structure incorporates known biology and includes stem cells, daughter cells, and enterocytes. Published data, including cellular numbers and division times, informed the system parameters for humans and rats. The drug‐specific parameters were informed with preclinical histopathology data from rats treated with irinotecan. The model fit the rodent irinotecan‐induced pathology changes well. The predicted time course of enterocyte loss in patients treated with weekly doses matched observed AE profiles. The model also correctly predicts a lower level of AEs for every 3 weeks (Q3W), as compared to the weekly schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Shankaran
- Drug Safety and MetabolismIMED Biotech Unit, AstraZenecaWalthamMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anna Cronin
- Drug Safety and MetabolismIMED Biotech UnityAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Jen Barnes
- Drug Safety and MetabolismIMED Biotech UnityAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Drug Safety and MetabolismIMED Biotech UnityAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Drug Safety and MetabolismIMED Biotech Unit, AstraZenecaWalthamMassachusettsUSA
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41
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Lee SH, Rhee M, Kim JW, Yoon KH. Generation of Insulin-Expressing Cells in Mouse Small Intestine by Pdx1, MafA, and BETA2/NeuroD. Diabetes Metab J 2017; 41:405-416. [PMID: 29086539 PMCID: PMC5663680 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.5.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To develop surrogate insulin-producing cells for diabetes therapy, adult stem cells have been identified in various tissues and studied for their conversion into β-cells. Pancreatic progenitor cells are derived from the endodermal epithelium and formed in a manner similar to gut progenitor cells. Here, we generated insulin-producing cells from the intestinal epithelial cells that induced many of the specific pancreatic transcription factors using adenoviral vectors carrying three genes: PMB (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 [Pdx1], V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A [MafA], and BETA2/NeuroD). METHODS By direct injection into the intestine through the cranial mesenteric artery, adenoviruses (Ad) were successfully delivered to the entire intestine. After virus injection, we could confirm that the small intestine of the mouse was appropriately infected with the Ad-Pdx1 and triple Ad-PMB. RESULTS Four weeks after the injection, insulin mRNA was expressed in the small intestine, and the insulin gene expression was induced in Ad-Pdx1 and Ad-PMB compared to control Ad-green fluorescent protein. In addition, the conversion of intestinal cells into insulin-expressing cells was detected in parts of the crypts and villi located in the small intestine. CONCLUSION These data indicated that PMB facilitate the differentiation of mouse intestinal cells into insulin-expressing cells. In conclusion, the small intestine is an accessible and abundant source of surrogate insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marie Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun Ho Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Yang J, Axelrod DE, Komarova NL. Determining the control networks regulating stem cell lineages in colonic crypts. J Theor Biol 2017; 429:190-203. [PMID: 28669884 PMCID: PMC5689466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The question of stem cell control is at the center of our understanding of tissue functioning, both in healthy and cancerous conditions. It is well accepted that cellular fate decisions (such as divisions, differentiation, apoptosis) are orchestrated by a network of regulatory signals emitted by different cell populations in the lineage and the surrounding tissue. The exact regulatory network that governs stem cell lineages in a given tissue is usually unknown. Here we propose an algorithm to identify a set of candidate control networks that are compatible with (a) measured means and variances of cell populations in different compartments, (b) qualitative information on cell population dynamics, such as the existence of local controls and oscillatory reaction of the system to population size perturbations, and (c) statistics of correlations between cell numbers in different compartments. Using the example of human colon crypts, where lineages are comprised of stem cells, transit amplifying cells, and differentiated cells, we start with a theoretically known set of 32 smallest control networks compatible with tissue stability. Utilizing near-equilibrium stochastic calculus of stem cells developed earlier, we apply a series of tests, where we compare the networks' expected behavior with the observations. This allows us to exclude most of the networks, until only three, very similar, candidate networks remain, which are most compatible with the measurements. This work demonstrates how theoretical analysis of control networks combined with only static biological data can shed light onto the inner workings of stem cell lineages, in the absence of direct experimental assessment of regulatory signaling mechanisms. The resulting candidate networks are dominated by negative control loops and possess the following properties: (1) stem cell division decisions are negatively controlled by the stem cell population, (2) stem cell differentiation decisions are negatively controlled by the transit amplifying cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienian Yang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - David E Axelrod
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA
| | - Natalia L Komarova
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Abstract
Cell and tissue specific somatic stem cells develop as dynamic populations of precursor cells to discrete tissue and organ differentiation during embryonic and fetal stages and their potential evolves with development. Some of their progeny are sequestered into separate cell niches of tissues as adult somatic stem cells at various times during organ development and differentiation These are diverse cell populations of stem and progenitor cells that respond to homeostatic needs for cell and tissue maintenance and the cycling of differentiated cells for physiological/ endocrinological changes. Nominally, multipotent stem cells in one or more niches follow specific lineages of differentiation that can be followed by diverse markers of differentiation. The activation of precursors appears to be stochastic and results in a population of heterogeneous progenitor cells. When variations in the functional need of the tissue or organ occurs, the progenitor cells exhibit flexibility in their differentiation capacity. Regulation of the progenitors is the result of signals from the stem cell niche that can cause adaptive changes in the behavior or function of the stem -progenitor cell lineage. A possible mechanism may be alteration in the differentiation capacity of the resident or introduced cells. Certain quiescent stem cells also serve as a potential cell reservoir for trauma induced cell regeneration through adaptive changes in differentiation of stem cells, progenitor cells and differentiated cells. If the stem-progenitor cell population is normally depleted or destroyed by trauma, differentiated cells from the niche microenvironment can restore the specific stem potency which suggests the process of dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon S Tweedell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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Maclaren OJ, Parker A, Pin C, Carding SR, Watson AJM, Fletcher AG, Byrne HM, Maini PK. A hierarchical Bayesian model for understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of the intestinal epithelium. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005688. [PMID: 28753601 PMCID: PMC5550005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Our work addresses two key challenges, one biological and one methodological. First, we aim to understand how proliferation and cell migration rates in the intestinal epithelium are related under healthy, damaged (Ara-C treated) and recovering conditions, and how these relations can be used to identify mechanisms of repair and regeneration. We analyse new data, presented in more detail in a companion paper, in which BrdU/IdU cell-labelling experiments were performed under these respective conditions. Second, in considering how to more rigorously process these data and interpret them using mathematical models, we use a probabilistic, hierarchical approach. This provides a best-practice approach for systematically modelling and understanding the uncertainties that can otherwise undermine the generation of reliable conclusions-uncertainties in experimental measurement and treatment, difficult-to-compare mathematical models of underlying mechanisms, and unknown or unobserved parameters. Both spatially discrete and continuous mechanistic models are considered and related via hierarchical conditional probability assumptions. We perform model checks on both in-sample and out-of-sample datasets and use them to show how to test possible model improvements and assess the robustness of our conclusions. We conclude, for the present set of experiments, that a primarily proliferation-driven model suffices to predict labelled cell dynamics over most time-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Maclaren
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aimée Parker
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Pin
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J. M. Watson
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip K. Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The development of sustainable intestinal organoid cell culture has emerged as a new modality for the study of intestinal function and cellular processes. Organoid culture is providing a new testbed for therapeutic research and development. Intestinal organoids, self-renewing 3-dimensional structures comprised intestinal stem cells and their differentiated epithelial progeny allow for more facile and robust exploration of cellular activity, cell organization and structure, genetic manipulation, and vastly more physiologic modeling of intestinal response to stimuli as compared to traditional 2-dimensional cell line cultures. Intestinal organoids are affecting a wide variety of research into gastrointestinal pathology. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current state-of-the-art and future effect of research using enteroids and colonoids (organoids grown from the small and large intestines, respectively).
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Paim FC, Langel SN, Fischer DD, Kandasamy S, Shao L, Alhamo MA, Huang HC, Kumar A, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Ciprofloxacin on small intestinal epithelial cell mRNA expression in the neonatal piglet model of human rotavirus infection. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:66. [PMID: 27999620 PMCID: PMC5154029 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) on mRNA expression of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) in gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets colonized with a defined commensal microflora (DMF) and inoculated with human rotavirus (HRV) that infects IECs. We analyzed mRNA levels of IEC genes for enteroendocrine cells [chromogranin A (CgA)], goblet cells [mucin 2 (MUC2)], transient amplifying progenitor cell [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)], intestinal epithelial stem cell (SOX9) and enterocytes (villin). Cipro treatment enhanced HRV diarrhea and decreased the mRNA levels of MUC2 and villin but increased PCNA. These results suggest that Cipro alters the epithelial barrier, potentially decreasing the numbers of mature enterocytes (villin) and goblet cells secreting protective mucin (MUC2). These alterations may induce increased IEC proliferation (PCNA expression) to restore the integrity of the epithelial layer. Coincidental with decreased diarrhea severity in EcN treated groups, the expression of CgA and villin was increased, while SOX9 expression was decreased representing higher epithelial integrity indicative of inhibition of cellular proliferation. Thus, EcN protects the intestinal epithelium from damage by increasing the gene expression of enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells, maintaining the absorptive function and, consequently, decreasing the severity of diarrhea in HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA ; Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA ; Genomics and Systems Biology, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Matsu-Ura T, Dovzhenok A, Aihara E, Rood J, Le H, Ren Y, Rosselot AE, Zhang T, Lee C, Obrietan K, Montrose MH, Lim S, Moore SR, Hong CI. Intercellular Coupling of the Cell Cycle and Circadian Clock in Adult Stem Cell Culture. Mol Cell 2016; 64:900-912. [PMID: 27867006 PMCID: PMC5423461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clock-gated cell division cycles are observed from cyanobacteria to mammals via intracellular molecular connections between these two oscillators. Here we demonstrate WNT-mediated intercellular coupling between the cell cycle and circadian clock in 3D murine intestinal organoids (enteroids). The circadian clock gates a population of cells with heterogeneous cell-cycle times that emerge as 12-hr synchronized cell division cycles. Remarkably, we observe reduced-amplitude oscillations of circadian rhythms in intestinal stem cells and progenitor cells, indicating an intercellular signal arising from differentiated cells governing circadian clock-dependent synchronized cell division cycles. Stochastic simulations and experimental validations reveal Paneth cell-secreted WNT as the key intercellular coupling component linking the circadian clock and cell cycle in enteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsu-Ura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Andrey Dovzhenok
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0025, USA
| | - Eitaro Aihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Jill Rood
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Hung Le
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Yan Ren
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Andrew E Rosselot
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Tongli Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Choogon Lee
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Karl Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marshall H Montrose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA
| | - Sookkyung Lim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0025, USA
| | - Sean R Moore
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | - Christian I Hong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Characterization of cancer stem cells from different grades of human colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14069-14081. [PMID: 27507615 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common solid tumors worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that a population of cancer cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs), is responsible for tumor heterogeneity, invasion, metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and recurrence of CRC. The isolation and characterization of CSCs using cell surface markers have been reported previously with varying results. In this study, we investigated a panel of four putative CSC markers, CD44, CD24, CD166, and EpCAM, to define CRC-CSC. Paraffin embedded tissue samples from different grades of primary, untreated CRC were analyzed for the expression of four CSC markers CD44, CD326, CD24, and CD166, using immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometric analysis of CRC-CSC from HT29 (low grade) and HCT116 (high grade) human colorectal cancer cell lines was done. Marker-based isolation of CSC and non-CSC-bulk-tumor cells from HT29 was done using FACS, and tumor sphere assay was performed. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the expression of CD44, CD326, and CD166 between cases and controls. A novel cutoff distribution of CD44 and CD166 was suggested to help for better immunohistochemical analysis of CRC. Higher prevalence of CSC was seen in high-grade CRC as compared to low-grade CRC. Sorted and cultured CD44 + CD166+ cells formed tumor spheres, suggesting that these cells, having properties of self renewal and anchorage independent proliferation, were in fact CSC. Hence, CD44 and CD166 may serve as good CRC-CSC markers when used together with novel cutoff immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression levels.
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50
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Abstract
Although the stem cells of various tissues remain in the quiescent state to maintain their undifferentiated state, they also undergo cell divisions as required, and if necessary, even a single stem cell is able to provide for lifelong tissue homeostasis. Stem cell populations are precisely controlled by the balance between their symmetric and asymmetric divisions, with their division patterns determined by whether the daughter cells involved retain their self-renewal capacities. Recent studies have reported that metabolic pathways and the distribution of mitochondria are regulators of the division balance of stem cells and that metabolic defects can shift division balance toward symmetric commitment, which leads to stem cell exhaustion. It has also been observed that in asymmetric division, old mitochondria, which are central metabolic organelles, are segregated to the daughter cell fated to cell differentiation, whereas in symmetric division, young and old mitochondria are equally distributed between both daughter cells. Thus, metabolism and mitochondrial biology play important roles in stem cell fate decisions. As these decisions directly affect tissue homeostasis, understanding their regulatory mechanisms in the context of cellular metabolism is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; .,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461.,Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.,Albert Einstein Cancer Center and Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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