1
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Mueller NN, Kim Y, Ocoko MYM, Dernelle P, Kale I, Patwa S, Hermoso AC, Chirra D, Capadona JR, Hess-Dunning A. Effects of Micromachining on Anti-oxidant Elution from a Mechanically-Adaptive Polymer. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2024; 34:10.1088/1361-6439/ad27f7. [PMID: 38586082 PMCID: PMC10996452 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6439/ad27f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs) can be used to restore motor and sensory function as a part of brain-computer interfaces in individuals with neuromusculoskeletal disorders. However, the neuroinflammatory response to IMEs can result in their premature failure, leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy. Mechanically-adaptive, resveratrol-eluting (MARE) neural probes target two mechanisms believed to contribute to the neuroinflammatory response by reducing the mechanical mismatch between the brain tissue and device, as well as locally delivering an antioxidant therapeutic. To create the mechanically-adaptive substrate, a dispersion, casting, and evaporation method is used, followed by a microfabrication process to integrate functional recording electrodes on the material. Resveratrol release experiments were completed to generate a resveratrol release profile and demonstrated that the MARE probes are capable of long-term controlled release. Additionally, our results showed that resveratrol can be degraded by laser-micromachining, an important consideration for future device fabrication. Finally, the electrodes were shown to have a suitable impedance for single-unit neural recording and could record single units in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie N Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mali Ya Mungu Ocoko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter Dernelle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ishani Kale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Simran Patwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anna Clarissa Hermoso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Deeksha Chirra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Allison Hess-Dunning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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2
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Sturgill B, Hernandez-Reynoso AG, Druschel LN, Smith TJ, Boucher PE, Hoeferlin GF, Thai TTD, Jiang MS, Hess JL, Alam NN, Menendez DM, Duncan JL, Cogan SF, Pancrazio JJ, Capadona JR. Reactive Amine Functionalized Microelectrode Arrays Provide Short-Term Benefit but Long-Term Detriment to In Vivo Recording Performance. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1052-1063. [PMID: 38290529 PMCID: PMC10880090 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are used for recording neural signals. However, indwelling devices result in chronic neuroinflammation, which leads to decreased recording performance through degradation of the device and surrounding tissue. Coating the MEAs with bioactive molecules is being explored to mitigate neuroinflammation. Such approaches often require an intermediate functionalization step such as (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), which serves as a linker. However, the standalone effect of this intermediate step has not been previously characterized. Here, we investigated the effect of coating MEAs with APTES by comparing APTES-coated to uncoated controls in vivo and ex vivo. First, we measured water contact angles between silicon uncoated and APTES-coated substrates to verify the hydrophilic characteristics of the APTES coating. Next, we implanted MEAs in the motor cortex (M1) of Sprague-Dawley rats with uncoated or APTES-coated devices. We assessed changes in the electrochemical impedance and neural recording performance over a chronic implantation period of 16 weeks. Additionally, histology and bulk gene expression were analyzed to understand further the reactive tissue changes arising from the coating. Results showed that APTES increased the hydrophilicity of the devices and decreased electrochemical impedance at 1 kHz. APTES coatings proved detrimental to the recording performance, as shown by a constant decay up to 16 weeks postimplantation. Bulk gene analysis showed differential changes in gene expression between groups that were inconclusive with regard to the long-term effect on neuronal tissue. Together, these results suggest that APTES coatings are ultimately detrimental to chronic neural recordings. Furthermore, interpretations of studies using APTES as a functionalization step should consider the potential consequences if the final functionalization step is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon
S. Sturgill
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Texas
at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ana G. Hernandez-Reynoso
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Texas
at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Lindsey N. Druschel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University. 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Advanced
Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- School
of Behavioral and BrainSciences, The University
of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Pierce E. Boucher
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University. 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Advanced
Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - George F. Hoeferlin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University. 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Advanced
Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Teresa Thuc Doan Thai
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Texas
at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Madison S. Jiang
- School
of Behavioral and BrainSciences, The University
of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jordan L. Hess
- School
of Behavioral and BrainSciences, The University
of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Neeha N. Alam
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Texas
at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Dhariyat M. Menendez
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University. 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Advanced
Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Duncan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University. 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Advanced
Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Stuart F. Cogan
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Texas
at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Joseph J. Pancrazio
- Department
of Bioengineering, The University of Texas
at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University. 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Advanced
Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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3
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Duncan JL, Wang JJ, Glusauskas G, Weagraff GR, Gao Y, Hoeferlin GF, Hunter AH, Hess-Dunning A, Ereifej ES, Capadona JR. In Vivo Characterization of Intracortical Probes with Focused Ion Beam-Etched Nanopatterned Topographies. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:286. [PMID: 38399014 PMCID: PMC10893395 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs) are an important part of interfacing with the central nervous system (CNS) and recording neural signals. However, recording electrodes have shown a characteristic steady decline in recording performance owing to chronic neuroinflammation. The topography of implanted devices has been explored to mimic the nanoscale three-dimensional architecture of the extracellular matrix. Our previous work used histology to study the implant sites of non-recording probes and showed that a nanoscale topography at the probe surface mitigated the neuroinflammatory response compared to probes with smooth surfaces. Here, we hypothesized that the improvement in the neuroinflammatory response for probes with nanoscale surface topography would extend to improved recording performance. (2) Methods: A novel design modification was implemented on planar silicon-based neural probes by etching nanopatterned grooves (with a 500 nm pitch) into the probe shank. To assess the hypothesis, two groups of rats were implanted with either nanopatterned (n = 6) or smooth control (n = 6) probes, and their recording performance was evaluated over 4 weeks. Postmortem gene expression analysis was performed to compare the neuroinflammatory response from the two groups. (3) Results: Nanopatterned probes demonstrated an increased impedance and noise floor compared to controls. However, the recording performances of the nanopatterned and smooth probes were similar, with active electrode yields for control probes and nanopatterned probes being approximately 50% and 45%, respectively, by 4 weeks post-implantation. Gene expression analysis showed one gene, Sirt1, differentially expressed out of 152 in the panel. (4) Conclusions: this study provides a foundation for investigating novel nanoscale topographies on neural probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Duncan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jaime J. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gabriele Glusauskas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gwendolyn R. Weagraff
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - George F. Hoeferlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Allen H. Hunter
- Michigan Center for Materials Characterization, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allison Hess-Dunning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Veterans Affairs Hospital, 2215 Fuller Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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4
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Jiao Y, Lei M, Zhu J, Chang R, Qu X. Advances in electrode interface materials and modification technologies for brain-computer interfaces. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2023; 4:213-233. [PMID: 38282708 PMCID: PMC10817795 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroelectrode interface materials and modification technologies are reviewed. Brain-computer interface is the new method of human-computer interaction, which not only can realise the exchange of information between the human brain and external devices, but also provides a brand-new means for the diagnosis and treatment of brain-related diseases. The neural electrode interface part of brain-computer interface is an important area for electrical, optical and chemical signal transmission between brain tissue system and external electronic devices, which determines the performance of brain-computer interface. In order to solve the problems of insufficient flexibility, insufficient signal recognition ability and insufficient biocompatibility of traditional rigid electrodes, researchers have carried out extensive studies on the neuroelectrode interface in terms of materials and modification techniques. This paper introduces the biological reactions that occur in neuroelectrodes after implantation into brain tissue and the decisive role of the electrode interface for electrode function. Following this, the latest research progress on neuroelectrode materials and interface materials is reviewed from the aspects of neuroelectrode materials and modification technologies, firstly taking materials as a clue, and then focusing on the preparation process of neuroelectrode coatings and the design scheme of functionalised structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Lei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghang Chang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Qu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Shanghai Frontier Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai, China
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5
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Hernandez-Reynoso AG, Sturgill BS, Hoeferlin GF, Druschel LN, Krebs OK, Menendez DM, Thai TTD, Smith TJ, Duncan J, Zhang J, Mittal G, Radhakrishna R, Desai MS, Cogan SF, Pancrazio JJ, Capadona JR. The effect of a Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin (MnTBAP) coating on the chronic recording performance of planar silicon intracortical microelectrode arrays. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122351. [PMID: 37931456 PMCID: PMC10842897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are used to record neural activity. However, their implantation initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade, involving the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to interface failure. Here, we coated commercially-available MEAs with Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin (MnTBAP), to mitigate oxidative stress. First, we assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity of modified sample substrates. Then, we implanted 36 rats with uncoated, MnTBAP-coated ("Coated"), or (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES)-coated devices - an intermediate step in the coating process. We assessed electrode performance during the acute (1-5 weeks), sub-chronic (6-11 weeks), and chronic (12-16 weeks) phases after implantation. Three subsets of animals were euthanized at different time points to assess the acute, sub-chronic and chronic immunohistological responses. Results showed that MnTBAP coatings were not cytotoxic in vitro, and their implantation in vivo improved the proportion of electrodes during the sub-chronic and chronic phases; APTES coatings resulted in failure of the neural interface during the chronic phase. In addition, MnTBAP coatings improved the quality of the signal throughout the study and reduced the neuroinflammatory response around the implant as early as two weeks, an effect that remained consistent for months post-implantation. Together, these results suggest that MnTBAP coatings are a potentially useful modification to improve MEA reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Hernandez-Reynoso
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States.
| | - Brandon S Sturgill
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States.
| | - George F Hoeferlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
| | - Lindsey N Druschel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
| | - Olivia K Krebs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
| | - Dhariyat M Menendez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
| | - Teresa T D Thai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States.
| | - Thomas J Smith
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States.
| | - Jonathan Duncan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
| | - Jichu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
| | - Gaurav Mittal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
| | - Rahul Radhakrishna
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States.
| | - Mrudang Spandan Desai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States.
| | - Stuart F Cogan
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States.
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75080, United States.
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States.
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6
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Hoeferlin GF, Bajwa T, Olivares H, Zhang J, Druschel LN, Sturgill BS, Sobota M, Boucher P, Duncan J, Hernandez-Reynoso AG, Cogan SF, Pancrazio JJ, Capadona JR. Antioxidant Dimethyl Fumarate Temporarily but Not Chronically Improves Intracortical Microelectrode Performance. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1902. [PMID: 37893339 PMCID: PMC10609067 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can be used in a range of applications, from basic neuroscience research to providing an intimate interface with the brain as part of a brain-computer interface (BCI) system aimed at restoring function for people living with neurological disorders or injuries. Unfortunately, MEAs tend to fail prematurely, leading to a loss in functionality for many applications. An important contributing factor in MEA failure is oxidative stress resulting from chronically inflammatory-activated microglia and macrophages releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) around the implant site. Antioxidants offer a means for mitigating oxidative stress and improving tissue health and MEA performance. Here, we investigate using the clinically available antioxidant dimethyl fumarate (DMF) to reduce the neuroinflammatory response and improve MEA performance in a rat MEA model. Daily treatment of DMF for 16 weeks resulted in a significant improvement in the recording capabilities of MEA devices during the sub-chronic (Weeks 5-11) phase (42% active electrode yield vs. 35% for control). However, these sub-chronic improvements were lost in the chronic implantation phase, as a more exacerbated neuroinflammatory response occurs in DMF-treated animals by 16 weeks post-implantation. Yet, neuroinflammation was indiscriminate between treatment and control groups during the sub-chronic phase. Although worse for chronic use, a temporary improvement (<12 weeks) in MEA performance is meaningful. Providing short-term improvement to MEA devices using DMF can allow for improved use for limited-duration studies. Further efforts should be taken to explore the mechanism behind a worsened neuroinflammatory response at the 16-week time point for DMF-treated animals and assess its usefulness for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F. Hoeferlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tejas Bajwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hannah Olivares
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jichu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Druschel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brandon S. Sturgill
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA (J.J.P.)
| | - Michael Sobota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pierce Boucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan Duncan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ana G. Hernandez-Reynoso
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA (J.J.P.)
| | - Stuart F. Cogan
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA (J.J.P.)
| | - Joseph J. Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA (J.J.P.)
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA (H.O.); (J.D.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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7
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Song S, Druschel LN, Chan ER, Capadona JR. Differential expression of genes involved in the chronic response to intracortical microelectrodes. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:348-362. [PMID: 37507031 PMCID: PMC10528922 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Brain-Machine Interface systems (BMIs) are clinically valuable devices that can provide functional restoration for patients with spinal cord injury or improved integration for patients requiring prostheses. Intracortical microelectrodes can record neuronal action potentials at a resolution necessary for precisely controlling BMIs. However, intracortical microelectrodes have a demonstrated history of progressive decline in the recording performance with time, inhibiting their usefulness. One major contributor to decreased performance is the neuroinflammatory response to the implanted microelectrodes. The neuroinflammatory response can lead to neurodegeneration and the formation of a glial scar at the implant site. Historically, histological imaging of relatively few known cellular and protein markers has characterized the neuroinflammatory response to implanted microelectrode arrays. However, neuroinflammation requires many molecular players to coordinate the response - meaning traditional methods could result in an incomplete understanding. Taking advantage of recent advancements in tools to characterize the relative or absolute DNA/RNA expression levels, a few groups have begun to explore gene expression at the microelectrode-tissue interface. We have utilized a custom panel of ∼813 neuroinflammatory-specific genes developed with NanoString for bulk tissue analysis at the microelectrode-tissue interface. Our previous studies characterized the acute innate immune response to intracortical microelectrodes. Here we investigated the gene expression at the microelectrode-tissue interface in wild-type (WT) mice chronically implanted with nonfunctioning probes. We found 28 differentially expressed genes at chronic time points (4WK, 8WK, and 16WK), many in the complement and extracellular matrix system. Further, the expression levels were relatively stable over time. Genes identified here represent chronic molecular players at the microelectrode implant sites and potential therapeutic targets for the long-term integration of microelectrodes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Intracortical microelectrodes can record neuronal action potentials at a resolution necessary for the precise control of Brain-Machine Interface systems (BMIs). However, intracortical microelectrodes have a demonstrated history of progressive declines in the recording performance with time, inhibiting their usefulness. One major contributor to the decline in these devices is the neuroinflammatory response against the implanted microelectrodes. Historically, neuroinflammation to implanted microelectrode arrays has been characterized by histological imaging of relatively few known cellular and protein markers. Few studies have begun to develop a more in-depth understanding of the molecular pathways facilitating device-mediated neuroinflammation. Here, we are among the first to identify genetic pathways that could represent targets to improve the host response to intracortical microelectrodes, and ultimately device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Lindsey N Druschel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - E Ricky Chan
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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8
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Lam DV, Javadekar A, Patil N, Yu M, Li L, Menendez DM, Gupta AS, Capadona JR, Shoffstall AJ. Platelets and hemostatic proteins are co-localized with chronic neuroinflammation surrounding implanted intracortical microelectrodes. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:278-290. [PMID: 37211307 PMCID: PMC10330779 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes induce vascular injury upon insertion into the cortex. As blood vessels rupture, blood proteins and blood-derived cells (including platelets) are introduced into the 'immune privileged' brain tissues at higher-than-normal levels, passing through the damaged blood-brain barrier. Blood proteins adhere to implant surfaces, increasing the likelihood of cellular recognition leading to activation of immune and inflammatory cells. Persistent neuroinflammation is a major contributing factor to declining microelectrode recording performance. We investigated the spatial and temporal relationship of blood proteins fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), platelets, and type IV collagen, in relation to glial scarring markers for microglia and astrocytes following implantation of non-functional multi-shank silicon microelectrode probes into rats. Together with type IV collagen, fibrinogen and vWF augment platelet recruitment, activation, and aggregation. Our main results indicate blood proteins participating in hemostasis (fibrinogen and vWF) persisted at the microelectrode interface for up to 8-weeks after implantation. Further, type IV collagen and platelets surrounded the probe interface with similar spatial and temporal trends as vWF and fibrinogen. In addition to prolonged blood-brain barrier instability, specific blood and extracellular matrix proteins may play a role in promoting the inflammatory activation of platelets and recruitment to the microelectrode interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Implanted microelectrodes have substantial potential for restoring function to people with paralysis and amputation by providing signals that feed into natural control algorithms that drive prosthetic devices. Unfortunately, these microelectrodes do not display robust performance over time. Persistent neuroinflammation is widely thought to be a primary contributor to the devices' progressive decline in performance. Our manuscript reports on the highly local and persistent accumulation of platelets and hemostatic blood proteins around the microelectrode interface of brain implants. To our knowledge neuroinflammation driven by cellular and non-cellular responses associated with hemostasis and coagulation has not been rigorously quantified elsewhere. Our findings identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and a better understanding of the driving mechanisms to neuroinflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny V Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anisha Javadekar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Marina Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Longshun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dhariyat M Menendez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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9
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Ziemba AM, Woodson MCC, Funnell JL, Wich D, Balouch B, Rende D, Amato DN, Bao J, Oprea I, Cao D, Bajalo N, Ereifej ES, Capadona JR, Palermo EF, Gilbert RJ. Development of a Slow-Degrading Polymerized Curcumin Coating for Intracortical Microelectrodes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:806-818. [PMID: 36749645 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes are used with brain-computer interfaces to restore lost limb function following nervous system injury. While promising, recording ability of intracortical microelectrodes diminishes over time due, in part, to neuroinflammation. As curcumin has demonstrated neuroprotection through anti-inflammatory activity, we fabricated a 300 nm-thick intracortical microelectrode coating consisting of a polyurethane copolymer of curcumin and polyethylene glycol (PEG), denoted as poly(curcumin-PEG1000 carbamate) (PCPC). The uniform PCPC coating reduced silicon wafer hardness by two orders of magnitude and readily absorbed water within minutes, demonstrating that the coating is soft and hydrophilic in nature. Using an in vitro release model, curcumin eluted from the PCPC coating into the supernatant over 1 week; the majority of the coating was intact after an 8-week incubation in buffer, demonstrating potential for longer term curcumin release and softness. Assessing the efficacy of PCPC within a rat intracortical microelectrode model in vivo, there were no significant differences in tissue inflammation, scarring, neuron viability, and myelin damage between the uncoated and PCPC-coated probes. As the first study to implant nonfunctional probes with a polymerized curcumin coating, we have demonstrated the biocompatibility of a PCPC coating and presented a starting point in the design of poly(pro-curcumin) polymers as coating materials for intracortical electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Ziemba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton 01063, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mary Clare Crochiere Woodson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Jessica L Funnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Douglas Wich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Bailey Balouch
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Deniz Rende
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Dahlia N Amato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Jonathan Bao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Ingrid Oprea
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Dominica Cao
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton 01063, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Neda Bajalo
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Evon S Ereifej
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor 48104, Michigan, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104, Michigan, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104, Michigan, United States.,United States Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- United States Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Edmund F Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy 12180-3590, New York, United States
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10
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Song S, Regan B, Ereifej ES, Chan ER, Capadona JR. Neuroinflammatory Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Pathways of Interest as Potential Targets to Improve the Recording Performance of Intracortical Microelectrodes. Cells 2022; 11:2348. [PMID: 35954192 PMCID: PMC9367362 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes are a critical component of brain-machine interface (BMI) systems. The recording performance of intracortical microelectrodes used for both basic neuroscience research and clinical applications of BMIs decreases over time, limiting the utility of the devices. The neuroinflammatory response to the microelectrode has been identified as a significant contributing factor to its performance. Traditionally, pathological assessment has been limited to a dozen or so known neuroinflammatory proteins, and only a few groups have begun to explore changes in gene expression following microelectrode implantation. Our initial characterization of gene expression profiles of the neuroinflammatory response to mice implanted with non-functional intracortical probes revealed many upregulated genes that could inform future therapeutic targets. Emphasis was placed on the most significant gene expression changes and genes involved in multiple innate immune sets, including Cd14, C3, Itgam, and Irak4. In previous studies, inhibition of Cluster of Differentiation 14 (Cd14) improved microelectrode performance for up to two weeks after electrode implantation, suggesting CD14 can be explored as a potential therapeutic target. However, all measures of improvements in signal quality and electrode performance lost statistical significance after two weeks. Therefore, the current study investigated the expression of genes in the neuroinflammatory pathway at the tissue-microelectrode interface in Cd14-/- mice to understand better how Cd14 inhibition was connected to temporary improvements in recording quality over the initial 2-weeks post-surgery, allowing for the identification of potential co-therapeutic targets that may work synergistically with or after CD14 inhibition to improve microelectrode performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brianna Regan
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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11
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Dhawan V, Cui XT. Carbohydrate based biomaterials for neural interface applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:4714-4740. [PMID: 35702979 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00584k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprosthetic devices that record and modulate neural activities have demonstrated immense potential for bypassing or restoring lost neurological functions due to neural injuries and disorders. However, implantable electrical devices interfacing with brain tissue are susceptible to a series of inflammatory tissue responses along with mechanical or electrical failures which can affect the device performance over time. Several biomaterial strategies have been implemented to improve device-tissue integration for high quality and stable performance. Ranging from developing smaller, softer, and more flexible electrode designs to introducing bioactive coatings and drug-eluting layers on the electrode surface, such strategies have shown different degrees of success but with limitations. With their hydrophilic properties and specific bioactivities, carbohydrates offer a potential solution for addressing some of the limitations of the existing biomolecular approaches. In this review, we summarize the role of polysaccharides in the central nervous system, with a primary focus on glycoproteins and proteoglycans, to shed light on their untapped potential as biomaterials for neural implants. Utilization of glycosaminoglycans for neural interface and tissue regeneration applications is comprehensively reviewed to provide the current state of carbohydrate-based biomaterials for neural implants. Finally, we will discuss the challenges and opportunities of applying carbohydrate-based biomaterials for neural tissue interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Dhawan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Ning S, Jorfi M, Patel SR, Kim DY, Tanzi RE. Neurotechnological Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:854992. [PMID: 35401082 PMCID: PMC8989850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.854992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, clinically defined by progressive cognitive decline and pathologically, by brain atrophy, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Neurotechnological approaches, including optogenetics and deep brain stimulation, have exploded as new tools for not only the study of the brain but also for application in the treatment of neurological diseases. Here, we review the current state of AD therapeutics and recent advancements in both invasive and non-invasive neurotechnologies that can be used to ameliorate AD pathology, including neurostimulation via optogenetics, photobiomodulation, electrical stimulation, ultrasound stimulation, and magnetic neurostimulation, as well as nanotechnologies employing nanovectors, magnetic nanoparticles, and quantum dots. We also discuss the current challenges in developing these neurotechnological tools and the prospects for implementing them in the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Ning
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mehdi Jorfi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mehdi Jorfi,
| | - Shaun R. Patel
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Rudolph E. Tanzi,
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13
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Sturgill B, Radhakrishna R, Thai TTD, Patnaik SS, Capadona JR, Pancrazio JJ. Characterization of Active Electrode Yield for Intracortical Arrays: Awake versus Anesthesia. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030480. [PMID: 35334770 PMCID: PMC8955818 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrode arrays are used for recording neural signals at single-unit resolution and are promising tools for studying brain function and developing neuroprosthetics. Research is being done to increase the chronic performance and reliability of these probes, which tend to decrease or fail within several months of implantation. Although recording paradigms vary, studies focused on assessing the reliability and performance of these devices often perform recordings under anesthesia. However, anesthetics—such as isoflurane—are known to alter neural activity and electrophysiologic function. Therefore, we compared the neural recording performance under anesthesia (2% isoflurane) followed by awake conditions for probes implanted in the motor cortex of both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. While the single-unit spike rate was significantly higher by almost 600% under awake compared to anesthetized conditions, we found no difference in the active electrode yield between the two conditions two weeks after surgery. Additionally, the signal-to-noise ratio was greater under anesthesia due to the noise levels being nearly 50% greater in awake recordings, even though there was a 14% increase in the peak-to-peak voltage of distinguished single units when awake. We observe that these findings are similar for chronic time points as well. Our observations indicate that either anesthetized or awake recordings are acceptable for studies assessing the chronic reliability and performance of intracortical microelectrode arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sturgill
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (B.S.); (R.R.); (T.T.D.T.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Rahul Radhakrishna
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (B.S.); (R.R.); (T.T.D.T.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Teresa Thuc Doan Thai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (B.S.); (R.R.); (T.T.D.T.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Sourav S. Patnaik
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (B.S.); (R.R.); (T.T.D.T.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Joseph J. Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (B.S.); (R.R.); (T.T.D.T.); (S.S.P.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Kim Y, Ereifej ES, Schwartzman WE, Meade SM, Chen K, Rayyan J, Feng H, Aluri V, Mueller NN, Bhambra R, Bhambra S, Taylor DM, Capadona JR. Investigation of the Feasibility of Ventricular Delivery of Resveratrol to the Microelectrode Tissue Interface. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1446. [PMID: 34945296 PMCID: PMC8708660 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs) are essential to basic brain research and clinical brain-machine interfacing applications. However, the foreign body response to IMEs results in chronic inflammation and an increase in levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). The current study builds on our previous work, by testing a new delivery method of a promising antioxidant as a means of extending intracortical microelectrodes performance. While resveratrol has shown efficacy in improving tissue response, chronic delivery has proven difficult because of its low solubility in water and low bioavailability due to extensive first pass metabolism. (2) Methods: Investigation of an intraventricular delivery of resveratrol in rats was performed herein to circumvent bioavailability hurdles of resveratrol delivery to the brain. (3) Results: Intraventricular delivery of resveratrol in rats delivered resveratrol to the electrode interface. However, intraventricular delivery did not have a significant impact on electrophysiological recordings over the six-week study. Histological findings indicated that rats receiving intraventricular delivery of resveratrol had a decrease of oxidative stress, yet other biomarkers of inflammation were found to be not significantly different from control groups. However, investigation of the bioavailability of resveratrol indicated a decrease in resveratrol accumulation in the brain with time coupled with inconsistent drug elution from the cannulas. Further inspection showed that there may be tissue or cellular debris clogging the cannulas, resulting in variable elution, which may have impacted the results of the study. (4) Conclusions: These results indicate that the intraventricular delivery approach described herein needs further optimization, or may not be well suited for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William E. Schwartzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Seth M. Meade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jacob Rayyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - He Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Varoon Aluri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Natalie N. Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Raman Bhambra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sahaj Bhambra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dawn M. Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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15
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Woeppel KM, Cui XT. Nanoparticle and Biomolecule Surface Modification Synergistically Increases Neural Electrode Recording Yield and Minimizes Inflammatory Host Response. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002150. [PMID: 34190425 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to their ability to interface with neural tissues, neural electrodes are the key tool used for neurophysiological studies, electrochemical detection, brain computer interfacing, and countless neuromodulation therapies and diagnostic procedures. However, the long-term applications of neural electrodes are limited by the inflammatory host tissue response, decreasing detectable electrical signals, and insulating the device from the native environment. Surface modification methods are proposed to limit these detrimental responses but each has their own limitations. Here, a combinatorial approach is presented toward creating a stable interface between the electrode and host tissues. First, a thiolated nanoparticle (TNP) coating is utilized to increase the surface area and roughness. Next, the neural adhesion molecule L1 is immobilized to the nanoparticle modified substrate. In vitro, the combined nanotopographical and bioactive modifications (TNP+L1) elevate the bioactivity of L1, which is maintained for 28 d. In vivo, TNP+L1 modification improves the recording performance of the neural electrode arrays compared to TNP or L1 modification alone. Postmortem histology reveals greater neural cell density around the TNP+L1 coating while eliminating any inflammatory microglial encapsulation after 4 weeks. These results demonstrate that nanotopographical and bioactive modifications synergistically produce a seamless neural tissue interface for chronic neural implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Woeppel
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- Center for the Neural basis of Cognition Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- Center for the Neural basis of Cognition Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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16
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McGlynn E, Nabaei V, Ren E, Galeote‐Checa G, Das R, Curia G, Heidari H. The Future of Neuroscience: Flexible and Wireless Implantable Neural Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002693. [PMID: 34026431 PMCID: PMC8132070 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases are a prevalent cause of global mortality and are of growing concern when considering an ageing global population. Traditional treatments are accompanied by serious side effects including repeated treatment sessions, invasive surgeries, or infections. For example, in the case of deep brain stimulation, large, stiff, and battery powered neural probes recruit thousands of neurons with each pulse, and can invoke a vigorous immune response. This paper presents challenges in engineering and neuroscience in developing miniaturized and biointegrated alternatives, in the form of microelectrode probes. Progress in design and topology of neural implants has shifted the goal post toward highly specific recording and stimulation, targeting small groups of neurons and reducing the foreign body response with biomimetic design principles. Implantable device design recommendations, fabrication techniques, and clinical evaluation of the impact flexible, integrated probes will have on the treatment of neurological disorders are provided in this report. The choice of biocompatible material dictates fabrication techniques as novel methods reduce the complexity of manufacture. Wireless power, the final hurdle to truly implantable neural interfaces, is discussed. These aspects are the driving force behind continued research: significant breakthroughs in any one of these areas will revolutionize the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve McGlynn
- Microelectronics LabJames Watt School of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUnited Kingdom
| | - Vahid Nabaei
- Microelectronics LabJames Watt School of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUnited Kingdom
| | - Elisa Ren
- Laboratory of Experimental Electroencephalography and NeurophysiologyDepartment of BiomedicalMetabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena41125Italy
| | - Gabriel Galeote‐Checa
- Microelectronics LabJames Watt School of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUnited Kingdom
| | - Rupam Das
- Microelectronics LabJames Watt School of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUnited Kingdom
| | - Giulia Curia
- Laboratory of Experimental Electroencephalography and NeurophysiologyDepartment of BiomedicalMetabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena41125Italy
| | - Hadi Heidari
- Microelectronics LabJames Watt School of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUnited Kingdom
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17
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Wellman SM, Guzman K, Stieger KC, Brink LE, Sridhar S, Dubaniewicz MT, Li L, Cambi F, Kozai TDY. Cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination impairs recording performance of chronically implanted neural interfaces. Biomaterials 2020; 239:119842. [PMID: 32065972 PMCID: PMC7540937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological inflammation induced during penetrating cortical injury can disrupt functional neuronal and glial activity within the cortex, resulting in potential recording failure of chronically implanted neural interfaces. Oligodendrocytes provide critical support for neuronal health and function through direct contact with neuronal soma and axons within the cortex. Given their fundamental role to regulate neuronal activity via myelin, coupled with their heightened vulnerability to metabolic brain injury due to high energetic demands, oligodendrocytes are hypothesized as a possible source of biological failure in declining recording performances of intracortical microelectrode devices. To determine the extent of their contribution to neuronal activity and function, a cuprizone-inducible model of oligodendrocyte depletion and demyelination in mice was performed prior to microelectrode implantation. At 5 weeks of cuprizone exposure, mice demonstrated significantly reduced cortical oligodendrocyte density and myelin expression. Mice were then implanted with functional recording microelectrodes in the visual cortex and neuronal activity was evaluated up to 7 weeks alongside continued cuprizone administration. Cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination was associated with significantly reduced recording performances at the onset of implantation, which remained relatively stable over time. In contast, recording performances for mice on a normal diet were intially elevated before decreasing over time to the recording level of tcuprizone-treated mice. Further electrophysiological analysis revealed deficits in multi-unit firing rates, frequency-dependent disruptions in neuronal oscillations, and altered laminar communication within the cortex of cuprizone-treated mice. Post-mortem immunohistochemistry revealed robust depletion of oligodendrocytes around implanted microelectrode arrays alongside comparable neuronal densities to control mice, suggesting that oligodendrocyte loss was a possible contributor to chronically impaired device performances. This study highlights potentially significant contributions from the oligodendrocyte lineage population concerning the biological integration and long-term functional performance of neural interfacing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Guzman
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Sadhana Sridhar
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Lehong Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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18
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Neuroadhesive protein coating improves the chronic performance of neuroelectronics in mouse brain. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112096. [PMID: 32090868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes are being developed to both record and stimulate neurons to understand brain circuitry or restore lost functions. However, the success of these probes is hampered partly due to the inflammatory host tissue responses to implants. To minimize the foreign body reactions, L1, a brain derived neuronal specific cell adhesion molecule, has been covalently bound to the neural electrode array surface. Here we evaluated the chronic recording performance of L1-coated silicon based laminar neural electrode arrays implanted into V1m cortex of mice. The L1 coating enhanced the overall visually evoked single-unit (SU) yield and SU amplitude, as well as signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) in the mouse brain compared to the uncoated arrays across the 0-1500 μm depth. The improvement in recording is most dramatic in the hippocampus region, where the control group showed severe recording yield decrease after one week, while the L1 implants maintained a high SU yield throughout the 16 weeks. Immunohistological analysis revealed significant increases of axonal and neuronal density along with significantly lowered microglia activation around the L1 probe after 16 weeks. These results collectively confirm the effectiveness of L1 based biomimetic coating on minimizing inflammatory tissue response and improving neural recording quality and longevity. Improving chronic recording will benefit the brain-computer interface technologies and neuroscience studies involving chronic tracking of neural activities.
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19
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Bedell HW, Schaub NJ, Capadona JR, Ereifej ES. Differential expression of genes involved in the acute innate immune response to intracortical microelectrodes. Acta Biomater 2020; 102:205-219. [PMID: 31733330 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Higher order tasks in development for brain-computer interfacing applications require the invasiveness of intracortical microelectrodes. Unfortunately, the resulting inflammatory response contributes to the decline of detectable neural signal. The major components of the neuroinflammatory response to microelectrodes have been well-documented with histological imaging, leading to the identification of broad pathways of interest for its inhibition such as oxidative stress and innate immunity. To understand how to mitigate the neuroinflammatory response, a more precise understanding is required. Advancements in genotyping have led the development of new tools for developing temporal gene expression profiles. Therefore, we have meticulously characterized the gene expression profiles of the neuroinflammatory response to mice implanted with non-functional intracortical probes. A time course of differential acute expression of genes of the innate immune response were compared to naïve sham mice, identifying significant changes following implantation. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 22 genes that could inform future therapeutic targets. Particular emphasis is placed on the largest changes in gene expression occurring 24 h post-implantation, and in genes that are involved in multiple innate immune sets including Itgam, Cd14, and Irak4. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Current understanding of the cellular response contributing to the failure of intracortical microelectrodes has been limited to the evaluation of cellular presence around the electrode. Minimal research investigating gene expression profiles of these cells has left a knowledge gap identifying their phenotype. This manuscript represents the first robust investigation of the changes in gene expression levels specific to the innate immune response following intracortical microelectrode implantation. To understand the role of the complement system in response to implanted probes, we performed gene expression profiling over acute time points from implanted subjects and compared them to no-surgery controls. This manuscript provides valuable insights into inflammatory mechanisms at the tissue-probe interface, thus having a high impact on those using intracortical microelectrodes to study and treat neurological diseases and injuries.
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20
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Shoffstall AJ, Capadona JR. Bioelectronic Neural Implants. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Zheng XS, Snyder NR, Woeppel K, Barengo JH, Li X, Eles J, Kolarcik CL, Cui XT. A superoxide scavenging coating for improving tissue response to neural implants. Acta Biomater 2019; 99:72-83. [PMID: 31446048 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of neural prostheses requires implantable neural electrodes capable of electrically stimulating or recording signals from neurons chronically. Unfortunately, the implantation injury and presence of foreign bodies lead to chronic inflammation, resulting in neuronal death in the vicinity of electrodes. A key mediator of inflammation and neuronal loss are reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). To mitigate the effect of RONS, a superoxide dismutase mimic compound, manganese(III) meso-tetrakis-(N-(2-aminoethyl)pyridinium-2-yl) porphyrin (iSODm), was synthesized to covalently attach to the neural probe surfaces. This new compound showed high catalytic superoxide scavenging activity. In microglia cell line cultures, the iSODm coating effectively reduced superoxide production and altered expression of iNOS, NADPH oxidase, and arginase. After 1 week of implantation, iSODm coated electrodes showed significantly lower expression of markers for oxidative stress immediately adjacent to the electrode surface, as well as significantly less neurons undergoing apoptosis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: One critical challenge in the translation of neural electrode technology to clinically viable devices for brain computer interface or deep brain stimulation applications is the chronic degradation of the device performance due to neuronal degeneration around the implants. One of the key mediators of inflammation and neuronal degeneration is reactive oxygen and nitrogen species released by injured neurons and inflammatory microglia. This research takes a biomimetic approach to synthesize a compound having similar reactivity as superoxide dismutase, which can catalytically scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, thereby reducing oxidative stress and decreasing neuronal degeneration. By immobilizing the compound covalently on the surface of neural implants, we show that the neuronal degeneration and oxidative stress around the implants is significantly reduced.
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22
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Ferguson M, Sharma D, Ross D, Zhao F. A Critical Review of Microelectrode Arrays and Strategies for Improving Neural Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900558. [PMID: 31464094 PMCID: PMC6786932 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Though neural interface systems (NISs) can provide a potential solution for mitigating the effects of limb loss and central nervous system damage, the microelectrode array (MEA) component of NISs remains a significant limiting factor to their widespread clinical applications. Several strategies can be applied to MEA designs to increase their biocompatibility. Herein, an overview of NISs and their applications is provided, along with a detailed discussion of strategies for alleviating the foreign body response (FBR) and abnormalities seen at the interface of MEAs and the brain tissue following MEA implantation. Various surface modifications, including natural/synthetic surface coatings, hydrogels, and topography alterations, have shown to be highly successful in improving neural cell adhesion, reducing gliosis, and increasing MEA longevity. Different MEA surface geometries, such as those seen in the Utah and Michigan arrays, can help alleviate the resultant FBR by reducing insertion damage, while providing new avenues for improving MEA recording performance and resolution. Increasing overall flexibility of MEAs as well as reducing their stiffness is also shown to reduce MEA induced micromotion along with FBR severity. By combining multiple different properties into a single MEA, the severity and duration of an FBR postimplantation can be reduced substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Dhavan Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
| | - David Ross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
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23
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Wellman SM, Cambi F, Kozai TD. The role of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors on neural interface technology: A novel perspective on tissue regeneration and repair. Biomaterials 2018; 183:200-217. [PMID: 30172245 PMCID: PMC6469877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes and their precursors are critical glial facilitators of neurophysiology, which is responsible for cognition and behavior. Devices that are used to interface with the brain allow for a more in-depth analysis of how neurons and these glia synergistically modulate brain activity. As projected by the BRAIN Initiative, technologies that acquire a high resolution and robust sampling of neural signals can provide a greater insight in both the healthy and diseased brain and support novel discoveries previously unobtainable with the current state of the art. However, a complex series of inflammatory events triggered during device insertion impede the potential applications of implanted biosensors. Characterizing the biological mechanisms responsible for the degradation of intracortical device performance will guide novel biomaterial and tissue regenerative approaches to rehabilitate the brain following injury. Glial subtypes which assist with neuronal survival and exchange of electrical signals, mainly oligodendrocytes, their precursors, and the insulating myelin membranes they produce, are sensitive to inflammation commonly induced from insults to the brain. This review explores essential physiological roles facilitated by oligodendroglia and their precursors and provides insight into their pathology following neurodegenerative injury and disease. From this knowledge, inferences can be made about the impact of device implantation on these supportive glia in order to engineer effective strategies that can attenuate their responses, enhance the efficacy of neural interfacing technology, and provide a greater understanding of the challenges that impede wound healing and tissue regeneration during pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Takashi Dy Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, USA.
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24
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Shoffstall AJ, Ecker M, Danda V, Joshi-Imre A, Stiller A, Yu M, Paiz JE, Mancuso E, Bedell HW, Voit WE, Pancrazio JJ, Capadona JR. Characterization of the Neuroinflammatory Response to Thiol-ene Shape Memory Polymer Coated Intracortical Microelectrodes. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E486. [PMID: 30424419 PMCID: PMC6215215 DOI: 10.3390/mi9100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-ene based shape memory polymers (SMPs) have been developed for use as intracortical microelectrode substrates. The unique chemistry provides precise control over the mechanical and thermal glass-transition properties. As a result, SMP substrates are stiff at room temperature, allowing for insertion into the brain without buckling and subsequently soften in response to body temperatures, reducing the mechanical mismatch between device and tissue. Since the surface chemistry of the materials can contribute significantly to the ultimate biocompatibility, as a first step in the characterization of our SMPs, we sought to isolate the biological response to the implanted material surface without regards to the softening mechanics. To accomplish this, we tightly controlled for bulk stiffness by comparing bare silicon 'dummy' devices to thickness-matched silicon devices dip-coated with SMP. The neuroinflammatory response was evaluated after devices were implanted in the rat cortex for 2 or 16 weeks. We observed no differences in the markers tested at either time point, except that astrocytic scarring was significantly reduced for the dip-coated implants at 16 weeks. The surface properties of non-softening thiol-ene SMP substrates appeared to be equally-tolerated and just as suitable as silicon for neural implant substrates for applications such as intracortical microelectrodes, laying the groundwork for future softer devices to improve upon the prototype device performance presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Melanie Ecker
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Vindhya Danda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Center for Engineering Innovation, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Alexandra Joshi-Imre
- Center for Engineering Innovation, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Allison Stiller
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Marina Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Paiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Mancuso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Hillary W Bedell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Walter E Voit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Center for Engineering Innovation, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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25
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Hermann JK, Lin S, Soffer A, Wong C, Srivastava V, Chang J, Sunil S, Sudhakar S, Tomaszewski WH, Protasiewicz G, Selkirk SM, Miller RH, Capadona JR. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4 Innate Immunity Pathways in Intracortical Microelectrode-Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:113. [PMID: 30159311 PMCID: PMC6104445 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that partial inhibition of the cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) innate immunity co-receptor pathway improves the long-term performance of intracortical microelectrodes better than complete inhibition. We hypothesized that partial activation of the CD14 pathway was critical to a neuroprotective response to the injury associated with initial and sustained device implantation. Therefore, here we investigated the role of two innate immunity receptors that closely interact with CD14 in inflammatory activation. We implanted silicon planar non-recording neural probes into knockout mice lacking Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2-/-), knockout mice lacking Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4-/-), and wildtype (WT) control mice, and evaluated endpoint histology at 2 and 16 weeks after implantation. Tlr4-/- mice exhibited significantly lower BBB permeability at acute and chronic time points, but also demonstrated significantly lower neuronal survival at the chronic time point. Inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) pathway had no significant effect compared to control animals. Additionally, when investigating the maturation of the neuroinflammatory response from 2 to 16 weeks, transgenic knockout mice exhibited similar histological trends to WT controls, except that knockout mice did not exhibit changes in microglia and macrophage activation over time. Together, our results indicate that complete genetic removal of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was detrimental to the integration of intracortical neural probes, while inhibition of TLR2 had no impact within the tests performed in this study. Therefore, approaches focusing on incomplete or acute inhibition of TLR4 may still improve intracortical microelectrode integration and long term recording performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Hermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shushen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Arielle Soffer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chun Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Vishnupriya Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeremy Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Smrithi Sunil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shruti Sudhakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - William H. Tomaszewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Grace Protasiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephen M. Selkirk
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Spinal Cord Injury Division, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert H. Miller
- Neurosciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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26
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Shoffstall AJ, Paiz J, Miller D, Rial G, Willis M, Menendez D, Hostler S, Capadona JR. Potential for thermal damage to the blood-brain barrier during craniotomy: implications for intracortical recording microelectrodes. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:034001. [PMID: 29205169 PMCID: PMC6482047 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa9f32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine how readily disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) occurred as a result of bone drilling during a craniotomy to implant microelectrodes in rat cortex. While the phenomenon of heat production during bone drilling is well known, practices to evade damage to the underlying brain tissue are inconsistently practiced and reported in the literature. APPROACH We conducted a review of the intracortical microelectrode literature to summarize typical approaches to mitigate drill heating during rodent craniotomies. Post mortem skull-surface and transient brain-surface temperatures were experimentally recorded using an infrared camera and thermocouple, respectively. A number of drilling conditions were tested, including varying drill speed and continuous versus intermittent contact. In vivo BBB permeability was assayed 1 h after the craniotomy procedure using Evans blue dye. MAIN RESULTS Of the reviewed papers that mentioned methods to mitigate thermal damage during craniotomy, saline irrigation was the most frequently cited (in six of seven papers). In post mortem tissues, we observed increases in skull-surface temperature ranging from +3 °C to +21 °C, dependent on drill speed. In vivo, pulsed-drilling (2 s-on/2 s-off) and slow-drilling speeds (1000 r.p.m.) were the most effective methods we studied to mitigate heating effects from drilling, while inconclusive results were obtained with saline irrigation. SIGNIFICANCE Neuroinflammation, initiated by damage to the BBB and perpetuated by the foreign body response, is thought to play a key role in premature failure of intracortical recording microelectrodes. This study demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of the BBB to overheating caused by bone drilling. To avoid damage to the BBB, the authors recommend that craniotomies be drilled with slow speeds and/or with intermittent drilling with complete removal of the drill from the skull during 'off' periods. While saline alone was ineffective at preventing overheating, its use is still recommended to remove bone dust from the surgical site and to augment other cooling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151 W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA
| | - Jen Paiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016
| | - David Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016
| | - Griffin Rial
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016
| | - Mitchell Willis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016
| | - Dhariyat Menendez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016
| | - Stephen Hostler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151 W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA
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27
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Woeppel KM, Zheng XS, Cui XT. Enhancing surface immobilization of bioactive molecules via a silica nanoparticle based coating. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3058-3067. [PMID: 30464839 PMCID: PMC6242288 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00408k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification is of significant interest in biomaterials, biosensors, and device biocompatibility. Immobilization of bioactive or biomimetic molecules is a common method of disguising a foreign body as host tissue to decrease the foreign body response (FBR) and/or increase device-tissue integration. For example, in neural interfacing devices, immobilization of L1, a neuron-specific adhesion molecule, has been shown to increase neuron adhesion and reduce inflammatory gliosis on and around the implants. However, the activity of modified surfaces is limited by the relatively low concentration of the immobilized component, in part due to the low surface area of flat surfaces available for modification. In this work, we demonstrate a novel method for increasing the device surface area by attaching a layer of thiolated silica nanoparticles (TNPs). This coating method results in an almost two-fold increase in the immobilized L1 protein. L1 immobilized nanotextured surfaces showed a 100% increase in neurite outgrowth than smooth L1 immobilized surfaces without increasing the adhesion of astrocytes in vitro. The increased bioactivity observed in the cell assay was determined to be mainly due to the higher protein surface density, not the increase in surface roughness. In addition, we tested immobilization of a superoxide dismutase mimic (SODm) on smooth and roughened substrates. The SODm immobilized rough surfaces demonstrated an increase of 145% in superoxide scavenging activity compared to chemically matched smooth surfaces. These results not only show promise in improving biomimetic coating for neural implants, but may also improve surface immobilization efficacy in other fields such as catalysts, protein purification, sensors, and tissue engineering devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Woeppel
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, 5057 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213, USA
| | - X S Zheng
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, 5057 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213, USA
| | - X T Cui
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, 5057 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213, USA
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Wellman SM, Eles JR, Ludwig KA, Seymour JP, Michelson NJ, McFadden WE, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY. A Materials Roadmap to Functional Neural Interface Design. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1701269. [PMID: 29805350 PMCID: PMC5963731 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201701269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in neurotechnologies for electrophysiology, neurochemical sensing, neuromodulation, and optogenetics are revolutionizing scientific understanding of the brain while enabling treatments, cures, and preventative measures for a variety of neurological disorders. The grand challenge in neural interface engineering is to seamlessly integrate the interface between neurobiology and engineered technology, to record from and modulate neurons over chronic timescales. However, the biological inflammatory response to implants, neural degeneration, and long-term material stability diminish the quality of interface overtime. Recent advances in functional materials have been aimed at engineering solutions for chronic neural interfaces. Yet, the development and deployment of neural interfaces designed from novel materials have introduced new challenges that have largely avoided being addressed. Many engineering efforts that solely focus on optimizing individual probe design parameters, such as softness or flexibility, downplay critical multi-dimensional interactions between different physical properties of the device that contribute to overall performance and biocompatibility. Moreover, the use of these new materials present substantial new difficulties that must be addressed before regulatory approval for use in human patients will be achievable. In this review, the interdependence of different electrode components are highlighted to demonstrate the current materials-based challenges facing the field of neural interface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - John P Seymour
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, 1301 Beal Ave., 2227 EECS, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas J Michelson
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - William E McFadden
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for the Basis of Neural Cognition, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 208 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
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Ereifej ES, Rial GM, Hermann JK, Smith CS, Meade SM, Rayyan JM, Chen K, Feng H, Capadona JR. Implantation of Neural Probes in the Brain Elicits Oxidative Stress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:9. [PMID: 29487848 PMCID: PMC5816578 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical implantation of intracortical microelectrodes has been hindered, at least in part, by the perpetual inflammatory response occurring after device implantation. The neuroinflammatory response observed after device implantation has been correlated to oxidative stress that occurs due to neurological injury and disease. However, there has yet to be a definitive link of oxidative stress to intracortical microelectrode implantation. Thus, the objective of this study is to give direct evidence of oxidative stress following intracortical microelectrode implantation. This study also aims to identify potential molecular targets to attenuate oxidative stress observed postimplantation. Here, we implanted adult rats with silicon non-functional microelectrode probes for 4 weeks and compared the oxidative stress response to no surgery controls through postmortem gene expression analysis and qualitative histological observation of oxidative stress markers. Gene expression analysis results at 4 weeks postimplantation indicated that EH domain-containing 2, prion protein gene (Prnp), and Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 (Scd1) were all significantly higher for animals implanted with intracortical microelectrode probes compared to no surgery control animals. To the contrary, NADPH oxidase activator 1 (Noxa1) relative gene expression was significantly lower for implanted animals compared to no surgery control animals. Histological observation of oxidative stress showed an increased expression of oxidized proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids concentrated around the implant site. Collectively, our results reveal there is a presence of oxidative stress following intracortical microelectrode implantation compared to no surgery controls. Further investigation targeting these specific oxidative stress linked genes could be beneficial to understanding potential mechanisms and downstream therapeutics that can be utilized to reduce oxidative stress-mediated damage following microelectrode implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Griffin M. Rial
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - John K. Hermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cara S. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Seth M. Meade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jacob M. Rayyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - He Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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30
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Prospects for a Robust Cortical Recording Interface. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Central nervous system microstimulation: Towards selective micro-neuromodulation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Kovach KM, Kumsa DW, Srivastava V, Hudak EM, Untereker DF, Kelley SC, von Recum HA, Capadona JR. High-throughput in vitro assay to evaluate the cytotoxicity of liberated platinum compounds for stimulating neural electrodes. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 273:1-9. [PMID: 27485087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is currently unclear how the platinum (Pt) species released from platinum-containing stimulating electrodes may affect the health of the surrounding tissue. This study develops an effective system to assess the cytotoxicity of any electrode-liberated Pt over a short duration, to screen systems before future in vivo testing. NEW METHOD A platinum electrode was stimulated for two hours under physiologically relevant conditions to induce the liberation of Pt species. The total concentration of liberated Pt species was quantified and the concentration found was used to develop a range of Pt species for our model system comprised of microglia and neuron-like cells. RESULTS Under our stimulation conditions (k=2.3, charge density of 57.7μC/cm2), Pt was liberated to a concentration of 1ppm. Interestingly, after 24h of Pt exposure, the dose-dependent cytotoxicity plots revealed that cell death became statistically significant at 10ppm for microglia and 20ppm for neuronal cells. However, in neuron-like cell cultures, concentrations above 1ppm resulted in significant neurite loss after 24h. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS To our knowledge, there does not exist a simple, in vitro assay system for assessing the cytotoxicity of Pt liberated from stimulating neural electrodes. CONCLUSIONS This work describes a simple model assay that is designed to be applicable to almost any electrode and stimulation system where the electrode is directly juxtaposed to the neural target. Based on the application, the duration of stimulation and Pt exposure may be varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Kovach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Doe W Kumsa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Vishnupriya Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Eric M Hudak
- Department of Research & Technology, Advanced Bionics LLC, 28515 Westinghouse Place, Valencia, CA 91355, USA
| | - Darrel F Untereker
- Medtronic plc, Science and Technology, 710 Medtronic Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55432, USA
| | - Shawn C Kelley
- Medtronic plc, Science and Technology, 710 Medtronic Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55432, USA
| | - Horst A von Recum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Capeletti LB, Cardoso MB, Dos Santos JHZ, He W. Hybrid Thin Film Organosilica Sol-Gel Coatings To Support Neuronal Growth and Limit Astrocyte Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27553-27563. [PMID: 27715001 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of silica prepared by a sol-gel process are becoming a feasible coating option for surface modification of implantable neural sensors without imposing adverse effects on the devices' electrical properties. In order to advance the application of such silica-based coatings in the context of neural interfacing, the characteristics of silica sol-gel are further tailored to gain active control of interactions between cells and the coating materials. By incorporating various readily available organotrialkoxysilanes carrying distinct organic functional groups during the sol-gel process, a library of hybrid organosilica coatings is developed and investigated. In vitro neural cultures using PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons both reveal that, among these different types of hybrid organosilica, the introduction of aminopropyl groups drastically transforms the silica into robust neural permissive substrate, supporting neuron adhesion and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, when this organosilica is cultured with astrocytes, a key type of glial cells responsible for glial scar response toward neural implants, such cell growth promoting effect is not observed. These findings highlight the potential of organo-group-bearing silica sol-gel to function as advanced coating materials to selectively modulate cell response and promote neural integration with implantable sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Brentano Capeletti
- LNLS - Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus Borba Cardoso
- LNLS - Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Nguyen JK, Jorfi M, Buchanan KL, Park DJ, Foster EJ, Tyler DJ, Rowan SJ, Weder C, Capadona JR. Influence of resveratrol release on the tissue response to mechanically adaptive cortical implants. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:81-93. [PMID: 26553391 PMCID: PMC4727752 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The stability and longevity of recordings obtained from intracortical microelectrodes continues to remain an area of concern for neural interfacing applications. The limited longevity of microelectrode performance has been associated with the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the neuroinflammatory response to the microelectrode. Here, we report the investigation of an additive approach that targets both mechanical and chemical factors believed to contribute to chronic BBB instability and the neuroinflammatory response associated with implanted intracortical microelectrodes. The implants investigated were based on a mechanically adaptive, compliant nanocomposite (NC), which reduces the tissue response and tissue strain. This material was doped with various concentrations of the antioxidant resveratrol with the objective of local and rapid delivery. In vitro analysis of resveratrol release, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity suggested that a resveratrol content of 0.01% was optimal for in vivo assessment. Thus, probes made from the neat NC reference and probes containing resveratrol (NC Res) were implanted into the cortical tissue of rats for up to sixteen weeks. Histochemical analysis suggested that at three days post-implantation, neither materials nor therapeutic approaches (independently or in combination) could alter the initial wound healing response. However, at two weeks post-implantation, the NC Res implant showed a reduction in activated microglia/macrophages and improvement in neuron density at the tissue-implant interface when compared to the neat NC reference. However, sixteen weeks post-implantation, when the antioxidant was exhausted, NC Res and the neat NC reference exhibited similar tissue responses. The data show that NC Res provides short-term, short-lived benefits due to the antioxidant release, and a long-term reduction in neuroinflammation on account of is mechanical adaptive, compliant nature. Together, these results demonstrate that local delivery of resveratrol can provide an additive advantage by providing a consistent reduction in the tissue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151 W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA
| | - Mehdi Jorfi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kelly L Buchanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151 W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - E Johan Foster
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Virginia Tech, Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, 445 Old Turner Street, 213 Holden Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dustin J Tyler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151 W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106-7202, USA
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, 151 W/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA.
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Potter-Baker KA, Stewart WG, Tomaszewski WH, Wong CT, Meador WD, Ziats NP, Capadona JR. Implications of chronic daily anti-oxidant administration on the inflammatory response to intracortical microelectrodes. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:046002. [PMID: 26015427 PMCID: PMC4510031 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/4/046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress events have been implicated to occur and facilitate multiple failure modes of intracortical microelectrodes. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the ability of a sustained concentration of an anti-oxidant and to reduce oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration for the application of intracortical microelectrodes. APPROACH Non-functional microelectrodes were implanted into the cortex of male Sprague Dawley rats for up to sixteen weeks. Half of the animals received a daily intraperitoneal injection of the natural anti-oxidant resveratrol, at 30 mg kg(-1). The study was designed to investigate the biodistribution of the resveratrol, and the effects on neuroinflammation/neuroprotection following device implantation. MAIN RESULTS Daily maintenance of a sustained range of resveratrol throughout the implantation period resulted in fewer degenerating neurons in comparison to control animals at both two and sixteen weeks post implantation. Initial and chronic improvements in neuronal viability in resveratrol-dosed animals were correlated with significant reductions in local superoxide anion accumulation around the implanted device at two weeks after implantation. Controls, receiving only saline injections, were also found to have reduced amounts of accumulated superoxide anion locally and less neurodegeneration than controls at sixteen weeks post-implantation. Despite observed benefits, thread-like adhesions were found between the liver and diaphragm in resveratrol-dosed animals. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our chronic daily anti-oxidant dosing scheme resulted in improvements in neuronal viability surrounding implanted microelectrodes, which could result in improved device performance. However, due to the discovery of thread-like adhesions, further work is still required to optimize a chronic anti-oxidant dosing regime for the application of intracortical microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Potter-Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, L. Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA
| | - Wade G. Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - William H. Tomaszewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chun T. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - William D. Meador
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Ziats
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Wolstein Research Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, L. Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA
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Potter-Baker KA, Capadona JR. Reducing the "Stress": Antioxidative Therapeutic and Material Approaches May Prevent Intracortical Microelectrode Failure. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:275-279. [PMID: 35596335 DOI: 10.1021/mz500743a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the promising potential of intracortical microelectrodes, current designs suffer from short functional lifetimes, due in large part to the neuroinflammatory response to the implanted devices. An increasing body of literature is beginning to link neuroinflammatory-mediated oxidative damage to both the loss of neuronal structures around the implanted microelectrodes, and the degradation/corrosion of electrode materials. The goal of this viewpoint paper was to summarize the current progress toward understanding the role of oxidative damage to neurons and microelectrodes. Further, we seek to highlight the initial antioxidative approaches to mitigate oxidative damage, as well as suggest how current advances in macromolecular science for various applications may play a distinct role in enabling intracortical microelectrodes as reliable choices for long-term neuroprosthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Potter-Baker
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Gunasekera B, Saxena T, Bellamkonda R, Karumbaiah L. Intracortical recording interfaces: current challenges to chronic recording function. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:68-83. [PMID: 25587704 DOI: 10.1021/cn5002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) offer significant hope to tetraplegic and paraplegic individuals. This technology relies on extracting and translating motor intent to facilitate control of a computer cursor or to enable fine control of an external assistive device such as a prosthetic limb. Intracortical recording interfaces (IRIs) are critical components of BCIs and consist of arrays of penetrating electrodes that are implanted into the motor cortex of the brain. These multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are responsible for recording and conducting neural signals from local ensembles of neurons in the motor cortex with the high speed and spatiotemporal resolution that is required for exercising control of external assistive prostheses. Recent design and technological innovations in the field have led to significant improvements in BCI function. However, long-term (chronic) BCI function is severely compromised by short-term (acute) IRI recording failure. In this review, we will discuss the design and function of current IRIs. We will also review a host of recent advances that contribute significantly to our overall understanding of the cellular and molecular events that lead to acute recording failure of these invasive implants. We will also present recent improvements to IRI design and provide insights into the futuristic design of more chronically functional IRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya Gunasekera
- Regenerative
Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2771, United States
| | - Tarun Saxena
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, United States
| | - Ravi Bellamkonda
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, United States
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Regenerative
Bioscience Center, ADS Complex, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2771, United States
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Jorfi M, Skousen JL, Weder C, Capadona JR. Progress towards biocompatible intracortical microelectrodes for neural interfacing applications. J Neural Eng 2014; 12:011001. [PMID: 25460808 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/1/011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To ensure long-term consistent neural recordings, next-generation intracortical microelectrodes are being developed with an increased emphasis on reducing the neuro-inflammatory response. The increased emphasis stems from the improved understanding of the multifaceted role that inflammation may play in disrupting both biologic and abiologic components of the overall neural interface circuit. To combat neuro-inflammation and improve recording quality, the field is actively progressing from traditional inorganic materials towards approaches that either minimizes the microelectrode footprint or that incorporate compliant materials, bioactive molecules, conducting polymers or nanomaterials. However, the immune-privileged cortical tissue introduces an added complexity compared to other biomedical applications that remains to be fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive reflection on the current understanding of the key failure modes that may impact intracortical microelectrode performance. In addition, a detailed overview of the current status of various materials-based approaches that have gained interest for neural interfacing applications is presented, and key challenges that remain to be overcome are discussed. Finally, we present our vision on the future directions of materials-based treatments to improve intracortical microelectrodes for neural interfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jorfi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Rte de l'Ancienne Papeterie, CH-1723 Marly, Switzerland
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Sommakia S, Lee HC, Gaire J, Otto KJ. Materials approaches for modulating neural tissue responses to implanted microelectrodes through mechanical and biochemical means. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2014; 18:319-328. [PMID: 25530703 PMCID: PMC4267064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Implantable intracortical microelectrodes face an uphill struggle for widespread clinical use. Their potential for treating a wide range of traumatic and degenerative neural disease is hampered by their unreliability in chronic settings. A major factor in this decline in chronic performance is a reactive response of brain tissue, which aims to isolate the implanted device from the rest of the healthy tissue. In this review we present a discussion of materials approaches aimed at modulating the reactive tissue response through mechanical and biochemical means. Benefits and challenges associated with these approaches are analyzed, and the importance of multimodal solutions tested in emerging animal models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Sommakia
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
| | - Heui C. Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
| | - Janak Gaire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
| | - Kevin J. Otto
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1791
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