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Albers T, Delnoij S, Schramma N, Jalaal M. Billiards with Spatial Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:157101. [PMID: 38682997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.157101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Many classes of active matter develop spatial memory by encoding information in space. We present a framework based on mathematical billiards, wherein particles remember their past trajectories. Despite its deterministic rules, such a system is strongly nonergodic and exhibits intermittent statistics and complex pattern formation. We show how these features emerge from the dynamic change of topology. Our work illustrates how the dynamics of a single-body system can dramatically change with spatial memory, laying the groundwork to further explore systems with complex memory kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Albers
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Delnoij
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Schramma
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maziyar Jalaal
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Wang GY, Yan DX, Rong RX, Shi BY, Lin GJ, Yin F, Wei WT, Li XL, Wang KR. Amphiphilic α-Peptoid-deoxynojirimycin Conjugate-based Multivalent Glycosidase Inhibitor for Hypoglycemic Effect and Fluorescence Imaging. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5945-5956. [PMID: 38504504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Multivalent glycosidase inhibitors based on 1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives against α-glucosidases have been rapidly developed. Nonetheless, the mechanism based on self-assembled multivalent glucosidase inhibitors in living systems needs to be further studied. It remains to be determined whether the self-assembly possesses sufficient stability to endure transit through the small intestine and subsequently bind to the glycosidases located therein. In this paper, two amphiphilic compounds, 1-deoxynojirimycin and α-peptoid conjugates (LP-4DNJ-3C and LP-4DNJ-6C), were designed. Their self-assembling behaviors, multivalent α-glucosidase inhibition effect, and fluorescence imaging on living organs were studied. LP-4DNJ-6C exhibited better multivalent α-glucosidase inhibition activities in vitro. Moreover, the self-assembly of LP-4DNJ-6C could effectively form a complex with Nile red. The complex showed fluorescence quenching effect upon binding with α-glucosidases and exhibited potent fluorescence imaging in the small intestine. This result suggests that a multivalent hypoglycemic effect achieved through self-assembly in the intestine is a viable approach, enabling the rational design of multivalent hypoglycemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering & Material, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heterocyclic Compounds, Handan Key Laboratory of Organic Small Molecule Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xiao Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Xue Rong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Ye Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Juan Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Fangqian Yin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering & Material, Hebei Key Laboratory of Heterocyclic Compounds, Handan Key Laboratory of Organic Small Molecule Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Tong Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Liu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Rang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
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3
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Dedola S, Ahmadipour S, de Andrade P, Baker AN, Boshra AN, Chessa S, Gibson MI, Hernando PJ, Ivanova IM, Lloyd JE, Marín MJ, Munro-Clark AJ, Pergolizzi G, Richards SJ, Ttofi I, Wagstaff BA, Field RA. Sialic acids in infection and their potential use in detection and protection against pathogens. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:167-188. [PMID: 38456038 PMCID: PMC10915975 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In structural terms, the sialic acids are a large family of nine carbon sugars based around an alpha-keto acid core. They are widely spread in nature, where they are often found to be involved in molecular recognition processes, including in development, immunology, health and disease. The prominence of sialic acids in infection is a result of their exposure at the non-reducing terminus of glycans in diverse glycolipids and glycoproteins. Herein, we survey representative aspects of sialic acid structure, recognition and exploitation in relation to infectious diseases, their diagnosis and prevention or treatment. Examples covered span influenza virus and Covid-19, Leishmania and Trypanosoma, algal viruses, Campylobacter, Streptococci and Helicobacter, and commensal Ruminococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dedola
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sanaz Ahmadipour
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Peterson de Andrade
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Alexander N Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Andrew N Boshra
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Simona Chessa
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Pedro J Hernando
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Irina M Ivanova
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Jessica E Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - María J Marín
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Alexandra J Munro-Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | | | - Sarah-Jane Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Iakovia Ttofi
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Ben A Wagstaff
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
- Iceni Glycoscience Ltd, Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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Korosec CS, Unksov IN, Surendiran P, Lyttleton R, Curmi PMG, Angstmann CN, Eichhorn R, Linke H, Forde NR. Motility of an autonomous protein-based artificial motor that operates via a burnt-bridge principle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1511. [PMID: 38396042 PMCID: PMC10891099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inspired by biology, great progress has been made in creating artificial molecular motors. However, the dream of harnessing proteins - the building blocks selected by nature - to design autonomous motors has so far remained elusive. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of the Lawnmower, an autonomous, protein-based artificial molecular motor comprised of a spherical hub decorated with proteases. Its "burnt-bridge" motion is directed by cleavage of a peptide lawn, promoting motion towards unvisited substrate. We find that Lawnmowers exhibit directional motion with average speeds of up to 80 nm/s, comparable to biological motors. By selectively patterning the peptide lawn on microfabricated tracks, we furthermore show that the Lawnmower is capable of track-guided motion. Our work opens an avenue towards nanotechnology applications of artificial protein motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chapin S Korosec
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Ivan N Unksov
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE - 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pradheebha Surendiran
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE - 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roman Lyttleton
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE - 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul M G Curmi
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher N Angstmann
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ralf Eichhorn
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE - 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Nancy R Forde
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Landim MG, Carneiro MLB, Joanitti GA, Anflor CTM, Marinho DD, Rodrigues JFB, de Sousa WJB, Fernandes DDO, Souza BF, Ombredane AS, do Nascimento JCF, Felice GDJ, Kubota AMA, Barbosa JSC, Ohno JH, Amoah SKS, Pena LJ, Luz GVDS, de Andrade LR, Pinheiro WO, Ribeiro BM, Formiga FR, Fook MVL, Rosa MFF, Peixoto HM, Luiz Carregaro R, Rosa SDSRF. A novel N95 respirator with chitosan nanoparticles: mechanical, antiviral, microbiological and cytotoxicity evaluations. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:118. [PMID: 37733165 PMCID: PMC10514013 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that some sectors of hospitals have high bacteria and virus loads that can remain as aerosols in the air and represent a significant health threat for patients and mainly professionals that work in the place daily. Therefore, the need for a respirator able to improve the filtration barrier of N95 masks and even inactivating airborne virus and bacteria becomes apparent. Such a fact motivated the creation of a new N95 respirator which employs chitosan nanoparticles on its intermediate layer (SN95 + CNP). RESULTS The average chitosan nanoparticle size obtained was 165.20 ± 35.00 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.36 ± 0.03 and a zeta potential of 47.50 ± 1.70 mV. Mechanical tests demonstrate that the SN95 + CNP respirator is more resistant and meets the safety requisites of aerosol penetration, resistance to breath and flammability, presenting higher potential to filtrate microbial and viral particles when compared to conventional SN95 respirators. Furthermore, biological in vitro tests on bacteria, fungi and mammalian cell lines (HaCat, Vero E6 and CCL-81) corroborate the hypothesis that our SN95 + CNP respirator presents strong antimicrobial activity and is safe for human use. There was a reduction of 96.83% of the alphacoronavirus virus and 99% of H1N1 virus and MHV-3 betacoronavirus after 120 min of contact compared to the conventional respirator (SN95), demonstrating that SN95 + CNP have a relevant potential as personal protection equipment. CONCLUSIONS Due to chitosan nanotechnology, our novel N95 respirator presents improved mechanical, antimicrobial and antiviral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José Filipe Bacalhau Rodrigues
- Northeast Laboratory for Evaluation and Development of Biomaterials (CERTBIO), University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Hideki Ohno
- MCI Ultrasonica LTDA, Av. Campinas, 367 - Arraial Paulista, Taboão da Serra, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solomon Kweku Sagoe Amoah
- Northeast Laboratory for Evaluation and Development of Biomaterials (CERTBIO), University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook
- Northeast Laboratory for Evaluation and Development of Biomaterials (CERTBIO), University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
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6
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Liu M, Bakker AS, Narimatsu Y, van Kuppeveld FJM, Clausen H, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. H3N2 influenza A virus gradually adapts to human-type receptor binding and entry specificity after the start of the 1968 pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304992120. [PMID: 37467282 PMCID: PMC10401031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304992120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To become established upon zoonotic transfer, influenza A viruses (IAV) need to switch binding from "avian-type" α2-3-linked sialic acid receptors (2-3Sia) to "human-type" Siaα2-6-linked sialic acid receptors (2-6Sia). For the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus, this was accomplished by two canonical amino acid substitutions in its hemagglutinin (HA) although a full specificity shift had not occurred. The receptor repertoire on epithelial cells is highly diverse and simultaneous interaction of a virus particle with a range of low- to very low-affinity receptors results in tight heteromultivalent binding. How this range of affinities determines binding selectivity and virus motility remains largely unknown as the analysis of low-affinity monovalent HA-receptor interactions is technically challenging. Here, a biolayer interferometry assay enabled a comprehensive analysis of receptor-binding kinetics evolution upon host-switching. Virus-binding kinetics of H3N2 virus isolates slowly evolved from 1968 to 1979 from mixed 2-3/2-6Sia specificity to high 2-6Sia specificity, surprisingly followed by a decline in selectivity after 1992. By using genetically tuned HEK293 cells, presenting either a simplified 2-3Sia- or 2-6Sia-specific receptor repertoire, receptor-specific binding was shown to correlate strongly with receptor-specific entry. In conclusion, the slow and continuous evolution of entry and receptor-binding specificity of seasonal H3N2 viruses contrasts with the paradigm that human IAVs need to rapidly acquire and maintain a high specificity for 2-6Sia. Analysis of the kinetic parameters of receptor binding provides a basis for understanding virus-binding specificity, motility, and HA/neuraminidase balance at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Liu
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A. Sophie Bakker
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
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7
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Parshad B, Schlecht MN, Baumgardt M, Ludwig K, Nie C, Rimondi A, Hönzke K, Angioletti-Uberti S, Khatri V, Schneider P, Herrmann A, Haag R, Hocke AC, Wolff T, Bhatia S. Dual-Action Heteromultivalent Glycopolymers Stringently Block and Arrest Influenza A Virus Infection In Vitro and Ex Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4844-4853. [PMID: 37220024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the concerted inhibition of different influenza A virus (IAV) strains using a low-molecular-weight dual-action linear polymer. The 6'-sialyllactose and zanamivir conjugates of linear polyglycerol are optimized for simultaneous targeting of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on the IAV surface. Independent of IAV subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition data suggest better adsorption of the heteromultivalent polymer than homomultivalent analogs onto the virus surface. Cryo-TEM images imply heteromultivalent compound-mediated virus aggregation. The optimized polymeric nanomaterial inhibits >99.9% propagation of various IAV strains 24 h postinfection in vitro at low nM concentrations and is up to 10000× more effective than the commercial zanamivir drug. In a human lung ex vivo multicyclic infection setup, the heteromultivalent polymer outperforms the commercial drug zanamivir and homomultivalent analogs or their physical mixtures. This study authenticates the translational potential of the dual-action targeting approach using small polymers for broad and high antiviral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Parshad
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marlena N Schlecht
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Medical Clinic III, Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus an der TU Dresden, Fiedlerstr. 40, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Morris Baumgardt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agustina Rimondi
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Hönzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vinod Khatri
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- Department for Thoracic Surgery, DRK Clinics, 13359 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Lu Y, Allegri G, Huskens J. Recruitment of Receptors and Ligands in a Weakly Multivalent System with Omnipresent Signatures of Superselective Binding. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206596. [PMID: 36876448 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of receptors at membrane interfaces is essential in biological recognition and uptake processes. The interactions that induce recruitment are typically weak at the level of individual interaction pairs, but are strong and selective at the level of recruited ensembles. Here, a model system is demonstrated, based on the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) that mimics the recruitment process induced by weakly multivalent interactions. The weak (mm range) histidine-nickel-nitrilotriacetate (His2 -NiNTA) pair is employed owing to its ease of implementation in both synthetic and biological systems. The recruitment of receptors (and ligands) induced by the binding of His2 -functionalized vesicles on NiNTA-terminated SLBs is investigated to identify the ligand densities necessary to achieve vesicle binding and receptor recruitment. Threshold values of ligand densities appear to occur in many binding characteristics: density of bound vesicles, size and receptor density of the contact area, and vesicle deformation. Such thresholds contrast the binding of strongly multivalent systems and constitute a clear signature of the superselective binding behavior predicted for weakly multivalent interactions. This model system provides quantitative insight into the binding valency and effects of competing energetic forces, such as deformation, depletion, and entropy cost of recruitment at different length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group and Department for Molecules and Materials, MESA + Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, AE 7500, The Netherlands
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Giulia Allegri
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group and Department for Molecules and Materials, MESA + Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, AE 7500, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group and Department for Molecules and Materials, MESA + Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, AE 7500, The Netherlands
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9
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Hamming PHE, Overeem NJ, Diestelhorst K, Fiers T, Tieke M, Vos GM, Boons GJPH, van der Vries E, Block S, Huskens J. Receptor Density-Dependent Motility of Influenza Virus Particles on Surface Gradients. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:25066-25076. [PMID: 37167605 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses can move across the surface of host cells while interacting with their glycocalyx. This motility may assist in finding or forming locations for cell entry and thereby promote cellular uptake. Because the binding to and cleavage of cell surface receptors forms the driving force for the process, the surface-bound motility of influenza is expected to be dependent on the receptor density. Surface gradients with gradually varying receptor densities are thus a valuable tool to study binding and motility processes of influenza and can function as a mimic for local receptor density variations at the glycocalyx that may steer the directionality of a virus particle in finding the proper site of uptake. We have tracked individual influenza virus particles moving over surfaces with receptor density gradients. We analyzed the extracted virus tracks first at a general level to verify neuraminidase activity and subsequently with increasing detail to quantify the receptor density-dependent behavior on the level of individual virus particles. While a directional bias was not observed, most likely due to limitations of the steepness of the surface gradient, the surface mobility and the probability of sticking were found to be significantly dependent on receptor density. A combination of high surface mobility and high dissociation probability of influenza was observed at low receptor densities, while the opposite occurred at higher receptor densities. These properties result in an effective mechanism for finding high-receptor density patches, which are believed to be a key feature of potential locations for cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Erik Hamming
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nico J Overeem
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Diestelhorst
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tren Fiers
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Malte Tieke
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gaël M Vos
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan P H Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Block
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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10
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Capturing the start point of the virus-cell interaction with high-speed 3D single-virus tracking. Nat Methods 2022; 19:1642-1652. [PMID: 36357694 PMCID: PMC10154077 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The early stages of the virus-cell interaction have long evaded observation by existing microscopy methods due to the rapid diffusion of virions in the extracellular space and the large three-dimensional cellular structures involved. Here we present an active-feedback single-particle tracking method with simultaneous volumetric imaging of the live cell environment called 3D-TrIm to address this knowledge gap. 3D-TrIm captures the extracellular phase of the infectious cycle in what we believe is unprecedented detail. We report what are, to our knowledge, previously unobserved phenomena in the early stages of the virus-cell interaction, including skimming contact events at the millisecond timescale, orders of magnitude change in diffusion coefficient upon binding and cylindrical and linear diffusion modes along cellular protrusions. Finally, we demonstrate how this method can move single-particle tracking from simple monolayer culture toward more tissue-like conditions by tracking single virions in tightly packed epithelial cells. This multiresolution method presents opportunities for capturing fast, three-dimensional processes in biological systems.
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11
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Ye B, Shu L, Pang Y, Guo Y, Guo Y, Zong K, Chen C, Zheng X, Zhang J, Liu M, Yuan X, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Wang D, Bao C, Zhang J, Chen L, Gao GF, Liu WJ. Repeated influenza vaccination induces similar immune protection as first-time vaccination but with differing immune responses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 17:e13060. [PMID: 36271687 PMCID: PMC9835420 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent seasonal epidemics of influenza have been caused by human influenza A viruses of the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes and influenza B viruses. Annual vaccination is recommended to prevent infection; however, how annual influenza vaccination influences vaccine effectiveness is largely unknown. METHODS To investigate the impact of repeated vaccination on immune and protective effect, we performed a prospective seroepidemiologic study. Participants with or without prior vaccination (2018-2019) were enrolled during the 2019-2020 influenza season. Inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) was administered through the intramuscular route, and venous blood samples were collected regularly to test hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers. RESULTS The geometric mean titers and proportion with titers ≥40 against the influenza vaccine components peaked at 30 days post-vaccination. At Day 30, the geometric mean titer and proportion with titers ≥40 in participants who had been previously vaccinated were higher for H3N2 but similar for both B lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) as compared with participants vaccinated for the first time. As for H1N1, the geometric mean titer was lower in repeated vaccinated participants, but the proportion with titers ≥40 was consistent in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Repeated vaccination provides similar or enhanced protection as compared with single vaccination in first-time vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiwei Ye
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina
| | - Liumei Shu
- Department of Health CareBeijing Daxing District HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yuanyuan Pang
- Suzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and PreventionSuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yaxin Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Kexin Zong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina
| | - Cong Chen
- Changzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xianzhi Zheng
- Changzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionChangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina
| | - Maoshun Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaoju Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina
| | - Yingze Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina
| | - Danni Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina
| | - Dayan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jun Zhang
- Suzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and PreventionSuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Liling Chen
- Suzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and PreventionSuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - George F. Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)BeijingChina,Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging VirusesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - William J. Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)BeijingChina,School of Laboratory Medicine and Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina,Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging VirusesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Marbach S, Zheng JA, Holmes-Cerfon M. The nanocaterpillar's random walk: diffusion with ligand-receptor contacts. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3130-3146. [PMID: 35348560 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particles with ligand-receptor contacts bind and unbind fluctuating "legs" to surfaces, whose fluctuations cause the particle to diffuse. Quantifying the diffusion of such "nanoscale caterpillars" is a challenge, since binding events often occur on very short time and length scales. Here we derive an analytical formula, validated by simulations, for the long time translational diffusion coefficient of an overdamped nanocaterpillar, under a range of modeling assumptions. We demonstrate that the effective diffusion coefficient, which depends on the microscopic parameters governing the legs, can be orders of magnitude smaller than the background diffusion coefficient. Furthermore it varies rapidly with temperature, and reproduces the striking variations seen in existing data and our own measurements of the diffusion of DNA-coated colloids. Our model gives insight into the mechanism of motion, and allows us to ask: when does a nanocaterpillar prefer to move by sliding, where one leg is always linked to the surface, and when does it prefer to move by hopping, which requires all legs to unbind simultaneously? We compare a range of systems (viruses, molecular motors, white blood cells, protein cargos in the nuclear pore complex, bacteria such as Escherichia coli, and DNA-coated colloids) and present guidelines to control the mode of motion for materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marbach
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, NY, 10012, USA.
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, F-75005 Paris, France
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13
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Lam A, Kirkland OO, Anderson PF, Seetharaman N, Vujovic D, Thibault PA, Azarm KD, Lee B, Rawle RJ. Single-virus assay reveals membrane determinants and mechanistic features of Sendai virus binding. Biophys J 2022; 121:956-965. [PMID: 35150620 PMCID: PMC8943810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV, formally murine respirovirus) is a membrane-enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus in the Paramyxoviridae family and is closely related to human parainfluenza viruses. SeV has long been utilized as a model paramyxovirus and has recently gained attention as a viral vector candidate for both laboratory and clinical applications. To infect host cells, SeV must first bind to sialic acid glycolipid or glycoprotein receptors on the host cell surface via its hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. Receptor binding induces a conformational change in HN, which allosterically triggers the viral fusion (F) protein to catalyze membrane fusion. While it is known that SeV binds to α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors, and there has been some study into the chemical requirements of those receptors, key mechanistic features of SeV binding remain unknown, in part because traditional approaches often convolve binding and fusion. Here, we develop and employ a fluorescence microscopy-based assay to observe SeV binding to supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) at the single-particle level, which easily disentangles binding from fusion. Using this assay, we investigate mechanistic questions of SeV binding. We identify chemical structural features of ganglioside receptors that influence viral binding and demonstrate that binding is cooperative with respect to receptor density. We measure the characteristic decay time of unbinding and provide evidence supporting a "rolling" mechanism of viral mobility following receptor binding. We also study the dependence of binding on target cholesterol concentration. Interestingly, we find that although SeV binding shows striking parallels in cooperative binding with a prior report of Influenza A virus, it does not demonstrate a similar sensitivity to cholesterol concentration and receptor nanocluster formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Dragan Vujovic
- Department of Chemistry, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia A Thibault
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kristopher D Azarm
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert J Rawle
- Department of Chemistry, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.
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14
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Hsiao TC, Cheng PC, Chi KH, Wang HY, Pan SY, Kao C, Lee YL, Kuo HP, Chung KF, Chuang HC. Interactions of chemical components in ambient PM 2.5 with influenza viruses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127243. [PMID: 34844361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The significance of this work is that ambient PM2.5 is a direct transmission mode for influenza virus infection to the human alveolar epithelium. The concentration of PM2.5 was 11.7 ± 5.5 μg/m3 in Taipei during 24 December 2019-13 January 2020. Approximately 79% of inhaled PM2.5 is able to reach the upper-to-lower airway, and 47% of PM2.5 is able to reach the alveolar epithelium for influenza virus infection. Influenza A and B viruses were detected in PM2.5 on 9 days, and the influenza A/H5 virus was detected on 15 days during the study period. FL and Pyr were negatively correlated with the influenza A virus. D(ah)P and Acp were positively correlated with the influenza B and A/H5 viruses, respectively. Cd, V, and Zn were positively correlated with the influenza A, B, and A/H5 viruses, respectively. Next, influenza A, B, and A/H5 viral plasmids interacted with carbon black, H2O2, DEPs, and UD. We observed that H2O2 significantly decreased levels of complementary DNA of the three influenza viruses. DEPs and UD significantly decreased influenza A and A/H5 viral levels. In conclusion, chemicals in PM2.5 may play vital roles in terms of viable influenza virus in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ching Kao
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Lun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Pin Kuo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Zhdanov VP. Virology from the perspective of theoretical colloid and interface science. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 53:101450. [PMID: 36568530 PMCID: PMC9761319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections occur at very different length and time scales and include various processes, which can often be described using the models developed and/or employed in colloid and interface science. Bearing in mind the currently active COVID-19, I discuss herein the models aimed at viral transmission via respiratory droplets and the contact of virions with the epithelium. In a more general context, I outline the models focused on penetration of virions via the cellular membrane, initial stage of viral genome replication, and formation of viral capsids in cells. In addition, the models related to a new generation of drug delivery vehicles, for example, lipid nanoparticles with size about 100-200 nm, are discussed as well. Despite the high current interest in all these processes, their understanding is still limited, and this area is open for new theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Section of Nano and Biological Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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16
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Overeem NJ, Hamming PH(E, Tieke M, van der Vries E, Huskens J. Multivalent Affinity Profiling: Direct Visualization of the Superselective Binding of Influenza Viruses. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8525-8536. [PMID: 33978406 PMCID: PMC8158855 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) interacts with the glycocalyx of host cells through its surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Quantitative biophysical measurements of these interactions may help to understand these interactions at the molecular level with the long-term aim to predict influenza infectivity and answer other biological questions. We developed a method, called multivalent affinity profiling (MAP), to measure virus binding profiles on receptor density gradients to determine the threshold receptor density, which is a quantitative measure of virus avidity toward a receptor. Here, we show that imaging of IAVs on receptor density gradients allows the direct visualization and efficient assessment of their superselective binding. We show how the multivalent binding of IAVs can be quantitatively assessed using MAP if the receptor density gradients are prepared around the threshold receptor density without crowding at the higher densities. The threshold receptor density increases strongly with increasing flow rate, showing that the superselective binding of IAV is influenced by shear force. This method of visualization and quantitative assessment of superselective binding allows not only comparative studies of IAV-receptor interactions, but also more fundamental studies of how superselectivity arises and is influenced by experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J. Overeem
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - P. H. (Erik) Hamming
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Malte Tieke
- Division
of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Division
of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Royal
GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ, Deventer, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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17
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Overeem NJ, van der Vries E, Huskens J. A Dynamic, Supramolecular View on the Multivalent Interaction between Influenza Virus and Host Cell. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007214. [PMID: 33682339 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how influenza viruses traverse the mucus and recognize host cells is critical for evaluating their zoonotic potential, and for prevention and treatment of the disease. The surface of the influenza A virus is covered with the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin and the receptor-cleaving enzyme neuraminidase, which jointly control the interactions between the virus and the host cell. These proteins are organized in closely spaced trimers and tetramers to facilitate multivalent interactions with sialic acid-terminated glycans. This review shows that the individually weak multivalent interactions of influenza viruses allow superselective binding, virus-induced recruitment of receptors, and the formation of dynamic complexes that facilitate molecular walking. Techniques to measure the avidity and receptor specificity of influenza viruses are reviewed, and the pivotal role of multivalent interactions with their emergent properties in crossing the mucus and entering host cells is discussed. A model is proposed for the initiation of cell entry through virus-induced receptor clustering. The multivalent interactions of influenza viruses are maintained in a dynamic regime by a functional balance between binding and cleaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Overeem
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, Deventer, 7418 EZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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18
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Korosec CS, Jindal L, Schneider M, Calderon de la Barca I, Zuckermann MJ, Forde NR, Emberly E. Substrate stiffness tunes the dynamics of polyvalent rolling motors. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1468-1479. [PMID: 33347523 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01811b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nature has evolved many mechanisms for achieving directed motion on the subcellular level. The burnt-bridges ratchet (BBR) is one mechanism used to achieve superdiffusive molecular motion over long distances through the successive cleavage of surface-bound energy-rich substrate sites. This mechanism has been associated with both nanoscale and microscale movement, with the latter accomplished through polyvalent interactions between a large hub (e.g. influenza virus) and substrate (e.g. cell surface receptors). Experimental successes in achieving superdiffusive motion by synthetic polyvalent BBRs have raised questions about the dynamics of their motility, including whether rolling or translation is better able to direct motion of microscale spherical hubs. Here we simulate the three-dimensional dynamics of a polyvalent sphere moving on and cleaving an elastic substrate. We find that substrate stiffness plays an important role in controlling both the motor's mode of motility and its directional persistence. As we tune lateral substrate stiffness from soft to stiff we find there exists an intermediate value that optimizes rolling behaviour. We also find that there is an optimal substrate stiffness for maximizing persistence length, while stiffness does not influence as strongly the superdiffusive dynamics of the particle. Lastly, we examine the effect of substrate density, and show that softer landscapes are better able to buffer against decreases in substrate occupancy, with the spherical motor maintaining superdiffusive motion more on softer landscapes than on stiff landscapes as occupancy drops. Our results highlight the importance of surface in controlling the motion of polyvalent BBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chapin S Korosec
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Lavisha Jindal
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Mathew Schneider
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Ignacio Calderon de la Barca
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Martin J Zuckermann
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Nancy R Forde
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Eldon Emberly
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
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19
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Courtney SJ, Stromberg ZR, Kubicek-Sutherland JZ. Nucleic Acid-Based Sensing Techniques for Diagnostics and Surveillance of Influenza. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11020047. [PMID: 33673035 PMCID: PMC7918464 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus poses a threat to global health by causing seasonal outbreaks as well as three pandemics in the 20th century. In humans, disease is primarily caused by influenza A and B viruses, while influenza C virus causes mild disease mostly in children. Influenza D is an emerging virus found in cattle and pigs. To mitigate the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza, rapid and accurate diagnostic tests need to be deployed. However, the high genetic diversity displayed by influenza viruses presents a challenge to the development of a robust diagnostic test. Nucleic acid-based tests are more accurate than rapid antigen tests for influenza and are therefore better candidates to be used in both diagnostic and surveillance applications. Here, we review various nucleic acid-based techniques that have been applied towards the detection of influenza viruses in order to evaluate their utility as both diagnostic and surveillance tools. We discuss both traditional as well as novel methods to detect influenza viruses by covering techniques that require nucleic acid amplification or direct detection of viral RNA as well as comparing advantages and limitations for each method. There has been substantial progress in the development of nucleic acid-based sensing techniques for the detection of influenza virus. However, there is still an urgent need for a rapid and reliable influenza diagnostic test that can be used at point-of-care in order to enhance responsiveness to both seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks.
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20
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Nie C, Stadtmüller M, Parshad B, Wallert M, Ahmadi V, Kerkhoff Y, Bhatia S, Block S, Cheng C, Wolff T, Haag R. Heteromultivalent topology-matched nanostructures as potent and broad-spectrum influenza A virus inhibitors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabd3803. [PMID: 33523846 PMCID: PMC7775783 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the topology-matched design of heteromultivalent nanostructures as potent and broad-spectrum virus entry inhibitors based on the host cell membrane. Initially, we investigate the virus binding dynamics to validate the better binding performance of the heteromultivalent moieties as compared to homomultivalent ones. The heteromultivalent binding moieties are transferred to nanostructures with a bowl-like shape matching the viral spherical surface. Unlike the conventional homomultivalent inhibitors, the heteromultivalent ones exhibit a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 32.4 ± 13.7 μg/ml due to the synergistic multivalent effects and the topology-matched shape. At a dose without causing cellular toxicity, >99.99% reduction of virus propagation has been achieved. Since multiple binding sites have also been identified on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), we envision that the use of heteromultivalent nanostructures may also be applied to develop a potent inhibitor to prevent coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlena Stadtmüller
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Badri Parshad
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Matthias Wallert
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vahid Ahmadi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yannic Kerkhoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Block
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Zhdanov VP, Kasemo B. Virions and respiratory droplets in air: Diffusion, drift, and contact with the epithelium. Biosystems 2020; 198:104241. [PMID: 32896576 PMCID: PMC9991016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Some infections, including e.g. influenza and currently active COVID 19, may be transmitted via air during sneezing, coughing, and talking. This pathway occurs via diffusion and gravity-induced drift of single virions and respiratory droplets consisting primarily of water, including small fraction of nonvolatile matter, and containing virions. These processes are accompanied by water evaporation resulting in reduction of the droplet size. The manifold of information concerning these steps is presented in textbooks and articles not related to virology and the focus is there frequently on biologically irrelevant conditions and/or droplet sizes. In this brief review, we systematically describe the behavior of virions and virion-carrying droplets in air with emphasis on various regimes of diffusion, drift, and evaporation, and estimate the rates of all these steps under virologically relevant conditions. In addition, we discuss the kinetic aspects of the first steps of infection after attachment of virions or virion-carrying droplets to the epithelium, i.e., virion diffusion in the mucus and periciliary layers, penetration into the cells, and the early stage of replication. The presentation is oriented to virologists who are interested in the corresponding physics and to physicists who are interested in application of the physics to virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Sections of Nano and Biological Physics and Chemical Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Bengt Kasemo
- Sections of Nano and Biological Physics and Chemical Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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22
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Wallert M, Nie C, Anilkumar P, Abbina S, Bhatia S, Ludwig K, Kizhakkedathu JN, Haag R, Block S. Mucin-Inspired, High Molecular Weight Virus Binding Inhibitors Show Biphasic Binding Behavior to Influenza A Viruses. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004635. [PMID: 33135314 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent binding inhibitors are a promising new class of antivirals that prevent virus infections by inhibiting virus binding to cell membranes. The design of these inhibitors is challenging as many properties, for example, inhibitor size and functionalization with virus attachment factors, strongly influence the inhibition efficiency. Here, virus binding inhibitors are synthesized, the size and functionalization of which are inspired by mucins, which are naturally occurring glycosylated proteins with high molecular weight (MDa range) and interact efficiently with various viruses. Hyperbranched polyglycerols (hPGs) with molecular weights ranging between 10 and 2600 kDa are synthesized, thereby hitting the size of mucins and allowing for determining the impact of inhibitor size on the inhibition efficiency. The hPGs are functionalized with sialic acids and sulfates, as suggested from the structure of mucins, and their inhibition efficiency is determined by probing the inhibition of influenza A virus (IAV) binding to membranes using various methods. The largest, mucin-sized inhibitor shows potent inhibition at pm concentrations, while the inhibition efficiency decreases with decreasing the molecular weight. Interestingly, the concentration-dependent IAV inhibition shows a biphasic behavior, which is attributed to differences in the binding affinity of the inhibitors to the two IAV envelope proteins, neuraminidase, and hemagglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wallert
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces", Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Parambath Anilkumar
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Srinivas Abbina
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Research Center for Electron Microscopy and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Stephan Block
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Emmy-Noether Group "Bionanointerfaces", Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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23
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Nie C, Parshad B, Bhatia S, Cheng C, Stadtmüller M, Oehrl A, Kerkhoff Y, Wolff T, Haag R. Topology-Matching Design of an Influenza-Neutralizing Spiky Nanoparticle-Based Inhibitor with a Dual Mode of Action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15532-15536. [PMID: 32421225 PMCID: PMC7497169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the concept of "topology-matching design" for virus inhibitors. With the current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV), we designed a nanoparticle-based inhibitor (nano-inhibitor) that has a matched nanotopology to IAV virions and shows heteromultivalent inhibitory effects on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The synthesized nano-inhibitor can neutralize the viral particle extracellularly and block its attachment and entry to the host cells. The virus replication was significantly reduced by 6 orders of magnitude in the presence of the reverse designed nano-inhibitors. Even when used 24 hours after the infection, more than 99.999 % inhibition is still achieved, which indicates such a nano-inhibitor might be a potent antiviral for the treatment of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiong Nie
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- Unit 17Robert Koch InstitutSeestr. 1013353BerlinGermany
| | - Badri Parshad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityNo.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road610065ChengduChina
| | | | - Alexander Oehrl
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Yannic Kerkhoff
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | | | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
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24
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Ojeda N, Cárdenas C, Marshall S. Interaction of the Amino-Terminal Domain of the ISAV Fusion Protein with a Cognate Cell Receptor. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060416. [PMID: 32471165 PMCID: PMC7350309 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), etiological agent of the disease by the same name, causes major losses to the salmon industry. Classified as a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, ISAV is characterized by the presence of two surface glycoproteins termed hemagglutinin esterase (HE) and fusion protein (F), both of them directly involved in the initial interaction of the virus with the target cell. HE mediates receptor binding and destruction, while F promotes the fusion process of the viral and cell membranes. The carboxy-terminal end of F (F2) possesses canonical structural characteristics of a type I fusion protein, while no functional properties have been proposed for the amino-terminal (F1) region. In this report, based on in silico modeling, we propose a tertiary structure for the F1 region, which resembles a sialic acid binding domain. Furthermore, using recombinant forms of both HE and F proteins and an in vitro model system, we demonstrate the interaction of F with a cell receptor, the hydrolysis of this receptor by the HE esterase, and a crucial role for F1 in the fusion mechanism. Our interpretation is that binding of F to its cell receptor is fundamental for membrane fusion and that the esterase in HE modulates this interaction.
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25
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Nie C, Parshad B, Bhatia S, Cheng C, Stadtmüller M, Oehrl A, Kerkhoff Y, Wolff T, Haag R. Reverse design of an influenza neutralizing spiky nano-inhibitor with a dual mode of action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 132:15662-15666. [PMID: 32836497 PMCID: PMC7276915 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the concept of 'reverse design' for virus inhibitors. With the current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV), we designed a nano-inhibitor that has a reverse shape to the viral particle and heteromultivalent inhibitory effects on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The synthesized nano-inhibitor can neutralize the viral particle extracellularly and block its attachment and entry to the host cells. The virus replication was significantly reduced by 6 orders of magnitude in the presence of the reverse designed nano-inhibitors. Even being used 24 hours after the infection, >99.999% inhibition is also achieved, which indicates such a nano-inhibitor might be a potent antiviral for the treatment of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiong Nie
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie Takustr. 3 GERMANY
| | - Badri Parshad
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie Takustr. 3 GERMANY
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Chong Cheng
- Sichuan University College of Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | | | - Alexander Oehrl
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Yannic Kerkhoff
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | | | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universitat Berlin Dept. of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy Takustr. 3 Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry 14195 Berlin GERMANY
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