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Onyango AN. Excessive gluconeogenesis causes the hepatic insulin resistance paradox and its sequelae. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12294. [PMID: 36582692 PMCID: PMC9792795 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatic insulin signaling suppresses gluconeogenesis but promotes de novo lipid synthesis. Paradoxically, hepatic insulin resistance (HIR) enhances both gluconeogenesis and de novo lipid synthesis. Elucidation of the etiology of this paradox, which participates in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma, has not been fully achieved. Scope of review This article briefly outlines the previously proposed hypotheses on the etiology of the HIR paradox. It then discusses literature consistent with an alternative hypothesis that excessive gluconeogenesis, the direct effect of HIR, is responsible for the aberrant lipogenesis. The mechanisms involved therein are explained, involving de novo synthesis of fructose and uric acid, promotion of glutamine anaplerosis, and induction of glucagon resistance. Thus, gluconeogenesis via lipogenesis promotes hepatic steatosis, a component of NAFLD, and dyslipidemia. Gluconeogenesis-centred mechanisms for the progression of NAFLD from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis are suggested. That NAFLD often precedes and predicts type 2 diabetes is explained by the ability of lipogenesis to cushion against blood glucose dysregulation in the earlier stages of NAFLD. Major conclusions HIR-induced excessive gluconeogenesis is a major cause of the HIR paradox and its sequelae. Such involvement of gluconeogenesis in lipid synthesis rationalizes the fact that several types of antidiabetic drugs ameliorate NAFLD. Thus, dietary, lifestyle and pharmacological targeting of HIR and hepatic gluconeogenesis may be a most viable approach for the prevention and management of the HIR-associated network of diseases.
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Yu D, Zheng F, Wang L, Li C, Lu X, Lin X, Zhou L, Xu G. Novel Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomics Method for a Small Number of Cells Using Chip-Based Nanoelectrospray Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13765-13773. [PMID: 34606241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) can provide metabolic conversion information of specific targets; it is a powerful tool for cell metabolism studies. The common analytical platform for SIRM is chromatography-mass spectrometry, which requires a large number of cells and is not suitable for precious rare cell analysis. To study a small number of cells, we established a novel SIRM method using chip-based nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (MS). 13C-glutamine was taken as an example; the unlabeled and 13C-labeled cells were cultured and extracted in a 96-well plate and then directly injected into MS and analyzed in full scan mode and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode targeting 44 glutamine-derived metabolites and their isotopologues. To define focused metabolite-related MS2 fragments produced in the PRM, a new strategy was proposed including MS2 exact m/z matching, MS2 false positive filtering, and MS2 fragment grouping to remove the interfering MS2 ions. In total, 292 and 349 pairs of paired MS2 ions were obtained in positive and negative ionization modes, respectively. By searching spectra databases, 31 targeted metabolites with their isotopologues were identified and their characteristic product ions were confirmed for MS2 quantification. The relative quantification was achieved by MS2 quantification, which showed better sensitivity and accuracy than common MS1-based quantification. Finally, this method was applied to isocitrate dehydrogenase I-mutated glioma cells for revealing the effects of triptolide on glioma cell metabolism using U-13C-glutamine as a labeling substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fujian Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lichao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Computer Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- School of Computer Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Koohpeyma F, Siri M, Allahyari S, Mahmoodi M, Saki F, Dastghaib S. The effects of L-carnitine on renal function and gene expression of caspase-9 and Bcl-2 in monosodium glutamate-induced rats. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:162. [PMID: 33933022 PMCID: PMC8088661 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is frequently consumed as a flavor enhancer or food additive. Possible damages induced by MSG effects on some organs have been stated in experimental animal models. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of L-carnitine (L-ca) on the renal tissue in MSG-Induced Rats. METHODS In this regard, 60 male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10/each): 1 (Control); 2 (sham); 3 (L-carnitine 200 mg/kg b.w); 4 (MSG 3 g/kg b.w); 5 (MSG + L-carnitine 100 mg/kg); and 6 (MSG + L-carnitine 200 mg/kg). After 6 months, the rats were sacrificed, the blood sample collected and the kidneys harvested for evaluation of biochemical analytes, genes expression, and histopathological changes. RESULTS MSG significantly increased the serum level of MDA, BUN, creatinine, uric acid and renal Caspase-9, NGAL and KIM-1 expression, but it decreased the serum activity also renal expression of SOD, catalase, GPX, and Bcl-2 expression compared to the control group. Treatment with L-ca significantly reduced the serum BUN, creatinine, uric acid and MDA level and increased catalase, GPX and SOD compared to the MSG group. However, only administration of L-ca 200 significantly decreased the caspase-9, NGAL and KIM-1; also, it increased the Bcl-2 expression in the kidney compared to the MSG group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that L-carnitine had a major impact on the cell protection and might be an effective therapy in ameliorating the complications of the kidney induced by MSG via its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Koohpeyma
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 719363-5899, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morvarid Siri
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Marzieh Mahmoodi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Forough Saki
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 719363-5899, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 719363-5899, Shiraz, Iran
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Zanuzo KÉ, Guareschi ZM, Detogni AC, Huning LP, Rodrigues PF, Porto EM, Grassiolli S, Amorim JPA. Physical exercise associated with vitamin D chronic supplementation reduces kidney injury induced by monosodium glutamate. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20201097. [PMID: 33331449 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020201097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic vitamin D (VD) supplementation associated with regular swimming over renal histomorphometric aspects in obese rats. Thirty Wistar male rats (5 days old) were used. Twenty four rats were given subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 g/kg), and six control rats were given an equimolar saline solution. At 21-days-old, the MSG-treated rats were randomly distributed among sedentary animals (S) and exercised (E, swimming; 3x/week). These groups were subdivided into groups orally supplemented with VD (12 μg/kg; 3x/week) or not supplemented (NS), totaling Five experimental groups (n = 6 rats/group): MSG, MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, MSG-EVD and control groups. In MSG-obese rats, there was such as a decrease in the diameter of the, glomerular tuft, Bowman's capsule, Bowman's space areas, and renal cortical thickness, compared to the control group. In MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, and MSG-EVD animals, there was an increase in the cortical thickness in relation to the MSG group. In MSG-ENS and MSG-EVD animals, there was a reduction of tubular degeneration in relation to the MSG group. We conclude that physical exercise associated with Vitamin D supplementation can prevent of renal injury, increasing the thickness of the renal cortex and decrease the tubular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- KÉsia Zanuzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde, Universidade Estaudual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Rodovia Vitório Traiano, Km 02, Contorno Leste, Água Branca, 85601-970 Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - ZoÉ M Guareschi
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Fisiologia Metabólica, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Anna Caroliny Detogni
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e da Reprodução, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Pierre Huning
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Fisiologia Metabólica, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Patrick F Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Fisiologia Metabólica, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Elaine M Porto
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e da Reprodução, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde, Universidade Estaudual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Rodovia Vitório Traiano, Km 02, Contorno Leste, Água Branca, 85601-970 Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Fisiologia Metabólica, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - JoÃo Paulo A Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde, Universidade Estaudual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Rodovia Vitório Traiano, Km 02, Contorno Leste, Água Branca, 85601-970 Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e da Reprodução, Rua Universitária, 2069, Universitário, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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5
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Li X, Zheng S, Wu G. Amino Acid Metabolism in the Kidneys: Nutritional and Physiological Significance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:71-95. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Elbassuoni EA, Ragy MM, Ahmed SM. Evidence of the protective effect of l-arginine and vitamin D against monosodium glutamate-induced liver and kidney dysfunction in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:799-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Lane AN, Higashi RM, Fan TWM. NMR and MS-based Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomics and Applications in Cancer Metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2018; 120. [PMID: 32523238 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in defining metabolic reprogramming in human diseases, which is recognized as a hallmark of human cancer. Although radiotracers have a long history in specific metabolic studies, stable isotope-enriched precursors coupled with modern high resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy have enabled systematic mapping of metabolic networks and fluxes in cells, tissues and living organisms including humans. These analytical platforms are high in information content, are complementary and cross-validating in terms of compound identification, quantification, and isotope labeling pattern analysis of a large number of metabolites simultaneously. Furthermore, new developments in chemoselective derivatization and in vivo spectroscopy enable tracking of labile/low abundance metabolites and metabolic kinetics in real-time. Here we review developments in Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM) and recent applications in cancer metabolism using a wide variety of stable isotope tracers that probe both broad and specific aspects of cancer metabolism required for proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Dept. Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Dept. Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Dept. Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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8
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Protocols and Applications of Cellular Metabolomics in Safety Studies Using Precision-Cut Tissue Slices and Carbon 13 NMR. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1641:259-279. [PMID: 28748469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7172-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous xenobiotics are toxic to human and animal cells by interacting with their metabolism, but the precise metabolic step affected and the biochemical mechanism behind such a toxicity remain often unknown. In an attempt to reduce the ignorance in this field, we have developed a new approach called cellular metabolomics. This approach, developed in vitro, provides a panoramic view not only of the pathways involved in the metabolism of physiological substrates of any normal or pathological human or animal cell but also of the beneficial and adverse effects of xenobiotics on these metabolic pathways. Unlike many cell lines, precision-cut tissue slices, for which there is a renewed interest, remain metabolically differentiated for at least 24-48 h and allow to study the effect of xenobiotics during short-term and long-term incubations. Cellular metabolomics (or metabolic flux analysis), which combines enzymatic and carbon 13 NMR measurements with mathematical modeling of metabolic pathways, is illustrated in this brief chapter for studying the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism in rat liver precision-cut slices and of valproate on glutamine metabolism in human renal cortical precision-cut slices. The use of very small amounts of test compounds allows to predict their toxic effect and eventually their beneficial effects very early in the research and development processes. Cellular metabolomics is complementary to other omics approaches, but, unlike them, provides functional, mechanistic, and dynamic pieces of information by measuring enzymatic fluxes.
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9
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Sharma A. Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative kidney damage and possible mechanisms: a mini-review. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:93. [PMID: 26493866 PMCID: PMC4618747 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that chronic monosodium glutamate (MSG) intake induces kidney damage by oxidative stress. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear, despite the growing evidence and consensus that α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate receptors and cystine-glutamate antiporter play an important role in up-regulation of oxidative stress in MSG-induced renal toxicity. This review summaries evidence from studies into MSG-induced renal oxidative damage, possible mechanisms and their importance from a toxicological viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amod Sharma
- Department of Physiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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10
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Ling Y, van Herpt TTW, van Hoek M, Dehghan A, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Jiang S, Lieverse AG, Bravenboer B, Lu D, van Duijn CM, Gao X, Sijbrands EJG. A genetic variant in SLC6A20 is associated with Type 2 diabetes in white-European and Chinese populations. Diabet Med 2014; 31:1350-6. [PMID: 24958070 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether polymorphisms in SLC6A20 are associated with susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes. METHODS In the Rotterdam Study, a prospective, population-based cohort (n = 5974), 22 tagging polymorphisms with minor allele frequencies>0.05 across SLC6A20 were studied. Replication studies were performed in an independent Dutch case-control study (DiaGene-Rotterdam Study 2 n = 3133), and in a Chinese Han case-control population (n = 2279). A meta-analysis of the results was performed. RESULTS In the Rotterdam study, the minor alleles of rs13062383, rs10461016 and rs2286489 increased the risk of Type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 1.37, 95% CI 1.15-1.63, hazard ratio 1.30 95% CI 1.09-1.54 and hazard ratio 1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.35, respectively). In the DiaGene/Rotterdam Study 2, the A allele of rs13062383 increased the risk of Type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.45, 95% CI 1.19-1.76). In the Chinese Han study, the rs13062383 A allele also increased the risk of Type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.21, 95% CI 1.03-1.42). Meta-analysis showed a highly significant association of rs13062383 with Type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.35, 95% CI 1.21-1.47; P = 3.3 × 10⁻⁸). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, rs13062383 in SLC6A20 increased the susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes in populations with different genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kamei Y, Hattori M, Hatazawa Y, Kasahara T, Kanou M, Kanai S, Yuan X, Suganami T, Lamers WH, Kitamura T, Ogawa Y. FOXO1 activates glutamine synthetase gene in mouse skeletal muscles through a region downstream of 3'-UTR: possible contribution to ammonia detoxification. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E485-93. [PMID: 25074987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00177.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a reservoir of energy in the form of protein, which is degraded under catabolic conditions, resulting in the formation of amino acids and ammonia as a byproduct. The expression of FOXO1, a forkhead-type transcription factor, increases during starvation and exercise. In agreement, transgenic FOXO1-Tg mice that overexpress FOXO1 in skeletal muscle exhibit muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to examine the role of FOXO1 in amino acid metabolism. The mRNA and protein expressions of glutamine synthetase (GS) were increased in skeletal muscle of FOXO1-Tg mice. Fasting induced FOXO1 and GS expression in wild-type mice but hardly increased GS expression in muscle-specific FOXO1 knockout (FOXO1-KO) mice. Activation of FOXO1 also increased GS mRNA and protein expression in C2C12 myoblasts. Using a transient transfection reporter assay, we observed that FOXO1 activated the GS reporter construct. Mutation of a putative FOXO1-binding consensus sequence in the downstream genomic region of GS decreased basal and FOXO1-dependent reporter activity significantly. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that FOXO1 was recruited to the 3' region of GS in C2C12 myoblasts. These results suggest that FOXO1 directly upregulates GS expression. GS is considered to mediate ammonia clearance in skeletal muscle. In agreement, an intravenous ammonia challenge increased blood ammonia concentrations to a twofold higher level in FOXO1-KO than in wild-type mice, demonstrating that the capacity for ammonia disposal correlated inversely with the expression of GS in muscle. These data indicate that FOXO1 plays a role in amino acid metabolism during protein degradation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomi Kamei
- Department of Organ Network and Metabolism and Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Maki Hattori
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Hatazawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kanou
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kanai
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xunmei Yuan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Wouter H Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sharma A, Prasongwattana V, Cha’on U, Selmi C, Hipkaeo W, Boonnate P, Pethlert S, Titipungul T, Intarawichian P, Waraasawapati S, Puapiroj A, Sitprija V, Reungjui S. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption is associated with urolithiasis and urinary tract obstruction in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75546. [PMID: 24086562 PMCID: PMC3784461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peritoneal injection of monosodium glutamate (MSG) can induce kidney injury in adult rats but the effects of long-term oral intake have not been determined. METHODS We investigated the kidney histology and function in adult male Wistar rats that were fed ad libitum with a standard rat chow pellet and water with or without the addition of 2 mg/g body weight MSG/day in drinking water (n=10 per group). Both MSG-treated and control animals were sacrificed after 9 months when renal function parameters, blood and urine electrolytes, and tissue histopathology were determined. RESULTS MSG-treated rats were more prone to kidney stone formation, as represented by the alkaline urine and significantly higher activity product of calcium phosphate. Accordingly, 3/10 MSG-treated rats developed kidney stones over 9 months versus none of the control animals. Further, 2/10 MSG-treated rats but none (0/10) of the controls manifested hydronephrosis. MSG-treated rats had significantly higher levels of serum creatinine and potassium including urine output volume, urinary excretion sodium and citrate compared to controls. In contrast, MSG-treated rats had significantly lower ammonium and magnesium urinary excretion. CONCLUSION Oral MSG consumption appears to cause alkaline urine and may increase the risks of kidney stones with hydronephrosis in rats. Similar effects in humans must be verified by dedicated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amod Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Vitoon Prasongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ubon Cha’on
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
- BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Piyanard Boonnate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Supattra Pethlert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tanin Titipungul
- Department of Pathology, Mahasarakham Hospital, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | | | - Sakda Waraasawapati
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anucha Puapiroj
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Sirirat Reungjui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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13
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Meynial-Denis D, Bielicki G, Beaufrère AM, Mignon M, Mirand PP, Renou JP. Glutamate and CO2 production from glutamine in incubated enterocytes of adult and very old rats. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:688-92. [PMID: 22898569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is the major fuel for enterocytes and promotes the growth of intestinal mucosa. Although oral glutamine exerts a positive effect on intestinal villus height in very old rats, how glutamine is used by enterocytes is unclear. Adult (8 months) and very old (27 months) female rats were exposed to intermittent glutamine supplementation for 50% of their age lifetime. Treated rats received glutamine added to their drinking water, and control rats received water alone. Jejunal epithelial cells (~300×10(6) cells) were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer for 30 min containing [1-(13)C] glutamine (~17 M) for analysis of glutamine metabolites by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR). An aliquot fraction was incubated in the presence of [U-(14)C] glutamine to measure produced CO2. Glutamine pretreatment increased glutamate production and decreased CO2 production in very old rats. The ratio CO2/glutamate, which was very high in control very old rats, was similar at both ages after glutamine pretreatment, as if enterocytes from very old rats recovered the metabolic abilities of enterocytes from adult rats. Our results suggest that long-term treatment with glutamine started before advanced age (a) prevented the loss of rat body weight without limiting sarcopenia and (b) had a beneficial effect on enterocytes from very old rats probably by favoring the role of glutamate as a precursor for glutathione, arginine and proline biosynthesis, which was not detected in (13)C NMR spectra in our experimental conditions.
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Baverel G, Renault S, Faiz H, El Hage M, Gauthier C, Duplany A, Ferrier B, Martin G. Protocols and applications of cellular metabolomics in safety studies using precision-cut tissue slices and carbon 13 NMR. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 691:205-25. [PMID: 20972755 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-849-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous xenobiotics are toxic to human and animal cells by interacting with their metabolism, but the precise metabolic step affected and the biochemical mechanism behind such a toxicity often remain unknown. In an attempt to reduce the ignorance in this field, we have developed a new approach called cellular metabolomics. This approach, developed in vitro, provides a panoramic view not only of the pathways involved in the metabolism of physiologic substrates of any normal or pathologic human or animal cell but also of the beneficial and adverse effects of xenobiotics on these metabolic pathways. Unlike many cell lines, precision-cut tissue slices, for which there is a renewed interest, remain metabolically differentiated for at least 24-48 h and allow to study the effect of xenobiotics during short-term and long-term incubations. Cellular metabolomics (or cellular metabonomics), which combines enzymatic and carbon 13 NMR measurements with mathematical modeling of metabolic pathways, is illustrated in this brief chapter for studying the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism in rat liver precision-cut slices, and of valproate on glutamine metabolism in human renal cortical precision-cut slices. The use of very small amounts of test compounds allows to predict their toxic effect and eventually their beneficial effects very early in the research and development processes. Cellular metabolomics is complementary to other omics approaches, but, unlike them, provides functional and dynamic pieces of information by measuring enzymatic fluxes.
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Zanetti E, Chiusolo A, Defazio R, Casartelli A, Cappelletti E, Bocchini N, Chiara F, Cristofori P, Trevisan A. Evaluation of aging influence on renal toxicity caused by segment-specific nephrotoxicants of the proximal tubule in rat. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 30:142-50. [PMID: 19742859 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Little is known concerning the sensitivity of aged rats to xenobiotics inducing kidney damage. To increase this knowledge, the age-dependent response of the kidney to hexachloro-1 : 3-butadiene (HCBD) or potassium dichromate (chromate) was investigated. Rats were treated at different ages with a single dose of segment-specific nephrotoxicants of the proximal tubule, chosen on the basis of their specificity for S(3) and for S(1)-S(2) segments, respectively. The toxicological impact of these xenobiotics has been evaluated through biochemical and genomic markers, and histopathological investigation of kidney samples. HCBD treatment induced tubular necrosis of the S(3) segment of the proximal tubule associated with changes of toxicological markers unrelated to the age. In contrast, chromate treatment induced an increased kidney damage related to the rat age. In fact, histopathological investigation revealed that at 1 month of age tubular vacuolar degeneration was seen affecting S(1)-S(2) segments of the proximal tubule, whereas at 3 months of age tubular necrosis occurred in the same segments associated with tubular dilation of the distal portions. Consistently, biochemical analysis confirmed a direct correlation among genomic and biochemical marker variability and animal age. Altogether, the results show that during aging there is an increased sensitivity of kidney to chromate but not to HCBD-induced damage and evidence differential age-related selectivity of rats for nephrotoxic compounds. Significance for human risk assessment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Zanetti
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Mignon M, Lêvêque L, Bonnel E, Meynial-Denis D. Does concomitant glucose and glutamine supplementation change the response of glutamine synthetase to fasting in healthy adult rats? Clin Nutr 2007; 26:662-6. [PMID: 17499397 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glutamine synthetase (GS), a key enzyme in the glutamine synthesis, is thus crucial in glutamine homeostasis. GS is known to be up-regulated by fasting and inhibited by glutamine supplementation. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of glucose in glutamine supplementation with refeeding differently affects up-regulation of muscle GS by fasting in vivo in adult female rats than glutamine alone. METHODS Muscle GS activities were assessed in 5-day-fasted female Wistar adult rats refed and supplemented with glutamine or glycine in the presence or not of glucose. RESULTS After 5-day-fasting, the up-regulated GS activity was decreased whatever the type of amino acid supplementation (glutamine or glycine), whereas it was more decreased by supplementation with a mixture glutamine/glucose. In glycine/glucose supplemented rats, no effect of glucose supplementation was observed on GS activity. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that intramuscular glutamine was spared when glucose was added to glutamine supplementation in adult rats. Consequently, the role of glucose consisted in slowing down the glutamine synthesis. By contrast, glucose has no role when it was associated with glycine whose degradation does not produce energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mignon
- UMR INRA 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, Saint Genes-Champanelle F-63122, France; Human Nutrition Research Center (CRNH), Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
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Martin G, Ferrier B, Conjard A, Martin M, Nazaret R, Boghossian M, Saadé F, Mancuso C, Durozard D, Baverel G. Glutamine gluconeogenesis in the small intestine of 72 h-fasted adult rats is undetectable. Biochem J 2007; 401:465-73. [PMID: 17002601 PMCID: PMC1820798 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated that 48-72 h of fasting, Type 1 diabetes and high-protein feeding induce gluconeogenesis in the small intestine of adult rats in vivo. Since this would (i) represent a dramatic revision of the prevailing view that only the liver and the kidneys are gluconeogenic and (ii) have major consequences in the metabolism, nutrition and diabetes fields, we have thoroughly re-examined this question in the situation reported to induce the highest rate of gluconeogenesis. For this, metabolically viable small intestinal segments from 72 h-fasted adult rats were incubated with [3-13C]glutamine as substrate. After incubation, substrate utilization and product accumulation were measured by enzymatic and NMR spectroscopic methods. Although the segments utilized [13C]glutamine at high rates and accumulated 13C-labelled products linearly for 30 min in vitro, no substantial glucose synthesis could be detected. This was not due to the re-utilization of [13C]glucose initially synthesized from [13C]glutamine. Arteriovenous metabolite concentration difference measurements across the portal vein-drained viscera of 72 h-fasted Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats clearly indicated that glutamine, the main if not the only gluconeogenic precursor taken up, could not give rise to detectable glucose production in vivo. Therefore we challenge the view that the small intestine of the adult rat is a gluconeogenic organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Martin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Bernard Ferrier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Agnès Conjard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Mireille Martin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Rémi Nazaret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Michelle Boghossian
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Fadi Saadé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Claire Mancuso
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Daniel Durozard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Gabriel Baverel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Cirrik S, Oner G. Effect of Nitric Oxide on Ammoniagenesis in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:p61-71. [PMID: 16286788 DOI: 10.1159/000089683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM This in vitro study using rat cortical slices, isolated proximal tubules and mitochondria was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide on ammoniagenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS The cortical slices were incubated with phosphate-buffered saline containing 1 mML-glutamine at 37 degrees C andglutamine-stimulated ammoniagenesis which was further elevated with 10(-7)M ANGII showed a time-dependent decrease during 2 h. 10(-4)M L-NAME or 10(-5)ML-canavanin caused a similar ammonia elevation to that of ANGII, whereas the addition of 10(-5)M SNAP attenuated the ammonia-increasing effects of ANGII and L-NAME. Basal or exogenous NO without significantly affecting glutamine uptake of the slices seemed to convert the glutamine deamidation pathway to transamination, since L-NAME increased the ammonia to glutamine ratio from 0.87 +/- 0.08 mol/mol to 1.03 +/- 0.04 (p < 0.01). L-NAME increased both ammoniagenesis and mitochondrial oxygen consumption but SNAP depressed them. Endogenous NO reduced ammoniagenesis without changing the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), whereas exogenous NO-induced attenuation in ammoniagenesis was associated with elevated PTP in a CsA-sensitive manner. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that in rat kidney, basal NO depresses mitochondrial oxygen consumption and attenuates ammoniagenesis without affecting PTP; however, exogenous NO inhibits ammonia production by disturbing PTP in isolated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Cirrik
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Vittorelli A, Gauthier C, Michoudet C, Martin G, Baverel G. Characteristics of glutamine metabolism in human precision-cut kidney slices: a 13C-NMR study. Biochem J 2005; 387:825-34. [PMID: 15579133 PMCID: PMC1135014 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of glutamine, a physiological substrate of the human kidney, plays a major role in systemic acid-base homoeostasis. Not only because of the limited availability of human renal tissue but also in part due to the lack of adequate cellular models, the mechanisms regulating the renal metabolism of this amino acid in humans have been poorly characterized. Therefore given the renewed interest in their use, human precision-cut renal cortical slices were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium (118 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 1.18 mM KH2PO4, 1.18 mM MgSO4*7H2O, 24.9 mM NaHCO3 and 2.5 mM CaCl2*2H2O) with 2 mM unlabelled or 13C-labelled glutamine residues. After incubation, substrate utilization and product formation were measured by enzymatic and NMR spectroscopic methods. Glutamate accumulation tended to plateau but glutamine removal and ammonia, alanine and lactate production as well as flux through GLDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) increased to various extents with time for up to 4 h of incubation indicating the metabolic viability of the slices. Valproate, a stimulator of renal glutamine metabolism, markedly and in a dose-dependent fashion increased ammonia production. With [3-13C]glutamine as a substrate, and in the absence and presence of valproate, [13C]glutamate, [13C]alanine and [13C]lactate accounted for 81 and 96%, 34 and 63%, 30 and 46% of the glutamate, alanine and lactate accumulations measured enzymatically respectively. The slices also metabolized glutamine and retained their reactivity to valproate during incubations lasting for up to 48 h. These results demonstrate that, although endogenous metabolism substantially operates in the presence of glutamine, human precision-cut renal cortical slices are metabolically viable and strongly respond to the ammoniagenic effect of valproate. Thus, this experimental model is suitable for metabolic and pharmaco-toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vittorelli
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Métabolique et Rénale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 499, Faculté de Médecine R.T.H. Laennec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Catherine Gauthier
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Métabolique et Rénale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 499, Faculté de Médecine R.T.H. Laennec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Christian Michoudet
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Métabolique et Rénale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 499, Faculté de Médecine R.T.H. Laennec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Guy Martin
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Métabolique et Rénale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 499, Faculté de Médecine R.T.H. Laennec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Gabriel Baverel
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Métabolique et Rénale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 499, Faculté de Médecine R.T.H. Laennec, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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