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Permyakova A, Hamad S, Hinden L, Baraghithy S, Kogot-Levin A, Yosef O, Shalev O, Tripathi MK, Amal H, Basu A, Arif M, Cinar R, Kunos G, Berger M, Leibowitz G, Tam J. Renal Mitochondrial ATP Transporter Ablation Ameliorates Obesity-Induced CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:281-298. [PMID: 38200648 PMCID: PMC10914206 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study sheds light on the central role of adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced CKD. Our data demonstrate that ANT2 depletion in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) leads to a shift in their primary metabolic program from fatty acid oxidation to aerobic glycolysis, resulting in mitochondrial protection, cellular survival, and preservation of renal function. These findings provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of obesity-induced CKD and have the potential to be translated toward the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for this debilitating condition. BACKGROUND The impairment in ATP production and transport in RPTCs has been linked to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced CKD. This condition is characterized by kidney dysfunction, inflammation, lipotoxicity, and fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the role of ANT2, which serves as the primary regulator of cellular ATP content in RPTCs, in the development of obesity-induced CKD. METHODS We generated RPTC-specific ANT2 knockout ( RPTC-ANT2-/- ) mice, which were then subjected to a 24-week high-fat diet-feeding regimen. We conducted comprehensive assessment of renal morphology, function, and metabolic alterations of these mice. In addition, we used large-scale transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses to gain insights into the role of ANT2 in regulating mitochondrial function, RPTC physiology, and overall renal health. RESULTS Our findings revealed that obese RPTC-ANT2-/- mice displayed preserved renal morphology and function, along with a notable absence of kidney lipotoxicity and fibrosis. The depletion of Ant2 in RPTCs led to a fundamental rewiring of their primary metabolic program. Specifically, these cells shifted from oxidizing fatty acids as their primary energy source to favoring aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon mediated by the testis-selective Ant4. CONCLUSIONS We propose a significant role for RPTC-Ant2 in the development of obesity-induced CKD. The nullification of RPTC-Ant2 triggers a cascade of cellular mechanisms, including mitochondrial protection, enhanced RPTC survival, and ultimately the preservation of kidney function. These findings shed new light on the complex metabolic pathways contributing to CKD development and suggest potential therapeutic targets for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Permyakova
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharleen Hamad
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liad Hinden
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saja Baraghithy
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviram Kogot-Levin
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omri Yosef
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Israel-Canada Medical Research Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Shalev
- Metabolomics Center, Core Research Facility, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- The Laboratory of Neuromics, Cell Signaling and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haitham Amal
- The Laboratory of Neuromics, Cell Signaling and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abhishek Basu
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Resat Cinar
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michael Berger
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Israel-Canada Medical Research Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gil Leibowitz
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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El-Yazbi AF, Elrewiny MA, Habib HM, Eid AH, Elzahhar PA, Belal ASF. Thermogenic Modulation of Adipose Depots: A Perspective on Possible Therapeutic Intervention with Early Cardiorenal Complications of Metabolic Impairment. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:187-194. [PMID: 37567782 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications of diabetes and obesity remain a major cause for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite significant advances in the pharmacotherapy of metabolic disease, the available approaches do not prevent or slow the progression of complications. Moreover, a majority of patients present with significant vascular involvement at early stages of dysfunction prior to overt metabolic changes. The lack of disease-modifying therapies affects millions of patients globally, causing a massive economic burden due to these complications. Significantly, adipose tissue inflammation was implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and obesity. Specifically, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) depots influence cardiovascular and renal structure and function. Accumulating evidence implicates localized PVAT/PRAT inflammation as the earliest response to metabolic impairment leading to cardiorenal dysfunction. Increased mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and function lead to PVAT/PRAT hypoxia and inflammation as well as vascular, cardiac, and renal dysfunction. As UCP1 function remains an undruggable target so far, modulation of the augmented UCP1-mediated PVAT/PRAT thermogenesis constitutes a lucrative target for drug development to mitigate early cardiorenal involvement. This can be achieved either by subtle targeted reduction in UCP-1 expression using innovative proteolysis activating chimeric molecules (PROTACs) or by supplementation with cyclocreatine phosphate, which augments the mitochondrial futile creatine cycling and thus decreases UCP1 activity, enhances the efficiency of oxygen use, and reduces hypoxia. Once developed, these molecules will be first-in-class therapeutic tools to directly interfere with and reverse the earliest pathology underlying cardiac, vascular, and renal dysfunction accompanying the early metabolic deterioration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Adipose tissue dysfunction plays a major role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and their complications. Although mitochondrial alterations are common in metabolic impairment, it was only recently shown that the early stages of metabolic challenge involve inflammatory changes in select adipose depots associated with increased uncoupling protein 1 thermogenesis and hypoxia. Manipulating this mode of thermogenesis can help mitigate the early inflammation and the consequent cardiorenal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Mohamed A Elrewiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Hosam M Habib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Perihan A Elzahhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
| | - Ahmed S F Belal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.F.E.-Y.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (P.A.E., A.S.F.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt (A.F.E.-Y., M.A.E., H.M.H.); and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar (A.H.E.)
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3
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Chen Y, Wu L, Liu J, Ma L, Zhang W. Adenine nucleotide translocase: Current knowledge in post-translational modifications, regulations and pathological implications for human diseases. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22953. [PMID: 37224026 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201855rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocases (ANTs) are central to mitochondrial integrity and bioenergetic metabolism. This review aims to integrate the progresses and knowledge on ANTs over the last few years, contributing to a potential implication of ANTs for various diseases. Structures, functions, modifications, regulators and pathological implications of ANTs for human diseases are intensively demonstrated here. ANTs have four isoforms (ANT1-4), responsible for exchanging ATP/ADP, possibly composing of pro-apoptotic mPTP as a major component, and mediating FA-dependent uncoupling of proton efflux. ANT can be modified by methylation, nitrosylation and nitroalkylation, acetylation, glutathionylation, phosphorylation, carbonylation and hydroxynonenal-induced modifications. Compounds, including bongkrekic acid, atractyloside calcium, carbon monoxide, minocycline, 4-(N-(S-penicillaminylacetyl)amino) phenylarsonous acid, cardiolipin, free long-chain fatty acids, agaric acid, long chain acyl-coenzyme A esters, all have an ability to regulate ANT activities. ANT impairment leads to bioenergetic failure and mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to pathogenesis of diseases, such as diabetes (deficiency), heart disease (deficiency), Parkinson's disease (reduction), Sengers Syndrome (decrease), cancer (isoform shifting), Alzheimer's Disease (coaggregation with Tau), Progressive External Opthalmoplegia (mutation), and Fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (overexpression). This review improves the understanding of the mechanism of ANT in pathogenesis of human diseases, and opens a window for novel therapeutic strategies targeted on ANT in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Chen
- Grade 2020, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leshuang Wu
- Grade 2019, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Sadler DG, Treas L, Sikes JD, Porter C. A modest change in housing temperature alters whole body energy expenditure and adipocyte thermogenic capacity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E517-E528. [PMID: 36351253 PMCID: PMC9744648 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00079.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Typical vivarium temperatures (20-26°C) induce facultative thermogenesis in mice, a process attributable in part to uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1). The impact of modest changes in housing temperature on whole body and adipose tissue energetics in mice remains unclear. Here, we determined the effects of transitioning mice from 24°C to 30°C on total energy expenditure and adipose tissue protein signatures. C57BL/6J mice were housed at 24°C for 2 wk and then either remained at 24°C (n = 16/group, 8M/8F) or were transitioned to 30°C (n = 16/group, 8M/8F) for 4 wk. Total energy expenditure and its components were determined by indirect calorimetry. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) proteins were quantified by Western blot and quantitative proteomics. Transitioning from 24°C to 30°C reduced total energy expenditure in both male (-25%) and female (-16%) mice, which was attributable to lower basal energy expenditure in males (-36%) and females (-40%). Total iBAT UCP1 protein content was 50% lower at 30°C compared with 24°C, whereas iWAT UCP1 protein content was similar between conditions. iBAT UCP1 protein content remained 20-fold greater than iWAT at 30°C. In iBAT and iWAT, 183 and 41 proteins were differentially expressed between 24°C and 30°C, respectively. iWAT proteins (257) differentially expressed between sexes at 30°C were not differentially expressed at 24°C. Thus, 30°C housing lowers total energy expenditure of mice when compared with an ambient temperature (24°C) that falls within the National Research Council's guidelines for housing laboratory mice. Lower iBAT UCP1 content accompanied chronic housing at 30°C. Furthermore, housing temperature influences sexual dimorphism in the iWAT proteome. These data have implications regarding the optimization of preclinical models of human disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Housing mice at 30°C reduced the basal and total energy expenditure compared with 24°C, which was accompanied by a reduction in brown adipose tissue UCP1 content. Proteomic profiling demonstrated the brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue proteomes were largely influenced by housing temperature and sex, respectively. Therefore, 30°C housing revealed sexual dimorphism in the white adipose tissue proteome that was largely absent in animals housed at 24°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Sadler
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Lillie Treas
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - James D Sikes
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Craig Porter
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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5
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AlZaim I, Eid AH, Abd-Elrahman KS, El-Yazbi AF. Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiometabolic Diseases: On the Search for Novel Molecular Targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Beignon F, Gueguen N, Tricoire-Leignel H, Mattei C, Lenaers G. The multiple facets of mitochondrial regulations controlling cellular thermogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:525. [PMID: 36125552 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding temperature production and regulation in endotherm organisms becomes a crucial challenge facing the increased frequency and intensity of heat strokes related to global warming. Mitochondria, located at the crossroad of metabolism, respiration, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis, were recently proposed to further act as cellular radiators, with an estimated inner temperature reaching 50 °C in common cell lines. This inner thermogenesis might be further exacerbated in organs devoted to produce consistent efforts as muscles, or heat as brown adipose tissue, in response to acute solicitations. Consequently, pathways promoting respiratory chain uncoupling and mitochondrial activity, such as Ca2+ fluxes, uncoupling proteins, futile cycling, and substrate supplies, provide the main processes controlling heat production and cell temperature. The mitochondrial thermogenesis might be further amplified by cytoplasmic mechanisms promoting the over-consumption of ATP pools. Considering these new thermic paradigms, we discuss here all conventional wisdoms linking mitochondrial functions to cellular thermogenesis in different physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beignon
- Univ Angers, MitoLab, Unité MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.
| | - Naig Gueguen
- Univ Angers, MitoLab, Unité MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France.,Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - César Mattei
- Univ Angers, CarMe, Unité MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Univ Angers, MitoLab, Unité MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, SFR ICAT, Angers, France. .,Service de Neurologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.
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Somnay YR, Wang A, Griffiths KK, Levy RJ. Altered Brown Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Function in Newborn Fragile X Syndrome Mice. Mitochondrion 2022; 65:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gao Y, Shabalina IG, Braz GRF, Cannon B, Yang G, Nedergaard J. Establishing the potency of N-acyl amino acids versus conventional fatty acids as thermogenic uncouplers in cells and mitochondria from different tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148542. [PMID: 35192808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that N-acyl amino acids could function as brown or brite/beige adipose tissue-derived lipokines that could induce UCP1-independent thermogenesis by uncoupling mitochondrial respiration in several peripheral tissues is of significant physiological interest. To quantify the potency of N-acyl amino acids versus conventional fatty acids as thermogenic inducers, we have examined the affinity and efficacy of two pairs of such compounds: oleate versus N-oleoyl-leucine and arachidonate versus N-arachidonoyl-glycine in cells and mitochondria from different tissues. We found that in cultures of the muscle-derived L6 cell line, as well as in primary cultures of murine white, brite/beige and brown adipocytes, the N-acyl amino acids were proficient uncouplers but that they did not systematically display higher affinity or potency than the conventional fatty acids, and they were not as efficient uncouplers as classical protonophores (FCCP). Higher concentrations of the N-acyl amino acids (as well as of conventional fatty acids) were associated with signs of deleterious effects on the cells. In liver mitochondria, we found that the N-acyl amino acids uncoupled similarly to conventional fatty acids, thus apparently via activation of the adenine nucleotide transporter-2. In brown adipose tissue mitochondria, the N-acyl amino acids were able to activate UCP1, again similarly to conventional fatty acids. We thus conclude that the formation of the acyl-amino acid derivatives does not confer upon the corresponding fatty acids an enhanced ability to induce thermogenesis in peripheral tissues, and it is therefore unlikely that the N-acyl amino acids are of specific physiological relevance as UCP1-independent thermogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Ruda F Braz
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gongshe Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kassotis CD, Vom Saal FS, Babin PJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Le Mentec H, Blumberg B, Mohajer N, Legrand A, Munic Kos V, Martin-Chouly C, Podechard N, Langouët S, Touma C, Barouki R, Ji Kim M, Audouze K, Choudhury M, Shree N, Bansal A, Howard S, Heindel JJ. Obesity III: Obesogen assays: Limitations, strengths, and new directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115014. [PMID: 35393121 PMCID: PMC9050906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a role for environmental contaminants in disrupting metabolic health in both humans and animals. Despite a growing need for well-understood models for evaluating adipogenic and potential obesogenic contaminants, there has been a reliance on decades-old in vitro models that have not been appropriately managed by cell line providers. There has been a quick rise in available in vitro models in the last ten years, including commercial availability of human mesenchymal stem cell and preadipocyte models; these models require more comprehensive validation but demonstrate real promise in improved translation to human metabolic health. There is also progress in developing three-dimensional and co-culture techniques that allow for the interrogation of a more physiologically relevant state. While diverse rodent models exist for evaluating putative obesogenic and/or adipogenic chemicals in a physiologically relevant context, increasing capabilities have been identified for alternative model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, and medaka in metabolic health testing. These models have several appreciable advantages, including most notably their size, rapid development, large brood sizes, and ease of high-resolution lipid accumulation imaging throughout the organisms. They are anticipated to expand the capabilities of metabolic health research, particularly when coupled with emerging obesogen evaluation techniques as described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Nicole Mohajer
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Charbel Touma
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Min Ji Kim
- University of Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Nitya Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2611, Australia
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
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Elovl2-Ablation Leads to Mitochondrial Membrane Fatty Acid Remodeling and Reduced Efficiency in Mouse Liver Mitochondria. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030559. [PMID: 35276915 PMCID: PMC8838343 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid elongase elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 2 (ELOVL2) controls the elongation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) producing precursors for omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and omega-6, docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6) in vivo. Expectedly, Elovl2-ablation drastically reduced the DHA and DPAn-6 in liver mitochondrial membranes. Unexpectedly, however, total PUFAs levels decreased further than could be explained by Elovl2 ablation. The lipid peroxidation process was not involved in PUFAs reduction since malondialdehyde-lysine (MDAL) and other oxidative stress biomarkers were not enhanced. The content of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins remained unchanged. Still, membrane remodeling was associated with the high voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2), a possible reflection of the increased demand on phospholipid transport to the mitochondria. Mitochondrial function was impaired despite preserved content of the respiratory chain proteins and the absence of oxidative damage. Oligomycin-insensitive oxygen consumption increased, and coefficients of respiratory control were reduced by 50%. The mitochondria became very sensitive to fatty acid-induced uncoupling and permeabilization, where ANT2 is involved. Mitochondrial volume and number of peroxisomes increased as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, the results imply that endogenous DHA production is vital for the normal function of mouse liver mitochondria and could be relevant not only for mice but also for human metabolism.
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11
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Ikeda T, Watanabe S, Mitani T. Genistein regulates adipogenesis by blocking the function of adenine nucleotide translocase-2 in the mitochondria. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:260-272. [PMID: 34849563 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genistein exerts antiadipogenic effects, but its target molecules remain unclear. Here, we delineated the molecular mechanism underlying the antiadipogenic effect of genistein. A pulldown assay using genistein-immobilized beads identified adenine nucleotide translocase-2 as a genistein-binding protein in adipocytes. Adenine nucleotide translocase-2 exchanges ADP/ATP through the mitochondrial inner membrane. Similar to the knockdown of adenine nucleotide translocase-2, genistein treatment decreased ADP uptake into the mitochondria and ATP synthesis. Genistein treatment and adenine nucleotide translocase-2 knockdown suppressed adipogenesis and increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Adenine nucleotide translocase-2 knockdown reduced the transcriptional activity of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β, whereas AMP-activated protein kinase inhibition restored the suppression of adipogenesis by adenine nucleotide translocase-2 knockdown. These results indicate that genistein interacts directly with adenine nucleotide translocase-2 to suppress its function. The downregulation of adenine nucleotide translocase-2 reduces the transcriptional activity of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which consequently represses adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ikeda
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduated School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduated School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takakazu Mitani
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, Graduated School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, Japan
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12
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Rohm TV, Meier DT, Olefsky JM, Donath MY. Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Immunity 2022; 55:31-55. [PMID: 35021057 PMCID: PMC8773457 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 259.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state contributes to long-term complications of diabetes, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and nephropathy, and may underlie the association of type 2 diabetes with other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammation in obesity, T2D, and related disorders. We discuss how chronic tissue inflammation results in IR, impaired insulin secretion, glucose intolerance, and T2D and review the effect of inflammation on diabetic complications and on the relationship between T2D and other pathologies. In this context, we discuss current therapeutic options for the treatment of metabolic disease, advances in the clinic and the potential of immune-modulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa V. Rohm
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel T. Meier
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold M. Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marc Y. Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,Correspondence:
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13
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Ma Y, Liu S, Jun H, Wu J. CHRNA2: a new paradigm in beige thermoregulation and metabolism. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:479-489. [PMID: 34952750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of thermogenic adipocytes to maintain systemic metabolic homeostasis has been increasingly appreciated in recent years. It is now recognized that different types (e.g., brown, beige) and subtypes of thermogenic adipocytes may arise from various developmental origins. In addition to the adrenergic pathway, other signals can activate thermogenesis, including paracrine communication between immune cells within the adipose tissue niche and thermogenic adipocytes. In this opinion article we highlight the recently discovered beige-selective signaling between acetylcholine from immune cells and cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit (CHRNA2) in activated beige adipocytes. We present our current knowledge of how this previously unrecognized adipose non-neuronal cholinergic signaling pathway mediates beige thermoregulation, and discuss its impact on whole-body fitness and its therapeutic potential as a novel target for combating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxu Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heejin Jun
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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14
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Moon JS, da Cunha FF, Huh JY, Andreyev AY, Lee J, Mahata SK, Reis FC, Nasamran CA, Lee YS. ANT2 drives proinflammatory macrophage activation in obesity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147033. [PMID: 34676827 PMCID: PMC8564915 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage proinflammatory activation is an important etiologic component of the development of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. Here, we demonstrate that a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2), mediates proinflammatory activation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in obesity. Ant2 expression was increased in ATMs of obese mice compared with lean mice. Myeloid-specific ANT2-knockout (ANT2-MKO) mice showed decreased adipose tissue inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in HFD/obesity. At the molecular level, we found that ANT2 mediates free fatty acid–induced mitochondrial permeability transition, leading to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and damage. In turn, this increased HIF-1α expression and NF-κB activation, leading to proinflammatory macrophage activation. Our results provide a previously unknown mechanism for how obesity induces proinflammatory activation of macrophages with propagation of low-grade chronic inflammation (metaflammation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Su Moon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Flavia Franco da Cunha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jin Young Huh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexander Yu Andreyev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jihyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Felipe Cg Reis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chanond A Nasamran
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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15
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Jabůrek M, Průchová P, Holendová B, Galkin A, Ježek P. Antioxidant Synergy of Mitochondrial Phospholipase PNPLA8/iPLA2γ with Fatty Acid-Conducting SLC25 Gene Family Transporters. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050678. [PMID: 33926059 PMCID: PMC8146845 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein PNPLA8, also termed Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ), is addressed to the mitochondrial matrix (or peroxisomes), where it may manifest its unique activity to cleave phospholipid side-chains from both sn-1 and sn-2 positions, consequently releasing either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), including oxidized FAs. Moreover, iPLA2γ is directly stimulated by H2O2 and, hence, is activated by redox signaling or oxidative stress. This redox activation permits the antioxidant synergy with mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) or other SLC25 mitochondrial carrier family members by FA-mediated protonophoretic activity, termed mild uncoupling, that leads to diminishing of mitochondrial superoxide formation. This mechanism allows for the maintenance of the steady-state redox status of the cell. Besides the antioxidant role, we review the relations of iPLA2γ to lipid peroxidation since iPLA2γ is alternatively activated by cardiolipin hydroperoxides and hypothetically by structural alterations of lipid bilayer due to lipid peroxidation. Other iPLA2γ roles include the remodeling of mitochondrial (or peroxisomal) membranes and the generation of specific lipid second messengers. Thus, for example, during FA β-oxidation in pancreatic β-cells, H2O2-activated iPLA2γ supplies the GPR40 metabotropic FA receptor to amplify FA-stimulated insulin secretion. Cytoprotective roles of iPLA2γ in the heart and brain are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (B.H.); (P.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-296442789
| | - Pavla Průchová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (B.H.); (P.J.)
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (B.H.); (P.J.)
| | - Alexander Galkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Columbia University William Black Building, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1084, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (B.H.); (P.J.)
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16
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Nicholls DG. Mitochondrial proton leaks and uncoupling proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148428. [PMID: 33798544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which provides a carefully regulated proton re-entry pathway across the mitochondrial inner membrane operating in parallel to the ATP synthase and allowing respiration, and hence thermogenesis, to be released from the constraints of respiratory control. In the 40 years since UCP1 was first described, an extensive, and frequently contradictory, literature has accumulated, focused on the acute physiological regulation of the protein by fatty acids, purine nucleotides and possible additional factors. The purpose of this review is to examine, in detail, the experimental evidence underlying these proposed mechanisms. Emphasis will be placed on the methodologies employed and their relation to the physiological constraints under which the protein functions in the intact cell. The nature of the endogenous, UCP1-independent, proton leak will also be discussed. Finally, the troubled history of the putative novel uncoupling proteins, UCP2 and UCP3, will be evaluated.
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17
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Kreiter J, Rupprecht A, Škulj S, Brkljača Z, Žuna K, Knyazev DG, Bardakji S, Vazdar M, Pohl EE. ANT1 Activation and Inhibition Patterns Support the Fatty Acid Cycling Mechanism for Proton Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052490. [PMID: 33801254 PMCID: PMC7958136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is a well-known mitochondrial exchanger of ATP against ADP. In contrast, few studies have shown that ANT also mediates proton transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The results of these studies are controversial and lead to different hypotheses about molecular transport mechanisms. We hypothesized that the H+-transport mediated by ANT and uncoupling proteins (UCP) has a similar regulation pattern and can be explained by the fatty acid cycling concept. The reconstitution of purified recombinant ANT1 in the planar lipid bilayers allowed us to measure the membrane current after the direct application of transmembrane potential ΔΨ, which would correspond to the mitochondrial states III and IV. Experimental results reveal that ANT1 does not contribute to a basal proton leak. Instead, it mediates H+ transport only in the presence of long-chain fatty acids (FA), as already known for UCPs. It depends on FA chain length and saturation, implying that FA’s transport is confined to the lipid-protein interface. Purine nucleotides with the preference for ATP and ADP inhibited H+ transport. Specific inhibitors of ATP/ADP transport, carboxyatractyloside or bongkrekic acid, also decreased proton transport. The H+ turnover number was calculated based on ANT1 concentration determined by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and is equal to 14.6 ± 2.5 s−1. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed a large positively charged area at the protein/lipid interface that might facilitate FA anion’s transport across the membrane. ANT’s dual function—ADP/ATP and H+ transport in the presence of FA—may be important for the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and thus for potential-dependent processes in mitochondria. Moreover, the expansion of proton-transport modulating drug targets to ANT1 may improve the therapy of obesity, cancer, steatosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kreiter
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (A.R.); (K.Ž.); (S.B.)
| | - Anne Rupprecht
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (A.R.); (K.Ž.); (S.B.)
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sanja Škulj
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute,10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Š.); (Z.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Zlatko Brkljača
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute,10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Š.); (Z.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Kristina Žuna
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (A.R.); (K.Ž.); (S.B.)
| | - Denis G. Knyazev
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, Austria;
| | - Sarah Bardakji
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (A.R.); (K.Ž.); (S.B.)
| | - Mario Vazdar
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute,10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.Š.); (Z.B.); (M.V.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena E. Pohl
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (J.K.); (A.R.); (K.Ž.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Nukaga S, Mori T, Miyagawa Y, Fujiwara-Tani R, Sasaki T, Fujii K, Mori S, Goto K, Kishi S, Nakashima C, Ohmori H, Kawahara I, Luo Y, Kuniyasu H. Combined administration of lauric acid and glucose improved cancer-derived cardiac atrophy in a mouse cachexia model. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4605-4615. [PMID: 32969559 PMCID: PMC7734008 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer‐derived myocardial damage is an important cause of death in cancer patients. However, the development of dietary interventions for treating such damage has not been advanced. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary intervention with lauric acid (LAA) and glucose, which was effective against skeletal muscle sarcopenia in a mouse cachexia model, on myocardial damage. Treatment of H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts with lauric acid promoted mitochondrial respiration and increased ATP production by Seahorse flux analysis, but did not increase oxidative stress. Glycolysis was also promoted by LAA. In contrast, mitochondrial respiration and ATP production were suppressed, and oxidative stress was increased in an in vitro cachexia model in which cardiomyoblasts were treated with mouse cachexia ascites. Ascites‐treated H9c2 cells with concurrent treatment with LAA and high glucose showed that mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were promoted more than that of the control, and ATP was restored to the level of the control. Oxidative stress was also reduced by the combined treatment. In the mouse cachexia model, myocardiac atrophy and decreased levels of a marker of muscle maturity, SDS‐soluble MYL1, were observed. When LAA in CE‐2 diet was orally administered alone, no significant rescue was observed in the cancer‐derived myocardial disorder. In contrast, combined oral administration of LAA and glucose recovered myocardial atrophy and MYL1 to levels observed in the control without increase in the cancer weight. Therefore, it is suggested that dietary intervention using a combination of LAA and glucose for cancer cachexia might improve cancer‐derived myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Nukaga
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.,Division of Rehabilitation, Hanna Central Hospital, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Takuya Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kiyomu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.,Division of Rehabilitation, Hoshida Minami Hospital, Katano, Japan
| | - Shingo Kishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Chie Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohmori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Isao Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.,Division of Rehabilitation, Hanna Central Hospital, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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19
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Zhang P, Li L, Sun H, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Zhang T, Zeng C. Mitochondrial Energy-Regulating Effect of Atractyloside Inhibits Hepatocellular Steatosis Through the Activation of Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:575695. [PMID: 33101031 PMCID: PMC7556285 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.575695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Atractyloside (ATR), a mitochondrial uncoupler, is known for its specific inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Previous studies have reported that moderate mitochondrial uncoupling effect is beneficial to increase the decomposition and clearance of hepatic lipid, prevent the occurrence of fatty liver diseases. Moreover, the beneficial effects of mitochondrial uncouplers on type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndromes have been consistently observed. The present study investigated the effect of ATR on steatosis level of HepG2 cells treated with free fatty acid (FFA). Methods Intracellular triglyceride level and Oil Red O staining were assessed, the mitochondrial adaptation and ADP/ATP ratio were analyzed, the protein level of AMPK, mTOR and LC3B, autophagic flux, and the co-localization of LC3B with lipid droplets was performed. Results ATR treatment inhibited the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and IV, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the ADP/ATP ratio in the FFA-treated cells. Furthermore, ATR increased the gene expression and protein level of LC3B and promoted the autophagic flux processing from early autophagosome to late autolysosome by increasing the protein level of AMPKα and decreasing the protein level of mTOR. An increased number of autophagosomes (LC3B) was also observed in the lipid droplets. ATR treatment accelerated lipid degradation in the FFA-treated cells, and the lowest lipid content was observed in the cell group with 7.5 μM ATR. Conclusion Low concentrations (2.5, 5, and 7.5 μM) of ATR treatment could activate autophagy to accelerate the degradation of TGs in steatosis HepG2 cells; the mechanism may be related to the activation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway induced by the increased ADP/ATP ratio. In addition, the ideal concentration of ATR for improving steatotic HepG2 cells was 7.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Department of Quality Control, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Li H, Zhang Y, Wang F, Donelan W, Zona MC, Li S, Reeves W, Ding Y, Tang D, Yang L. Effects of irisin on the differentiation and browning of human visceral white adipocytes. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:7410-7421. [PMID: 31934288 PMCID: PMC6943454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the effects of irisin on human visceral adipose tissue and adipocytes functions. METHODS Fresh human visceral white adipose tissues derived from 11 donors were used to examine the effects of irisin on browning, adipogenesis and osteogenesis gene expression, and anti-inflammatory properties. Preadipocytes were also used to examine the effects of irisin on mitochondrial respiration, adipogenic differentiation, and osteogenic differentiation. KEY RESULTS Irisin significantly increased cellular mitochondrial energy metabolism in differentiated visceral adipocytes. Irisin also increased mRNA levels of transcriptional regulators of brite/beige adipocytes (UCP-1, PGC1α, PRDM16, TMEM26, and CD137) in subcutaneous white adipose tissue but not in visceral/brown adipose tissue or their derived mature adipocytes. In parallel, irisin increased the protein levels of UCP-1 in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, but had no effect on the expression of this protein in visceral white adipose tissue and perirenal brown adipose tissue. However, irisin inhibited adipogenic differentiation, promoted osteogenic differentiation in visceral adipocytes, down-regulated adipogenesis, and upregulated osteogenesis genes expression in visceral fat tissue. Moreover, administration of irisin reduced the expression of proinflammatory marker mRNAs in both visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that (1) irisin may increase mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in visceral adipocytes by a UCP-1 independent pathway; (2) irisin promotes anti-inflammatory activity on fat tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, PR, China
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, PR, China
| | - William Donelan
- Department of Urology, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie Christine Zona
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shiwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Westley Reeves
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of FloridaGainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, PR, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida, USA
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21
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Lee MJ, Jash S, Jones JEC, Puri V, Fried SK. Rosiglitazone remodels the lipid droplet and britens human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes ex vivo. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:856-868. [PMID: 30782959 PMCID: PMC6446708 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with PPARγ agonists in vivo improves human adipocyte metabolism, but the cellular mechanisms and possible depot differences in responsiveness to their effects are poorly understood. To examine the ex vivo metabolic effects of rosiglitazone (Rosi), we cultured explants of human visceral (omental) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissues for 7 days. Rosi increased mRNA levels of transcriptional regulators of brite/beige adipocytes (PGC1α, PRDM16), triglyceride synthesis (GPAT3, DGAT1), and lipolysis (ATGL) similarly in adipose tissues from both depots. In parallel, Rosi increased key modulators of FA oxidation (UCP1, FABP3, PLIN5 protein), rates of FA oxidation, and protein levels of electron transport complexes, suggesting an enhanced respiratory capacity as confirmed in newly differentiated adipocytes. Rosi led to the formation of small lipid droplets (SLDs) around the adipocyte central lipid droplet; each SLD was decorated with redistributed mitochondria that colocalized with PLIN5. SLD maintenance required lipolysis and FA reesterification. Rosi thus coordinated a structural and metabolic remodeling in adipocytes from both visceral and subcutaneous depots that enhanced oxidative capacity. Selective targeting of these cellular mechanisms to improve adipocyte FA handling may provide a new approach to treat metabolic complications of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Obesity Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
| | - Sukanta Jash
- Obesity Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Jessica E C Jones
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Obesity Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Susan K Fried
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Obesity Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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22
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Seo JB, Riopel M, Cabrales P, Huh JY, Bandyopadhyay GK, Andreyev AY, Murphy AN, Beeman SC, Smith GI, Klein S, Lee YS, Olefsky JM. Knockdown of Ant2 Reduces Adipocyte Hypoxia And Improves Insulin Resistance in Obesity. Nat Metab 2019; 1:86-97. [PMID: 31528845 PMCID: PMC6746433 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decreased adipose tissue oxygen tension and increased HIF-1α expression can trigger adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction in obesity. Our current understanding of obesity-associated decreased adipose tissue oxygen tension is mainly focused on changes in oxygen supply and angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that increased adipocyte O2 demand, mediated by ANT2 activity, is the dominant cause of adipocyte hypoxia. Deletion of adipocyte Ant2 improves obesity-induced intracellular adipocyte hypoxia by decreasing obesity-induced adipocyte oxygen demand, without effects on mitochondrial number or mass, or oligomycin-sensitive respiration. This led to decreased adipose tissue HIF-1α expression and inflammation with improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in both a preventative or therapeutic setting. Our results suggest that ANT2 may be a target for the development of insulin sensitizing drugs and that ANT2 inhibition might have clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bae Seo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Riopel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jin Young Huh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Guatam K. Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Anne N. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott C. Beeman
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gordon I. Smith
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M. Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Lemecha M, Morino K, Imamura T, Iwasaki H, Ohashi N, Ida S, Sato D, Sekine O, Ugi S, Maegawa H. MiR-494-3p regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis through PGC1-α signalling in beige adipocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15096. [PMID: 30305668 PMCID: PMC6180067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical in heat generation in brown and beige adipocytes. Mitochondrial number and function are regulated in response to external stimuli, such as cold exposure and β3 adrenergic receptor agonist. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial biogenesis during browning, especially by microRNAs, remain unknown. We investigated the role of miR-494-3p in mitochondrial biogenesis during adipogenesis and browning. Intermittent mild cold exposure of mice induced PPARγ coactivator1-α (PGC1-α) and mitochondrial TFAM, PDH, and ANT1/2 expression along with uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp1) in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). miR-494-3p levels were significantly downregulated in iWAT upon cold exposure (p < 0.05). miR-494-3p overexpression substantially reduced PGC1-α expression and its downstream targets TFAM, PDH and MTCO1 in 3T3-L1 white and beige adipocytes (p < 0.05). miR-494-3p inhibition in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes resulted in increased PDH (p < 0.05). PGC1-α, TFAM and Ucp1 mRNA levels were robustly downregulated by miR-494-3p overexpression in 3T3-L1 beige adipocytes, along with strongly decreased oxygen consumption rate. PGC1-α and Ucp1 proteins were downregulated by miR-494-3p in primary beige cells (p < 0.05). Luciferase assays confirmed PGC1-α as a direct gene target of miR-494-3p. Our findings demonstrate that decreased miR-494-3p expression during browning regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis through PGC1-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu Lemecha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Morino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwasaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Natsuko Ohashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shogo Ida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Osamu Sekine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ugi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maegawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
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García MDC, Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C. Regulation of Energy Expenditure and Brown/Beige Thermogenic Activity by Interleukins: New Roles for Old Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2569. [PMID: 30158466 PMCID: PMC6164446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates and the burden of metabolic associated diseases are escalating worldwide Energy burning brown and inducible beige adipocytes in human adipose tissues (ATs) have attracted considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential to counteract the deleterious metabolic effects of nutritional overload and overweight. Recent research has highlighted the relevance of resident and recruited ATs immune cell populations and their signalling mediators, cytokines, as modulators of the thermogenic activity of brown and beige ATs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the developmental, cellular and functional heterogeneity of the AT organ, as well as reported molecular switches of its heat-producing machinery. We also discuss the key contribution of various interleukins signalling pathways to energy and metabolic homeostasis and their roles in the biogenesis and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Besides local actions, attention is also drawn to their influence in the central nervous system (CNS) networks governing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Sivertsson E, Friederich-Persson M, Öberg CM, Fasching A, Hansell P, Rippe B, Palm F. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin decreases intrarenal oxygen availability and alters glomerular permeability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F864-F872. [PMID: 28971989 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00033.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased kidney oxygen consumption causing tissue hypoxia has been suggested to be a common pathway toward chronic kidney disease. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell proliferation and mitochondrial function. mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin) are used clinically to prevent graft rejection. mTOR has been identified as a key player in diabetes, which has stimulated the use of mTOR inhibitors to counter diabetic nephropathy. However, the effect of mTOR inhibition on kidney oxygen consumption is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of mTOR inhibition on in vivo kidney function, oxygen homeostasis, and glomerular permeability. Control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were chronically treated with rapamycin, and the functional consequences were studied 14 days thereafter. In both groups, mTOR inhibition induced mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in increased total kidney oxygen consumption and decreased intrarenal oxygen availability. Concomitantly, mTOR inhibition induced tubular injury, as estimated from urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and reduced urinary protein excretion. The latter corresponded to reduced sieving coefficient for large molecules. In conclusion, mTOR inhibition induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to decreased oxygen availability in normal and diabetic kidneys, which translates into increased KIM-1 in the urine. Reduced proteinuria after mTOR inhibition is an effect of reduced glomerular permeability for large molecules. Since hypoxia has been suggested as a common pathway in the development of chronic kidney disease, mTOR inhibition to patients with preexisting nephropathy should be used with caution, since it may accelerate the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Sivertsson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Malou Friederich-Persson
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Carl M Öberg
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Angelica Fasching
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Peter Hansell
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Bengt Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Fredrik Palm
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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26
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Kim DI, Liao J, Emont MP, Park MJ, Jun H, Ramakrishnan SK, Lin JD, Shah YM, Omary MB, Wu J. An OLTAM system for analysis of brown/beige fat thermogenic activity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:939-945. [PMID: 29359735 PMCID: PMC5962373 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Thermogenic fat is present in humans and emerging evidence indicates that increasing the content and activity of these adipocytes may lead to weight loss and improved metabolic health. Multiple reporter systems have been developed to assay thermogenic fat activity based on the transcriptional and translational activation of Ucp1, the key molecule that mediates nonshivering thermogenesis. Our study aims to develop a much-needed tool to monitor thermogenic fat activity through a mechanism independent of Ucp1 regulation, therefore effectively assaying not only canonical β-adrenergic activation but also various non-UCP1-mediated thermogenic pathways that have been increasingly appreciated. METHODS We detected increased luciferase activity upon thermogenic activation in interscapular brown and inguinal subcutaneous fat in ODD-Luc mice, a hypoxia reporter mouse model. We then developed an OLTAM (ODD-Luc based Thermogenic Activity Measurement) system to assay thermogenic fat cell activity. RESULTS In both primary murine and human adipocytes and an immortalized adipose cell line that were transduced with the OLTAM system, luciferase activity can be readily measured and visualized by bioluminescence imaging in response to a variety of stimuli, including UCP1-independent thermogenic signaling. This system can offer a convenient method to assay thermogenic activity for both basic and translational research. CONCLUSIONS The OLTAM system offers a convenient way to measure of the activation of thermogenic fat and presents opportunities to discover novel signaling pathways and unknown compounds targeting metabolically active adipocytes to counteract human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-I Kim
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Liao
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - M P Emont
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M-J Park
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Jun
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S K Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y M Shah
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M B Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Wu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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27
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Lee YS, Wollam J, Olefsky JM. An Integrated View of Immunometabolism. Cell 2018; 172:22-40. [PMID: 29328913 PMCID: PMC8451723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic has emerged as a major cause of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Chronic tissue inflammation is a well-recognized feature of obesity, and the field of immunometabolism has witnessed many advances in recent years. Here, we review the major features of our current understanding with respect to chronic obesity-related inflammation in metabolic tissues and focus on how these inflammatory changes affect insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, food intake, and glucose homeostasis. There is a growing appreciation of the varied and sometimes integrated crosstalk between cells within a tissue (intraorgan) and tissues within an organism (interorgan) that supports inflammation in the context of metabolic dysregulation. Understanding these pathways and modes of communication has implications for translational studies. We also briefly summarize the state of this field with respect to potential current and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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28
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Systems biology reveals uncoupling beyond UCP1 in human white fat-derived beige adipocytes. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2017; 3:29. [PMID: 28983409 PMCID: PMC5626775 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-017-0027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical induction of metabolically active beige adipocytes in the normally energy storing white adipose tissue has potential to reduce obesity. Mitochondrial uncoupling in beige adipocytes, as in brown adipocytes, has been reported to occur via the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). However, several previous in vitro characterizations of human beige adipocytes have only measured UCP1 mRNA fold increase, and assumed a direct correlation with metabolic activity. Here, we provide an example of pharmaceutical induction of beige adipocytes, where increased mRNA levels of UCP1 are not translated into increased protein levels, and perform a thorough analysis of this example. We incorporate mRNA and protein levels of UCP1, time-resolved mitochondrial characterizations, and numerous perturbations, and analyze all data with a new fit-for-purpose mathematical model. The systematic analysis challenges the seemingly obvious experimental conclusion, i.e., that UCP1 is not active in the induced cells, and shows that hypothesis testing with iterative modeling and experimental work is needed to sort out the role of UCP1. The analyses demonstrate, for the first time, that the uncoupling capability of human beige adipocytes can be obtained without UCP1 activity. This finding thus opens the door to a new direction in drug discovery that targets obesity and its associated comorbidities. Furthermore, the analysis advances our understanding of how to evaluate UCP1-independent thermogenesis in human beige adipocytes.
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29
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Basavalingappa RH, Massilamany C, Krishnan B, Gangaplara A, Kang G, Khalilzad-Sharghi V, Han Z, Othman S, Li Q, Riethoven JJ, Sobel RA, Steffen D, Reddy J. Identification of an Epitope from Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1 That Induces Inflammation in Heart in A/J Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:3160-3175. [PMID: 27876151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure, a leading cause of death in humans, can emanate from myocarditis. Although most individuals with myocarditis recover spontaneously, some develop chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. Myocarditis may result from both infectious and noninfectious causes, including autoimmune responses to cardiac antigens. In support of this notion, intracellular cardiac antigens, like cardiac myosin heavy chain-α, cardiac troponin-I, and adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1), have been identified as autoantigens in cardiac autoimmunity. Herein, we demonstrate that ANT1 can induce autoimmune myocarditis in A/J mice by generating autoreactive T cells. We show that ANT1 encompasses multiple immunodominant epitopes (namely, ANT1 21-40, ANT1 31-50, ANT1 171-190, and ANT1 181-200). Although all four peptides induce comparable T-cell responses, only ANT1 21-40 was found to be a major myocarditogenic epitope in immunized animals. The myocarditis-inducing ability of ANT1 21-40 was associated with the generation of T cells producing predominantly IL-17A, and the antigen-sensitized T cells could transfer the disease to naïve recipients. These data indicate that cardiac mitochondrial proteins can be target autoantigens in myocarditis, supporting the notion that the antigens released as a result of primary damage may contribute to the persistence of chronic inflammation through autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh H Basavalingappa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Bharathi Krishnan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Vahid Khalilzad-Sharghi
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Zhongji Han
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Shadi Othman
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Raymond A Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
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30
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Rey B, Duchamp C, Roussel D. Uncoupling effect of palmitate is exacerbated in skeletal muscle mitochondria of sea-acclimatized king penguins ( Aptenodytes patagonicus ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Palmer CJ, Bruckner RJ, Paulo JA, Kazak L, Long JZ, Mina AI, Deng Z, LeClair KB, Hall JA, Hong S, Zushin PJH, Smith KL, Gygi SP, Hagen S, Cohen DE, Banks AS. Cdkal1, a type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene, regulates mitochondrial function in adipose tissue. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1212-1225. [PMID: 29031721 PMCID: PMC5641635 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Understanding how loci identified by genome wide association studies (GWAS) contribute to pathogenesis requires new mechanistic insights. Variants within CDKAL1 are strongly linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and obesity. Investigations in mouse models have focused on the function of Cdkal1 as a tRNALys modifier and downstream effects of Cdkal1 loss on pro-insulin translational fidelity in pancreatic β−cells. However, Cdkal1 is broadly expressed in other metabolically relevant tissues, including adipose tissue. In addition, the Cdkal1 homolog Cdk5rap1 regulates mitochondrial protein translation and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. We tested whether adipocyte-specific Cdkal1 deletion alters systemic glucose homeostasis or adipose mitochondrial function independently of its effects on pro-insulin translation and insulin secretion. Methods We measured mRNA levels of type 2 diabetes GWAS genes, including Cdkal1, in adipose tissue from lean and obese mice. We then established a mouse model with adipocyte-specific Cdkal1 deletion. We examined the effects of adipose Cdkal1 deletion using indirect calorimetry on mice during a cold temperature challenge, as well as by measuring cellular and mitochondrial respiration in vitro. We also examined brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondrial morphology by electron microscopy. Utilizing co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, we performed interaction mapping to identify new CDKAL1 binding partners. Furthermore, we tested whether Cdkal1 loss in adipose tissue affects total protein levels or accurate Lys incorporation by tRNALys using quantitative mass spectrometry. Results We found that Cdkal1 mRNA levels are reduced in adipose tissue of obese mice. Using adipose-specific Cdkal1 KO mice (A-KO), we demonstrated that mitochondrial function is impaired in primary differentiated brown adipocytes and in isolated mitochondria from A-KO brown adipose tissue. A-KO mice displayed decreased energy expenditure during 4 °C cold challenge. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology was highly abnormal in A-KO BAT. Surprisingly, we found that lysine codon representation was unchanged in Cdkal1 A-KO adipose tissue. We identified novel protein interactors of CDKAL1, including SLC25A4/ANT1, an inner mitochondrial membrane ADP/ATP translocator. ANT proteins can account for the UCP1-independent basal proton leak in BAT mitochondria. Cdkal1 A-KO mice had increased ANT1 protein levels in their white adipose tissue. Conclusions Cdkal1 is necessary for normal mitochondrial morphology and function in adipose tissue. These results suggest that the type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene CDKAL1 has novel functions in regulating mitochondrial activity. Cdkal1 is a gene most strongly expressed in tissues with high mitochondrial content. Cdkal1 is required for normal mitochondrial morphology and function. Deletion of Cdkal1 in adipose tissue impairs the thermogenic response to a cold challenge. Cdkal1 interacts with ANT1, a mitochondrial ATP/ADP transporter. Loss of Cdkal1 does not affect protein translation as predicted for a tRNA modifying enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Palmer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raphael J Bruckner
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amir I Mina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhaoming Deng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine B LeClair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica A Hall
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shangyu Hong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle L Smith
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan Hagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Association of aortic perivascular adipose tissue density with aortic calcification in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Atherosclerosis 2017; 262:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Schiffer TA, Friederich-Persson M. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Kidney Hypoxia in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:211. [PMID: 28443030 PMCID: PMC5386984 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms in the development of diabetic nephropathy are currently unclear and likely consist of a series of dynamic events from the early to late stages of the disease. Diabetic nephropathy is currently without curative treatments and it is acknowledged that even the earliest clinical manifestation of nephropathy is preceded by an established morphological renal injury that is in turn preceded by functional and metabolic alterations. An early manifestation of the diabetic kidney is the development of kidney hypoxia that has been acknowledged as a common pathway to nephropathy. There have been reports of altered mitochondrial function in the diabetic kidney such as altered mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, uncoupling, and cellular signaling through hypoxia inducible factors and AMP-kinase. These factors are also likely to be intertwined in a complex manner. In this review, we discuss how these pathways are connected to mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and how they may relate to the development of kidney hypoxia in diabetic nephropathy. From available literature, it is evident that early correction and/or prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction may be pivotal in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas A Schiffer
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
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Gavaldà-Navarro A, Mampel T, Viñas O. Changes in the expression of the human adenine nucleotide translocase isoforms condition cellular metabolic/proliferative status. Open Biol 2016; 6:150108. [PMID: 26842067 PMCID: PMC4772803 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cells express four mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (hANT) isoforms that are tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. hANT1 is mainly expressed in terminally differentiated muscle cells; hANT2 is growth-regulated and is upregulated in highly glycolytic and proliferative cells; and hANT3 is considered to be ubiquitous and non-specifically regulated. Here, we studied how the expression of hANT isoforms is regulated by proliferation and in response to metabolic stimuli, and examined the metabolic consequences of their silencing and overexpression. In HeLa and HepG2 cells, expression of hANT3 was upregulated by shifting metabolism towards oxidation or by slowed growth associated with contact inhibition or growth-factor deprivation, indicating that hANT3 expression is highly regulated. Under these conditions, changes in hANT2 mRNA expression were not observed in either HeLa or HepG2 cells, whereas in SGBS preadipocytes (which, unlike HeLa and HepG2 cells, are growth-arrest-sensitive cells), hANT2 mRNA levels decreased. Additionally, overexpression of hANT2 promoted cell growth and glycolysis, whereas silencing of hANT3 decreased cellular ATP levels, limited cell growth and induced a stress-like response. Thus, cancer cells require both hANT2 and hANT3, depending on their proliferation status: hANT2 when proliferation rates are high, and hANT3 when proliferation slows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mampel
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavi Viñas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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The conserved regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins: From unicellular eukaryotes to mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1858:21-33. [PMID: 27751905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) belong to the mitochondrial anion carrier protein family and mediate regulated proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Free fatty acids, aldehydes such as hydroxynonenal, and retinoids activate UCPs. However, there are some controversies about the effective action of retinoids and aldehydes alone; thus, only free fatty acids are commonly accepted positive effectors of UCPs. Purine nucleotides such as GTP inhibit UCP-mediated mitochondrial proton leak. In turn, membranous coenzyme Q may play a role as a redox state-dependent metabolic sensor that modulates the complete activation/inhibition of UCPs. Such regulation has been observed for UCPs in microorganisms, plant and animal UCP1 homologues, and UCP1 in mammalian brown adipose tissue. The origin of UCPs is still under debate, but UCP homologues have been identified in all systematic groups of eukaryotes. Despite the differing levels of amino acid/DNA sequence similarities, functional studies in unicellular and multicellular organisms, from amoebae to mammals, suggest that the mechanistic regulation of UCP activity is evolutionarily well conserved. This review focuses on the regulatory feedback loops of UCPs involving free fatty acids, aldehydes, retinoids, purine nucleotides, and coenzyme Q (particularly its reduction level), which may derive from the early stages of evolution as UCP first emerged.
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UCPs, at the interface between bioenergetics and metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2443-56. [PMID: 27091404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The first member of the uncoupling protein (UCP) family, brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), was identified in 1976. Twenty years later, two closely related proteins, UCP2 and UCP3, were described in mammals. Homologs of these proteins exist in other organisms, including plants. Uncoupling refers to a deterioration of energy conservation between substrate oxidation and ADP phosphorylation. Complete energy conservation loss would be fatal but fine-tuning can be beneficial for processes such as thermogenesis, redox control, and prevention of mitochondrial ROS release. The coupled/uncoupled state of mitochondria is related to the permeability of the inner membrane and the proton transport mediated by activated UCPs underlies the uncoupling activity of these proteins. Proton transport by UCP1 is activated by fatty acids and this ensures thermogenesis. In vivo in absence of this activation UCP1 remains inhibited with no transport activity. A similar situation now seems unlikely for UCP2 and UCP3 and while activation of their proton transport has been described its physiological relevance remains uncertain and their influence can be envisaged as a result of another transport pathway that takes place in the absence of activation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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37
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Kalinovich AV, Shabalina IG. Novel Mitochondrial Cationic Uncoupler C4R1 Is an Effective Treatment for Combating Obesity in Mice. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:620-8. [PMID: 26071782 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915050156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with premature mortality, impaired quality of life, and large healthcare costs. However, treatment options remain quite limited. Here we studied potential anti-obesity effects of a novel cationic mitochondrial uncoupler, C4R1 (derivative of rhodamine 19) in C57Bl/6 mice. Obesity was induced by long-term (eight weeks) high fat diet feeding at thermoneutrality. The treated group of mice received consecutively two doses of C4R1 in drinking water (30 and 12-14 µmol/kg daily) during 30 days. Effects of C4R1 were dose-dependent. After six days of C4R1 treatment at dose 30 µmol/kg daily, food intake was reduced by 68%, body weight by 19%, and fat mass by 21%. Body weight decrease was explained partly by reduced food intake and partly by increased metabolism, likely resulting from uncoupling. Body fat reduction upon C4R1 treatment was associated with improved lipid utilization estimated from decrease in respiratory quotient to the minimal level (0.7). Interestingly, the classical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol at similar dose (27 µmol/kg daily) did not have any effect. Our results are relevant to the search for substances causing mild uncoupling of mitochondria that could be a promising therapeutic strategy to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kalinovich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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38
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Min SY, Kady J, Nam M, Rojas-Rodriguez R, Berkenwald A, Kim JH, Noh HL, Kim JK, Cooper MP, Fitzgibbons T, Brehm MA, Corvera S. Human 'brite/beige' adipocytes develop from capillary networks, and their implantation improves metabolic homeostasis in mice. Nat Med 2016; 22:312-8. [PMID: 26808348 PMCID: PMC4777633 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue, where it generates heat by uncoupling electron transport from ATP production. UCP1 is also found outside classical brown adipose tissue depots, in adipocytes that are termed 'brite' (brown-in-white) or 'beige'. In humans, the presence of brite or beige (brite/beige) adipocytes is correlated with a lean, metabolically healthy phenotype, but whether a causal relationship exists is not clear. Here we report that human brite/beige adipocyte progenitors proliferate in response to pro-angiogenic factors, in association with expanding capillary networks. Adipocytes formed from these progenitors transform in response to adenylate cyclase activation from being UCP1 negative to being UCP1 positive, which is a defining feature of the beige/brite phenotype, while displaying uncoupled respiration. When implanted into normal chow-fed, or into high-fat diet (HFD)-fed, glucose-intolerant NOD-scid IL2rg(null) (NSG) mice, brite/beige adipocytes activated in vitro enhance systemic glucose tolerance. These adipocytes express neuroendocrine and secreted factors, including the pro-protein convertase PCSK1, which is strongly associated with human obesity. Pro-angiogenic conditions therefore drive the proliferation of human beige/brite adipocyte progenitors, and activated beige/brite adipocytes can affect systemic glucose homeostasis, potentially through a neuroendocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yun Min
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jamie Kady
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Minwoo Nam
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Raziel Rojas-Rodriguez
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Aaron Berkenwald
- Clinical Translational Research Pathway, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Hye-Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jason K. Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Marcus P. Cooper
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Timothy Fitzgibbons
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Rumjanek FD, Rodríguez-Enríquez S. Understanding the cancer cell phenotype beyond the limitations of current omics analyses. FEBS J 2015; 283:54-73. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Tlalpan Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Tlalpan Mexico
| | | | | | - Sara Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez; Tlalpan Mexico
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40
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Franz D, Karampinos DC, Rummeny EJ, Souvatzoglou M, Beer AJ, Nekolla SG, Schwaiger M, Eiber M. Discrimination Between Brown and White Adipose Tissue Using a 2-Point Dixon Water–Fat Separation Method in Simultaneous PET/MRI. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1742-7. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.160770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Shabalina IG, Kalinovich AV, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Metabolically inert perfluorinated fatty acids directly activate uncoupling protein 1 in brown-fat mitochondria. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1117-28. [PMID: 26041126 PMCID: PMC4830884 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The metabolically inert perfluorinated fatty acids perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) can display fatty acid-like activity in biological systems. The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue is physiologically (re)activated by fatty acids, including octanoate. This leads to bioenergetically uncoupled energy dissipation (heat production, thermogenesis). We have examined here the possibility that PFOA/PFOS can directly (re)activate UCP1 in isolated mouse brown-fat mitochondria. In wild-type brown-fat mitochondria, PFOS and PFOA overcame GDP-inhibited thermogenesis, leading to increased oxygen consumption and dissipated membrane potential. The absence of this effect in brown-fat mitochondria from UCP1-ablated mice indicated that it occurred through activation of UCP1. A competitive type of inhibition by increased GDP concentrations indicated interaction with the same mechanistic site as that utilized by fatty acids. No effect was observed in heart mitochondria, i.e., in mitochondria without UCP1. The stimulatory effect of PFOA/PFOS was not secondary to non-specific mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or to ROS production. Thus, metabolic effects of perfluorinated fatty acids could include direct brown adipose tissue (UCP1) activation. The possibility that this may lead to unwarranted extra heat production and thus extra utilization of food resources, leading to decreased fitness in mammalian wildlife, is discussed, as well as possible negative effects in humans. However, a possibility to utilize PFOA-/PFOS-like substances for activating UCP1 therapeutically in obesity-prone humans may also be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia V Kalinovich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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Delic V, Brownlow M, Joly-Amado A, Zivkovic S, Noble K, Phan TA, Ta Y, Zhang Y, Bell SD, Kurien C, Reynes C, Morgan D, Bradshaw PC. Calorie restriction does not restore brain mitochondrial function in P301L tau mice, but it does decrease mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase activity. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 67:46-54. [PMID: 26048366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to increase lifespan and delay aging phenotypes in many diverse eukaryotic species. In mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), CR has been shown to decrease amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau levels and preserve cognitive function. Overexpression of human mutant tau protein has been shown to induce deficits in mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I activity. Therefore, experiments were performed to determine the effects of 4-month CR on brain mitochondrial function in Tg4510 mice, which express human P301L tau. Expression of mutant tau led to decreased ADP-stimulated respiratory rates, but not uncoupler-stimulated respiratory rates. The membrane potential was also slightly higher in mitochondria from the P301L tau mice. As shown previously, tau expression decreased mitochondrial complex I activity. The decreased complex I activity, decreased ADP-stimulated respiratory rate, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential occurring in mitochondria from Tg4510 mice were not restored by CR. However, the CR diet did result in a genotype independent decrease in mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase activity. This decrease in F0F1-ATPase activity was not due to lowered levels of the alpha or beta subunits of F0F1-ATPase. The possible mechanisms through which CR reduces the F0F1-ATPase activity in brain mitochondria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedad Delic
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Milene Brownlow
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, FL 33613, United States; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Tampa, FL 33613, United States
| | - Aurelie Joly-Amado
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, FL 33613, United States; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Tampa, FL 33613, United States
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Kenyaria Noble
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Tam-Anh Phan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Yen Ta
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Stephen D Bell
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Crupa Kurien
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Christian Reynes
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Dave Morgan
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, FL 33613, United States; USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Tampa, FL 33613, United States
| | - Patrick C Bradshaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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Lear PV, González-Touceda D, Porteiro Couto B, Viaño P, Guymer V, Remzova E, Tunn R, Chalasani A, García-Caballero T, Hargreaves IP, Tynan PW, Christian HC, Nogueiras R, Parrington J, Diéguez C. Absence of intracellular ion channels TPC1 and TPC2 leads to mature-onset obesity in male mice, due to impaired lipid availability for thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Endocrinology 2015; 156:975-86. [PMID: 25545384 PMCID: PMC4330317 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium-permeable channels have been implicated in thermogenic function of murine brown and brite/beige adipocytes, respectively transient receptor potential melastin-8 and transient receptor potential vanilloid-4. Because the endo-lysosomal two-pore channels (TPCs) have also been ascribed with metabolic functionality, we studied the effect of simultaneously knocking out TPC1 and TPC2 on body composition and energy balance in male mice fed a chow diet. Compared with wild-type mice, TPC1 and TPC2 double knockout (Tpcn1/2(-/-)) animals had a higher respiratory quotient and became obese between 6 and 9 months of age. Although food intake was unaltered, interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) maximal temperature and lean-mass adjusted oxygen consumption were lower in Tpcn1/2(-/-) than in wild type mice. Phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase expression, lipid density and expression of β-adrenergic receptors were also lower in Tpcn1/2(-/-) BAT, whereas mitochondrial respiratory chain function and uncoupling protein-1 expression remained intact. We conclude that Tpcn1/2(-/-) mice show mature-onset obesity due to reduced lipid availability and use, and a defect in β-adrenergic receptor signaling, leading to impaired thermogenic activity, in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V. Lear
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Patricia Viaño
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Guymer
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Remzova
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Tunn
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Annapurna Chalasani
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia W. Tynan
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C. Christian
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology (P.V.L., D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela and Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Morphological Sciences (P.V., T.G.-C.), School of Medicine and University Clinical Hospital, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Pharmacology (P.V.L., R.T., P.W.T., J.P.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (D.G.-T., B.P.C., R.N., C.D.), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (V.G., H.C.C.), Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom; and Neurometabolic Unit (E.R., A.C., I.P.H.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Roussel D, Salin K, Dumet A, Romestaing C, Rey B, Voituron Y. Oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, proton conductance and reactive oxygen species production of liver mitochondria correlates with body mass in frogs. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3222-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Body size is a central biological parameter affecting most biological processes (especially energetics) and mitochondria is a key organelle controlling metabolism and is also the cell's main source of chemical energy. However, the link between body size and mitochondrial function is still unclear, especially in ectotherms. In this study, we investigated several parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the liver of three closely related species of frogs (the common frog Rana temporaria, the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus and the bull frog Lithobates catesbeiana). These particular species were chosen due to their differences in adult body mass. We found that the mitochondrial coupling efficiency was markedly increased with animal size, which lead to a higher ATP production (+70%) in the larger frogs (L. catesbeiana) compared to the smaller frogs (R. temporaria). This was essentially driven by a strong negative dependence of mitochondrial proton conductance on body mass. Liver mitochondria from the larger frogs (L. catesbeiana) displayed 50% of the proton conductance of mitochondria from the smaller frogs (R. temporaria). Contrary to our prediction, the low mitochondrial proton conductance measured in L. catesbeiana was not associated with higher radical oxygen species production. Instead, liver mitochondria from the larger individuals produced significantly lower radical oxygen species than those from the smaller frogs. Collectively, the data shows that key bioenergetics parameters of mitochondria (proton leak, ATP production efficiency and radical oxygen species production) are correlated with body mass in frogs. This research expands our understanding of the relationship between mitochondrial function and the evolution of allometric scaling in ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Roussel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Karine Salin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Adeline Dumet
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Romestaing
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Rey
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yann Voituron
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Rowland LA, Bal NC, Periasamy M. The role of skeletal-muscle-based thermogenic mechanisms in vertebrate endothermy. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1279-97. [PMID: 25424279 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenesis is one of the most important homeostatic mechanisms that evolved during vertebrate evolution. Despite its importance for the survival of the organism, the mechanistic details behind various thermogenic processes remain incompletely understood. Although heat production from muscle has long been recognized as a thermogenic mechanism, whether muscle can produce heat independently of contraction remains controversial. Studies in birds and mammals suggest that skeletal muscle can be an important site of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and can be recruited during cold adaptation, although unequivocal evidence is lacking. Much research on thermogenesis during the last two decades has been focused on brown adipose tissue (BAT). These studies clearly implicate BAT as an important site of NST in mammals, in particular in newborns and rodents. However, BAT is either absent, as in birds and pigs, or is only a minor component, as in adult large mammals including humans, bringing into question the BAT-centric view of thermogenesis. This review focuses on the evolution and emergence of various thermogenic mechanisms in vertebrates from fish to man. A careful analysis of the existing data reveals that muscle was the earliest facultative thermogenic organ to emerge in vertebrates, long before the appearance of BAT in eutherian mammals. Additionally, these studies suggest that muscle-based thermogenesis is the dominant mechanism of heat production in many species including birds, marsupials, and certain mammals where BAT-mediated thermogenesis is absent or limited. We discuss the relevance of our recent findings showing that uncoupling of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) by sarcolipin (SLN), resulting in futile cycling and increased heat production, could be the basis for NST in skeletal muscle. The overall goal of this review is to highlight the role of skeletal muscle as a thermogenic organ and provide a balanced view of thermogenesis in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Rowland
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Naresh C Bal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
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Different effects of guanine nucleotides (GDP and GTP) on protein-mediated mitochondrial proton leak. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98969. [PMID: 24904988 PMCID: PMC4056835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the influence of GDP and GTP on isolated mitochondria respiring under conditions favoring oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and under conditions excluding this process, i.e., in the presence of carboxyatractyloside, an adenine nucleotide translocase inhibitor, and/or oligomycin, an FOF1-ATP synthase inhibitor. Using mitochondria isolated from rat kidney and human endothelial cells, we found that the action of GDP and GTP can differ diametrically depending on the conditions. Namely, under conditions favoring OXPHOS, both in the absence and presence of linoleic acid, an activator of uncoupling proteins (UCPs), the addition of 1 mM GDP resulted in the state 4 (non-phosphorylating respiration)-state 3 (phosphorylating respiration) transition, which is characteristic of ADP oxidative phosphorylation. In contrast, the addition of 1 mM GTP resulted in a decrease in the respiratory rate and an increase in the membrane potential, which is characteristic of UCP inhibition. The stimulatory effect of GDP, but not GTP, was also observed in inside-out submitochondrial particles prepared from rat kidney mitochondria. However, the effects of GDP and GTP were more similar in the presence of OXPHOS inhibitors. The importance of these observations in connection with the action of UCPs, adenine nucleotide translocase (or other carboxyatractyloside-sensitive carriers), carboxyatractyloside- and purine nucleotide-insensitive carriers, as well as nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDPK) are considered. Because the measurements favoring oxidative phosphorylation better reflect in vivo conditions, our study strongly supports the idea that GDP cannot be considered a significant physiological inhibitor of UCP. Moreover, it appears that, under native conditions, GTP functions as a more efficient UCP inhibitor than GDP and ATP.
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Shabalina IG, Vrbacký M, Pecinová A, Kalinovich AV, Drahota Z, Houštěk J, Mráček T, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. ROS production in brown adipose tissue mitochondria: the question of UCP1-dependence. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:2017-2030. [PMID: 24769119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether active UCP1 can reduce ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria is presently not settled. The issue is of principal significance, as it can be seen as a proof- or disproof-of-principle concerning the ability of any protein to diminish ROS production through membrane depolarization. We therefore undertook a comprehensive investigation of the significance of UCP1 for ROS production, by comparing the ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria isolated from wildtype mice (that display membrane depolarization) or from UCP1(-/-) mice (with a high membrane potential). We tested the significance of UCP1 for glycerol-3-phosphate-supported ROS production by three methods (fluorescent dihydroethidium and the ESR probe PHH for superoxide, and fluorescent Amplex Red for hydrogen peroxide), and followed ROS production also with succinate, acyl-CoA or pyruvate as substrate. We studied the effects of the reverse electron flow inhibitor rotenone, the UCP1 activity inhibitor GDP, and the uncoupler FCCP. We also examined the effect of a physiologically induced increase in UCP1 amount. We noted GDP effects that were not UCP1-related. We conclude that only ROS production supported by exogenously added succinate was affected by the presence of active UCP1; ROS production supported by any other tested substrate (including endogenously generated succinate) was unaffected. This conclusion indicates that UCP1 is not involved in control of ROS production in brown-fat mitochondria. Extrapolation of these data to other tissues would imply that membrane depolarization may not necessarily decrease physiologically relevant ROS production. This article is a part of a Special Issue entitled: 18th European Bioenergetics Conference (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Volume 1837, Issue 7, July 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marek Vrbacký
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Pecinová
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasia V Kalinovich
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zdeněk Drahota
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houštěk
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Mráček
- Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ho L, Titus AS, Banerjee KK, George S, Lin W, Deota S, Saha AK, Nakamura K, Gut P, Verdin E, Kolthur-Seetharam U. SIRT4 regulates ATP homeostasis and mediates a retrograde signaling via AMPK. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:835-49. [PMID: 24296486 PMCID: PMC3868726 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient coupling of cellular energy production to metabolic demand is crucial to maintain organismal homeostasis. Here, we report that the mitochondrial Sirtuin Sirt4 regulates mitochondrial ATP homeostasis. We find that Sirt4 affects mitochondrial uncoupling via the adenine nucleotide translocator 2 (ANT2). Loss of Sirt4 expression leads to decreased cellular ATP levelsin vitro and in vivo while Sirt4 overexpression is associated with increased ATP levels. Further, we provide evidence that lack of Sirt4 activates a retrograde signaling response from the mitochondria to the nucleus that includes AMPK, PGC1α, key regulators of β-oxidation such as Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and components of the mitochondrial respiratory machinery. This study highlights the ability of Sirt4 to regulate ATP levels via ANT2 and a feedback loop involving AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Ho
- The Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Allen Sam Titus
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Kushal Kr Banerjee
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Suji George
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Wei Lin
- The Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shaunak Deota
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Ken Nakamura
- The Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Philipp Gut
- The Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- The Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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El-Gebali S, Bentz S, Hediger MA, Anderle P. Solute carriers (SLCs) in cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:719-34. [PMID: 23506905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During tumor progression cells acquire an altered metabolism, either as a cause or as a consequence of an increased need of energy and nutrients. All four major classes of macromolecules are affected: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. As a result of the changed needs, solute carriers (SLCs) which are the major transporters of these molecules are differently expressed. This renders them important targets in the treatment of cancer. Blocking or activating SLCs is one possible therapeutic strategy. For example, some SLCs are upregulated in tumor cells due to the increased demand for energy and nutritional needs. Thus, blocking them and turning off the delivery of fuel or nutrients could be one way to interfere with tumor progression. Specific drug delivery to cancer cells via transporters is another approach. Some SLCs are also interesting as chemosensitizing targets because blocking or activating them may result in an altered response to chemotherapy. In this review we summarize the roles of SLCs in cancer therapy and specifically their potential as direct or indirect targets, as drug carriers or as chemosensitizing targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El-Gebali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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50
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Chen YCI, Cypess AM, Chen YC, Palmer M, Kolodny G, Kahn CR, Kwong KK. Measurement of human brown adipose tissue volume and activity using anatomic MR imaging and functional MR imaging. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1584-7. [PMID: 23868958 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to assess the volume and function of human brown adipose tissue (BAT) in vivo using MR imaging. METHODS BAT volumes under thermoneutral conditions in the cervical areas were assessed via water-fat contrast using the Dixon method and via water-saturation efficiency using fast spin-echo and T2-weighted images. The existence of cervical BAT was also assessed by (18)F-FDG PET/CT scans in the same subjects. BAT functionality was assessed via functional MR imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes in response to a mild cold challenge. RESULTS Under thermoneutral conditions, we were able to distinguish BAT from white adipose tissue in the cervical and supraclavicular fat. BAT showed higher water-to-fat contrast and higher water-saturation efficiency in MR imaging scans. The location and volume of BAT assessed by MR imaging were comparable to the measurements by (18)F-FDG PET/CT scans. During mild cold challenge, BOLD fMRI signal increased in BAT by 10.7% ± 1.8% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION We demonstrated the feasibility of using MR imaging and fMRI to assess BAT volume and BAT responses to mild cold stimulation in the cervical areas of human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ching Iris Chen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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