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Zhang H, Muhetarijiang M, Chen RJ, Hu X, Han J, Zheng L, Chen T. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Roadmap for Understanding and Tackling Cardiovascular Aging. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0058. [PMID: 38739929 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular aging is a progressive remodeling process constituting a variety of cellular and molecular alterations that are closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, gaining a deeper understanding of the changes in mitochondrial function during cardiovascular aging is crucial for preventing cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac aging is accompanied by fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, metabolic changes, and infiltration of immune cells, collectively contributing to the overall remodeling of the heart. Similarly, during vascular aging, there is a profound remodeling of blood vessel structure. These remodeling present damage to endothelial cells, increased vascular stiffness, impaired formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), the development of arteriosclerosis, and chronic vascular inflammation. This review underscores the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac aging, exploring its impact on fibrosis and myocardial alterations, metabolic remodeling, immune response remodeling, as well as in vascular aging in the heart. Additionally, we emphasize the significance of mitochondria-targeted therapies in preventing cardiovascular diseases in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mairedan Muhetarijiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ryan J Chen
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangrong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Cai M, Wu P, Ni W, Huang D, Wang X. mTORC1 hyperactivation and resultant suppression of macroautophagy contribute to the induction of cardiomyocyte necroptosis by catecholamine surges. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15966. [PMID: 38444056 PMCID: PMC10915131 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed a controversial role of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC1-regulated macroautophagy in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac injury. Here we investigated the role of mTORC1 and potential underlying mechanisms in ISO-induced cardiomyocyte necrosis. Two consecutive daily injections of ISO (85 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle control (CTL) were administered to C57BL/6J mice with or without rapamycin (RAP, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment. Western blot analyses showed that myocardial mTORC1 signaling and the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL necroptotic pathway were activated, mRNA expression analyses revealed downregulation of representative TFEB target genes, and Evan's blue dye uptake assays detected increased cardiomyocyte necrosis in ISO-treated mice. However, RAP pretreatment prevented or significantly attenuated the ISO-induced cardiomyocyte necrosis, myocardial inflammation, downregulation of TFEB target genes, and activation of the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL pathway. LC3-II flux assays confirmed the impairment of myocardial autophagic flux in the ISO-treated mice. In cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, mTORC1 signaling was also activated by ISO, and inhibition of mTORC1 by RAP attenuated ISO-induced cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that mTORC1 hyperactivation and resultant suppression of macroautophagy play a major role in the induction of cardiomyocyte necroptosis by catecholamine surges, identifying mTORC1 inhibition as a potential strategy to treat heart diseases with catecholamine surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Cai
- Heart CenterShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of Medicine of the University of South DakotaVermillionSouth DakotaUSA
| | - Penglong Wu
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of Medicine of the University of South DakotaVermillionSouth DakotaUSA
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Dong Huang
- Heart CenterShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of Medicine of the University of South DakotaVermillionSouth DakotaUSA
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3
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Shi F, Collins S. Regulation of mTOR Signaling: Emerging Role of Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases and Implications for Cardiometabolic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11497. [PMID: 37511253 PMCID: PMC10380887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. It is the catalytic subunit of two distinct large protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. mTOR activity is subjected to tight regulation in response to external nutrition and growth factor stimulation. As an important mechanism of signaling transduction, the 'second messenger' cyclic nucleotides including cAMP and cGMP and their associated cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases, including protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase G (PKG), play essential roles in mediating the intracellular action of a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters. They have also emerged as important regulators of mTOR signaling in various physiological and disease conditions. However, the mechanism by which cAMP and cGMP regulate mTOR activity is not completely understood. In this review, we will summarize the earlier work establishing the ability of cAMP to dampen mTORC1 activation in response to insulin and growth factors and then discuss our recent findings demonstrating the regulation of mTOR signaling by the PKA- and PKG-dependent signaling pathways. This signaling framework represents a new non-canonical regulation of mTOR activity that is independent of AKT and could be a novel mechanism underpinning the action of a variety of G protein-coupled receptors that are linked to the mTOR signaling network. We will further review the implications of these signaling events in the context of cardiometabolic disease, such as obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiac remodeling. The metabolic and cardiac phenotypes of mouse models with targeted deletion of Raptor and Rictor, the two essential components for mTORC1 and mTORC2, will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubiao Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sheila Collins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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4
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Sharma S, Rana AK, Sharma A, Singh D. Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Attenuates Recurrent Seizures Associated Cardiac Damage in a Zebrafish Kindling Model of Chronic Epilepsy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:334-349. [PMID: 34537895 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is primarily linked with the cardiac irregularities that occur due to recurrent seizures. Our previous studies found a role of mTOR pathway activation in seizures-linked cardiac damage in a rat model. In continuation to the earlier work, the present study was devised to explore the role of rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor and clinically used immunosuppressive agent) in a zebrafish kindling model and associated cardiac damage. Adult zebrafish were incubated with increasing concentrations of rapamycin (1, 2 and, 4 μM), followed by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) exposure to record seizure latency and severity. In another experiment, zebrafish were subjected to a standardized PTZ kindling protocol. The kindled fish were treated daily with rapamycin for up to 25 days, along with PTZ to record seizure severity. At the end, zebrafish heart was excised for carbonylation assay, gene expression, and protein quantification studies. In the acute PTZ convulsion test, treatment with rapamycin showed a significant increase in seizure latency and decreased seizure severity without any change in seizure incidence. Treatment with rapamycin also reduced the severity of seizures in kindled fish. The cardiac expressions of gpx, nppb, kcnh2, scn5a, mapk8, stat3, rps6 and ddit were decreased, whereas the levels of trxr2 and beclin 1 were increased following rapamycin treatment in kindled fish. Furthermore, rapamycin treatment also decreased p-mTOR expression and protein carbonyls level in the fish cardiac tissue. The present study concluded that rapamycin reduces seizures and associated cardiac damage by inhibiting mTOR activation in the zebrafish kindling model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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5
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Benardais K, Ornelas IM, Fauveau M, Brown TL, Finseth LT, Panic R, Deboux C, Macklin WB, Wood TL, Nait Oumesmar B. p70S6 kinase regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and is active in remyelinating lesions. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac025. [PMID: 35224490 PMCID: PMC8864467 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The p70 ribosomal S6 kinases (p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 2) are downstream targets of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signalling pathway. p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 specifically has demonstrated functions in regulating cell size in Drosophila and in insulin-sensitive cell populations in mammals. Prior studies demonstrated that the mechanistic target of the rapamycin pathway promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and developmental myelination; however, how the immediate downstream targets of mechanistic target of rapamycin regulate these processes has not been elucidated. Here, we tested the hypothesis that p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation during developmental myelination and remyelination processes in the CNS. We demonstrate that p70 ribosomal S6 kinase activity peaks in oligodendrocyte lineage cells at the time when they transition to myelinating oligodendrocytes during developmental myelination in the mouse spinal cord. We further show p70 ribosomal S6 kinase activity in differentiating oligodendrocytes in acute demyelinating lesions induced by lysophosphatidylcholine injection or by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. In demyelinated lesions, the expression of the p70 ribosomal S6 kinase target, phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein, was transient and highest in maturing oligodendrocytes. Interestingly, we also identified p70 ribosomal S6 kinase activity in oligodendrocyte lineage cells in active multiple sclerosis lesions. Consistent with its predicted function in promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation, we demonstrate that specifically inhibiting p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 in cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells significantly impairs cell lineage progression and expression of myelin basic protein. Finally, we used zebrafish to show in vivo that inhibiting p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 function in oligodendroglial cells reduces their differentiation and the number of myelin internodes produced. These data reveal an essential function of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 in promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation during development and remyelination across multiple species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Benardais
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isis M. Ornelas
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA 07101
| | - Melissa Fauveau
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Tanya L. Brown
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Lisbet T. Finseth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Radmila Panic
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Wendy B. Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Teresa L. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA 07101
| | - Brahim Nait Oumesmar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA 07101
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6
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Song X, Ning H, Zhang Y, Teng Y, Wang J, Yang X. Brain endothelial PTEN/AKT/NEDD4-2/MFSD2A axis regulates blood-brain barrier permeability. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109327. [PMID: 34233198 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The low level of transcytosis is a unique feature of cerebrovascular endothelial cells (ECs), ensuring restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2a (MFSD2A) is a key regulator of the BBB function by suppressing caveolae-mediated transcytosis. However, the mechanisms regulating MFSD2A at the BBB have been barely explored. Here, we show that cerebrovascular EC-specific deletion of Pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog) results in a dramatic increase in vesicular transcytosis by the reduction of MFSD2A, leading to increased transcellular permeability of the BBB. Mechanistically, AKT signaling inhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4-2-mediated MFSD2A degradation. Consistently, cerebrovascular Nedd4-2 overexpression decreases MFSD2A levels, increases transcytosis, and impairs BBB permeability, recapitulating the phenotypes of Pten-deficient mice. Furthermore, Akt deletion decreases phosphorylated NEDD4-2 levels, restores MFSD2A levels, and normalizes BBB permeability in Pten-mutant mice. Altogether, our work reveals the essential physiological function of the PTEN/AKT/NEDD4-2/MFSD2A axis in the regulation of BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huimin Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.
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7
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Chen G, Phan V, Luo X, Cao DJ. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 critically regulates the function of mononuclear phagocytes and promotes cardiac remodeling in acute ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 159:62-79. [PMID: 34139235 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are cellular forces that drive and resolve inflammation triggered by acute myocardial ischemia. One of the most important but least understood regulatory mechanisms is how these cells sense cues from the micro-milieu and integrate environmental signals with their response that eventually determines the outcome of myocardial repair. In the current study, we investigated if the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) plays this role. We present evidence that support a robustly activated mTORC1 pathway in monocytes and macrophages in the infarcting myocardium.. Specific mTORC1 inhibition transformed the landscape of cardiac monocytes and macrophages into reparative cells that promoted myocardial healing. As the result, mTORC1 inhibition diminished remodeling and reduced mortality from acute ischemia by 80%. In conclusion, our data suggest a critical role of mTORC1 in regulating the functions of cardiac monocytes and macrophages, and specific mTORC1 inhibition protects the heart from inflammatory injury in acute ischemia. As mTOR/mTORC1 is a master regulator that integrates external signals with cellular responses, the study sheds light on how the cardiac monocytes and macrophages sense and respond to the ischemic environment..
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiHao Chen
- National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 167 BeiLiShi Road, XiCheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Vincent Phan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiang Luo
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dian J Cao
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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8
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Selvarani R, Mohammed S, Richardson A. Effect of rapamycin on aging and age-related diseases-past and future. GeroScience 2021; 43:1135-1158. [PMID: 33037985 PMCID: PMC8190242 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, rapamycin was reported to increase the lifespan of mice when implemented later in life. This observation resulted in a sea-change in how researchers viewed aging. This was the first evidence that a pharmacological agent could have an impact on aging when administered later in life, i.e., an intervention that did not have to be implemented early in life before the negative impact of aging. Over the past decade, there has been an explosion in the number of reports studying the effect of rapamycin on various diseases, physiological functions, and biochemical processes in mice. In this review, we focus on those areas in which there is strong evidence for rapamycin's effect on aging and age-related diseases in mice, e.g., lifespan, cardiac disease/function, central nervous system, immune system, and cell senescence. We conclude that it is time that pre-clinical studies be focused on taking rapamycin to the clinic, e.g., as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Selvarani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sabira Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Shimada BK, Yorichika N, Higa JK, Baba Y, Kobayashi M, Aoyagi T, Suhara T, Matsui T. mTOR-mediated calcium transients affect cardiac function in ex vivo ischemia-reperfusion injury. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14807. [PMID: 33769701 PMCID: PMC7995667 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key mediator of energy metabolism, cell growth, and survival. While previous studies using transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of mTOR (mTOR-Tg) demonstrated the protective effects of cardiac mTOR against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in both ex vivo and in vivo models, the mechanisms underlying the role of cardiac mTOR in cardiac function following I/R injury are not well-understood. Torin1, a pharmacological inhibitor of mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2, significantly decreased functional recovery of LV developed pressure in ex vivo I/R models (p < 0.05). To confirm the role of mTOR complexes in I/R injury, we generated cardiac-specific mTOR-knockout (CKO) mice. In contrast to the effects of Torin1, CKO hearts recovered better after I/R injury than control hearts (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the CKO hearts had exhibited irregular contractions during the reperfusion phase. Calcium is a major factor in Excitation-Contraction (EC) coupling via Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) calcium release. Calcium is also key in opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and cell death following I/R injury. Caffeine-induced SR calcium release in isolated CMs showed that total SR calcium content was lower in CKO than in control CMs. Western blotting showed that a significant amount of mTOR localizes to the SR/mitochondria and that GSK3-β phosphorylation, a key factor in SR calcium mobilization, was decreased. These findings suggest that cardiac mTOR located to the SR/mitochondria plays a vital role in EC coupling and cell survival in I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana K. Shimada
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and PhysiologyCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonoluluHawai‘iUSA
| | - Naaiko Yorichika
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and PhysiologyCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonoluluHawai‘iUSA
| | - Jason K. Higa
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and PhysiologyCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonoluluHawai‘iUSA
| | - Yuichi Baba
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and PhysiologyCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonoluluHawai‘iUSA
- Department of Cardiology and GeriatricsKochi Medical SchoolKochi UniversityKochiJapan
| | - Motoi Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and PhysiologyCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonoluluHawai‘iUSA
| | - Toshinori Aoyagi
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and PhysiologyCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonoluluHawai‘iUSA
| | - Tomohiro Suhara
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and PhysiologyCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonoluluHawai‘iUSA
- Department of AnesthesiologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and PhysiologyCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchJohn A. Burns School of MedicineUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonoluluHawai‘iUSA
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10
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Frati G, Sadoshima J. The complex network of mTOR signaling in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:424-439. [PMID: 33512477 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates several intracellular and extracellular signals involved in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes. mTOR assembles into two macromolecular complexes, named mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have different regulators, substrates and functions. Studies of gain- and loss-of-function animal models of mTOR signaling revealed that mTORC1/2 elicit both adaptive and maladaptive functions in the cardiovascular system. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 are indispensable for driving cardiac development and cardiac adaption to stress, such as pressure overload. However, persistent and deregulated mTORC1 activation in the heart is detrimental during stress and contributes to the development and progression of cardiac remodeling and genetic and metabolic cardiomyopathies. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding the role of mTOR in the cardiovascular system, both under basal conditions and during stress, such as pressure overload, ischemia and metabolic stress. Current data suggest that mTOR modulation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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11
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TOR Signaling Pathway in Cardiac Aging and Heart Failure. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020168. [PMID: 33513917 PMCID: PMC7911348 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is a key regulator of cellular metabolism, integrating nutrient sensing with cell growth. Over the past two decades, studies on the mTOR pathway have revealed that mTOR complex 1 controls life span, health span, and aging by modulating key cellular processes such as protein synthesis, autophagy, and mitochondrial function, mainly through its downstream substrates. Thus, the mTOR pathway regulates both physiological and pathological processes in the heart from embryonic cardiovascular development to maintenance of cardiac homeostasis in postnatal life. In this regard, the dysregulation of mTOR signaling has been linked to many age-related pathologies, including heart failure and age-related cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we highlight recent advances of the impact of mTOR complex 1 pathway and its regulators on aging and, more specifically, cardiac aging and heart failure.
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Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently circularized RNA moieties that despite being relatively abundant were only recently identified and have only begun to be investigated within the last couple of years. Even though there are many thousands of genes that appear capable of producing circRNAs, and the fact that many circRNAs appear to be highly evolutionarily conserved, the function of all but a few remain to be fully explored. What has been determined, however, is that circRNAs play key regulatory roles in many aspects of biology with focus being given to their function in cancer. Most of the studies to date have found that circRNAs act as master regulator of gene expression most often than not acting to regulate levels though sequestration or "sponging" of other gene expression regulators, particularly miRNAs. They can also function directly modulating transcription, or by interfering with splicing mechanisms. Some circRNAs can also be translated into functional proteins or peptides. A combination of tissue and developmental stage specific expression along with an innate resistance to RNAse activity means that circRNAs show perhaps their greatest potential as novel biomarkers of cancer. In this chapter we consider the current state of knowledge regarding these molecules, their synthesis, function, and association with cancer. We also consider some of the challenges that remain to be overcome to allow this emerging class of RNAs to fulfill their potential in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Solé
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Charles Henderson Lawrie
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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13
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Qi Dan Li Xin pill improves chronic heart failure by regulating mTOR/p70S6k-mediated autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6105. [PMID: 32269242 PMCID: PMC7142096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial remodeling represents a key factor in chronic heart failure (CHF) development, and is characterized by chronic death of cardiomyocytes. Cardiac function changes may be attributed to inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy. This study assessed the effects of Qi Dan Li Xin Pill (QD) on heart function, inflammatory factors, autophagy and apoptosis in cardiac remodeling in CHF rats upon myocardial infarction (MI) induction. Male SD rats underwent a sham procedure or left anterior descending coronary artery (LADCA) ligation, causing MI. Twenty-eight days after modeling, the animals were treated daily with QD, valsartan and saline for 4 weeks. Echocardiography after 4 weeks of drug intervention revealed substantially improved left ventricular remodeling and cardiac function following QD treatment. As demonstrated by decreased IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α amounts, this treatment also inhibited the apoptotic process and protected the viability of the myocardium. These outcomes may be attributed to enhanced autophagy in cardiomyocytes, which further reduced pro-inflammatory and pro apoptotic effects. This process may be achieved by QD regulation of the mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway, suggesting that the traditional Chinese medicine Qi Dan Li Xin pill is effective in heart protective treatment, and is worth further investigation.
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14
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Wang J, Cui Y, Yu Z, Wang W, Cheng X, Ji W, Guo S, Zhou Q, Wu N, Chen Y, Chen Y, Song X, Jiang H, Wang Y, Lan Y, Zhou B, Mao L, Li J, Yang H, Guo W, Yang X. Brain Endothelial Cells Maintain Lactate Homeostasis and Control Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:754-767.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Gao G, Chen W, Yan M, Liu J, Luo H, Wang C, Yang P. Rapamycin regulates the balance between cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy in chronic heart failure by inhibiting mTOR signaling. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:195-209. [PMID: 31746373 PMCID: PMC6889932 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of cardiomyocytes caused by cell death leads to cardiac dysfunction and heart failure (HF). Rapamycin has been shown to be cardioprotective in pressure-overloaded and ischemic heart diseases by regulating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling network. However, the impact of rapamycin on cardiomyocyte death in chronic HF remains undetermined. Therefore, in the current study we addressed this issue using a rat myocardial infarction (MI)-induced chronic HF model induced by ligating the coronary artery. Following surgery, rats were randomly divided into six groups, including the sham-, vehicle- and rapamycin-operated groups, at 8 or 12 weeks post-MI. A period of 4 weeks after MI induction, the rats were treated with rapamycin (1.4 mg-kg-day) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Cardiac function was determined using echocardiography, the rats were subsequently euthanized and myocardial tissues were harvested for histological and biochemical analyses. In the cell culture experiments with H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes, apoptosis was induced using angiotensin II (100 nM; 24 h). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy were assessed via measuring apoptosis- and autophagy-associated proteins. The activities of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 were evaluated using the phosphorylation states of ribosomal S6 protein and Akt, respectively. The activity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway was determined using the levels of GRP78, caspase-12, phospho-JNK and DDIT3. Echocardiographic and histological measurements indicated that rapamycin treatment improved cardiac function and inhibited cardiac remodeling at 8 weeks post-MI. Additionally, rapamycin prevented cardiomyocyte apoptosis and promoted autophagy at 8 weeks post-MI. Rapamycin treatment for 4 weeks inhibited the mTOR and ER stress pathways. Furthermore, rapamycin prevented angiotensin II-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis and promoted autophagy by inhibiting the mTORC1 and ER stress pathways. These results demonstrated that rapamycin reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and promoted cardiomyocyte autophagy, by regulating the crosstalk between the mTOR and ER stress pathways in chronic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Yan
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
| | - Jinsha Liu
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Luo
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, P.R. China
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16
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Luo J, Liu H, Luan S, Li Z. Guidance of circular RNAs to proteins' behavior as binding partners. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4233-4243. [PMID: 31270581 PMCID: PMC11105724 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded and covalently closed back-splicing products of pre-mRNAs. They can be derived from exons, introns, or exons with intron retained between exons of transcripts, as well as antisense transcripts. CircRNAs have been reported to function as microRNA sponges, regulate gene transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II, and modulate the splicing or stability of mRNA. However, emerging studies demonstrate that they affect the behavior of proteins via direct interactions with them. Here, we summarize that by binding directly with proteins; circRNAs can facilitate their nuclear or cytoplasmic localizations, regulate their functions or stability, promote or inhibit the interactions between them, or influence the interactions between them and DNA. Furthermore, these circRNA-binding proteins contain transcription factors, RNA processing proteins, proteases, and some other RNA-binding proteins. As a consequence, circRNAs are involved in the regulation of multiple physiological or pathological processes, including tumorigenesis, atherosclerosis, wound repair, cardiac senescence, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and so forth. Nonetheless, it is worthwhile to further explore more types of proteins that interact with circRNAs, which would be helpful in revealing other unknown biological functions of circRNAs that guide the variation in behavior of cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Siyu Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
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17
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Nukala SB, Regazzoni L, Aldini G, Zodda E, Tura-Ceide O, Mills NL, Cascante M, Carini M, D'Amato A. Differentially Expressed Proteins in Primary Endothelial Cells Derived From Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Hypertension 2019; 74:947-956. [PMID: 31446798 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is one of the primary factors in the onset and progression of atherothrombosis resulting in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the pathological and cellular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in AMI have not been systematically studied. Protein expression profiling in combination with a protein network analysis was used by the mass spectrometry-based label-free quantification approach. This identified and quantified 2246 proteins, of which 335 were differentially regulated in coronary arterial endothelial cells from patients with AMI compared with controls. The differentially regulated protein profiles reveal the alteration of (1) metabolism of RNA, (2) platelet activation, signaling, and aggregation, (3) neutrophil degranulation, (4) metabolism of amino acids and derivatives, (5) cellular responses to stress, and (6) response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ pathways. Increased production of oxidants and decreased production of antioxidant biomarkers as well as downregulation of proteins with antioxidant properties suggests a role for oxidative stress in mediating endothelial dysfunction during AMI. In conclusion, this is the first quantitative proteomics study to evaluate the cellular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in patients with AMI. A better understanding of the endothelial proteome and pathophysiology of AMI may lead to the identification of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Babu Nukala
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (S.B.N., L.R., G.A., M. Carini, A.D.A.).,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (S.B.N., E.Z., M. Cascante)
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (S.B.N., L.R., G.A., M. Carini, A.D.A.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (S.B.N., L.R., G.A., M. Carini, A.D.A.)
| | - Erika Zodda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (S.B.N., E.Z., M. Cascante)
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Spain (O.T.-C.).,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain (O.T.-C.)
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (N.L.M.).,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK (N.L.M.)
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain (S.B.N., E.Z., M. Cascante).,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD) and metabolomics node at INB-Bioinfarmatics Platform, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain (M. Cascante)
| | - Marina Carini
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (S.B.N., L.R., G.A., M. Carini, A.D.A.)
| | - Alfonsina D'Amato
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (S.B.N., L.R., G.A., M. Carini, A.D.A.)
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18
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Sciarretta S, Forte M, Frati G, Sadoshima J. New Insights Into the Role of mTOR Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2019; 122:489-505. [PMID: 29420210 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a master regulator of several crucial cellular processes, including protein synthesis, cellular growth, proliferation, autophagy, lysosomal function, and cell metabolism. mTOR interacts with specific adaptor proteins to form 2 multiprotein complexes, called mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2). In the cardiovascular system, the mTOR pathway regulates both physiological and pathological processes in the heart. It is needed for embryonic cardiovascular development and for maintaining cardiac homeostasis in postnatal life. Studies involving mTOR loss-of-function models revealed that mTORC1 activation is indispensable for the development of adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to mechanical overload. mTORC2 is also required for normal cardiac physiology and ensures cardiomyocyte survival in response to pressure overload. However, partial genetic or pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 reduces cardiac remodeling and heart failure in response to pressure overload and chronic myocardial infarction. In addition, mTORC1 blockade reduces cardiac derangements induced by genetic and metabolic disorders and has been reported to extend life span in mice. These studies suggest that pharmacological targeting of mTOR may represent a therapeutic strategy to confer cardioprotection, although clinical evidence in support of this notion is still scarce. This review summarizes and discusses the new evidence on the pathophysiological role of mTOR signaling in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Giacomo Frati
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.)
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- From the Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy (S.S., G.F.); Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.F., G.F.); and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark (J.S.).
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19
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Barriocanal-Casado E, Hidalgo-Gutiérrez A, Raimundo N, González-García P, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Escames G, López LC. Rapamycin administration is not a valid therapeutic strategy for every case of mitochondrial disease. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:511-523. [PMID: 30898651 PMCID: PMC6492073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vast majority of mitochondrial disorders have limited the clinical management to palliative care. Rapamycin has emerged as a potential therapeutic drug for mitochondrial diseases since it has shown therapeutic benefits in a few mouse models of mitochondrial disorders. However, the underlying therapeutic mechanism is unclear, the minimal effective dose needs to be defined and whether this therapy can be generally used is unknown. Methods We have evaluated whether low and high doses of rapamycin administration may result in therapeutic effects in a mouse model (Coq9R239X) of mitochondrial encephalopathy due to CoQ deficiency. The evaluation involved phenotypic, molecular, image (histopathology and MRI), metabolomics, transcriptomics and bioenergetics analyses. Findings Low dose of rapamycin induces metabolic changes in liver and transcriptomics modifications in midbrain. The high dose of rapamycin induces further changes in the transcriptomics profile in midbrain due to the general inhibition of mTORC1. However, neither low nor high dose of rapamycin were able to improve the mitochondrial bioenergetics, the brain injuries and the phenotypic characteristics of Coq9R239X mice, resulting in the lack of efficacy for increasing the survival. Interpretation These results may be due to the lack of microgliosis-derived neuroinflammation, the limitation to induce autophagy, or the need of a functional CoQ-junction. Therefore, the translation of rapamycin therapy into the clinic for patients with mitochondrial disorders requires, at least, the consideration of the particularities of each mitochondrial disease. Fund Supported by the grants from “Fundación Isabel Gemio - Federación Española de Enfermedades Neuromusculares – Federación FEDER” (TSR-1), the NIH (P01HD080642) and the ERC (Stg-337327).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Institute fur Zellbiochemie, Humboldtallee 23, room 01.423, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pilar González-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Spain
| | - Germaine Escames
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Spain
| | - Luis C López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Spain.
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20
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Anti-apoptosis in nonmyocytes and pro-autophagy in cardiomyocytes: two strategies against postinfarction heart failure through regulation of cell death/degeneration. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 23:759-772. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Bell TM, Espina V, Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Brahms A, Carey BD, Lin SC, Dahal B, Woodson C, de la Fuente C, Liotta LA, Bailey CL, Kehn-Hall K. Combination Kinase Inhibitor Treatment Suppresses Rift Valley Fever Virus Replication. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040191. [PMID: 29652799 PMCID: PMC5923485 DOI: 10.3390/v10040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses must parasitize host cell translational machinery in order to make proteins for viral progeny. In this study, we sought to use this signal transduction conduit against them by inhibiting multiple kinases that influence translation. Previous work indicated that several kinases involved in translation, including p70 S6K, p90RSK, ERK, and p38 MAPK, are phosphorylated following Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection. Furthermore, inhibiting p70 S6K through treatment with the FDA approved drug rapamycin prevents RVFV pathogenesis in a mouse model of infection. We hypothesized that inhibiting either p70 S6K, p90RSK, or p90RSK’s upstream kinases, ERK and p38 MAPK, would decrease translation and subsequent viral replication. Treatment with the p70 S6K inhibitor PF-4708671 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of translational proteins and reduced RVFV titers. In contrast, treatment with the p90RSK inhibitor BI-D1870, p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, or the ERK inhibitor PD0325901 alone had minimal influence on RVFV titers. The combination of PF-4708671 and BI-D1870 treatment resulted in robust inhibition of RVFV replication. Likewise, a synergistic inhibition of RVFV replication was observed with p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or the ERK inhibitor PD0325901 combined with rapamycin treatment. These findings serve as a proof of concept regarding combination kinase inhibitor treatment for RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Bell
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Lindsay Lundberg
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Ashwini Brahms
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Brian D Carey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Bibha Dahal
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Caitlin Woodson
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Cynthia de la Fuente
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Charles L Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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22
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Sidler M, Aitken KJ, Forward S, Vitkin A, Bagli DJ. Non-invasive voiding assessment in conscious mice. Bladder (San Franc) 2018; 5:e33. [PMID: 32775475 PMCID: PMC7401987 DOI: 10.14440/bladder.2018.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review available options of assessing murine bladder function and to evaluate a non-invasive technique suitable for long-term recording. METHODS We reviewed previously described methods to record rodent bladder function. We used modified metabolic cages to capture novel recording tracings of mouse micturition. We evaluated our method in a pilot study with female mice undergoing partial bladder outlet obstruction or sham operation, respectively; half of the partial obstruction and sham group received treatment with an S6K-inhibitor, targeting the mTOR pathway, which is known to be implicated in bladder response to obstruction. RESULTS Our non-invasive method using continuous urine weight recording reliably detected changes in murine bladder function resulting from partial bladder outlet obstruction or treatment with S6K-inhibitor. We found obstruction as well as treatment with S6K-inhibitor to correlate with a hyperactive voiding pattern. CONCLUSIONS While invasive methods to assess murine bladder function largely disturb bladder histology and intrinsically render post-cystometry gene expression analysis of questionable value, continuous urine weight recording is a reliable, inexpensive, and critically non-invasive method to assess murine bladder function, suitable for a long-term application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sidler
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Pediatric Urology, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada.,Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Karen J Aitken
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah Forward
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex Vitkin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Darius J Bagli
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Pediatric Urology, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
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23
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Ardestani A, Lupse B, Kido Y, Leibowitz G, Maedler K. mTORC1 Signaling: A Double-Edged Sword in Diabetic β Cells. Cell Metab 2018; 27:314-331. [PMID: 29275961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of metabolic and nutrient cues that integrates environmental inputs into downstream signaling pathways to control cellular metabolism, growth, and survival. While numerous in vitro and in vivo studies reported the positive functions of mTORC1 in the regulation of β cell survival and proliferation under physiological conditions, more recent work demonstrates the opposite in the long term; this is exemplified by the constitutive inappropriate hyper-activation of mTORC1 in diabetic islets or β cells under conditions of increased β cell stress and metabolic demands. These recent findings uncover mTORC1's importance as an emerging significant player in the development and progression of β cell failure in type 2 diabetes and suggest that mTORC1 may act as a "double edge sword" in the regulation of β cell mass and function in response to metabolic stress such as nutrient overload and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ardestani
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany.
| | - Blaz Lupse
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Yoshiaki Kido
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Division of Metabolism and Disease, Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Gil Leibowitz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service and the Hadassah Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- University of Bremen, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany.
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Gao W, Wang K, Zhang L, Li J, Liu J, Chen X, Luo X. Pharmacological inhibition of S6K1 facilitates platelet activation by enhancing Akt phosphorylation. Platelets 2017; 30:241-250. [PMID: 29257917 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1416075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kemin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinping Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Huang W, Fan W, Wang Y, Han D, Li X, Li S, Li C, Xu B, Huang Y, Fu X, Cao F. Mesenchymal stem cells in alleviating sepsis-induced mice cardiac dysfunction via inhibition of mTORC1-p70S6K signal pathway. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:16097. [PMID: 28250969 PMCID: PMC5327616 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients suffered from severe trauma. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) -based treatment has been verified as a promising approach to mitigate the sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, but the mechanism is still ambiguous. Thus, our study was designed to explore the potential role of MSCs in sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. In vivo bioluminescence imaging revealed 80% acute donor cell death of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) within 3 days after transplantation. However, echocardiography demonstrated that systolic function in wild-type mice group were reduced after sepsis, while the cardiac function was relatively well persevered in cardiac-conditional deletion of Raptor (component of mTORC1 complex) mice group. Raptor KO group treated with BM-MSCs appeared better cardiac function than other groups (P<0.05). In vitro cell study revealed that co-culture of H9C2 (Raptor-Knock down) and BM-MSC could attenuate the level of proinflammatory cytokines and promote the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine accompanied by mTORC2-Akt activation (P<0.05). In contrast, co-culture H9C2 (Raptor-O.E) and BM-MSC could aggravate the inflammatory response accompanied by the activation of mTORC1-p70S6K and inhibition of mTORC2-Akt (P<0.05). The immunomodulatory property of MSC is related to the inhibition of mTORC1-p70S6K and activation of mTORC2-Akt signaling pathway. mTORC1-p70S6K and mTORC2-Akt pathways were involved in the therapeutic adjuncts of MSC. The possible mechanism due to MSC`s immunomodulatory property through activation of mTORC2-Akt and inhibition of mTORC1-p70S6K signal pathways which may lead to modulate the expression of inflammation cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Wensi Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Yabin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Shanxi, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Shanxi, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Shanxi, China
| | - Congye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Shanxi, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Yuesheng Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaobin Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
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Xiao Q, Zhang G, Wang H, Chen L, Lu S, Pan D, Liu G, Yang Z. A p53-based genetic tracing system to follow postnatal cardiomyocyte expansion in heart regeneration. Development 2017; 144:580-589. [PMID: 28087623 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the field of heart regeneration, the proliferative potential of cardiomyocytes in postnatal mice is under intense investigation. However, solely relying on immunostaining of proliferation markers, the long-term proliferation dynamics and potential of the cardiomyocytes cannot be readily addressed. Previously, we found that a p53 promoter-driving reporter predominantly marked the proliferating lineages in mice. Here, we established a p53-based genetic tracing system to investigate postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration. By selectively tracing proliferative cardiomyocytes, a differential pattern of clonal expansion in p53+ cardiac myocytes was revealed in neonatal, adolescent and adult stages. In addition, the percentage of p53+ lineage cardiomyocytes increased continuously in the first month. Furthermore, these cells rapidly responded to heart injury and greatly contributed to the replenished myocardium. Therefore, this study reveals complex proliferating dynamics in postnatal cardiomyocytes and heart repair, and provides a novel genetic tracing strategy for studying postnatal cardiac turnover and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Lai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.,Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 18 Yunwan Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.,Sino-British Molecular Cancer Center of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dejing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.,Cambridge-Suda Genomic Research Center, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Geng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Lu S, Du P, Shan C, Wang Y, Ma C, Dong J. Haploinsufficiency of Hand1 improves mice survival after acute myocardial infarction through preventing cardiac rupture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1726-31. [PMID: 27601324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a significantly lower level of Hand1 in ischemic cardiomyopathy than in normal heart tissue. The role of decreased Hand1 in myocardial infarction remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of haploinsufficiency of Hand1 on mouse heart after myocardial infarction. 8-10 weeks old male heterozygous Hand1-deficient (Hand1(+/-)) mice and wild-type littermates (control) were subjected to sham operation or ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Hand1(+/-) mice have low incidence of left ventricular free wall rupture in the first week after operation than control mice. Then we found lower MMP9 activity and less cardiomyocytes apoptosis in Hand1(+/-) than in control mice. All of these contribute to the protection role of haploinsufficiency of Hand1 after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Lu
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Science, The Academy of Medical Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Pan Du
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Science, The Academy of Medical Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Congjia Shan
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Science, The Academy of Medical Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changsheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Heart failure is associated with generalized insulin resistance. Moreover, insulin-resistant states such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity increases the risk of heart failure even after adjusting for traditional risk factors. Insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus alters the systemic and neurohumoral milieu, leading to changes in metabolism and signaling pathways in the heart that may contribute to myocardial dysfunction. In addition, changes in insulin signaling within cardiomyocytes develop in the failing heart. The changes range from activation of proximal insulin signaling pathways that may contribute to adverse left ventricular remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction to repression of distal elements of insulin signaling pathways such as forkhead box O transcriptional signaling or glucose transport, which may also impair cardiac metabolism, structure, and function. This article will review the complexities of insulin signaling within the myocardium and ways in which these pathways are altered in heart failure or in conditions associated with generalized insulin resistance. The implications of these changes for therapeutic approaches to treating or preventing heart failure will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riehle
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - E Dale Abel
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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Hayashi I, Aoki Y, Ushikubo H, Asano D, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Nakahara T, Ishii K. Protective effects of PF-4708671 against N-methyl-d-aspartic acid-induced retinal damage in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:529-536. [PMID: 27371338 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protects against N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced retinal damage in rats. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR activity, thereby preventing the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, which is a downstream target of S6 kinase. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether PF-4708671, an inhibitor of S6 kinase, protects against NMDA-induced retinal injury. Intravitreal injection of NMDA (200 nmol/eye) caused cell loss in the ganglion cell layer and neuroinflammatory responses, such as an increase in the number of CD45-positive leukocytes and Iba1-positive microglia. Surprisingly, simultaneous injection of PF-4708671 (50 nmol/eye) with NMDA significantly attenuated these responses without affecting phosphorylated S6 levels. These results suggest that PF-4708671 and rapamycin likely protect against NMDA-induced retinal damage via distinct pathways. The neuroprotective effect of PF-4708671 is unlikely to be associated with inhibition of the S6 kinase, even though PF-4708671 is reported to be a S6 kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuto Aoki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ushikubo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Daiki Asano
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Asami Mori
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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Shum M, Bellmann K, St-Pierre P, Marette A. Pharmacological inhibition of S6K1 increases glucose metabolism and Akt signalling in vitro and in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:592-603. [PMID: 26733005 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K)1 pathway is overactivated in obesity, leading to inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling and insulin resistance. However, chronic mTORC1 inhibition by rapamycin impairs glucose homeostasis because of robust induction of liver gluconeogenesis. Here, we compared the effect of rapamycin with that of the selective S6K1 inhibitor, PF-4708671, on glucose metabolism in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We used L6 myocytes and FAO hepatocytes to explore the effect of PF-4708671 on the regulation of glucose uptake, glucose production and insulin signalling. We also treated high-fat (HF)-fed obese mice for 7 days with PF-4708671 in comparison with rapamycin to assess glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and insulin signalling in vivo. RESULTS Chronic rapamycin treatment induced insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism in hepatic and muscle cells. Conversely, chronic S6K1 inhibition with PF-4708671 reduced glucose production in hepatocytes and enhanced glucose uptake in myocytes. Whereas rapamycin treatment inhibited Akt phosphorylation, PF-4708671 increased Akt phosphorylation in both cell lines. These opposite effects of the mTORC1 and S6K1 inhibitors were also observed in vivo. Indeed, while rapamycin treatment induced glucose intolerance and failed to improve Akt phosphorylation in liver and muscle of HF-fed mice, PF-4708671 treatment improved glucose tolerance and increased Akt phosphorylation in metabolic tissues of these obese mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Chronic S6K1 inhibition by PF-4708671 improves glucose homeostasis in obese mice through enhanced Akt activation in liver and muscle. Our results suggest that specific S6K1 blockade is a valid pharmacological approach to improve glucose disposal in obese diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shum
- Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Hôpital Laval, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, Room Y4308, 2705 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Kerstin Bellmann
- Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Hôpital Laval, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, Room Y4308, 2705 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Philippe St-Pierre
- Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Hôpital Laval, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, Room Y4308, 2705 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Hôpital Laval, Pavillon Marguerite d'Youville, Room Y4308, 2705 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G5.
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Abstract
A multifunctional microRNA, miR-155, has been recently recognized as an important modulator of numerous biological processes. In our previous in vitro studies, miR-155 was identified as a potential regulator of the endothelial morphogenesis. The present study demonstrates that in vivo inhibition of miR-155 supports cerebral vasculature after experimental stroke. Intravenous injections of a specific miR-155 inhibitor were initiated at 48 h after mouse distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). Microvasculature in peri-infarct area, infarct size, and animal functional recovery were assessed at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after dMCAO. Using in vivo two-photon microscopy, we detected improved blood flow and microvascular integrity in the peri-infarct area of miR-155 inhibitor-injected mice. Electron microscopy revealed that, in contrast to the control group, these animals demonstrated well preserved capillary tight junctions (TJs). Western blot analysis data indicate that improved TJ integrity in the inhibitor-injected animals could be associated with stabilization of the TJ protein ZO-1 and mediated by the miR-155 target protein Rheb. MRI analysis showed significant (34%) reduction of infarct size in miR-155 inhibitor-injected animals at 21 d after dMCAO. Reduced brain injury was confirmed by electron microscopy demonstrating decreased neuronal damage in the peri-infarct area of stroke. Preservation of brain tissue was reflected in efficient functional recovery of inhibitor-injected animals. Based on our findings, we propose that in vivo miR-155 inhibition after ischemia supports brain microvasculature, reduces brain tissue damage, and improves the animal functional recovery. Significance statement: In the present study, we investigated an effect of the in vivo inhibition of a microRNA, miR-155, on brain recovery after experimental cerebral ischemia. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the efficiency of intravenous anti-miRNA injections in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. The role of miRNAs in poststroke revascularization has been unexplored and in vivo regulation of miRNAs during the subacute phase of stroke has not yet been proposed. Our investigation introduces a new and unexplored approach to cerebral regeneration: regulation of poststroke angiogenesis and recovery through direct modulation of specific miRNA activity. We expect that our findings will lead to the development of novel strategies for regulating neurorestorative processes in the postischemic brain.
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Srivastava IN, Shperdheja J, Baybis M, Ferguson T, Crino PB. mTOR pathway inhibition prevents neuroinflammation and neuronal death in a mouse model of cerebral palsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:144-154. [PMID: 26459113 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signaling governs cellular responses to hypoxia and inflammation including induction of autophagy and cell survival. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder linked to hypoxic and inflammatory brain injury however, a role for mTOR modulation in CP has not been investigated. We hypothesized that mTOR pathway inhibition would diminish inflammation and prevent neuronal death in a mouse model of CP. METHODS Mouse pups (P6) were subjected to hypoxia-ischemia and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation (HIL), a model of CP causing neuronal injury within the hippocampus, periventricular white matter, and neocortex. mTOR pathway inhibition was achieved with rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor; 5mg/kg) or PF-4708671 (an inhibitor of the downstream p70S6kinase, S6K, 75 mg/kg) immediately following HIL, and then for 3 subsequent days. Phospho-activation of the mTOR effectors p70S6kinase and ribosomal S6 protein and expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) were assayed. Neuronal cell death was defined with Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) and autophagy was measured using Beclin-1 and LC3II expression. Iba-1 labeled, activated microglia were quantified. RESULTS Neuronal death, enhanced HIF-1α expression, and numerous Iba-1 labeled, activated microglia were evident at 24 and 48 h following HIL. Basal mTOR signaling, as evidenced by phosphorylated-S6 and -S6K levels, was unchanged by HIL. Rapamycin or PF-4,708,671 treatment significantly reduced mTOR signaling, neuronal death, HIF-1α expression, and microglial activation, coincident with enhanced expression of Beclin-1 and LC3II, markers of autophagy induction. CONCLUSIONS mTOR pathway inhibition prevented neuronal death and diminished neuroinflammation in this model of CP. Persistent mTOR signaling following HIL suggests a failure of autophagy induction, which may contribute to neuronal death in CP. These results suggest that mTOR signaling may be a novel therapeutic target to reduce neuronal cell death in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha N Srivastava
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Jona Shperdheja
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Marianna Baybis
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Tanya Ferguson
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Peter B Crino
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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Quan C, Xie B, Wang HY, Chen S. PKB-Mediated Thr649 Phosphorylation of AS160/TBC1D4 Regulates the R-Wave Amplitude in the Heart. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124491. [PMID: 25923736 PMCID: PMC4414484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rab GTPase activating protein (RabGAP), AS160/TBC1D4, is an important substrate of protein kinase B (PKB), and regulates insulin-stimulated trafficking of glucose transporter 4. Besides, AS160/TBC1D4 has also been shown to regulate trafficking of many other membrane proteins including FA translocase/CD36 in cardiomyocytes. However, it is not clear whether it plays any role in regulating heart functions in vivo. Here, we found that PKB-mediated phosphorylation of Thr649 on AS160/TBC1D4 represented one of the major PAS-binding signals in the heart in response to insulin. Mutation of Thr649 to a non-phosphorylatable alanine increased the R-wave amplitude in the AS160Thr649Ala knockin mice. However, this knockin mutation did not affect the heart functions under both normal and infarct conditions. Interestingly, myocardial infarction induced the expression of a related RabGAP, TBC1D1, in the infarct zone as well as in the border zone. Together, these data show that the Thr649 phosphorylation of AS160/TBC1D4 plays an important role in the heart’s electrical conduction system through regulating the R-wave amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Quan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Bingxian Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Hong Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
- * E-mail: (HYW); ( (SC)
| | - Shuai Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
- * E-mail: (HYW); ( (SC)
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Qian XJ, Li XL, Xu X, Wang X, Feng QT, Yang CJ. α-SMA-Cre-mediated excision of PDK1 reveals an essential role of PDK1 in regulating morphology of cardiomyocyte and tumor progression in tissue microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 63:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Rodríguez A, Ramírez B, Andrada P, Rotellar F, Valentí V, Moncada R, Martí P, Silva C, Salvador J, Frühbeck G. Expression of S6K1 in human visceral adipose tissue is upregulated in obesity and related to insulin resistance and inflammation. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:257-66. [PMID: 25118997 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is a component of the insulin signalling pathway that has been proposed as a key molecular factor in insulin resistance development under conditions of nutrient overload. The aim was to evaluate the involvement of S6K1 in obesity as well as to explore their association with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation. Samples obtained from 40 subjects were used. Gene expression levels of RPS6KB1 and key inflammatory markers were analysed in VAT. The effect of insulin on transcript levels of RPS6KB1 in human differentiated adipocytes was also explored. RPS6KB1 mRNA levels in VAT were increased (P < 0.05) in obese patients. Insulin treatment significantly enhanced (P < 0.01) gene expression levels of RPS6KB1 and a positive association (P < 0.05) of RPS6KB1 expression with different markers of insulin resistance was observed. Moreover, RPS6KB1 gene expression levels were positively correlated with VAT gene expression levels of the inflammatory markers CCL2, CD68, MMP2, MMP9, VEGFA and CHI3L1 as well as with mRNA levels of MTOR and MAPK8, representative players involved in signalling pathways related to S6K1. The increased levels of S6K1 in obesity and its positive association with insulin resistance and inflammation suggest a role for this protein in the changes that take place in VAT in obesity establishing a link between inflammation and a higher risk for the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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36
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The S6K protein family in health and disease. Life Sci 2015; 131:1-10. [PMID: 25818187 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The S6K proteins are mTOR pathway effectors and accumulative evidence suggest that mTOR/S6K signaling contributes to several pathological conditions, such as diabetes, cancer and obesity. The activation of the mTOR/S6K axis stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth. S6K1 has two well-known isoforms, p70-S6K1 and p85-S6K1, generated by alternative translation initiation sites. A third isoform, named p31-S6K1, has been characterized as a truncated type of the protein due to alternative splicing, and reports have shown its important role in cancer. Studies involving S6K2 are scarce. This article aims to review what is new in the literature about these kinases and establish differences regarding their interacting proteins, activation and function, connecting their roles in the homeostasis of the cell and in pathological conditions.
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Luo W, Zhao X, Jin H, Tao L, Zhu J, Wang H, Hemmings BA, Yang Z. Akt1 signaling coordinates BMP signaling and β-catenin activity to regulate second heart field progenitor development. Development 2015; 142:732-42. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Second heart field (SHF) progenitors exhibit continued proliferation and delayed differentiation, which are modulated by FGF4/8/10, BMP and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. PTEN-Akt signaling regulates the stem cell/progenitor cell homeostasis in several systems, such as hematopoietic stem cells, intestinal stem cells and neural progenitor cells. To address whether PTEN-Akt signaling is involved in regulating cardiac progenitors, we deleted Pten in SHF progenitors. Deletion of Pten caused SHF expansion and increased the size of the SHF derivatives, the right ventricle and the outflow tract. Cell proliferation of cardiac progenitors was enhanced, whereas cardiac differentiation was unaffected by Pten deletion. Removal of Akt1 rescued the phenotype and early lethality of Pten deletion mice, suggesting that Akt1 was the key downstream target that was negatively regulated by PTEN in cardiac progenitors. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of FOXO by Akt1 suppressed the expression of the gene encoding the BMP ligand (BMP7), leading to dampened BMP signaling in the hearts of Pten deletion mice. Cardiac activation of Akt also increased the Ser552 phosphorylation of β-catenin, thus enhancing its activity. Reducing β-catenin levels could partially rescue heart defects of Pten deletion mice. We conclude that Akt signaling regulates the cell proliferation of SHF progenitors through coordination of BMP signaling and β-catenin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Hengwei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Lichan Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Jingai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Brian A. Hemmings
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Li G, Xue Q, Luo Y, Hu X, Yu B. S6 inhibition contributes to isoflurane neurotoxicity in the developing brain. Toxicol Lett 2015; 233:102-13. [PMID: 25597859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal isoflurane exposure leads to neurodegeneration and deficits of spatial learning and memory in the adulthood. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Ribosomal protein S6 is demonstrated to play a pivotal role in control of cell survival, protein synthesis and synaptogenesis for brain development. In this study, the possible role of S6 and its upstream signaling pathways in the developmental neurotoxicity of isoflurane was evaluated using models of primary cultured hippocampal neurons and postnatal day 7 rats. We found that isoflurane decreased IGF-1 level and suppressed activation of IGF-1 receptor, sequentially inhibiting S6 activity via IGF-1/MEK/ERK and IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. S6 inhibition enhanced isoflurane-induced decreased Bcl-xL and increased cleaved caspase-3 and Bad, also reduced PSD95 expression and aggravated deficits of spatial learning and memory. S6 activation could reverse the damages above. These results indicate that S6 inhibition, led by suppression of upstream IGF-1/MEK/ERK and IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, is involved in the neuroapoptosis, synaptogenesis impairment and spatial learning and memory decline caused by postnatal isoflurane exposure. S6 activation may exhibit protective potential against developmental neurotoxicity of isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsheng Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Buwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Harazi A, Chaouat M, Shlomai Z, Levitzki R, Becker-Cohen M, Sadeh M, Dabby R, Ben-Bassat H, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Survival-apoptosis associated signaling in GNE myopathy-cultured myoblasts. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:249-57. [PMID: 25510413 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.956755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
GNE Myopathy (GNEM) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene. It is a slowly progressive distal and proximal muscle weakness sparing the quadriceps. In this study, we applied our model of mutated M743T GNE enzyme skeletal muscle-cultured myoblasts and paired healthy controls to depict the pattern of signaling proteins controlling survival and/or apoptosis of the PI3K/AKT, BCL2, ARTS/XIAP pathways, examined the effects of metabolic changes/stimuli on their expression and activation, and their potential role in GNEM. Immunoblot analysis of the GNEM myoblasts indicated a notable increased level of activated PTEN and PDK1 and a trend of relative differences in the expression and activation of the examined signaling molecules with variability among the cultures. ANOVA analysis showed a highly significant interaction between the level of PTEN and the patients groups. In parallel, the interaction between the level of BCL2, BAX and PTEN with the specific PI3K/AKT inhibitor-LY294002 was highly significant for BCL2 and nearly significant for PTEN and BAX. The pattern of the ARTS/XIAP signaling proteins of GNEM and the paired controls was variable, with no significant differences between the two cell types. The response of the GNEM cells to the metabolic changes/stimuli: serum depletion and insulin challenge, as indicated by expression of selected signaling proteins, was variable and similar to the control cells. Taken together, our observations provide a clearer insight into specific signaling molecules influencing growth and survival of GNEM muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Harazi
- a Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Malka Chaouat
- b Israel National Skin Bank, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery , Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel , and
| | - Zippora Shlomai
- b Israel National Skin Bank, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery , Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel , and
| | - Robina Levitzki
- b Israel National Skin Bank, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery , Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel , and
| | - Michal Becker-Cohen
- a Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
| | | | - Ron Dabby
- c Wolfson Medical Center , Holon , Israel
| | - Hannah Ben-Bassat
- b Israel National Skin Bank, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery , Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel , and
| | - Stella Mitrani-Rosenbaum
- a Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel
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Wang W, Nag S, Zhang X, Wang MH, Wang H, Zhou J, Zhang R. Ribosomal proteins and human diseases: pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:225-85. [PMID: 25164622 DOI: 10.1002/med.21327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomes are essential components of the protein synthesis machinery. The process of ribosome biogenesis is well organized and tightly regulated. Recent studies have shown that ribosomal proteins (RPs) have extraribosomal functions that are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and other cellular processes. The dysfunction of RPs has been linked to the development and progression of hematological, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Perturbation of ribosome biogenesis results in ribosomal stress, which triggers activation of the p53 signaling pathway through RPs-MDM2 interactions, resulting in p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RPs also regulate cellular functions through p53-independent mechanisms. We herein review the recent advances in several forefronts of RP research, including the understanding of their biological features and roles in regulating cellular functions, maintaining cell homeostasis, and their involvement in the pathogenesis of human diseases. We also highlight the translational potential of this research for the identification of molecular biomarkers, and in the discovery and development of novel treatments for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106; Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, 79106
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Guo SL, Ye H, Teng Y, Wang YL, Yang G, Li XB, Zhang C, Yang X, Yang ZZ, Yang X. Akt-p53-miR-365-cyclin D1/cdc25A axis contributes to gastric tumorigenesis induced by PTEN deficiency. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2544. [PMID: 24149576 PMCID: PMC3826643 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although PTEN/Akt signaling is frequently deregulated in human gastric cancers, the in vivo causal link between its dysregulation and gastric tumorigenesis has not been established. Here we show that inactivation of PTEN in mouse gastric epithelium initiates spontaneous carcinogenesis with complete penetrance by 2 months of age. Mechanistically, activation of Akt suppresses the abundance of p53, leading to decreased transcription of miR-365, thus causing upregulation of cyclin D1 and cdc25A, which promotes gastric cell proliferation. Importantly, genetic ablation of Akt1 restores miR-365 expression and effectively rescues gastric tumorigenesis in PTEN-mutant mice. Moreover, orthotopic restoration of miR-365 represses PTEN-deficient-induced hyperplasia. In human gastric cancer tissues, miR-365 reduction correlates with poorly differentiated histology, deep invasion and advanced stage, as well as the deregulation of PTEN, phosphorylated Akt, p53, cyclin D1 and cdc25A. These data demonstrate that the PTEN-Akt-p53-miR-365-cyclin D1/cdc25A axis serves as a new mechanism underlying gastric tumorigenesis, providing potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Long Guo
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China [2] Institute of Geriatrics, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China [3]
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Abstract
The protein kinase mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an atypical serine/threonine kinase that exerts its main cellular functions by interacting with specific adaptor proteins to form 2 different multiprotein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). mTORC1 regulates protein synthesis, cell growth and proliferation, autophagy, cell metabolism, and stress responses, whereas mTORC2 seems to regulate cell survival and polarity. The mTOR pathway plays a key regulatory function in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. However, the majority of information available about mTOR function in the cardiovascular system is related to the role of mTORC1 in the unstressed and stressed heart. mTORC1 is required for embryonic cardiovascular development and for postnatal maintenance of cardiac structure and function. In addition, mTORC1 is necessary for cardiac adaptation to pressure overload and development of compensatory hypertrophy. However, partial and selective pharmacological and genetic inhibition of mTORC1 was shown to extend life span in mammals, reduce pathological hypertrophy and heart failure caused by increased load or genetic cardiomyopathies, reduce myocardial damage after acute and chronic myocardial infarction, and reduce cardiac derangements caused by metabolic disorders. The optimal therapeutic strategy to target mTORC1 and increase cardioprotection is under intense investigation. This article reviews the information available regarding the effects exerted by mTOR signaling in cardiovascular physiology and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Sciarretta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ (S.S., J.S.); IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.S., M.V.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy (M.V.)
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Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and mTORC2 synergistically maintain postnatal heart growth and heart function in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1966-75. [PMID: 24662050 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00144-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase Akt plays a critical role in heart function and is activated by phosphorylation of threonine 308 (T308) and serine 473 (S473). While phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) is responsible for Akt T308 phosphorylation, the identities of the kinases for Akt S473 phosphorylation in the heart remain controversial. Here, we disrupted mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) through deletion of Rictor in the heart and found normal heart growth and function. Rictor deletion caused significant reduction of Akt S473 phosphorylation but enhanced Akt T308 phosphorylation, suggesting that a high level of Akt T308 phosphorylation maintains Akt activity and heart function. Deletion of Pdk1 in the heart caused significantly enhanced Akt S473 phosphorylation that was suppressed by removal of Rictor, leading to worsened dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and accelerated heart failure in Pdk1-deficient mice. In addition, we found that increasing Akt S473 phosphorylation through deletion of Pten or chemical inhibition of PTEN reversed DCM and heart failure in Pdk1-deficient mice. Investigation of heart samples from human DCM patients revealed changes similar to those in the mouse models. These results demonstrated that PDK1 and mTORC2 synergistically promote postnatal heart growth and maintain heart function in postnatal mice.
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Cao Y, Tao L, Shen S, Xiao J, Wu H, Li B, Wu X, Luo W, Xiao Q, Hu X, Liu H, Nie J, Lu S, Yuan B, Han Z, Xiao B, Yang Z, Li X. Cardiac ablation of Rheb1 induces impaired heart growth, endoplasmic reticulum-associated apoptosis and heart failure in infant mice. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24380-98. [PMID: 24351823 PMCID: PMC3876117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homologue enriched in brain 1 (Rheb1) plays an important role in a variety of cellular processes. In this study, we investigate the role of Rheb1 in the post-natal heart. We found that deletion of the gene responsible for production of Rheb1 from cardiomyocytes of post-natal mice resulted in malignant arrhythmias, heart failure, and premature death of these mice. In addition, heart growth impairment, aberrant metabolism relative gene expression, and increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis were observed in Rheb1-knockout mice prior to the development of heart failure and arrhythmias. Also, protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) signaling was enhanced in Rheb1-knockout mice, and removal of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) significantly prolonged the survival of Rheb1-knockouts. Furthermore, signaling via the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was abolished and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and phosphorylation levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were increased in Rheb1 mutant mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Rheb1 is important for maintaining cardiac function in post-natal mice via regulation of mTORC1 activity and stress on the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, activation of Akt signaling helps to improve the survival of mice with advanced heart failure. Thus, this study provides direct evidence that Rheb1 performs multiple important functions in the heart of the post-natal mouse. Enhancing Akt activity improves the survival of infant mice with advanced heart failure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apoptosis
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Heart/growth & development
- Heart/physiopathology
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/pathology
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Neuropeptides/deficiency
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Lichan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Shutong Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- Regeneration Lab and Experimental Center of Life sciences, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Beibei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiangqi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Wen Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Qi Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Xiaoshan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Hailang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Junwei Nie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Baiyin Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Zhonglin Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Bo Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (Q.X.); (X.H.); (J.N.); (S.L.); (B.Y.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or (X.L.); (Z.Y.); Tel.: +86-25-8371-4511-6325 (X.L.); Fax: +86-25-8367-3396 (X.L.)
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; E-Mails: (Y.C.); (L.T.); (S.S.); (J.X.); (H.W.); (B.L.); (X.W.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: or (X.L.); (Z.Y.); Tel.: +86-25-8371-4511-6325 (X.L.); Fax: +86-25-8367-3396 (X.L.)
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Huisamen B, George C, Dietrich D, Genade S. Cardioprotective and anti-hypertensive effects of Prosopis glandulosa in rat models of pre-diabetes. Cardiovasc J Afr 2013; 24:10-6. [PMID: 23612947 PMCID: PMC3734879 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2012-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Obesity and type 2 diabetes present with two debilitating complications, namely, hypertension and heart disease. The dried and ground pods of Prosopis glandulosa (commonly known as the Honey mesquite tree) which is part of the Fabaceae (or legume) family are currently marketed in South Africa as a food supplement with blood glucose-stabilising and anti-hypertensive properties. We previously determined its hypoglycaemic effects, and in the current study we determined the efficacy of P glandulosa as anti-hypertensive agent and its myocardial protective ability. Methods Male Wistar rats were rendered either pre-diabetic (diet-induced obesity: DIO) or hypertensive (high-fat diet: HFD). DIO animals were treated with P glandulosa (100 mg/kg/day for the last eight weeks of a 16-week period) and compared to age-matched controls. Hearts were perfused ex vivo to determine infarct size. Biometric parameters were determined at the time of sacrifice. Cardiac-specific insulin receptor knock-out (CIRKO) mice were similarly treated with P glandulosa and infarct size was determined. HFD animals were treated with P glandulosa from the onset of the diet or from weeks 12–16, using captopril (50 mg/kg/day) as the positive control. Blood pressure was monitored weekly. Results DIO rats and CIRKO mice: P glandulosa ingestion significantly reduced infarct size after ischaemia–reperfusion. Proteins of the PI-3-kinase/PKB/Akt survival pathway were affected in a manner supporting cardioprotection. HFD model: P glandulosa treatment both prevented and corrected the development of hypertension, which was also reflected in alleviation of water retention. Conclusion P glandulosa was cardioprotective and infarct sparing as well as anti-hypertensive without affecting the body weight or the intra-peritoneal fat depots of the animals. Changes in the PI-3-kinase/PKB/Akt pathway may be causal to protection. Results indicated water retention, possibly coupled to vasoconstriction in the HFD animals, while ingestion of P glandulosa alleviated both. We concluded that treatment of pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes or hypertension with P glandulosa poses possible beneficial health effects.
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Fan W, Cheng K, Qin X, Narsinh KH, Wang S, Hu S, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wu JC, Xiong L, Cao F. mTORC1 and mTORC2 play different roles in the functional survival of transplanted adipose-derived stromal cells in hind limb ischemic mice via regulating inflammation in vivo. Stem Cells 2013; 31:203-14. [PMID: 23081858 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poor cell survival severely limits the beneficial effects of stem cell therapy for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This study was designed to investigate the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the survival and therapeutic function of transplanted murine adipose-derived stromal cells (mADSCs) in a murine PAD model. mADSCs (1.0 × 10(7)) were isolated from dual-reporter firefly luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive transgenic mice, intramuscularly implanted into the hind limb of C57BL/6 mice after femoral artery ligation/excision, and monitored using noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Although engrafted mADSCs produced antiapoptotic/proangiogenic effects in vivo by modulating the inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine response involving the mTOR pathway, longitudinal BLI revealed progressive death of post-transplant mADSCs within ~4 weeks in the ischemic hind limb. Selectively targeting mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) using low-dose rapamycin treatment with mADSCs attenuated proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) expression and neutrophil/macrophage infiltration, which overtly promoted mADSCs viability and antiapoptotic/proangiogenic efficacy in vivo. However, targeting dual mTORC1/mTORC2 using PP242 or high-dose rapamycin caused IL-1β/TNF-α upregulation and anti-inflammatory IL-10, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 downregulation, undermining the survival and antiapoptotic/proangiogenic action of mADSCs in vivo. Furthermore, low-dose rapamycin abrogated TNF-α secretion by mADSCs and rescued the cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced death in vitro, while PP242 or high-dose rapamycin exerted proinflammatory effects and promoted cell death. In conclusion, mTORC1 and mTORC2 may differentially regulate inflammation and affect transplanted mADSCs' functional survival in ischemic hind limb. These findings uncover that mTOR may evolve into a promising candidate for mechanism-driven approaches to facilitate the translation of cell-based PAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Fan
- Department of Cardiology & Molecular Imaging Program, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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47
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Wu X, Cao Y, Nie J, Liu H, Lu S, Hu X, Zhu J, Zhao X, Chen J, Chen X, Yang Z, Li X. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Rheb1-mTORC1 signaling exerts cardioprotection against adverse cardiac remodeling in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2005-14. [PMID: 23567640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A previous study indicated that Rheb1 is required for mammalian target of TOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in the brain. However, the function of Rheb1 in the heart is still elusive. In the present study, we deleted Rheb1 specifically in cardiomyocytes and found that reduced Rheb1 levels conferred cardioprotection against pathologic remodeling in myocardial infarction (MI) and pressure overload (transverse aortic constriction) mouse models. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was reduced and mTORC1 activity was suppressed in cardiomyocyte Rheb1-deletion mice, suggesting that Rheb1 regulates mTORC1 activation in myocardium. Furthermore, we demonstrated that astragaloside IV (As-IV) could inhibit mTORC1, and As-IV treatment displayed similar protection against MI and transverse aortic constriction as Rheb1 genetic inhibition. This study indicates that Rheb1 is essential for mTORC1 activation in cardiomyocytes and suggests that targeting Rheb1-mTORC1 signaling, such as by As-IV treatment, may be an effective therapeutic method for treating patients with adverse cardiac remodeling after MI and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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48
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Yang Z, Ming XF. mTOR signalling: the molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. Obes Rev 2012; 13 Suppl 2:58-68. [PMID: 23107260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The continuing increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders such as type-II diabetes and an accelerating aging population globally will remain the major contributors to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. It is well known that aging is highly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence also shows that obesity and metabolic diseases accelerate aging process. Studies in experimental animal models demonstrate similarity of metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes in metabolic diseases and old age, e.g. insulin resistance, oxidative stress, chronic low grade inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, as well as vascular dysfunctions. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms linking metabolic stress, aging, and ultimately cardiovascular diseases are still elusive. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling is a well known regulator of metabolism and lifespan in model organisms, its central role in linking metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases is recently emerging. In this article, we review the evidence supporting the role of mTOR signalling as a molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. The therapeutic potentials of targeting mTOR signalling to protect against metabolic and age-associated cardiovascular diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Klement GL, Goukassian D, Hlatky L, Carrozza J, Morgan JP, Yan X. Cancer Therapy Targeting the HER2-PI3K Pathway: Potential Impact on the Heart. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:113. [PMID: 22754526 PMCID: PMC3384262 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The HER2-PI3K pathway is the one of the most mutated pathways in cancer. Several drugs targeting the major kinases of this pathway have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and many are being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. However, the HER2-PI3K pathway is also pivotal for maintaining the physiological function of the heart, especially in the presence of cardiac stress. Clinical studies have shown that in patients treated with doxorubicin concurrently with Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the HER2 receptor, the New York Heart Association class III/IV heart failure was significantly increased compared to those who were treated with doxorubicin alone (16 vs. 3%). Studies in transgenic mice have also shown that other key kinases of this pathway, such as PI3Kα, PDK1, Akt, and mTOR, are important for protecting the heart from ischemia-reperfusion and aortic stenosis induced cardiac dysfunction. Studies, however, have also shown that inhibition of PI3Kγ improve cardiac function of a failing heart. In addition, results from transgenic mouse models are not always consistent with the outcome of the pharmacological inhibition of this pathway. Here, we will review these findings and discuss how we can address the cardiac side-effects caused by inhibition of this important pathway in both cancer and cardiac biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannoula L Klement
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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