1
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Mills C, Bartlett MK, Buckley TN. The poorly-explored stomatal response to temperature at constant evaporative demand. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3428-3446. [PMID: 38602407 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Changes in leaf temperature are known to drive stomatal responses, because the leaf-to-air water vapour gradient (Δw) increases with temperature if ambient vapour pressure is held constant, and stomata respond to changes in Δw. However, the direct response of stomata to temperature (DRST; the response when Δw is held constant by adjusting ambient humidity) has been examined far less extensively. Though the meagre available data suggest the response is usually positive, results differ widely and defy broad generalisation. As a result, little is known about the DRST. This review discusses the current state of knowledge about the DRST, including numerous hypothesised biophysical mechanisms, potential implications of the response for plant adaptation, and possible impacts of the DRST on plant-atmosphere carbon and water exchange in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Mills
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
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2
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Malekzadeh MR, Roosta HR, Esmaeilizadeh M, Dabrowski P, Kalaji HM. Improving strawberry plant resilience to salinity and alkalinity through the use of diverse spectra of supplemental lighting. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:252. [PMID: 38589797 PMCID: PMC11000407 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the impact of various light spectra on the photosynthetic performance of strawberry plants subjected to salinity, alkalinity, and combined salinity/alkalinity stress. We employed supplemental lighting through Light-emitting Diodes (LEDs) with specific wavelengths: monochromatic blue (460 nm), monochromatic red (660 nm), dichromatic blue/red (1:3 ratio), and white/yellow (400-700 nm), all at an intensity of 200 µmol m-2 S-1. Additionally, a control group (ambient light) without LED treatment was included in the study. The tested experimental variants were: optimal growth conditions (control), alkalinity (40 mM NaHCO3), salinity (80 mM NaCl), and a combination of salinity/alkalinity. RESULTS The results revealed a notable decrease in photosynthetic efficiency under both salinity and alkalinity stresses, especially when these stresses were combined, in comparison to the no-stress condition. However, the application of supplemental lighting, particularly with the red and blue/red spectra, mitigated the adverse effects of stress. The imposed stress conditions had a detrimental impact on both gas exchange parameters and photosynthetic efficiency of the plants. In contrast, treatments involving blue, red, and blue/red light exhibited a beneficial effect on photosynthetic efficiency compared to other lighting conditions. Further analysis of JIP-test parameters confirmed that these specific light treatments significantly ameliorated the stress impacts. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the utilization of blue, red, and blue/red light spectra has the potential to enhance plant resilience in the face of salinity and alkalinity stresses. This discovery presents a promising strategy for cultivating plants in anticipation of future challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Malekzadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718817111, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Roosta
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - Majid Esmaeilizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718817111, Kerman, Iran
| | - Piotr Dabrowski
- Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska str. 159, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Science, 159 Nowoursynowska St, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
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3
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Lima VF, Freire FBS, Cândido-Sobrinho SA, Porto NP, Medeiros DB, Erban A, Kopka J, Schwarzländer M, Fernie AR, Daloso DM. Unveiling the dark side of guard cell metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107862. [PMID: 37413941 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that guard cells have higher rate of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc)-mediated dark CO2 assimilation than mesophyll cells. However, it is unknown which metabolic pathways are activated following dark CO2 assimilation in guard cells. Furthermore, it remains unclear how the metabolic fluxes throughout the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and associated pathways are regulated in illuminated guard cells. Here we carried out a13C-HCO3 labelling experiment in tobacco guard cells harvested under continuous dark or during the dark-to-light transition to elucidate principles of metabolic dynamics downstream of CO2 assimilation. Most metabolic changes were similar between dark-exposed and illuminated guard cells. However, illumination altered the metabolic network structure of guard cells and increased the 13C-enrichment in sugars and metabolites associated to the TCA cycle. Sucrose was labelled in the dark, but light exposure increased the 13C-labelling and leads to more drastic reductions in the content of this metabolite. Fumarate was strongly labelled under both dark and light conditions, while illumination increased the 13C-enrichment in pyruvate, succinate and glutamate. Only one 13C was incorporated into malate and citrate in either dark or light conditions. Our results indicate that several metabolic pathways are redirected following PEPc-mediated CO2 assimilation in the dark, including gluconeogenesis and the TCA cycle. We further showed that the PEPc-mediated CO2 assimilation provides carbons for gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle and glutamate synthesis and that previously stored malate and citrate are used to underpin the specific metabolic requirements of illuminated guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria F Lima
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bruno S Freire
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Cândido-Sobrinho
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nicole P Porto
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - David B Medeiros
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- LabPlant, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Amitrano C, Paglialunga G, Battistelli A, De Micco V, Del Bianco M, Liuzzi G, Moscatello S, Paradiso R, Proietti S, Rouphael Y, De Pascale S. Defining growth requirements of microgreens in space cultivation via biomass production, morpho-anatomical and nutritional traits analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1190945. [PMID: 37538067 PMCID: PMC10394706 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1190945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
During long-term manned missions to the Moon or Mars, the integration of astronauts' diet with fresh food rich in functional compounds, like microgreens, could strengthen their physiological defenses against the oxidative stress induced by the exposure to space factors. Therefore, the development of targeted cultivation practices for microgreens in space is mandatory, since the cultivation in small, closed facilities may alter plant anatomy, physiology, and resource utilization with species-specific responses. Here, the combined effect of two vapor pressure deficit levels (VPD: 0.14 and 1.71 kPa) and two light intensities (150 and 300 µmol photons m-2 s-1 PPFD) on two species for microgreen production (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda 'Vertus' and Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus 'Saxa'), was tested on biomass production per square meter, morpho-anatomical development, nutritional and nutraceutical properties. Microgreens were grown in fully controlled conditions under air temperature of 18/24°C, on coconut fiber mats, RGB light spectrum and 12 h photoperiod, till they reached the stage of first true leaves. At this stage microgreens were samples, for growth and morpho-anatomical analyses, and to investigate the biochemical composition in terms of ascorbic acid, phenols, anthocyanin, carotenoids, carbohydrates, as well as of anti-nutritional compounds, such as nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate. Major differences in growth were mostly driven by the species with 'Saxa' always presenting the highest fresh and dry weight as well as the highest elongation; however light intensity and VPDs influenced the anatomical development of microgreens, and the accumulation of ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, nitrate, and phosphate. Both 'Saxa' and 'Vertus' at low VPD (LV) and 150 PPFD increased the tissue thickness and synthetized high β-carotene and photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, 'Vertus' LV 150, produced the highest content of ascorbate, fundamental for nutritional properties in space environment. The differences among the treatments and their interaction suggested a relevant difference in resource use efficiency. In the light of the above, microgreens can be considered suitable for cultivation in limited-volume growth modules directly onboard, provided that all the environmental factors are combined and modulated according to the species requirements to enhance their growth and biomass production, and to achieve specific nutritional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Amitrano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Paglialunga
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, Terni, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, Terni, Italy
| | - Veronica De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Greta Liuzzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, Terni, Italy
| | - Roberta Paradiso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Proietti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, Terni, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
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Park YG, Jeong BR. Shift in the Light Quality of Night Interruption Affects Flowering and Morphogenesis of Petunia hybrida. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2049. [PMID: 37653966 PMCID: PMC10221472 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Petunia hybrida Hort. "Easy Wave Pink", a qualitative long-day plant (LDP), was investigated to study the effects of the night interruption light (NIL) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) quality shifting on the morphogenesis, blooming, and transcription of photoreceptor genes. Plants were grown in a closed-type plant factory employing white (W) LEDs at an intensity of 180 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD provided for short day (SD, 10 h light, 14 h dark), long day (LD, 16 h light, 8 h dark), or SD with 4 h night interruption (NI) with LEDs at an intensity of 10 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD. The NIL quality was shifted from one light spectrum to another after the first 2 h of NI. Light treatments consisting of all possible pairings of W, far-red (Fr), red (R), and blue (B) light were tested. The SD and LD were referenced as the control, while 12 NI treatments involved altering LED NIL qualities, as follows: from R to B (NI-RB), from B to R (NI-BR), from Fr to R (NI-FrR), from R to Fr (NI-RFr), from Fr to B (NI-FrB), from B to Fr (NI-BFr), from B to W (NI-BW), from W to B (NI-WB), from W to Fr (NI-WFr), from Fr to W (NI-FrW), from W to R (NI-WR), and from R to W (NI-RW). The NI-RFr resulted in the longest shoots, while the NI-WR and NI-RW resulted in the shortest shoots. NI-WR, NI-RW, NI-BW, NI-WB, NI-RFr, NI-RB, NI-BR, and LD all exhibited flowering. High-level expressions of photoreceptor genes were confirmed in the NI-RFr, NI-FrR, NI-BFr, NI-RW, and NI-WR treatments. Morphogenesis and blooming were both impacted by the photoperiod. The first NIL had no effects on the flowering or the morphogenesis, but the second NIL had a profound impact on both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Gyeong Park
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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6
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Chang Y, Shi M, Sun Y, Cheng H, Ou X, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Day B, Miao C, Jiang K. Light-induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis is negatively regulated by chloroplast-originated OPDA signaling. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1071-1081.e5. [PMID: 36841238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement is orchestrated by diverse signaling cascades and metabolic activities in guard cells. Light triggers the opening of the pores through the phototropin-mediated pathway, which leads to the activation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase and thereby facilitates potassium accumulation through Kin+ channels. However, it remains poorly understood how phototropin signaling is fine-tuned to prevent excessive stomatal opening and consequent water loss. Here, we show that the stomatal response to light is negatively regulated by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), an oxylipin metabolite produced through enzymatic oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We identify a set of phospholipase-encoding genes, phospholipase (PLIP)1/2/3, which are transactivated rapidly in guard cells upon illumination in a phototropin-dependent manner. These phospholipases release PUFAs from the chloroplast membrane, which is oxidized by guard-cell lipoxygenases and further metabolized to OPDA. The OPDA-deficient mutants had wider stomatal pores, whereas mutants containing elevated levels of OPDA showed the opposite effect on stomatal aperture. Transmembrane solute fluxes that drive stomatal aperture were enhanced in lox6-1 guard cells, indicating that OPDA signaling ultimately impacts on activities of proton pumps and Kin+ channels. Interestingly, the accelerated stomatal kinetics in lox6-1 leads to increased plant growth without cost in water or macronutrient use. Together, our results reveal a new role for chloroplast membrane oxylipin metabolism in stomatal regulation. Moreover, the accelerated stomatal opening kinetics in OPDA-deficient mutants benefits plant growth and water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankai Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan Province, China
| | - Mianmian Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaobin Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan Province, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan Province, China.
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
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7
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Ampim PAY, Obeng E, Olvera-Gonzalez E. Indoor Vegetable Production: An Alternative Approach to Increasing Cultivation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2843. [PMID: 36365296 PMCID: PMC9657353 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the world's population is increasing exponentially, human diets have changed to less healthy foods resulting in detrimental health complications. Increasing vegetable intake by both rural and urban dwellers can help address this issue. However, these communities often face the challenge of limited vegetable supply and accessibility. More so, open field vegetable production cannot supply all the vegetable needs because biotic and abiotic stress factors often hinder production. Alternative approaches such as vegetable production in greenhouses, indoor farms, high tunnels, and screenhouses can help fill the gap in the supply chain. These alternative production methods provide opportunities to use less resources such as land space, pesticide, and water. They also make possible the control of production factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide, as well as extension of the growing season. Some of these production systems also make the supply and distribution of nutrients to crops easier and more uniform to enhance crop growth and yield. This paper reviews these alternative vegetable production approaches which include hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaponics and soilless mixes to reveal the need for exploring them further to increase crop production. The paper also discusses facilities used, plant growth factors, current challenges including energy costs and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Y. Ampim
- Nutrition and Human Ecology and Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Eric Obeng
- Nutrition and Human Ecology and Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Ernesto Olvera-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Iluminación Artificial, Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Pabellón de Arteaga, Carretera a la Estación de Rincón Km1. 1, Pabellón de Arteaga, Aguascalientes 20670, Mexico
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8
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Lim SL, Flütsch S, Liu J, Distefano L, Santelia D, Lim BL. Arabidopsis guard cell chloroplasts import cytosolic ATP for starch turnover and stomatal opening. Nat Commun 2022; 13:652. [PMID: 35115512 PMCID: PMC8814037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomatal opening requires the provision of energy in the form of ATP for proton pumping across the guard cell (GC) plasma membrane and for associated metabolic rearrangements. The source of ATP for GCs is a matter of ongoing debate that is mainly fuelled by controversies around the ability of GC chloroplasts (GCCs) to perform photosynthesis. By imaging compartment-specific fluorescent ATP and NADPH sensor proteins in Arabidopsis, we show that GC photosynthesis is limited and mitochondria are the main source of ATP. Unlike mature mesophyll cell (MC) chloroplasts, which are impermeable to cytosolic ATP, GCCs import cytosolic ATP through NUCLEOTIDE TRANSPORTER (NTT) proteins. GCs from ntt mutants exhibit impaired abilities for starch biosynthesis and stomatal opening. Our work shows that GCs obtain ATP and carbohydrates via different routes from MCs, likely to compensate for the lower chlorophyll contents and limited photosynthesis of GCCs. Stomatal guard cells require ATP in order to fuel stomatal movements. Here the authors show that guard cell photosynthesis is limited, mitochondria are the main source of ATP and that guard cell chloroplasts import ATP via nucleotide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shey-Li Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sabrina Flütsch
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jinhong Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luca Distefano
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Boon Leong Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Hunt L, Fuksa M, Klem K, Lhotáková Z, Oravec M, Urban O, Albrechtová J. Barley Genotypes Vary in Stomatal Responsiveness to Light and CO 2 Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112533. [PMID: 34834896 PMCID: PMC8625854 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in stomatal conductance and density allow plants to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. In the present paper, the influence of atmospheric CO2 concentration and light intensity on stomata were investigated for two barley genotypes-Barke and Bojos, differing in their sensitivity to oxidative stress and phenolic acid profiles. A novel approach for stomatal density analysis was used-a pair of convolution neural networks were developed to automatically identify and count stomata on epidermal micrographs. Stomatal density in barley was influenced by genotype, as well as by light and CO2 conditions. Low CO2 conditions resulted in increased stomatal density, although differences between ambient and elevated CO2 were not significant. High light intensity increased stomatal density compared to low light intensity in both barley varieties and all CO2 treatments. Changes in stomatal conductance were also measured alongside the accumulation of pentoses, hexoses, disaccharides, and abscisic acid detected by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. High light increased the accumulation of all sugars and reduced abscisic acid levels. Abscisic acid was influenced by all factors-light, CO2, and genotype-in combination. Differences were discovered between the two barley varieties: oxidative stress sensitive Barke demonstrated higher stomatal density, but lower conductance and better water use efficiency (WUE) than oxidative stress resistant Bojos at saturating light intensity. Barke also showed greater variability between treatments in measurements of stomatal density, sugar accumulation, and abscisic levels, implying that it may be more responsive to environmental drivers influencing water relations in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hunt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Michal Fuksa
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-221-95-1959
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10
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Sanjaya A, Muramatsu R, Sato S, Suzuki M, Sasaki S, Ishikawa H, Fujii Y, Asano M, Itoh RD, Kanamaru K, Ohbu S, Abe T, Kazama Y, Fujiwara MT. Arabidopsis EGY1 Is Critical for Chloroplast Development in Leaf Epidermal Guard Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1254. [PMID: 34205501 PMCID: PMC8235790 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Ethylene-dependent Gravitropism-deficient and Yellow-green 1 (EGY1) gene encodes a thylakoid membrane-localized protease involved in chloroplast development in leaf mesophyll cells. Recently, EGY1 was also found to be crucial for the maintenance of grana in mesophyll chloroplasts. To further explore the function of EGY1 in leaf tissues, we examined the phenotype of chloroplasts in the leaf epidermal guard cells and pavement cells of two 40Ar17+ irradiation-derived mutants, Ar50-33-pg1 and egy1-4. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that fully expanded leaves of both egy1 mutants showed severe chlorophyll deficiency in both epidermal cell types. Guard cells in the egy1 mutant exhibited permanent defects in chloroplast formation during leaf expansion. Labeling of plastids with CaMV35S or Protodermal Factor1 (PDF1) promoter-driven stroma-targeted fluorescent proteins revealed that egy1 guard cells contained the normal number of plastids, but with moderately reduced size, compared with wild-type guard cells. Transmission electron microscopy further revealed that the development of thylakoids was impaired in the plastids of egy1 mutant guard mother cells, guard cells, and pavement cells. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that EGY1 is involved in chloroplast formation in the leaf epidermis and is particularly critical for chloroplast differentiation in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Sanjaya
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryohsuke Muramatsu
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shiho Sato
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Mao Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shun Sasaki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Makoto Asano
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sumie Ohbu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto T Fujiwara
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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11
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Combining Thermal and RGB Imaging Indices with Multivariate and Data-Driven Modeling to Estimate the Growth, Water Status, and Yield of Potato under Different Drip Irrigation Regimes. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13091679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in proximal hyperspectral sensing tools, chemometric techniques, and data-driven modeling have enhanced precision irrigation management by facilitating the monitoring of several plant traits. This study investigated the performance of remote sensing indices derived from thermal and red-green-blue (RGB) images combined with stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and an integrated adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system with a genetic algorithm (ANFIS-GA) for monitoring the biomass fresh weight (BFW), biomass dry weight (BDW), biomass water content (BWC), and total tuber yield (TTY) of two potato varieties under 100%, 75%, and 50% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Results showed that the plant traits and indices varied significantly between the three irrigation regimes. Furthermore, all of the indices exhibited strong relationships with BFW, CWC, and TTY (R2 = 0.80–0.92) and moderate to weak relationships with BDW (R2 = 0.25–0.65) when considered for each variety across the irrigation regimes, for each season across the varieties and irrigation regimes, and across all data combined, but none of the indices successfully assessed any of the plant traits when considered for each irrigation regime across the two varieties. The SMLR and ANFIS-GA models gave the best predictions for the four plant traits in the calibration and testing stages, with the exception of the SMLR testing model for BDW. Thus, the use of thermal and RGB imaging indices with ANFIS-GA models could be a practical tool for managing the growth and production of potato crops under deficit irrigation regimes.
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12
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Haworth M, Marino G, Loreto F, Centritto M. Integrating stomatal physiology and morphology: evolution of stomatal control and development of future crops. Oecologia 2021; 197:867-883. [PMID: 33515295 PMCID: PMC8591009 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are central players in the hydrological and carbon cycles, regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and transpirative loss of water (H2O) between plants and the atmosphere. The necessity to balance water-loss and CO2-uptake has played a key role in the evolution of plants, and is increasingly important in a hotter and drier world. The conductance of CO2 and water vapour across the leaf surface is determined by epidermal and stomatal morphology (the number, size, and spacing of stomatal pores) and stomatal physiology (the regulation of stomatal pore aperture in response to environmental conditions). The proportion of the epidermis allocated to stomata and the evolution of amphistomaty are linked to the physiological function of stomata. Moreover, the relationship between stomatal density and [CO2] is mediated by physiological stomatal behaviour; species with less responsive stomata to light and [CO2] are most likely to adjust stomatal initiation. These differences in the sensitivity of the stomatal density—[CO2] relationship between species influence the efficacy of the ‘stomatal method’ that is widely used to infer the palaeo-atmospheric [CO2] in which fossil leaves developed. Many studies have investigated stomatal physiology or morphology in isolation, which may result in the loss of the ‘overall picture’ as these traits operate in a coordinated manner to produce distinct mechanisms for stomatal control. Consideration of the interaction between stomatal morphology and physiology is critical to our understanding of plant evolutionary history, plant responses to on-going climate change and the production of more efficient and climate-resilient food and bio-fuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DiSBA), National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- ENI-CNR Water Research Center "Hypatia of Alexandria", Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto, Italy
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13
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14
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Ajdanian L, Babaei M, Aroiee H. Investigation of photosynthetic effects, carbohydrate and starch content in cress ( Lepidium sativum) under the influence of blue and red spectrum. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05628. [PMID: 33313433 PMCID: PMC7721626 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the effect of the quality of different LED light spectra (90%R+10%B, 60%R+40%B and control) on photosynthetic parameters (photosynthetic rate (PG), Fv/Fm and ΦPSII) of stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, carbohydrate, starch and chlorophyll index on cress (Lepidium Sativum), a pot experiment was conducted under the greenhouse cultivation-without-soil (hydroponics) condition in the form of split plot based on a completely randomized design with 6 replications. The results showed that the combined application of blue and red light spectra with different percentages had a positive and significant effect on all traits. The highest amounts of each of the photosynthetic parameters in the 60R:40B treatment were 12.4, 0.87, and 0.92 (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), respectively, and the lowest amounts (19.6, 0.39, and 0.44 (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)) were observed in the control treatment. The highest amounts of stomatal conductance, carbohydrate and starch of leaves which were 0.3 (cm.s-2), 5.59 and 6.44 (mg.g-1 FW), respectively, were observed in the 90R: 10B treatment as a result of red light increase. Furthermore, in the control treatment, the light source of which was the natural sunlight, the lowest amounts of 0.11 (cm.s-2), 1.98 and 1.09 (mg.g-1 FW) were observed. The highest transpiration rate (25/83 (mol.m-2.s-1)) was observed in the 60R: 40B treatment which had experienced a significant increase compared to the control light (sunlight) treatment and the lowest transpiration rate (5.5 (mol.m-2.s-1)) was in the control (sunlight) treatment. The chlorophyll index in the 60R: 40B treatment was 41.18, which showed a significant difference from the other treatments (p ≤ 0.01) and the lowest amount of 25.5 was detected in the control treatment. As a result, it can be stated that the use of blue and red light spectra in combination with different percentages can have various positive effects on the growth and development of plants; therefore, the existence of both types of spectra is suggested. This technology means that a particular combination of LED light spectra can be useful for a variety of commercial greenhouse products, especially the valuable ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Ajdanian
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Babaei
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Aroiee
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Zhen S, Bugbee B. Steady-state stomatal responses of C 3 and C 4 species to blue light fraction: Interactions with CO 2 concentration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:3020-3032. [PMID: 32929764 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Blue light induced stomatal opening has been studied by applying a short pulse (~5 to 60 s) of blue light to a background of saturating photosynthetic red photons, but little is known about steady-state stomatal responses. Here we report stomatal responses to blue light at high and low CO2 concentrations. Steady-state stomatal conductance (gs ) of C3 plants increased asymptotically with increasing blue light to a maximum at 20% blue (120 μmol m-2 s-1 ). This response was consistent from 200 to 800 μmol mol-1 atmospheric CO2 (Ca ). In contrast, blue light induced only a transient stomatal opening (~5 min) in C4 species above a Ca of 400 μmol mol-1 . Steady-state gs of C4 plants generally decreased with increasing blue intensity. The net photosynthetic rate of all species decreased above 20% blue because blue photons have lower quantum yield (moles carbon fixed per mole photons absorbed) than red photons. Our findings indicate that photosynthesis, rather than a blue light signal, plays a dominant role in stomatal regulation in C4 species. Additionally, we found that blue light affected only stomata on the illuminated side of the leaf. Contrary to widely held belief, the blue light-induced stomatal opening minimally enhanced photosynthesis and consistently decreased water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Zhen
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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16
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Matthews JSA, Vialet-Chabrand S, Lawson T. Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2253-2269. [PMID: 31872212 PMCID: PMC7134916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience changes in light intensity and quality due to variations in solar angle and shading from clouds and overlapping leaves. Stomatal opening to increasing irradiance is often an order of magnitude slower than photosynthetic responses, which can result in CO2 diffusional limitations on leaf photosynthesis, as well as unnecessary water loss when stomata continue to open after photosynthesis has reached saturation. Stomatal opening to light is driven by two distinct pathways; the 'red' or photosynthetic response that occurs at high fluence rates and saturates with photosynthesis, and is thought to be the main mechanism that coordinates stomatal behaviour with photosynthesis; and the guard cell-specific 'blue' light response that saturates at low fluence rates, and is often considered independent of photosynthesis, and important for early morning stomatal opening. Here we review the literature on these complicated signal transduction pathways and osmoregulatory processes in guard cells that are influenced by the light environment. We discuss the possibility of tuning the sensitivity and magnitude of stomatal response to blue light which potentially represents a novel target to develop ideotypes with the 'ideal' balance between carbon gain, evaporative cooling, and maintenance of hydraulic status that is crucial for maximizing crop performance and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S A Matthews
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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17
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Landi M, Zivcak M, Sytar O, Brestic M, Allakhverdiev SI. Plasticity of photosynthetic processes and the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants in response to monochromatic light environments: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1861:148131. [PMID: 31816291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Light spectra significantly influence plant metabolism, growth and development. Here, we review the effects of monochromatic blue, red and green light compared to those of multispectral light sources on the morpho-anatomical, photosynthetic and molecular traits of herbaceous plants. Emphasis is given to the effect of light spectra on the accumulation of secondary metabolites, which are important bioactive phytochemicals that determine the nutritional quality of vegetables. Overall, blue light may promote the accumulation of phenylpropanoid-based compounds without substantially affecting plant morpho-anatomical traits compared to the effects of white light. Red light, conversely, strongly alters plant morphology and physiology compared to that under white light without showing a consistent positive effect on secondary metabolism. Due to species-specific effects and the small shifts in the spectral band within the same color that can substantially affect plant growth and metabolism, it is conceivable that monochromatic light significantly affects not only plant photosynthetic performance but also the "quality" of plants by modulating the biosynthesis of photoprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Oksana Sytar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic; Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Department of Plant Physiology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan; King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Buckley TN. How do stomata respond to water status? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:21-36. [PMID: 31069803 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal responses to humidity, soil moisture and other factors that influence plant water status are critical drivers of photosynthesis, productivity, water yield, ecohydrology and climate forcing, yet we still lack a thorough mechanistic understanding of these responses. Here I review historical and recent advances in stomatal water relations. Clear evidence now implicates a metabolically mediated response to leaf water status ('hydroactive feedback') in stomatal responses to evaporative demand and soil drought, possibly involving abscisic acid production in leaves. Other hypothetical mechanisms involving vapor and heat transport within leaves may contribute to humidity, light and temperature responses, but require further theoretical clarification and experimental validation. Variation and dynamics in hydraulic conductance, particularly within leaves, may contribute to water status responses. Continuing research to fully resolve mechanisms of stomatal responses to water status should focus on several areas: validating and quantifying the mechanism of leaf-based hydroactive feedback, identifying where in leaves water status is actively sensed, clarifying the role of leaf vapor and energy transport in humidity and temperature responses, and verifying foundational but minimally replicated results of stomatal hydromechanics across species. Clarity on these matters promises to deliver modelers with a tractable and reliable mechanistic model of stomatal responses to water status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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19
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Zhang Y, Kaiser E, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Li T. Red/blue light ratio strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but hardly affects photosynthetic induction in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:144-158. [PMID: 30426522 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often subjected to rapidly alternating light intensity and quality. While both short- and long-term changes in red and blue light affect leaf photosynthesis, their impact on dynamic photosynthesis is not well documented. It was tested how dynamic and steady-state photosynthetic traits were affected by red/blue ratios, either during growth or during measurements, in tomato leaves. Four red/blue ratios were used: monochromatic red (R100 ), monochromatic blue (B100 ), a red/blue light ratio of 9:1 (R90 B10 ) and a red/blue light ratio of 7:3 (R70 B30 ). R100 grown leaves showed decreased photosynthetic capacity (maximum rates of light-saturated photosynthesis, carboxylation, electron transport and triose phosphate use), leaf thickness and nitrogen concentrations. Acclimation to various red/blue ratios had limited effects on photosynthetic induction in dark-adapted leaves. B100 -grown leaves had a approximately 15% larger initial NPQ transient than the other treatments, which may be beneficial for photoprotection under fluctuating light. B100 -grown leaves also showed faster stomatal closure when exposed to low light intensity, which likely resulted from smaller stomata and higher stomatal density. When measured under different red/blue ratios, stomatal opening rate and photosynthetic induction rate were hardly accelerated by increased fractions of blue light in both growth chamber-grown leaves and greenhouse-grown leaves. However, steady-state photosynthesis rate 30 min after photosynthetic induction was strongly reduced in leaves exposed to B100 during the measurement. We conclude that varying red/blue light ratios during growth and measurement strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but has limited effects on photosynthetic induction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Regulation of Photosynthesis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yating Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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20
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Granot D, Kelly G. Evolution of Guard-Cell Theories: The Story of Sugars. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:507-518. [PMID: 30862392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are dynamic pores in the impermeable cuticle that coats the aerial parts of vascular plants, allowing the entry of CO2 for photosynthesis and controlling water loss. They are composed of two guard cells that can swell or shrink due to an increase or decrease in their osmotic pressure, respectively. Swelling opens the stomata and shrinking closes the stomata. For more than a century, scientists have been working to uncover the nature of the osmolytes that modulate osmotic pressure in guard cells. Recent discoveries have undermined long-standing theories in this area, reversing the understood roles of sugars and demonstrating the evolution of scientific theories. Here, we describe the evolution of guard-cell osmoregulation theories with an emphasis on the role of sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Gilor Kelly
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon Le-Zion 7505101, Israel
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21
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Ballard T, Peak D, Mott K. Blue and red light effects on stomatal oscillations. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:146-151. [PMID: 32172756 DOI: 10.1071/fp18104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The response of stomata to red and blue light was investigated using small fibre optics (66µm diameter) to control light levels on a single pair of guard cells without affecting the surrounding tissue. Low intensity red light (50µmolm-2s-1) applied to the entire leaf caused stomata to oscillate continuously for several hours with no apparent decrease in amplitude with time. Adding low intensity blue light (50µmolm-2s-1) caused stomata to stop oscillating, but oscillations resumed when the blue light was removed. Adding the same intensity of red light to an oscillating leaf changed the amplitude of the oscillations but did not stop them. When blue light was added to a single guard cell pair (using a fibre optic) in a red-light-illuminated leaf, the stoma formed by that pair stopped oscillating, but adjacent stomata did not. Red light added to a single guard cell pair did not stop oscillations. Finally, blue light applied through a fibre optic to areas of leaf without stomata caused proximal stomata to stop oscillating, but distal stomata continued to oscillate. The data suggest that blue light affects stomata via direct effects on guard cells as well as by indirect effects on other cells in the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Ballard
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT, 84322, USA
| | - David Peak
- Department of Physics, Utah State University, 4415 Old Main Hill, Logan UT, 84322, USA
| | - Keith Mott
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan UT, 84322, USA
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22
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Negi J, Munemasa S, Song B, Tadakuma R, Fujita M, Azoulay-Shemer T, Engineer CB, Kusumi K, Nishida I, Schroeder JI, Iba K. Eukaryotic lipid metabolic pathway is essential for functional chloroplasts and CO 2 and light responses in Arabidopsis guard cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9038-9043. [PMID: 30127035 PMCID: PMC6130404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810458115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal guard cells develop unique chloroplasts in land plant species. However, the developmental mechanisms and function of chloroplasts in guard cells remain unclear. In seed plants, chloroplast membrane lipids are synthesized via two pathways: the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways. Here we report the central contribution of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived chloroplast lipids, which are synthesized through the eukaryotic lipid metabolic pathway, in the development of functional guard cell chloroplasts. We gained insight into this pathway by isolating and examining an Arabidopsis mutant, gles1 (green less stomata 1), which had achlorophyllous stomatal guard cells and impaired stomatal responses to CO2 and light. The GLES1 gene encodes a small glycine-rich protein, which is a putative regulatory component of the trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGD) protein complex that mediates ER-to-chloroplast lipid transport via the eukaryotic pathway. Lipidomic analysis revealed that in the wild type, the prokaryotic pathway is dysfunctional, specifically in guard cells, whereas in gles1 guard cells, the eukaryotic pathway is also abrogated. CO2-induced stomatal closing and activation of guard cell S-type anion channels that drive stomatal closure were disrupted in gles1 guard cells. In conclusion, the eukaryotic lipid pathway plays an essential role in the development of a sensing/signaling machinery for CO2 and light in guard cell chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntaro Negi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan;
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Boseok Song
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tadakuma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Cawas B Engineer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kensuke Kusumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nishida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan;
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23
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Lawson T, Terashima I, Fujita T, Wang Y. Coordination Between Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behavior. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Robaina-Estévez S, Daloso DM, Zhang Y, Fernie AR, Nikoloski Z. Resolving the central metabolism of Arabidopsis guard cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8307. [PMID: 28814793 PMCID: PMC5559522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis and water use efficiency, key factors affecting plant growth, are directly controlled by microscopic and adjustable pores in the leaf-the stomata. The size of the pores is modulated by the guard cells, which rely on molecular mechanisms to sense and respond to environmental changes. It has been shown that the physiology of mesophyll and guard cells differs substantially. However, the implications of these differences to metabolism at a genome-scale level remain unclear. Here, we used constraint-based modeling to predict the differences in metabolic fluxes between the mesophyll and guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana by exploring the space of fluxes that are most concordant to cell-type-specific transcript profiles. An independent 13C-labeling experiment using isolated mesophyll and guard cells was conducted and provided support for our predictions about the role of the Calvin-Benson cycle in sucrose synthesis in guard cells. The combination of in silico with in vivo analyses indicated that guard cells have higher anaplerotic CO2 fixation via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, which was demonstrated to be an important source of malate. Beyond highlighting the metabolic differences between mesophyll and guard cells, our findings can be used in future integrated modeling of multi-cellular plant systems and their engineering towards improved growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semidán Robaina-Estévez
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Golm, Germany.
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Golm, Germany.
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Daloso DM, Williams TCR, Antunes WC, Pinheiro DP, Müller C, Loureiro ME, Fernie AR. Guard cell-specific upregulation of sucrose synthase 3 reveals that the role of sucrose in stomatal function is primarily energetic. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1470-83. [PMID: 26467445 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoform 3 of sucrose synthase (SUS3) is highly expressed in guard cells; however, the precise function of SUS3 in this cell type remains to be elucidated. Here, we characterized transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants overexpressing SUS3 under the control of the stomatal-specific KST1 promoter, and investigated the changes in guard cell metabolism during the dark to light transition. Guard cell-specific SUS3 overexpression led to increased SUS activity, stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate and growth. Although only minor changes were observed in the metabolite profile in whole leaves, an increased fructose level and decreased organic acid levels and sucrose to fructose ratio were observed in guard cells of transgenic lines. Furthermore, guard cell sucrose content was lower during light-induced stomatal opening. In a complementary approach, we incubated guard cell-enriched epidermal fragments in (13) C-NaHCO3 and followed the redistribution of label during dark to light transitions; this revealed increased labeling in metabolites of, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The results suggest that sucrose breakdown is a mechanism to provide substrate for the provision of organic acids for respiration, and imply that manipulation of guard cell metabolism may represent an effective strategy for plant growth improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Thomas C R Williams
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Werner C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Müller
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Loureiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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26
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Daloso DM, Antunes WC, Pinheiro DP, Waquim JP, Araújo WL, Loureiro ME, Fernie AR, Williams TCR. Tobacco guard cells fix CO2 by both Rubisco and PEPcase while sucrose acts as a substrate during light-induced stomatal opening. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2353-71. [PMID: 25871738 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic and proteomic studies have improved our knowledge of guard cell function; however, metabolic changes in guard cells remain relatively poorly understood. Here we analysed metabolic changes in guard cell-enriched epidermal fragments from tobacco during light-induced stomatal opening. Increases in sucrose, glucose and fructose were observed during light-induced stomatal opening in the presence of sucrose in the medium while no changes in starch were observed, suggesting that the elevated fructose and glucose levels were a consequence of sucrose rather than starch breakdown. Conversely, reduction in sucrose was observed during light- plus potassium-induced stomatal opening. Concomitant with the decrease in sucrose, we observed an increase in the level as well as in the (13) C enrichment in metabolites of, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid cycle following incubation of the guard cell-enriched preparations in (13) C-labelled bicarbonate. Collectively, the results obtained support the hypothesis that sucrose is catabolized within guard cells in order to provide carbon skeletons for organic acid production. Furthermore, they provide a qualitative demonstration that CO2 fixation occurs both via ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase). The combined data are discussed with respect to current models of guard cell metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Werner C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jardel P Waquim
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Loureiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Thomas C R Williams
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
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Wang SW, Li Y, Zhang XL, Yang HQ, Han XF, Liu ZH, Shang ZL, Asano T, Yoshioka Y, Zhang CG, Chen YL. Lacking chloroplasts in guard cells of crumpled leaf attenuates stomatal opening: both guard cell chloroplasts and mesophyll contribute to guard cell ATP levels. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2201-2210. [PMID: 24506786 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Controversies regarding the function of guard cell chloroplasts and the contribution of mesophyll in stomatal movements have persisted for several decades. Here, by comparing the stomatal opening of guard cells with (crl-ch) or without chloroplasts (crl-no ch) in one epidermis of crl (crumpled leaf) mutant in Arabidopsis, we showed that stomatal apertures of crl-no ch were approximately 65-70% those of crl-ch and approximately 50-60% those of wild type. The weakened stomatal opening in crl-no ch could be partially restored by imposing lower extracellular pH. Correspondingly, the external pH changes and K(+) accumulations following fusicoccin (FC) treatment were greatly reduced in the guard cells of crl-no ch compared with crl-ch and wild type. Determination of the relative ATP levels in individual cells showed that crl-no ch guard cells contained considerably lower levels of ATP than did crl-ch and wild type after 2 h of white light illumination. In addition, guard cell ATP levels were lower in the epidermis than in leaves, which is consistent with the observed weaker stomatal opening response to white light in the epidermis than in leaves. These results provide evidence that both guard cell chloroplasts and mesophyll contribute to the ATP source for H(+) extrusion by guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wei Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
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28
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Lawson T, Simkin AJ, Kelly G, Granot D. Mesophyll photosynthesis and guard cell metabolism impacts on stomatal behaviour. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1064-1081. [PMID: 25077787 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control gaseous fluxes between the internal leaf air spaces and the external atmosphere. Guard cells determine stomatal aperture and must operate to ensure an appropriate balance between CO2 uptake for photosynthesis (A) and water loss, and ultimately plant water use efficiency (WUE). A strong correlation between A and stomatal conductance (gs ) is well documented and often observed, but the underlying mechanisms, possible signals and metabolites that promote this relationship are currently unknown. In this review we evaluate the current literature on mesophyll-driven signals that may coordinate stomatal behaviour with mesophyll carbon assimilation. We explore a possible role of various metabolites including sucrose and malate (from several potential sources; including guard cell photosynthesis) and new evidence that improvements in WUE have been made by manipulating sucrose metabolism within the guard cells. Finally we discuss the new tools and techniques available for potentially manipulating cell-specific metabolism, including guard and mesophyll cells, in order to elucidate mesophyll-derived signals that coordinate mesophyll CO2 demands with stomatal behaviour, in order to provide a mechanistic understanding of these processes as this may identify potential targets for manipulations in order to improve plant WUE and crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Gilor Kelly
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
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29
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Caillon R, Suppo C, Casas J, Arthur Woods H, Pincebourde S. Warming decreases thermal heterogeneity of leaf surfaces: implications for behavioural thermoregulation by arthropods. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Caillon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI CNRS UMR 7261); Université François Rabelais; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques; 37200 Tours France
| | - Christelle Suppo
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI CNRS UMR 7261); Université François Rabelais; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques; 37200 Tours France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI CNRS UMR 7261); Université François Rabelais; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques; 37200 Tours France
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI CNRS UMR 7261); Université François Rabelais; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques; 37200 Tours France
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30
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Vialet-Chabrand S, Dreyer E, Brendel O. Performance of a new dynamic model for predicting diurnal time courses of stomatal conductance at the leaf level. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1529-46. [PMID: 23448751 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Under natural conditions, plants are subjected to continuous changes of irradiance that drive variations of stomatal conductance to water vapour (g(s)). We propose a dynamic model to predict the temporal response of g(s) at the leaf level using an asymmetric sigmoid function with a unique parameter describing time constants for increasing and decreasing g(s). The model parameters were adjusted to observed data using Approximate Bayesian Computation. We tested the model performance for (1) instant changes of irradiance; or (2) continuous and controlled variations of irradiance simulating diurnal time courses. Compared with the two mostly used steady-state models, our dynamic model described daily time courses of g(s) with a higher accuracy. In particular, it was able to describe the hysteresis of g(s) responses to increasing/decreasing irradiance and the resulting rapid variations of intrinsic water-use efficiency. Compared to the mechanistic model of temporal responses of g(s) by Kirschbaum, Gross & Pearcy, for which time constants were estimated with a large variance, our model estimated time constants with a higher precision. It is expected to improve predictions of water loss and water-use efficiency in higher scale models by using a small number of parameters.
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31
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Terfa MT, Solhaug KA, Gislerød HR, Olsen JE, Torre S. A high proportion of blue light increases the photosynthesis capacity and leaf formation rate of Rosa × hybrida but does not affect time to flower opening. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:146-59. [PMID: 23020549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in light quality affect plant morphogenesis and photosynthetic responses but the effects vary significantly between species. Roses exhibit an irradiance-dependent flowering control but knowledge on light quality responses is scarce. In this study we analyzed, the responses in morphology, photosynthesis and flowering of Rosa × hybrida to different blue (B) light proportions provided by light-emitting diodes (LED, high B 20%) and high pressure sodium (HPS, low B 5%) lamps. There was a strong morphological and growth effect of the light sources but no significant difference in total dry matter production and flowering. HPS-grown plants had significantly higher leaf area and plant height, yet a higher dry weight proportion was allocated to leaves than stems under LED. LED plants showed 20% higher photosynthetic capacity (Amax ) and higher levels of soluble carbohydrates. The increase in Amax correlated with an increase in leaf mass per unit leaf area, higher stomata conductance and CO2 exchange, total chlorophyll (Chl) content per area and Chl a/b ratio. LED-grown leaves also displayed a more sun-type leaf anatomy with more and longer palisade cells and a higher stomata frequency. Although floral initiation occurred at a higher leaf number in LED, the time to open flowers was the same under both light conditions. Thereby the study shows that a higher portion of B light is efficient in increasing photosynthesis performance per unit leaf area, enhancing growth and morphological changes in roses but does not affect the total Dry Matter (DM) production or time to open flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Tesema Terfa
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
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32
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Plastid Signaling During the Plant Life Cycle. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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33
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Antunes WC, Provart NJ, Williams TCR, Loureiro ME. Changes in stomatal function and water use efficiency in potato plants with altered sucrolytic activity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:747-59. [PMID: 21999376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As water availability for agriculture decreases, breeding or engineering of crops with improved water use efficiency (WUE) will be necessary. As stomata are responsible for controlling gas exchange across the plant epidermis, metabolic processes influencing solute accumulation in guard cells are potential targets for engineering. In addition to its role as an osmoticum, sucrose breakdown may be required for synthesis of other osmotica or generation of the ATP needed for solute uptake. Thus, alterations in partitioning of sucrose between storage and breakdown may affect stomatal function. In agreement with this hypothesis, potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants expressing an antisense construct targeted against sucrose synthase 3 (SuSy3) exhibited decreased stomatal conductance, a slight reduction in CO(2) fixation and increased WUE. Conversely, plants with increased guard cell acid invertase activity caused by the introduction of the SUC2 gene from yeast had increased stomatal conductance, increased CO(2) fixation and decreased WUE. (14)CO(2) feeding experiments indicated that these effects cannot be attributed to alterations in photosynthetic capacity, and most likely reflect alterations in stomatal function. These results highlight the important role that sucrose breakdown may play in guard cell function and indicate the feasibility of manipulating plant WUE through engineering of guard cell sucrose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Savvides A, Fanourakis D, van Ieperen W. Co-ordination of hydraulic and stomatal conductances across light qualities in cucumber leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1135-43. [PMID: 22121201 PMCID: PMC3276089 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Long-term effects of light quality on leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) were studied in cucumber, and their joint impact on leaf photosynthesis in response to osmotic-induced water stress was assessed. Plants were grown under low intensity monochromatic red (R, 640 nm), blue (B, 420 nm) or combined red and blue (R:B, 70:30) light. K(leaf) and g(s) were much lower in leaves that developed without blue light. Differences in g(s) were caused by differences in stomatal aperture and stomatal density, of which the latter was largely due to differences in epidermal cell size and hardly due to stomatal development. Net photosynthesis (A(N)) was lowest in R-, intermediate in B-, and highest in RB- grown leaves. The low A(N) in R-grown leaves correlated with a low leaf internal CO(2) concentration and reduced PSII operating efficiency. In response to osmotic stress, all leaves showed similar degrees of stomatal closure, but the reduction in A(N) was larger in R- than in B- and RB-grown leaves. This was probably due to damage of the photosynthetic apparatus, which only occurred in R-grown leaves. The present study shows the co-ordination of K(leaf) and g(s) across different light qualities, while the presence of blue in the light spectrum seems to drive both K(leaf) and g(s) towards high, sun-type leaf values, as was previously reported for maximal photosynthetic capacity and leaf morphology. The present results suggest the involvement of blue light receptors in the usually harmonized development of leaf characteristics related to water relations and photosynthesis under different light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wim van Ieperen
- Wageningen University, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
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35
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Sellin A, Sack L, Õunapuu E, Karusion A. Impact of light quality on leaf and shoot hydraulic properties: a case study in silver birch (Betula pendula). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1079-87. [PMID: 21414012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Responses of leaf and shoot hydraulic conductance to light quality were examined on shoots of silver birch (Betula pendula), cut from lower ('shade position') and upper thirds of the crowns ('sun position') of trees growing in a natural temperate forest stand. Hydraulic conductances of leaf blades (K(lb) ), petioles (K(P) ) and branches (i.e. leafless stem; K(B) ) were determined using a high pressure flow meter in steady state mode. The shoots were exposed to photosynthetic photon flux density of 200-250 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ using white, blue or red light. K(lb) depended significantly on both light quality and canopy position (P<0.001), K(B) on canopy position (P<0.001) and exposure time (P=0.014), and none of the three factors had effect on K(P) . The highest values of K(lb) were recorded under the blue light (3.63 and 3.13×10⁻⁴ kg m⁻² MPa⁻¹ s⁻¹ for the sun and shade leaves, respectively), intermediate values under white light (3.37 and 2.46×10⁻⁴ kg m⁻² MPa⁻¹ s⁻¹ , respectively) and lowest values under red light (2.83 and 2.02×10⁻⁴ kg m⁻² MPa⁻¹ s⁻¹, respectively). Light quality has an important impact on leaf hydraulic properties, independently of light intensity or of total light energy, and the specific light receptors involved in this response require identification. Given that natural canopy shade depletes blue and red light, K(lb) may be decreased both by reduced fluence and shifts in light spectra, indicating the need for studies of the natural heterogeneity of K(lb) within and under canopies, and its impacts on gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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36
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Zhang SB, Guan ZJ, Chang W, Hu H, Yin Q, Cao KF. Slow photosynthetic induction and low photosynthesis in Paphiopedilum armeniacum are related to its lack of guard cell chloroplast and peculiar stomatal anatomy. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:118-27. [PMID: 21241312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium are close relatives in the subfamily Cypripedioideae. Cypripedium leaves contain guard cell chloroplasts, whereas Paphiopedilum do not. It is unclear whether the lack of guard cell chloroplasts affects photosynthetic induction, which is important for understory plants to utilize sunflecks. To understand the role of guard cell chloroplasts in photosynthetic induction of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium, the stomatal anatomy and photosynthetic induction of Paphiopedilum armeniacum and Cypripedium flavum were investigated at different ratios of red to blue light. The highest stomatal opening and photosynthesis of intact leaves in P. armeniacum were induced by irradiance enriched with blue light. Its stomatal opening could be induced by red light 250 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, but the magnitude of stomatal opening was lower than those at the other light qualities. However, the stomatal opening and photosynthesis of C. flavum were highly induced by mixed blue and red light rather than pure blue or red light. The two orchid species did not differ in stomatal density, but P. armeniacum had smaller stomatal size than C. flavum. The stomata of P. armeniacum were slightly sunken into the leaf epidermis, while C. flavum protruded above the leaf surface. The slower photosynthetic induction and lower photosynthetic rate of P. armeniacum than C. flavum were linked to the lack of guard cell chloroplasts and specific stomatal structure, which reflected an adaptation of Paphiopedilum to periodic water deficiency in limestone habitats. These results provide evidence for the morphological and physiological evolution of stomata relation for water conservation under natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 650223, China
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37
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Buckley TN, Sack L, Gilbert ME. The role of bundle sheath extensions and life form in stomatal responses to leaf water status. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:962-73. [PMID: 21459977 PMCID: PMC3177290 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.175638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) are key features of leaf structure with currently little-understood functions. To test the hypothesis that BSEs reduce the hydraulic resistance from the bundle sheath to the epidermis (r(be)) and thereby accelerate hydropassive stomatal movements, we compared stomatal responses with reduced humidity and leaf excision among 20 species with heterobaric or homobaric leaves and herbaceous or woody life forms. We hypothesized that low r(be) due to the presence of BSEs would increase the rate of stomatal opening (V) during transient wrong-way responses, but more so during wrong-way responses to excision (V(e)) than humidity (V(h)), thus increasing the ratio of V(e) to V(h). We predicted the same trends for herbaceous relative to woody species given greater hydraulic resistance in woody species. We found that V(e), V(h), and their ratio were 2.3 to 4.4 times greater in heterobaric than homobaric leaves and 2.0 to 3.1 times greater in herbaceous than woody species. To assess possible causes for these differences, we simulated these experiments in a dynamic compartment/resistance model, which predicted larger V(e) and V(e)/V(h) in leaves with smaller r(be). These results support the hypothesis that BSEs reduce r(be). Comparison of our data and simulations suggested that r(be) is approximately 4 to 16 times larger in homobaric than heterobaric leaves. Our study provides new evidence that variations in the distribution of hydraulic resistance within the leaf and plant are central to understanding dynamic stomatal responses to water status and their ecological correlates and that BSEs play several key roles in the functional ecology of heterobaric leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA.
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Guan ZJ, Zhang SB, Guan KY, Li SY, Hu H. Leaf anatomical structures of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium and their adaptive significance. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2011; 124:289-98. [PMID: 20711624 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-010-0372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium are closely related in phylogeny, but have contrasting leaf traits and habitats. To understand the divergence in leaf traits of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium and their adaptive significance, we analyzed the leaf anatomical structures, leaf dry mass per area (LMA), leaf lifespan (LL), leaf nitrogen concentration (N (mass)), leaf phosphorus concentration (P (mass)), mass-based light-saturated photosynthetic rate (A (mass)), water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and leaf construction cost (CC) for six species. Compared with Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum was characterized by drought tolerance derived from its leaf anatomical structures, including fleshy leaves, thick surface cuticles, huge adaxial epidermis cells, lower total stoma area, and sunken stomata. The special leaf structures of Paphiopedilum were accompanied by longer LL; higher LMA, WUE, and CC; and lower N (mass), P (mass), A (mass), and PNUE compared with Cypripedium. Leaf traits in Paphiopedilum helped it adapt to arid and nutrient-poor karst habitats. However, the leaf traits of Cypripedium reflect adaptations to an environment characterized by rich soil, abundant soil water, and significant seasonal fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. The present results contribute to our understanding of the divergent adaptation of leaf traits in slipper orchids, which is beneficial for the conservation of endangered orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Guan
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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Wang Y, Noguchi K, Terashima I. Photosynthesis-dependent and -independent responses of stomata to blue, red and green monochromatic light: differences between the normally oriented and inverted leaves of sunflower. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:479-89. [PMID: 21257606 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of growth light environment on stomatal light responses were analyzed. We inverted leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) for 2 weeks until their full expansion, and measured gas exchange properties of the adaxial and abaxial sides separately. The sensitivity to light assessed as the increase in stomatal conductance was generally higher in the abaxial stomata than in the adaxial stomata, and these differences could not be completely changed by the inversion treatment. We also treated the leaves with DCMU to inhibit photosynthesis and evaluated the photosynthesis-dependent and -independent components of stomatal light responses. The red light response of stomata in both normally oriented and inverted leaves relied only on the photosynthesis-dependent component. The blue light response involved both the photosynthesis-dependent and photosynthesis-independent components, and the relative contributions of the two components differed between the normally oriented and inverted leaves. A green light response was observed only in the abaxial stomata, which also involved the photosynthesis-dependent and photosynthesis-independent components, strongly suggesting the existence of a green light receptor in sunflower leaves. Moreover, acclimation of the abaxial stomata to strong direct light eliminated the photosynthesis-independent component in the green light response. The results showed that stomatal responses to monochromatic light change considerably in response to growth light environment, although some of these responses appear to be determined inherently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan.
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Chang W, Zhang SB, Li SY, Hu H. Ecophysiological significance of leaf traits in Cypripedium and Paphiopedilum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 141:30-39. [PMID: 21039576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a close phylogenetic relationship between Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium, but these two genera diverge considerably in terms of their leaf traits. To understand the evolution and the ecophysiological significance of leaf traits, we investigated the leaf traits of three Paphiopedilum species and three Cypripedium species in southwestern China. Cypripedium tibeticum and C. flavum showed a significantly higher light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P(max) ), stomatal conductance (g(s) ), photosynthetic nitrogen utilization efficiency (PNUE) and specific leaf area (SLA), but lower ratio of leaf carbon to nitrogen content (C/N) and leaf construction cost (CC) than Paphiopedilum. These leaf traits of Cypripedium suggest its high resource use efficiency and high growth rate reflecting adaptation to a short growing period and abundant soil nutrients and water in alpine habitats. Conversely, the low P(max) , g(s) , PNUE, SLA and the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b (Chl a/b), but high leaf nitrogen investment in light-harvesting component (P(L) ), CC and C/N in Paphiopedilum indicate its adaptation to a low light, nutrient-poor and limited soil water habitats in karst areas. As a sympatric species of Paphiopedilum, although C. lentiginosum retained the phylogenetic leaf traits of Cypripedium, such as high mass-based light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P(max-M) ), g(s) and PNUE, it had some similar leaf traits to those of Paphiopedilum, such as low mesophyll conductance (g(m) ) and Chl a/b, and high P(L) , which reflected an adaptation to the same habitat. Our results show that the evolution of the leaf traits of Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium are shaped by both phylogeny and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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Wang FF, Lian HL, Kang CY, Yang HQ. Phytochrome B is involved in mediating red light-induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:246-59. [PMID: 19965572 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The stomatal pores of higher plants enable gaseous exchange into and out of leaves for photosynthesis and evaporation. Stomatal opening is induced by both blue and red lights. It is shown that blue light-induced stomatal opening is mediated by the blue light receptor phototropins (PHOT1 and PHOT2) and cryptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2). However, whether phytochrome B (phyB) is involved in red light regulation of stomatal opening remains largely unclear. Here, we report a positive role for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phyB in the regulation of red light-induced stomatal opening. The phyB mutant stomata displayed a reduced red light response, whereas stomata of the phyB-overexpressing plants displayed a hypersensitive response to red light. In addition, stomata of the cry1 cry2 phyB, phot1 phot2 phyB, and cry1 phyA phyB triple mutant plants showed more reduced light response than those of the single or double mutant plants under white light, implying that phyB acts in concert with phyA, CRY, and PHOT in light regulation of stomatal opening. Stomata of phyB cop1 mutant opened less wide than those of the cop1 mutant, and stomata of the pif3 pif4 mutant opened wider than those of the wild-type, indicating that COP1, together with the PIFs (phytochrome interacting factors), may act downstream of PHYB in regulating stomatal opening. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of MYB60 was reduced in the cry1 cry2 and phyA phyB mutants under blue and red lights, respectively, but induced in the CRY1- and phyB-overexpressing plants. These results demonstrate that phyB and CRY might regulate stomatal opening, at least in part, by regulating MYB60 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
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Lawson T, von Caemmerer S, Baroli I. Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behaviour. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 72 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mott KA. Opinion: stomatal responses to light and CO(2) depend on the mesophyll. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1479-86. [PMID: 19627565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which stomata respond to red light and CO(2) are unknown, but much of the current literature assumes that these mechanisms reside wholly within the guard cells. However, responses of guard cells in isolated epidermes are typically much smaller than those in leaves, and there are several lines of evidence in the literature suggesting that the mesophyll is necessary for these responses in leaves. This paper advances the opinion that although guard cells may have small direct responses to red light and CO(2), most of the stomatal response to these factors in leaves is caused by an unknown signal that originates in the mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Mott
- Biology Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA.
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Abstract
Chloroplasts are a key feature of most guard cells; however, the function of these organelles in stomatal responses has been a subject of debate. This review examines evidence for and against a role of guard cell chloroplasts in stimulating stomatal opening. Controversy remains over the extent to which guard cell Calvin cycle activity contributes to stomatal regulation. However, this is only one of four possible functions of guard cell chloroplasts; other roles include supply of ATP, blue-light signalling and starch storage. Evidence exists for all these mechanisms, but is highly dependent upon species and growth/measurement conditions, with inconsistencies between different laboratories reported. Significant plasticity and extreme flexibility in guard cell osmoregulatory, signalling and sensory pathways may be one explanation. The use of chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis of individual guard cells is discussed in assessing guard and mesophyll cell physiology in relation to stomatal function. Developments in transgenic and molecular techniques have recently provided interesting, albeit contrasting, data regarding the role of these highly conserved organelles in stomatal function. Recent studies examining the link between mesophyll photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are discussed. An enhanced understanding of these processes may be fundamental in generating crop plants with greater water use efficiencies, capable of combating future climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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Kupisz K, Sujak A, Patyra M, Trebacz K, Gruszecki WI. Can membrane-bound carotenoid pigment zeaxanthin carry out a transmembrane proton transfer? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2334-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang Y, Noguchi K, Terashima I. Distinct light responses of the adaxial and abaxial stomata in intact leaves of Helianthus annuus L. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1307-16. [PMID: 18537998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a laboratory-constructed system that can measure the gas exchange rates of two leaf surfaces separately, the light responses of the adaxial and abaxial stomata in intact leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were investigated, keeping the intercellular CO(2) concentration (C(i)) at 300 microL L(-1). When evenly illuminating both sides of the leaf, the stomatal conductance (g(s)) of the abaxial surface was higher than that of the adaxial surface at any light intensity. When each surface of the leaf was illuminated separately, both the adaxial and abaxial stomata were more sensitive to the light transmitted through the leaf (self-transmitted light) than to direct illumination. Relationships between the whole leaf photosynthetic rate (A(n)) and the g(s) for each side highlighted a strong dependence of stomatal opening on mesophyll photosynthesis. Light transmitted through another leaf was more effective than the direct white light for the abaxial stomata, but not for the adaxial stomata. Moreover, green monochromatic light induced an opening of the abaxial stomata, but not of the adaxial stomata. As the proportion of blue light in the transmitted light is less than that in the white light, there may be some uncharacterized light responses, which are responsible for the opening of the abaxial stomata by the transmitted, green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Imaging the stomatal physiology of somatic embryo-derived peanut leaves by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2227-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Weinl S, Held K, Schlücking K, Steinhorst L, Kuhlgert S, Hippler M, Kudla J. A plastid protein crucial for Ca2+-regulated stomatal responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:675-686. [PMID: 18507772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
* Guard cell movements are regulated by environmental cues including, for example, elevations in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Here, the subcellular localization and physiological function of the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CAS) protein was investigated. * CAS protein localization was ascertained by microscopic analyses of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins and biochemical fractionation assays. Comparative guard cell movement investigations were performed in wild-type and cas loss-of-function mutant lines of Arabidopsis thaliana. Cytoplasmic Ca(2+) dynamics were addressed in plants expressing the yellow cameleon reporter protein YC3.6. * This study identified CAS as a chloroplast-localized protein that is crucial for proper stomatal regulation in response to elevations of external Ca(2+). CAS fulfils this role through modulation of the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration. * This work reveals a novel role of the chloroplast in cellular Ca(2+) signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weinl
- Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Held
- Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schlücking
- Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Leonie Steinhorst
- Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kuhlgert
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Baroli I, Price GD, Badger MR, von Caemmerer S. The contribution of photosynthesis to the red light response of stomatal conductance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:737-47. [PMID: 18065555 PMCID: PMC2245822 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To determine the contribution of photosynthesis on stomatal conductance, we contrasted the stomatal red light response of wild-type tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'W38') with that of plants impaired in photosynthesis by antisense reductions in the content of either cytochrome b(6)f complex (anti-b/f plants) or Rubisco (anti-SSU plants). Both transgenic genotypes showed a lowered content of the antisense target proteins in guard cells as well as in the mesophyll. In the anti-b/f plants, CO(2) assimilation rates were proportional to leaf cytochrome b(6)f content, but there was little effect on stomatal conductance and the rate of stomatal opening. To compare the relationship between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, wild-type plants and anti-SSU plants were grown at 30 and 300 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1) irradiance (low light and medium light [ML], respectively). Growth in ML increased CO(2) assimilation rates and stomatal conductance in both genotypes. Despite the significantly lower CO(2) assimilation rate in the anti-SSU plants, the differences in stomatal conductance between the genotypes were nonsignificant at either growth irradiance. Irrespective of plant genotype, stomatal density in the two leaf surfaces was 2-fold higher in ML-grown plants than in low-light-grown plants and conductance normalized to stomatal density was unaffected by growth irradiance. We conclude that the red light response of stomatal conductance is independent of the concurrent photosynthetic rate of the guard cells or of that of the underlying mesophyll. Furthermore, we suggest that the correlation of photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance observed under different light environments is caused by signals largely independent of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Baroli
- Molecular Plant Physiology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Zienkiewicz A, Zienkiewicz K, Kopcewicz J. Intracellular distribution of phototropin 1 protein in the short-day plant Ipomoea nil. PROTOPLASMA 2008; 233:141-7. [PMID: 18523724 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-008-0292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin 1 (phot1) is a blue-light Ser/Thr receptor kinase that contains two LOV domains. It is a plasma membrane-associated protein that mediates phototropism, blue-light induced chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening. The aim of the present work was to analyze the intracellular localization of phot1 protein in Ipomoea nil seedlings. In cotyledon and hypocotyl cells of etiolated seedlings, phot1 was specifically localized in the plasma membrane regions, whereas in light-treated seedlings, it was homogeneously distributed throughout the whole cytoplasm, excluding cell nuclei and vacuoles. Phot1 was also localized in cotyledon epidermal and guard cells. Such a localization pattern suggests a light-dependent intracellular distribution of phot1 in Ipomoea nil. On the basis of the spatial distribution, the possible role of phot1 is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
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