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Tigchelaar C, Cunningham JL, Rasmusson AJ, Thulin M, Burman J, Kema IP, Larsson A, Absalom AR. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentrations of the inflammatory marker soluble CD27 in a large surgical population. iScience 2024; 27:110036. [PMID: 38883839 PMCID: PMC11179565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Soluble CD27 (sCD27) is a potential biomarker for diseases involving immune dysfunction. As there is currently little data on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sCD27 concentrations in the general population we measured CSF and plasma concentrations in 486 patients (age range 18-92 years, 57% male) undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective surgery. Across the complete cohort the median [range] sCD27 concentrations were 163 [<50 to 7474] pg/mL in CSF and 4624 [1830 to >400,000] pg/mL in plasma. Plasma sCD27, age and Qalb were the factors most strongly associated with CSF sCD27 levels. Reference sCD27 concentration intervals (central 95% of values) in a sub-group without the indication of neuropsychiatric, inflammatory or systemic disease (158 patients) were <50 pg/mL - 419 pg/mL for CSF and 2344-36422 pg/mL for plasma. These data provide preliminary reference ranges that could inform future studies of the validity of sCD27 as a biomarker for neuro- and systemic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien Tigchelaar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janet L Cunningham
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annica J Rasmusson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Måns Thulin
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anthony R Absalom
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Murray CH, Javanbakht M, Cho GD, Gorbach PM, Fulcher JA, Cooper ZD. Changes in Immune-Related Biomarkers and Endocannabinoids as a Function of Frequency of Cannabis Use in People Living With and Without HIV. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:e897-e906. [PMID: 37093248 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis use is common among people living with HIV (PLWH). Some observational studies of PLWH have linked cannabis use to lower immune markers; however, this is yet to be confirmed. In addition, whether HIV affects the endogenous cannabinoid system has not been studied. Our objective was to examine changes in immune-related biomarkers and endocannabinoids as a function of cannabis use frequency in people living with and without HIV. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of men who have sex with men living in Los Angeles with, or at risk for, HIV. By design, half were PLWH. Those eligible for the parent study were willing and able to return for follow-up every 6 months. Those eligible for inclusion in this study reported varying levels of current cannabis use at follow-up. Specifically, one visit corresponded to a period of daily use and another to a period of infrequent use (weekly, monthly, or less than monthly). Banked serum from all eligible participants was analyzed for immune-related biomarkers, endocannabinoids, and paracannabinoids. Results: The analysis included 36 men, 19 of whom were PLWH. PLWH reported greater lifetime methamphetamine or amphetamine use (68% vs. 0%) and current cigarette use (55% vs. 20%) than people without HIV. Serum levels of HIV-related immune biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2; p=0.013) and CD27 (p=0.004) were greater in PLWH, alongside lower anandamide (AEA) (F1,34=5.337, p=0.027) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) (F1,34=8.222, p=0.007) levels relative to people without HIV. Frequency of cannabis use did not impact the serum analytes in our study. Conclusions: Higher levels of TNFR2 and CD27 and lower levels of AEA and OEA in PLWH underscore the role of the TNF/TNFR superfamily in HIV, while highlighting a new role for the enzymatic activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (the enzyme that hydrolyzes AEA and OEA) in HIV. Findings that cannabis frequency did not impact the immune phenotype may not generalize to other populations of PLWH. Additional work is required to further clarify the relationship between immune markers and endocannabinoids as a function of cannabis use frequency in PLWH. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01201083.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Murray
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marjan Javanbakht
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace D Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pamina M Gorbach
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ziva D Cooper
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Joseph J, Sandel G, Kulkarni R, Alatrash R, Herrera BB, Jain P. Antibody and Cell-Based Therapies against Virus-Induced Cancers in the Context of HIV/AIDS. Pathogens 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 38251321 PMCID: PMC10821063 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents, notably viruses, can cause or increase the risk of cancer occurrences. These agents often disrupt normal cellular functions, promote uncontrolled proliferation and growth, and trigger chronic inflammation, leading to cancer. Approximately 20% of all cancer cases in humans are associated with an infectious pathogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recognizes seven viruses as direct oncogenic agents, including Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), human papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Most viruses linked to increased cancer risk are typically transmitted through contact with contaminated body fluids and high-risk behaviors. The risk of infection can be reduced through vaccinations and routine testing, as well as recognizing and addressing risky behaviors and staying informed about public health concerns. Numerous strategies are currently in pre-clinical phases or undergoing clinical trials for targeting cancers driven by viral infections. Herein, we provide an overview of risk factors associated with increased cancer incidence in people living with HIV (PLWH) as well as other chronic viral infections, and contributing factors such as aging, toxicity from ART, coinfections, and comorbidities. Furthermore, we highlight both antibody- and cell-based strategies directed against virus-induced cancers while also emphasizing approaches aimed at discovering cures or achieving complete remission for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Joseph
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Ratuja Kulkarni
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Reem Alatrash
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (R.A.); (B.B.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; (R.A.); (B.B.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (J.J.); (G.S.)
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Paul R, Cho K, Bolzenius J, Sacdalan C, Ndhlovu LC, Trautmann L, Krebs S, Tipsuk S, Crowell TA, Suttichom D, Colby DJ, Premeaux TA, Phanuphak N, Chan P, Kroon E, Vasan S, Hsu D, Carrico A, Valcour V, Ananworanich J, Robb ML, Ake JA, Sriplienchan S, Spudich S. Individual Differences in CD4/CD8 T-Cell Ratio Trajectories and Associated Risk Profiles Modeled From Acute HIV Infection. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:976-983. [PMID: 36162059 PMCID: PMC9553252 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined individual differences in CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio trajectories and associated risk profiles from acute HIV infection (AHI) through 144 weeks of antiretroviral therapy (ART) using a data-driven approach. METHODS A total of 483 AHI participants began ART during Fiebig I-V and completed follow-up evaluations for 144 weeks. CD4+, CD8+, and CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio trajectories were defined followed by analyses to identify associated risk variables. RESULTS Participants had a median viral load (VL) of 5.88 copies/ml and CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio of 0.71 at enrollment. After 144 weeks of ART, the median CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was 1.3. Longitudinal models revealed five CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio subgroups: group 1 (3%) exhibited a ratio >1.0 at all visits; groups 2 (18%) and 3 (29%) exhibited inversion at enrollment, with normalization 4 and 12 weeks after ART, respectively; and groups 4 (31%) and 5 (18%) experienced CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio inversion due to slow CD4+ T-cell recovery (group 4) or high CD8+ T-cell count (group 5). Persistent inversion corresponded to ART onset after Fiebig II, higher VL, soluble CD27 and TIM-3, and lower eosinophil count. Individuals with slow CD4+ T-cell recovery exhibited higher VL, lower white blood cell count, lower basophil percent, and treatment with standard ART, as well as worse mental health and cognition, compared with individuals with high CD8+ T-cell count. CONCLUSIONS Early HIV disease dynamics predict unfavorable CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio outcomes after ART. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell trajectories contribute to inversion risk and correspond to specific viral, immune, and psychological profiles during AHI. Adjunctive strategies to achieve immune normalization merit consideration.
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Premeaux TA, Moser CB, McKhann A, Hoenigl M, Yeung ST, Pang APS, Corley MJ, Lederman MM, Landay AL, Gianella S, Ndhlovu LC. Monitoring Circulating Immune Checkpoint Proteins as Predictors of Non-AIDS Morbid Events in People with HIV Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofab570. [PMID: 35146038 PMCID: PMC8826032 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although cell surface immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) such as PD-1 expressed on T cells are associated with T-cell exhaustion, HIV disease progression, and AIDS events, they have shown limited utility in predicting non-AIDS morbidity. Given that ICPs also exist in soluble forms and are elevated in ART-treated HIV infection, we tested the hypothesis that soluble ICPs may be predictive of non-AIDS events in adults initiating ART. Methods Utilizing a nested case–control study from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group ALLRT cohort, we measured plasma levels of 15 soluble inhibitory and activating ICPs by Luminex. Participants (134 cases, 292 matched controls) were evaluated pre-ART, a year post-ART, and immediately preceding a non-AIDS event, which included myocardial infarction (MI)/stroke, malignancy, serious bacterial infection, and nonaccidental death. Results Conditional logistic regression analysis determined that higher levels of soluble CD27 were associated with increased risk of non-AIDS events at all time points. Higher levels of CD40 at baseline and pre-event and CD80 at pre-event were associated with increased risk of non-AIDS events. Examining specific non-AIDS events, multiple ICPs were associated with malignancy at baseline and pre-event, whereas only higher CD27 levels were associated with increased risk of MI/stroke at year 1 and pre-event. Conclusions While select soluble ICPs were associated with non-AIDS events, CD27 emerged as a consistent marker irrespective of ART. Our data may offer guidance on new targets for early clinical monitoring in people with HIV who remain at greater risk of specific non-AIDS events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Premeaux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlee B Moser
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research in the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley McKhann
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research in the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alina P S Pang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Corley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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van Welzen BJ, Oomen PGA, Hoepelman AIM. Dual Antiretroviral Therapy-All Quiet Beneath the Surface? Front Immunol 2021; 12:637910. [PMID: 33643320 PMCID: PMC7906996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by progressive depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes cells as a result of chronic immune activation. Next to the decreases in the number of CD4+ cells which leads to opportunistic infections, HIV-related immune activation is associated with several prevalent comorbidities in the HIV-positive population such as cardiovascular and bone disease. Traditionally, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) consists of three drugs with activity against HIV and is highly effective in diminishing the degree of immune activation. Over the years, questions were raised whether virological suppression could also be achieved with fewer antiretroviral drugs, i.e., dual- or even monotherapy. This is an intriguing question considering the fact that antiretroviral drugs should be used lifelong and their use could also induce cardiovascular and bone disease. Therefore, the equilibrium between drug-induced toxicity and immune activation related comorbidity is delicate. Recently, two large clinical trials evaluating two-drug cART showed non-inferiority with respect to virological outcomes when compared to triple-drug regimens. This led to adoption of dual antiretroviral therapy in current HIV treatment guidelines. However, it is largely unknown whether dual therapy is also able to suppress immune activation to the same degree as triple therapy. This poses a risk for an imbalance in the delicate equilibrium. This mini review gives an overview of the current available evidence concerning immune activation in the setting of cART with less than three antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend J van Welzen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick G A Oomen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Arayasongsak U, Naka I, Ohashi J, Patarapotikul J, Nuchnoi P, Kalambaheti T, Sa-Ngasang A, Chanama S, Chaorattanakawee S. Genetic association study of interferon lambda 3, CD27, and human leukocyte antigen-DPB1 with dengue severity in Thailand. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:948. [PMID: 33308178 PMCID: PMC7731073 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue patients develop different disease severity ranging from mild (dengue fever [DF]) to severe forms (dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF] and the fatal dengue shock syndrome [DSS]). Host genetics are considered to be one factor responsible for the severity of dengue outcomes. To identify genes associated with dengue severity that have not been studied yet, we performed genetic association analyses of interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3), CD27, and human leukocyte antigen-DPB1 (HLA-DPB1) genes in Thai dengue patients. METHODS A case-control association study was performed in 877 children (age ≤ 15 years) with dengue infection (DF, n = 386; DHF, n = 416; DSS, n = 75). A candidate single nucleotide polymorphism of each of IFNL3, CD27, and HLA-DPB1 was selected to be analyzed. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan real-time PCR assay, and the association with dengue severity was examined. RESULTS The rs9277534 variant of HLA-DPB1 was weakly associated with DHF. The genotype GG and G allele conferred protection against DHF (p = 0.04, odds ratio 0.74 for GG genotype, p = 0.03, odds ratio 0.79 for G allele). The association became borderline significant after adjusting for confounders (p = 0.05, odds ratio 0.82). No association was detected for IFNL3 or CD27. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the weak association of the rs9277534 variant of HLA-DPB1 with protection against DHF. This variant is in the 3' untranslated region and affects HLA-DPB1 surface protein expression. Our finding suggests that HLA-DPB1 may be involved in DHF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unchana Arayasongsak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Izumi Naka
- Laboratory of Human Genome Diversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Laboratory of Human Genome Diversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jintana Patarapotikul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornlada Nuchnoi
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Thareerat Kalambaheti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Areerat Sa-Ngasang
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sumalee Chanama
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Suwanna Chaorattanakawee
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Higher soluble CD14 levels are associated with lower visuospatial memory performance in youth with HIV. AIDS 2019; 33:2363-2374. [PMID: 31764101 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist despite early antiretroviral therapy (ART) and optimal viral suppression. We examined the relationship between immunopathogenesis driven by various pathways of immune activation and discrete neurocognitive performance domains in youth with HIV (YWH). DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. METHODS YWH, ages 20-28 years, enrolled in Adolescent Medicine Trials Network 071/101 were assessed for biomarkers of macrophage, lymphocyte activation, and vascular inflammation using ELISA/multiplex assays. Standardized neurocognitive tests were performed, and demographically adjusted z-scores were combined to form indices of attention, motor, executive function, verbal, and visuospatial memory. Cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between 18 plasma inflammatory biomarkers and each neurocognitive domain was performed. Linear regression models were fit for each combination of log-transformed biomarker value and neurocognitive domain score, and were adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status, substance use, depression, CD4 T-cell count, HIV viral load, and ART status. RESULTS Study included 128 YWH [mean age 23.8 (SD 1.7) years, 86% men, 68% African American]. Verbal and visuospatial memory domains were most significantly impaired in the cohort (z = -1.59 and -1.0, respectively). Higher sCD14 was associated with impaired visuospatial memory, which remained robust after adjusting for other biomarkers, demographics, and HIV-associated covariates. Among biomarkers of vascular inflammation, sICAM-1 was negatively associated with verbal memory and attention, whereas sVCAM-1 was positively associated with executive function and visuospatial memory. Specific neurocognitive domains were not associated with sCD163, LPS, or CCL2 levels. CONCLUSION Impaired visuospatial memory in YWH is associated with immune activation, as reflected by higher sCD14.
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Hosgood HD, Gunter MJ, Murphy N, Rohan TE, Strickler HD. The Relation of Obesity-Related Hormonal and Cytokine Levels With Multiple Myeloma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:103. [PMID: 29713614 PMCID: PMC5911620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the first detailed overview of the mechanisms that may underlie the relation of obesity with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) and multiple myeloma (MM). Epidemiologic studies, including meta-analyses of prospective cohorts, have reported that the risks of NHL and MM are significantly increased in obese, relative to normal weight, women and men. Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines, hyperinsulinemia, and sex hormones could play a role in the association of obesity with B-cell NHL and MM carcinogenesis. There is, however, a paucity of data published from appropriate large prospective cohort studies, and studies concurrently measuring these correlated factors, to formally determine the likely biologic factors driving the relationship of obesity with NHL and MM. Additional strengths and weaknesses of the current literature, as well as study design issues that need to be considered in conducting these studies, such as the exclusion of type 2 diabetics or postmenopausal women using hormone therapy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Neil Murphy
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Howard D Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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Mullins TLK, Li SX, Bethel J, Goodenow MM, Hudey S, Sleasman JW. Sexually transmitted infections and immune activation among HIV-infected but virally suppressed youth on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Virol 2018; 102:7-11. [PMID: 29454196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with chronic immune activation, and concurrent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may increase immune activation. OBJECTIVES Because HIV-infected youth are at high risk of STIs and little is known about the impact of STIs on immune activation in HIV-infected youth, we conducted an exploratory study examining the association between STIs and systemic inflammation and immune activation among HIV-infected adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Forty-nine behaviorally infected U.S. youth ages 18-24 years with baseline CD4+ T-cells >350 who maintained viral suppression on therapy by week 48 were included. Evaluation for STIs (herpes simplex virus [HSV], Chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae) was conducted as standard of care and reported on case report forms. Measures of T-cell subsets, systemic immune activation, and soluble factors were examined at week 48 for differences between participants with an STI diagnosis during the 48 weeks compared to those without an STI. RESULTS Forty-three participants (88%) were male; 57% had baseline CD4+ T-cell counts >500 cells/mm3. Eighteen youth were reported to have ≥1 STI. At week 48, participants with STIs demonstrated lower CD4+ T-cell counts (any STI vs. no STI, p = 0.024; HSV vs. no STI, p = 0.022) and evidence of increased systemic immune activation, including higher CD57 intensity, higher HLA-DR intensity, and lower CD28 percentage, when compared to those without STIs. There were no differences in soluble factors between STI groups. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate novel activation of CD4+ T-cells among HIV-infected youth who have STIs other than HSV, which may contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Kowalczyk Mullins
- Division of Adolescent and Transition Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 4000, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, CARE/Crawley Building, Suite E-870, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, United States.
| | - Su X Li
- Westat, 1600 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - James Bethel
- Westat, 1600 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States
| | - Maureen M Goodenow
- Dept. of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 103633 Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States
| | - Stephanie Hudey
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - John W Sleasman
- Duke University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 133 MSRB I, DUMC Box 2644, Durham, NC, 27710, United States
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Ruggiero A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Beloukas A, Richman D, Khoo S, Phillips A, Geretti AM. Factors Associated With Persistence of Plasma HIV-1 RNA During Long-term Continuously Suppressive Firstline Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy032. [PMID: 29507867 PMCID: PMC5825920 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of plasma HIV-1 RNA during seemingly effective antiretroviral thereapy (ART) is incompletely understood. Using an ultrasensitive assay, this cross-sectional study investigated residual plasma HIV-1 RNA in subjects maintained on firstline ART with continuous viral load suppression <50 copies/mL for ≤15 years without recognized viral load blips or treatment interruptions and explored its relationship with the duration of suppressive ART, efavirenz concentrations in plasma, 2-LTR circular HIV-1 DNA (2-LTRc DNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and cellular (CD4 plus CD26/CD38/CD69; CD8 plus CD38/HLA-DR/DP/DQ) and soluble (sCD14, sCD27, sCD30, IL-6) markers of immune activation in peripheral blood. Methods Residual plasma HIV-1 RNA, total HIV-1 DNA and 2-LTRc DNA were quantified by real-time and digital droplet PCR. Cellular (CD4 plus CD26/CD38/CD69; CD8 plus CD38/HLA-DR/DP/DQ) and soluble (sCD14, sCD27, sCD30, IL-6) markers of immune activation were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. Results Residual plasma HIV-1 RNA and 2-LTRc DNA were detected in 52/104 (50%) and 24/104 (23%) subjects, respectively. Among subjects with detectable HIV-1 RNA, 50/52 showed levels ≤11 copies/mL. In adjusted analyses, HIV-1 RNA levels were 0.37 log10 copies/mL higher with each log10 U/mL increase in sCD27 (95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.73; P = .02). No significant association was found between residual plasma HIV-1 RNA and other explored parameters. Conclusions These findings point to an ongoing relationship between plasma HIV-1 RNA and selected markers of immune activation during continuously suppressive ART. The novel direct association with levels of sCD27 warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ruggiero
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Saye Khoo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Phillips
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Maria Geretti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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12
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Williams JC, Zhang X, Karki M, Chi YY, Wallet SM, Rudy BJ, Nichols SL, Goodenow MM, Sleasman JW. Soluble CD14, CD163, and CD27 biomarkers distinguish ART-suppressed youth living with HIV from healthy controls. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:671-680. [PMID: 29377283 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0717-294rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define inflammatory pathways in youth living with HIV infection (YLWH), assessments of biomarkers associated with lymphocyte and macrophage activation, vascular injury, or bone metabolism were performed in YLWH in comparison with healthy controls (HC). DESIGN Longitudinal multicenter study comparing biomarkers in YLWH suppressed on antiretroviral therapy (ART), those with ongoing viral replication, and HC were compared using single blood samples obtained at end of study. METHODS Twenty-three plasma proteins were measured by ELISA or multiplex assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to define contributions of individual biomarkers to define outcome groups. RESULTS The study cohort included 129 predominantly African American, male participants, 21-25 years old at entry. Nine biomarkers of lymphocyte and macrophage activation and cardiovascular injury differed between HC and YLWH. Significant positive correlations were identified between lymphocyte and macrophage activation biomarkers among HC and YLWH. Correlations distinct to YLWH were predominantly between biomarkers of macrophage and vascular inflammation. PCA of outcome groups showed HC and suppressed YLWH clustering together for lymphocyte activation biomarkers, whereas macrophage activation markers showed all YLWH clustering distinct from HC. Cardiovascular biomarkers were indistinguishable across groups. Averaged variable importance projection to assess single biomarkers that maximally contribute to discriminate among outcome groups identified soluble CD27, CD14, and CD163 as the 3 most important with TNFα and LPS also highly relevant in providing separation. CONCLUSIONS Soluble inflammatory and lymphocyte biomarkers sufficiently distinguish YLWH from HC. Persistent macrophage activation biomarkers may provide a means to monitor consequences of HIV infection in fully suppressed YLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Williams
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Manju Karki
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yueh-Yun Chi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bret J Rudy
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sharon L Nichols
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maureen M Goodenow
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John W Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Meng Q, Sayin I, Canaday DH, Mayanja-Kizza H, Baseke J, Toossi Z. Immune Activation at Sites of HIV/TB Co-Infection Contributes to the Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166954. [PMID: 27870882 PMCID: PMC5117743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic immune activation is critical to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 disease, and is accentuated in HIV/TB co-infected patients. The contribution of immune activation at sites of HIV/TB co-infection to viral activity, CD4 T cell count, and productive HIV-1 infection remain unclear. In this study, we measured markers of immune activation both in pleural fluid and plasma, and in T cells in pleural fluid mononuclear cell (PFMC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) in HIV/TB co-infected subjects. The relationship between soluble and T cell activation markers with viral load in pleural fluid and blood CD4 T cell count were assessed. The T cell phenotype and activation status of HIV-1 p24 + T cells in PFMC and PBMC from HIV/TB patients were determined. We found that T cell and macrophage-specific and non-specific soluble markers of immune activation, sCD27, sCD163, IL1Ra, and sCD14, were higher in pleural fluid as compared to plasma from HIV/TB co-infected subjects, and higher as compared to pleural fluid from TB mono-infected subjects. Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, a marker of intestinal tract damage, in plasma from HIV/TB co-infected patients was not different than that in HIV+ subjects. Expression of HLADR and CD38 double positive (HLADR/CD38) on CD4 T cells, and CD69+ on CD8 T cells correlated with pleural fluid viral load, and inversely with blood CD4 T cell count. Higher expression of HLADR/CD38 and CCR5 on CD4 T cells, and HLADR/CD38 and CD69 on CD8 T cells in PFMC were limited to effector memory populations. HIV-1 p24+ CD8 negative (includes CD4 + and double negative T cells) effector memory T cells in PFMC had higher expression of HLADR/CD38, Ki67, and CCR5 compared to HIV-1 p24- CD8 negative PFMC. Cumulatively, these data indicate that sites of HIV/TB co-infection are the source of intense immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglai Meng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ismail Sayin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joy Baseke
- Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Zahra Toossi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Castañeda DM, Salgado DM, Narváez CF. B cells naturally induced during dengue virus infection release soluble CD27, the plasma level of which is associated with severe forms of pediatric dengue. Virology 2016; 497:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Comparative phenotypical analysis of B cells in fresh and cryopreserved mononuclear cells from blood and tissue of rhesus macaques. J Immunol Methods 2016; 433:59-68. [PMID: 26970138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is common for large clinical trials for which phenotypical characterization of lymphocytes is retrospectively performed in specialized core laboratories. It is therefore essential to assess the comparability between fresh and frozen samples. No side-by-side comparison of B and plasma cells of rhesus macaques (RM), which serve as useful models for several human diseases has been conducted until now. Hence, we performed an extensive comparative analysis between fresh and thawed mononuclear cells (MNCs) from blood and various tissues of healthy RM to analyze for the possible effects of cryopreservation on phenotype and functionality. Our data demonstrate that -80°C cryopreservation induces profound changes compared to fresh ex vivo-derived material. Percentages of B cells were stable in PBMCs, but were increased in all organs analyzed. The expression of CD27, a marker for differentiation between naïve and memory B cells, was massively reduced in PBMCs and MNC from organs with the most severe changes observed in cells from bone marrow (BM). Additionally, similar low percentages of CD27(+) memory B cells were detected in PBMCs and BM samples stored in liquid nitrogen. Therefore, cryopreservation is not suitable for the phenotypical and functional characterization of B cells. Further optimization of cryoconservation protocols monitoring the surface expression of CD27, which was identified as a marker for the quality of cryopreserved material of RM, will be essential.
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16
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Iyer AS, Khaskhely NM, Leggat DJ, Ohtola JA, Saul-McBeth JL, Khuder SA, Westerink MAJ. Inflammatory Markers and Immune Response to Pneumococcal Vaccination in HIV-Positive and -Negative Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150261. [PMID: 26930208 PMCID: PMC4773189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-superfamily have speculated roles in the response against T-independent type II antigens (TI-II) including pneumococcal polysaccharides (PPS). Dysregulation in their expression is associated with an enhanced risk for pneumococcal disease in neonates but their expression in other high-risk populations including HIV-positive individuals remains to be elucidated. Objective To investigate signals that contribute towards PPS-response and identify potential anomalies that may account for diminished serological response in HIV-positive individuals post Pneumovax (PPV23) immunization. Methods Markers of inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, sCD27 and sCD30, were assessed in HIV-positive and -negative individuals as potential predictors of PPV23 response. Serum levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF), transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cytophilin ligand interactor (TACI), B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and B cell expression of BAFF-R, TACI, BCMA, CD40 and CD21 were assessed in total (unselected) and PPS23F (antigen)-specific B cells of PPV23 immunized HIV-positive and -negative individuals. Results CRP, sCD27, sCD30 and BAFF were significantly elevated in the serum of HIV-positive individuals but did not adversely affect PPV23 response. Assessment of PPS-specific B cells revealed enhanced TACI and reduced BAFF-R expression compared to unselected B cells in HIV-positive and -negative individuals. Surface TACI was similar but soluble TACI was significantly lower in HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative individuals. Conclusion Current studies highlight a potential role for TACI in PPV23 response based on its enhanced expression on PPS-specific B cells. Although surface levels of TACI were similar, diminished soluble TACI (sTACI) in HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative individuals could potentially decrease BAFF responsiveness and Ig response. A better understanding of the role of TNF receptors could contribute to the design of improved pneumococcal vaccines. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02515240
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Iyer
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States of America
| | - Noor M Khaskhely
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States of America
| | - David J Leggat
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Ohtola
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States of America
| | - Jessica L Saul-McBeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States of America
| | - Sadik A Khuder
- Department of Public Health, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States of America
| | - M A Julie Westerink
- Department of Medicine; Department of Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 135 Rutledge Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States of America
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17
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Bassig BA, Shu XO, Koh WP, Gao YT, Purdue MP, Butler LM, Adams-Haduch J, Xiang YB, Kemp TJ, Wang R, Pinto LA, Zheng T, Ji BT, Hosgood HD, Hu W, Yang G, Zhang H, Chow WH, Kim C, Seow WJ, Zheng W, Yuan JM, Lan Q, Rothman N. Soluble levels of CD27 and CD30 are associated with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in three Chinese prospective cohorts. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2688-95. [PMID: 26095604 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prospective studies conducted in Western populations have suggested that alterations in soluble CD27 (sCD27) and soluble CD30 (sCD30), two markers indicative of B-cell activation, are associated with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Given that the characteristics of NHL in East Asia differ from the West and mechanistic commonalities between these populations with respect to the role of intermediate endpoint biomarkers in lymphomagenesis have not been explored, we conducted a pooled nested case-control study from three prospective studies of Chinese men and women including 218 NHL cases and 218 individually matched controls. Compared with the lowest quartile, ORs (95% CIs) for the second, third and fourth quartiles of sCD27 were 1.60 (0.83-3.09), 1.94 (0.98-3.83) and 4.45 (2.25-8.81), respectively (p(trend) = 0.000005). The corresponding ORs for sCD30 were 1.74 (0.85-3.58), 1.86 (0.94-3.67) and 5.15 (2.62-10.12; p(trend) = 0.0000002). These associations remained statistically significant in individuals diagnosed with NHL 10 or more years after blood draw. Notably, the magnitude of the associations with NHL risk was very similar to those in Western populations in previous studies. These findings of the similar association between sCD27 or sCD30 and NHL risk across different populations support an important underlying mechanism of B-cell activation in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Bassig
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lesley M Butler
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jennifer Adams-Haduch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Troy J Kemp
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Renwei Wang
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ligia A Pinto
- HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Gong Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heping Zhang
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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18
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Hu Z, Luo Z, Wan Z, Wu H, Li W, Zhang T, Jiang W. HIV-associated memory B cell perturbations. Vaccine 2015; 33:2524-9. [PMID: 25887082 PMCID: PMC4420662 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Memory B-cell depletion, hyperimmunoglobulinemia, and impaired vaccine responses are the hallmark of B cell perturbations inhuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Although B cells are not the targets for HIV infection, there is evidence for B cell, especially memory B cell dysfunction in HIV disease mediated by other cells or HIV itself. This review will focus on HIV-associated phenotypic and functional alterations in memory B cells. Additionally, we will discuss the mechanism underlying these perturbations and the effect of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) on these perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zhuang Wan
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Xitoutiao, You'an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Xitoutiao, You'an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Xitoutiao, You'an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Reduced immune activation during tenofovir-emtricitabine therapy in HIV-negative individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:495-501. [PMID: 25763783 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated immune activation is associated with an increased risk of HIV acquisition. Tenofovir (TFV) has immunomodulatory properties in vitro, but how this extends in vivo remains unknown. METHODS HIV-negative adults received daily coformulated TFV disoproxil fumarate 300 mg/emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg for 30 days followed by a 30-day washout. Markers of T-cell activation, inflammation, and cytokines were measured before drug and on days 30 (on drug) and 60 (30-day washout). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance/pairwise comparisons. Intracellular disposition of TFV-diphosphate and FTC-triphosphate in CD4 and CD8 T-cells and monocytes was characterized, and the relationship with immune activation was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS T-cell activation was available in 19 participants. CD38/HLA-DR coexpression on CD8 T-cells decreased from baseline to day 30 (3.97% vs. 2.71%; P = 0.03) and day 60 (3.97% vs. 2.41%; P = 0.008). Soluble CD27 decreased from baseline to day 60 (184.1 vs. 168.4 pg/mL; P = 0.001). Cytokines and inflammation markers were not significantly different. TFV-diphosphate and FTC-triphosphate were approximately 4-fold higher in monocytes vs. CD4 and CD8 T-cells but neither correlated with activation markers. CONCLUSIONS TFV disoproxil fumarate/FTC therapy was associated with decreased T-cell activation in HIV-negative adults, which could contribute to the antiviral effect of pre-exposure prophylaxis (NCT01040091; www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Steele AK, Lee EJ, Vestal B, Hecht D, Dong Z, Rapaport E, Koeppe J, Campbell TB, Wilson CC. Contribution of intestinal barrier damage, microbial translocation and HIV-1 infection status to an inflammaging signature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97171. [PMID: 24819230 PMCID: PMC4018269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation is a characteristic of both HIV-1 infection and aging (“inflammaging”). Intestinal epithelial barrier damage (IEBD) and microbial translocation (MT) contribute to HIV-associated inflammation, but their impact on inflammaging remains unclear. Methods Plasma biomarkers for IEBD (iFABP), MT (LPS, sCD14), T-cell activation (sCD27), and inflammation (hsCRP, IL-6) were measured in 88 HIV-1 uninfected (HIVneg) and 83 treated, HIV-1-infected (HIVpos) adults from 20–100 years old. Results Age positively correlated with iFABP (r = 0.284, p = 0.008), sCD14 (r = 0.646, p = <0.0001) and LPS (r = 0.421, p = 0.0002) levels in HIVneg but not HIVpos subjects. Age also correlated with sCD27, hsCRP, and IL-6 levels regardless of HIV status. Middle-aged HIVpos subjects had elevated plasma biomarker levels similar to or greater than those of elderly HIVneg subjects with the exception of sCD14. Clustering analysis described an inflammaging phenotype (IP) based on iFABP, sCD14, sCD27, and hsCRP levels in HIVneg subjects over 60 years of age. The IP in HIVneg subjects was used to develop a classification model that was applied to HIVpos subjects to determine whether HIVpos subjects under 60 years of age were IP+. HIVpos IP+ subjects were similar in age to IP- subjects but had a greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on Framingham risk score (p = 0.01). Conclusions We describe a novel IP that incorporates biomarkers of IEBD, MT, immune activation as well as inflammation. Application of this novel IP in HIV-infected subjects identified a group at higher risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Steele
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian Vestal
- Colorado Biostatistics Consortium Research Consulting Laboratory, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Zachary Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric Rapaport
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John Koeppe
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Shata MTM, Abdel-Hameed EA, Hetta HF, Sherman KE. Immune activation in HIV/HCV-infected patients is associated with low-level expression of liver expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2). J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:967-75. [PMID: 23940131 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune activation is one of the main features of HIV/Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and has been linked to the disturbance of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). In chronic HIV infection, loss of GALT integrity results in translocation of microbial products and chronic immune activation. We explored the relationship between bacterial translocation and specific colonic proteins, including liver expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP 2) which may play a role in modulating the bacterial translocation process. METHODS A total of 40 subjects (10 HIV/HCV, 10 HIV, 10 HCV-infected patients and 10 controls) were enrolled and underwent serum and colonic tissue sampling. The levels of immune activation were evaluated by measuring plasma sCD27, and the levels of selected proinflammatory, Th2 and regulatory cytokines in both the plasma and supernatant of CD3-stimulated intraepithelial lymphocytes. We also evaluated LEAP-2 expression in the colon biopsies using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST (HuGene) and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Increased levels of sCD27 were observed in HIV/HCV coinfected (p=0.03) and HIV monoinfected (p=0.04) patients compared with controls consistent with the presence of immune activation. The chip array identified LEAP-2 expression as a key marker associated with immune activation. LEAP-2 expression in HIV, HCV and HIV/HCV-infected patients was significantly lower compared with controls, and was significantly negatively correlated (p=0.03, r=-0.44) with sCD27. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that HCV and HIV infections are associated with decreased expression of LEAP-2 in colonic tissue. This may represent a key mechanism for enhanced microbial translocation and immune activation in HIV/HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tarek M Shata
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Huang J, Jochems C, Anderson AM, Talaie T, Jales A, Madan RA, Hodge JW, Tsang KY, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Gulley JL, Schlom J. Soluble CD27-pool in humans may contribute to T cell activation and tumor immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6250-8. [PMID: 23677477 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between CD27 and its ligand, CD70, has been implicated in regulating cellular immune responses to cancer. In this article, we report on the role of soluble CD27 (sCD27) in T cell activation and its elevation in the serum of cancer patients after immunotherapy. In vitro, sCD27 is preferentially derived from activated CD4(+) T cells. Adding sCD27 to stimulated PBMCs increases T cell activation and proliferation, and is associated with the immunologic synapse-related proteins myosin IIA, high mobility group box 1, and the TCR Vβ-chain. The pool of serum sCD27 is shown to be greater in healthy donors than in cancer patients. However, metastatic cancer patients treated with immunotherapy showed a significant increase in the serum sCD27-pool posttherapy (p < 0.0005); there was also an increased trend toward an association between enhanced sCD27-pool posttherapy and overall survival (p = 0.022). The identification of sCD27 as an immune modulator associated with enhanced human T cell activation in vitro and in vivo provides a rationale for developing new immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing sCD27 for treating cancer and potentially other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Huang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Demberg T, Brocca-Cofano E, Xiao P, Venzon D, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Lee EM, Kalisz I, Kalyanaraman VS, DiPasquale J, McKinnon K, Robert-Guroff M. Dynamics of memory B-cell populations in blood, lymph nodes, and bone marrow during antiretroviral therapy and envelope boosting in simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:12591-604. [PMID: 22973034 PMCID: PMC3497654 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00298-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection causes B-cell dysregulation and the loss of memory B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). These effects are not completely reversed by antiretroviral treatment (ART). To further elucidate B-cell changes during chronic SIV infection and treatment, we investigated memory B-cell subpopulations and plasma cells/plasmablasts (PC/PB) in blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes of rhesus macaques during ART and upon release from ART. Macaques previously immunized with SIV recombinants and the gp120 protein were included to assess the effects of prior vaccination. ART was administered for 11 weeks, with or without gp120 boosting at week 9. Naïve and resting, activated, and tissue-like memory B cells and PC/PB were evaluated by flow cytometry. Antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and serum antibody titers were assessed. No lasting changes in B-cell memory subpopulations occurred in bone marrow and lymph nodes, but significant decreases in numbers of activated memory B cells and increases in numbers of tissue-like memory B cells persisted in PBMC. Macaque PC/PB were found to be either CD27(+) or CD27(-) and therefore were defined as CD19(+) CD38(hi) CD138(+). The numbers of these PC/PB were transiently increased in both PBMC and bone marrow following gp120 boosting of the unvaccinated and vaccinated macaque groups. Similarly, ASC numbers in PBMC and bone marrow of the two macaque groups also transiently increased following envelope boosting. Nevertheless, serum binding titers against SIVgp120 remained unchanged. Thus, even during chronic SIV infection, B cells respond to antigen, but long-term memory does not develop, perhaps due to germinal center destruction. Earlier and/or prolonged treatment to allow the generation of virus-specific long-term memory B cells should benefit ART/therapeutic vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Peng Xiao
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Janet DiPasquale
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Claus C, Riether C, Schürch C, Matter MS, Hilmenyuk T, Ochsenbein AF. CD27 signaling increases the frequency of regulatory T cells and promotes tumor growth. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3664-76. [PMID: 22628427 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling of the TNF receptor superfamily member CD27 activates costimulatory pathways to elicit T- and B-cell responses. CD27 signaling is regulated by the expression of its ligand CD70 on subsets of dendritic cells and lymphocytes. Here, we analyzed the role of the CD27-CD70 interaction in the immunologic control of solid tumors in Cd27-deficient mice. In tumor-bearing wild-type mice, the CD27-CD70 interaction increased the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs), reduced tumor-specific T-cell responses, increased angiogenesis, and promoted tumor growth. CD27 signaling reduced apoptosis of Tregs in vivo and induced CD4(+) effector T cells (Teffs) to produce interleukin-2, a key survival factor for Tregs. Consequently, the frequency of Tregs and growth of solid tumors were reduced in Cd27-deficient mice or in wild-type mice treated with monoclonal antibody to block CD27 signaling. Our findings, therefore, provide a novel mechanism by which the adaptive immune system enhances tumor growth and may offer an attractive strategy to treat solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Claus
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Dang LVP, Nilsson A, Ingelman-Sundberg H, Cagigi A, Gelinck LBS, Titanji K, De Milito A, Grutzmeier S, Hedlund J, Kroon FP, Chiodi F. Soluble CD27 induces IgG production through activation of antigen-primed B cells. J Intern Med 2012; 271:282-93. [PMID: 21917027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High levels of soluble CD27 (sCD27), a marker of immune activation, are found in several infectious [including human immunodeficiency virus type-I (HIV-1)] and autoimmune diseases; however, a direct biological effect of sCD27 on B cells has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sCD27, by binding to CD70, can induce immunoglobulin G (IgG) production from B cells. METHODS B cells from healthy and HIV-1-infected individuals were cultured with recombinant human sCD27 (rhsCD27), and IgG production was measured. The role of rhsCD27 in inducing the expression of transcription factors involved in plasma cell differentiation was evaluated. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of different cytokines on the modulation of CD70 expression on B cells and the relationship between levels of IgG and sCD27 in serum from healthy and HIV-1-infected individuals. RESULTS We demonstrated that rhsCD27 induced IgG production from antigen-primed (CD27+) B cells. This effect was mediated by rhsCD27 binding to CD70 on B cells leading to activation of Blimp-1 and XBP-1, transcription factors associated with plasma cell differentiation. We found a significant correlation between levels of serum sCD27 and IgG in HIV-1-infected individuals and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS sCD27 may act to enhance immunoglobulin production and differentiation of activated memory or recently antigen-experienced B cells, thus providing an activation signal to antigen-experienced B cells. This mechanism may operate during autoimmune and chronic infectious diseases, situations in which continuous immune activation leads to upregulation of CD70 expression and increased sCD27 cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V P Dang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Regidor DL, Detels R, Breen EC, Widney DP, Jacobson LP, Palella F, Rinaldo CR, Bream JH, Martínez-Maza O. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on biomarkers of B-lymphocyte activation and inflammation. AIDS 2011; 25:303-14. [PMID: 21192231 PMCID: PMC3322644 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834273ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic inflammation and B-cell hyperactivation are seen in HIV infection, contributing to an increased risk for the accrual of genetic errors that may result in B-cell lymphoma. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on serum levels of molecules that are associated with immune activation and/or inflammation, including several that are associated with B-cell activation, specifically IL-6, sCD30, sCD27, IgG, IgA, CXCL13 (B lymphocyte chemoattractant, BLC), a B-lymphocyte chemokine involved in B-cell trafficking, as well as C-reactive protein, an acute-phase protein. DESIGN We used a retrospective cohort study design, measuring serum levels of these markers at each of four 1-year intervals, 2 years before and 2 years after HAART initiation, in a subgroup of 290 HIV-infected men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). METHODS Serum levels of immune activation-associated molecules were measured by ELISA and multiplexed immunometric assays. Reference values were determined by the 5th to 95th percentiles from a sample of 109 HIV-uninfected MACS men. RESULTS HAART use was associated with a reduction, but not normalization, of most biomarkers tested. Serum levels of IL-6 and C-reactive protein appeared to be unaffected by HAART. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a partial normalization of serum cytokine levels post HAART. However, a chronic state of B-cell hyperactivation continues 2-3 years after HAART initiation. These findings may explain, in part, the excess incidence of lymphoma still occurring in HIV-infected persons in the post-HAART era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Regidor
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth C. Breen
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Daniel P. Widney
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lisa P. Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Frank Palella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | | | - Jay H. Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Bozdogan G, Dogu F, Güloglu D, Yuksek M, Aytekin C, Ikinciogullari A. CD27 expression on lymphocyte and sCD27 levels in children with asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2010; 38:327-32. [PMID: 20800938 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD27, a lymphocyte specific member of the Tumour Necrosis Factor- Receptor (TNF-R) family is expressed on the majority of peripheral blood T cells. Activation of T cells via TCR/CD3 induces high CD27 surface expression and release of a soluble form (sCD27) of the molecule. sCD27 level increases in patients suffering from a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. In the present study we aimed to measure both the serum sCD27 levels and CD27 expression on T cells in asthmatic patients, to evaluate the state of this molecule in allergic inflammation. METHODS Forty-three patients with asthma were included in to the study. CD27 molecule expression and soluble form of this molecule were analysed in atopic asthmatic (n:17) and non-atopic asthmatic (n:13) patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid treatment, in asthmatic patients whose treatment ceased at least for 6 months (n:13) and healthy control subjects (n:14). RESULTS There were no differences in the expression of CD27 molecule on peripheral blood lymphocyte nor in its soluble form sCD27 levels in sera between the atopic asthmatic and non-atopic asthmatic patients receiving ICS treatment, treatment free asthmatic patients and healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Neither the soluble form of CD27 nor its expression on T cells seem to be a reliable marker of atopic or non-atopic asthmatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bozdogan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Turkey.
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Serpa J, Haque D, Valayam J, Breaux K, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. Effect of combination antiretroviral treatment on total protein and calculated globulin levels among HIV-infected patients. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14 Suppl 3:e41-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Lan Q, Zhang L, Tang X, Shen M, Smith MT, Qiu C, Ge Y, Ji Z, Xiong J, He J, Reiss B, Hao Z, Liu S, Xie Y, Guo W, Purdue MP, Galvan N, Xin KX, Hu W, Beane Freeman LE, Blair AE, Li L, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Huang H. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene is associated with a decline in lymphocyte subsets and soluble CD27 and CD30 markers. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1592-6. [PMID: 20530238 PMCID: PMC2930801 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational cohort and case-control studies suggest that trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure may be associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but findings are not consistent. There is a need for mechanistic studies to evaluate the biologic plausibility of this association. We carried out a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study of 80 healthy workers that used TCE and 96 comparable unexposed controls in Guangdong, China. Personal exposure measurements were taken over a three-week period before blood collection. Ninety-six percent of workers were exposed to TCE below the current US Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Limit (100 p.p.m. 8 h time-weighted average), with a mean (SD) of 22.2 (36.0) p.p.m. The total lymphocyte count and each of the major lymphocyte subsets including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and B cells were significantly decreased among the TCE-exposed workers compared with controls (P < 0.05), with evidence of a dose-dependent decline. Further, there was a striking 61% decline in sCD27 plasma level and a 34% decline in sCD30 plasma level among TCE-exposed workers compared with controls. This is the first report that TCE exposure under the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration workplace standard is associated with a decline in all major lymphocyte subsets and sCD27 and sCD30, which play an important role in regulating cellular activity in subsets of T, B and NK cells and are associated with lymphocyte activation. Given that altered immunity is an established risk factor for NHL, these results add to the biologic plausibility that TCE is a possible lymphomagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7240, USA.
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Reduced CD27 Expression on Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Correlates with Persistent Active Tuberculosis. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:566-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cagigi A, Du L, Dang LVP, Grutzmeier S, Atlas A, Chiodi F, Pan-Hammarström Q, Nilsson A. CD27(-) B-cells produce class switched and somatically hyper-mutated antibodies during chronic HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5427. [PMID: 19412542 PMCID: PMC2671610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation occur in mature B-cells in response to antigen stimulation. These processes are crucial for the generation of functional antibodies. During HIV-1 infection, loss of memory B-cells, together with an altered differentiation of naïve B-cells result in production of low quality antibodies, which may be due to impaired immunoglobulin affinity maturation. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of HIV-1 infection on class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation by studying the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in peripheral B-cells from a cohort of chronically HIV-1 infected patients as compared to a group of healthy controls. In parallel, we also characterized the phenotype of B-cells and their ability to produce immunoglobulins in vitro. Cells from HIV-1 infected patients showed higher baseline levels of AID expression and increased IgA production measured ex-vivo and upon CD40 and TLR9 stimulation in vitro. Moreover, the percentage of CD27−IgA+ and CD27−IgG+ B-cells in blood was significantly increased in HIV-1 infected patients as compared to controls. Interestingly, our results showed a significantly increased number of somatic hypermutations in the VH genes in CD27− cells from patients. Taken together, these results show that during HIV-1 infection, CD27− B-cells can also produce class switched and somatically hypermutated antibodies. Our data add important information for the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the loss of specific antibody production observed during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cagigi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Altered expression of the receptor-ligand pair CXCR5/CXCL13 in B cells during chronic HIV-1 infection. Blood 2008; 112:4401-10. [PMID: 18780835 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-140426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is associated with B-cell abnormalities, such as hypergammaglobulinemia, poor immunization responses, and loss of serologic memory. To determine whether altered expression of chemokine receptors and their ligands may play a role in B-cell dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection, the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), CXCR5, and CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and their respective ligands on CD19(+) B cells were examined in HIV-1-infected patients and controls. We report a decreased CXCR5 expression on B cells from patients (P < .05), a phenomenon associated with a low CD4 T-cell count (< 350 cells/microL). Interestingly, an increased expression of CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), the ligand for CXCR5, was found in peripheral B cells from HIV-1-infected patients. Moreover, on B-cell activation in vitro, CXCL13 was secreted in culture. CXCL13(+) B cells were also found in the lymph nodes of HIV-1-infected patients, but not in control tissue. B-cell migration toward CXCL13, CXCL12, and CC chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21), ligands for CXCR5, CXCR4, and CCR7 was also evaluated. In patients with a low CD4 T-cell count, migration toward all ligands was increased. Our findings indicate that altered expression of the chemokine receptor-ligand pair, CXCR5/CXCL13, may participate in the establishment of B-cell dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection.
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Wu JQ, Dyer WB, Chrisp J, Belov L, Wang B, Saksena NK. Longitudinal microarray analysis of cell surface antigens on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV+ individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2008; 5:24. [PMID: 18315888 PMCID: PMC2276515 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) determined by simultaneous monitoring over 100 cell-surface antigens overtime has not been attempted. We used an antibody microarray to analyze changes in the expression of 135 different cell-surface antigens overtime on PBMC from HIV+ patients on HAART. Two groups were chosen, one (n = 6) achieved sustainable response by maintaining below detectable plasma viremia and the other (n = 6) responded intermittently. Blood samples were collected over an average of 3 years and 5–8 time points were selected for microarray assay and statistical analysis. Results Significant trends over time were observed for the expression of 7 cell surface antigens (CD2, CD3epsilon, CD5, CD95, CD36, CD27 and CD28) for combined patient groups. Between groups, expression levels of 10 cell surface antigens (CD11a, CD29, CD38, CD45RO, CD52, CD56, CD57, CD62E, CD64 and CD33) were found to be differential. Expression levels of CD9, CD11a, CD27, CD28 and CD52, CD44, CD49d, CD49e, CD11c strongly correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, respectively. Conclusion Our findings not only detected markers that may have potential prognostic/diagnostic values in evaluating HAART efficacy, but also showed how density of cell surface antigens could be efficiently exploited in an array-like manner in relation to HAART and HIV-infection. The antigens identified in this study should be further investigated by other methods such as flow cytometry for confirmation as biological analysis of these antigens may help further clarify their role during HAART and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia.
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Bernal‐Fernández G, Hermida C, Espinosa‐Cueto P, Cubilla‐Tejeda AC, Salazar‐González JF, Ortiz‐Ortiz L, Leyva‐Meza R, Diaz‐Silvestre H, Mancilla R. Impact of opportunistic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on the phenotype of peripheral blood T cells of AIDS patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2006; 20:80-6. [PMID: 16721821 PMCID: PMC6807506 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While the detrimental consequences of opportunistic tuberculosis (TB) in the course and outcome of HIV-1 infection are well studied, little information about the impact of the mycobacterial infection on the phenotype of T lymphocytes is available. In this study we analyzed by cytofluorimetry the peripheral blood T cell phenotype of 13 patients with AIDS, 23 HIV-1 negative patients with active pulmonary TB, nine HIV-1/Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfected individuals, and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. CD4+ T cells were equally depleted in AIDS and coinfection (P<0.001). The findings suggest a rescuing effect of the added mycobacterial infection. CD3 T cell loss was not observed in coinfection, whereas it was severe in AIDS (P<0.001). Similar (albeit less striking) effects were observed with other markers (CD45RA, CD45RO, and CD27) that were diminished in CD4+ T cells of AIDS patients. Apparent detrimental effects of the added mycobacterial infection were the increased expression of the proapoptotic molecule CD95 on CD4+ T cells, and decreased expression of the major costimulatory molecule CD28 on CD8+ T cells. In this work we show that M. tuberculosis infection modifies the T cell phenotype of the HIV-1 infected individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Bernal‐Fernández
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Hermida
- Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Espinosa‐Cueto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Cristina Cubilla‐Tejeda
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Jesús Fidel Salazar‐González
- Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Librado Ortiz‐Ortiz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Leyva‐Meza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Diaz‐Silvestre
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raul Mancilla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Sabri F, Titanji K, De Milito A, Chiodi F. Astrocyte activation and apoptosis: their roles in the neuropathology of HIV infection. Brain Pathol 2006; 13:84-94. [PMID: 12580548 PMCID: PMC8095843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis is a common neuropathological finding in the brains of HIV infected individuals; both activation and apoptosis of astrocytes are seen. This review aims to discuss the Fas pathway in the context of proliferation and apoptosis of astrocytes during HIV infection, and as a result of astrogliosis, the dysregulation of astrocyte-neuron networks. The presence of molecules reflecting astrocyte activation, which are derived from the solubilization of receptor/ligand from the surface of proliferating astrocytes, in the cerebrospinal fluid may be used to evaluate the degree of brain cell activation during HAART therapy. A better understanding of the molecular pathway(s) leading to increase activation and apoptosis of astrocytes, in parallel with studies conducted to unravel the molecules involved in T-cell apoptosis during HIV infection, may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for controlling HIV replication and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Sabri
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S‐17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kehmia Titanji
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S‐17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S‐17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S‐17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Nilsson A, de Milito A, Mowafi F, Winberg G, Björk O, Wolpert EZ, Chiodi F. Expression of CD27-CD70 on early B cell progenitors in the bone marrow: implication for diagnosis and therapy of childhood ALL. Exp Hematol 2006; 33:1500-7. [PMID: 16338493 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD27, a member of the TNF receptor family, plays an important role in lymphoid proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. This study addresses the expression of CD27 and its ligand, CD70, in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the possible role of this receptor-ligand pair in the pathogenesis of ALL. PATIENTS AND METHODS Expression of CD27 and CD70 was evaluated with three-color flow cytometry in blood and bone marrow (BM) samples in children with ALL and controls. The biological role of these molecules on leukemic cell proliferation was studied in an in vitro culture system. RESULTS The expression of the membrane bound CD27, as well as membrane bound CD70, on CD19(+) cells in the BM was significantly increased in ALL children compared to the expression found in the controls. Importantly, a substantial reduction in the in vitro proliferation of leukemic cells could be observed when the leukemic cells were cultured in presence of a blocking anti-human CD70 monoclonal antibody. The level of soluble CD27 (sCD27) in serum was also investigated and found to be significantly elevated in leukemic children as compared to healthy children. CONCLUSION The high expression of CD27 and CD70 on ALL cells may represent an amplification of the normal CD27-CD70 expression present on early B cell progenitors. Our finding suggests that interference with CD27-CD70 interaction may represent novel treatment opportunities in ALL. Further studies are required to pin-point the role of this receptor-ligand pair in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Pediatric Cancer Research Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Atlas A, Thanh Ha TT, Lindström A, Nilsson A, Alaeus A, Chiodi F, De Milito A. Effects of potent antiretroviral therapy on the immune activation marker soluble CD27 in patients infected with HIV-1 subtypes A-D. J Med Virol 2004; 72:345-51. [PMID: 14748056 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 genetic subtypes might have a different impact on disease progression and response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Few data are available on the immune activation profile in patients with different HIV-1 subtypes. We have tested by ELISA the plasma levels of an immune activation marker, soluble CD27 (sCD27), in a cohort of 64 patients infected with HIV-1 subtypes A-D, at baseline and after 1 year of virologically successful ART. Plasma sCD27 was significantly higher in the whole HIV-1-infected population as compared to healthy subjects [522 U/ml (188-1,307) vs. 285 U/ml (174-397), P < 0.001]. Among the four different HIV-1 subtypes, patients with subtype C virus had significantly higher plasma sCD27 [684 U/ml, (188-1228)] as compared to patients with subtype A [428 U/ml (247-1307), P < 0.05] and B [454 (211-925), P < 0.05]. After 1 year of ART, plasma sCD27 significantly decreased in all groups but patients with subtype C viruses had the largest reduction of sCD27 from baseline. The data indicate that a similar immune activation profile is present in patients infected with HIV-1 subtypes A, B, and D and that in presence of successful ART these subtypes respond similarly in terms of immune activation. Intriguingly, subtype C infection seems to be associated with higher levels of plasma sCD27, suggesting that HIV-1 genetic subtype C may have a different impact on disease outcome and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Atlas
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Plumelle Y. HIV, 'an evolving species'. Roles of cellular activation and co-infections. Med Hypotheses 2003; 61:136-57. [PMID: 12781657 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Each small variation of the genome of a species can be preserved if it is useful for the survival of the species in a given environment. Within this framework, the finality of the biological cycle of HIV consists in a search for harmony (biological coherence) with man, which is to say a stable condition. Cellular activation appears to be the strategy developed by HIV in order to achieve this coherence. The price of this strategy is the AIDS. The first contact between HIV and immune system appears to determine the subsequent clinical outcome and the future of HIV. Lymphocytic activation varies during the course of the vital cycle of HIV. For each individual, this lymphocytic activation depends on both the HLA repertoire acquired during thymic ontogenesis and the antigenic experience before and after HIV infection. Thus intercurrent infections alter the immune condition of the organism and influence the outcome of HIV. We described a synthetic analysis of the effects of HIV on the surface protein expression and the cellular activation pathways which should provide insights in the evolutionary relationship between HIV and man and should permit to do a more physiological therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Plumelle
- Department of Hematobiology, University Hospital, France.
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Kornbluth RS. An expanding role for CD40L and other tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in HIV infection. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2002; 11:787-801. [PMID: 12427285 DOI: 10.1089/152581602760404595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) of ligands are known to be important regulators of the immune system. These trimeric molecules interact with members of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) to stimulate immune cells. Of the TNFSF molecules, CD40 ligand (CD40L, also called CD154 or TNFSF5) is the most crucial molecule for activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and thereby initiating the immune response. Evidence has accrued indicating that HIV infection either selectively depletes those CD4(+) T cells that express CD40L in response to antigen or down-regulates CD40L expression by these cells. Because CD40L expression is necessary for the immune defense against HIV and opportunistic infections, an insufficiency of CD40L could contribute to the progression of AIDS. CD40L contributes to the antiviral mechanisms of the host by inducing anti-HIV beta-chemokines and activating CD8(+) T cells. However, CD40L stimulation can lead to enhanced HIV replication under certain experimental conditions, due to its immune activating properties and the need for cellular activation for high-level HIV production. On balance, it is believed that reversing the relative CD40L deficiency seen in HIV infection will be important for immune restoration in AIDS. In addition, adding CD40L to a therapeutic or preventative vaccine could lead to strengthened antiviral immunity. Because of the complexities in delivering this molecule, a number of forms of CD40L have been developed, and one form of soluble CD40L has been tested in humans. New strategies are being developed to translate the profoundly immunostimulatory effects of CD40L found in animal models to humans with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Kornbluth
- University of California, San Diego, and the San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, La Jolla 92093, USA.
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Abstract
The risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS lymphoma) is greatly increased in HIV infection. Disruption of immune function by HIV infection may contribute to lymphomagenesis by inducing (1) loss of immunoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells [immunoblastic and central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma] caused by loss of T-cell function, and (2) chronic B-cell hyperactivation enhancing the generation of genetic lesions (c- :immunoglobulin gene translocation, -6 overexpression) associated with some forms of AIDS lymphoma (Burkitt lymphoma-like small noncleaved cell lymphoma and large noncleaved cell lymphoma). Also, the overproduction of B-cell-stimulatory cytokines (interleukin 10 and 6) has the potential to contribute to tumor development by supporting the growth and viability of nascent lymphoma cell clones. Therefore, HIV infection-associated B-cell hyperactivation, including direct activation of B cells by various mechanisms, and chronic overproduction of B-cell-stimulatory cytokines have the potential to contribute to the development and growth of AIDS lymphoma. Several recent reports are discussed in this review, including recent work relevant to understanding the potential of a virus-encoded cytokine-like molecule, HHV8 vIL6, to induce B-cell hyperactivation in HIV-infected people, work pointing to the potential role of a chemokine (stromal cell-derived factor 1) in lymphomagenesis, and studies on phenotypic changes in circulating B cells in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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