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Jin S, Liu J, Jia Y, Sun C, Na L. Temporal relationships between blood glucose, lipids and BMI, and their impacts on atherosclerosis: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079521. [PMID: 38839391 PMCID: PMC11163681 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the temporal relationship between blood glucose, lipids and body mass index (BMI), and their impacts on atherosclerosis (AS). DESIGN A prospective cohort study was designed. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 2659 subjects from Harbin Cohort Study on Diet, Nutrition and Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, and aged from 20 to 74 years were included. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Body weight, height, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2-hour postprandial glucose (2-h PG), blood lipids including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were measured at baseline and follow-up. Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was examined at follow-up as a marker of AS risk. Logistic regression analysis, cross-lagged path analysis and mediation analysis were performed to explore the temporal relationships between blood glucose, lipids and BMI, and their impacts on AS risk. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis indicated that increased FBG, 2-h PG, TC, TG, LDL-c and BMI were positively associated with AS risk, while increased HDL-c was negatively associated with AS risk. The path coefficients from baseline blood parameters to the follow-up BMI were significantly greater than those from baseline BMI to the follow-up blood parameters. Mediation analysis suggested that increased FBG, 2-h PG, TC, TG and LDL-c could increase AS risk via increasing BMI, the effect intensity from strong to weak was LDL-c>TC>TG>FBG>2 h PG, while increased HDL-c could decrease AS risk via decreasing BMI. CONCLUSIONS Changes in blood glucose and lipids could cause change in BMI, which mediated the impacts of blood glucose and lipids on AS risk. These results highlight the importance and provide support for the early and comprehensive strategies of AS prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jin
- Nutrition, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubing Jia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lixin Na
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Martemucci G, Fracchiolla G, Muraglia M, Tardugno R, Dibenedetto RS, D’Alessandro AG. Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review from the Oxidative Stress to the Management of Related Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2091. [PMID: 38136211 PMCID: PMC10740837 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a growing disorder affecting thousands of people worldwide, especially in industrialised countries, increasing mortality. Oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, dysbiosis, abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypertension are important factors linked to MS clusters of different pathologies, such as diabesity, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. All biochemical changes observed in MS, such as dysregulation in the glucose and lipid metabolism, immune response, endothelial cell function and intestinal microbiota, promote pathological bridges between metabolic syndrome, diabesity and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to summarise metabolic syndrome's involvement in diabesity and highlight the link between MS and cardiovascular and neurological diseases. A better understanding of MS could promote a novel strategic approach to reduce MS comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martemucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Department of Pharmacy–Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (R.T.); (R.S.D.)
| | - Marilena Muraglia
- Department of Pharmacy–Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (R.T.); (R.S.D.)
| | - Roberta Tardugno
- Department of Pharmacy–Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (R.T.); (R.S.D.)
| | - Roberta Savina Dibenedetto
- Department of Pharmacy–Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (R.T.); (R.S.D.)
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Xia J, Gao G, Zhang C, Ying J, Li J. Albumin-binding DARPins as scaffold improve the hypoglycemic and anti-obesity effects of exendin-4 in vivo. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 185:106422. [PMID: 36906110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity have been considered epidemics and threats to public health worldwide. Exendin-4 (Ex), a GLP-1R agonist, has potential for treating T2DM and obesity. However, Ex has a half-life of only 2.4 h in humans and needs to be administered twice daily, which hampers its clinical application. In this study, we synthesized four new GLP-1R agonists by genetically fusing Ex to the N-terminus of HSA-binding ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) via linkers of different lengths, denoted as Ex-DARPin-GSx fusion proteins (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3). The Ex-DARPin fusion proteins were substantially stable, resulting in incomplete denaturation even at 80 °C. The in vitro bioactivity results demonstrated that Ex-DARPin fusion proteins could bind to HSA and activate GLP-1R. The Ex-DARPin fusion proteins had a comparable half-life (29-32 h), which is much longer than that of native Ex (0.5 h in rats). Subcutaneous injection of 25 nmol/kg Ex-DARPin fusion protein normalized blood glucose (BG) levels for at least 72 h in mice. The Ex-DARPin fusion proteins, injected at 25 nmol/kg every three days, significantly lowered BG, inhibited food consumption, and reduced body weight (BW) for 30 days in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Histological analysis of pancreatic tissues using H&E staining revealed that Ex-DARPin fusion proteins significantly improved the survival of pancreatic islets in diabetic mice. The differences in in vivo bioactivity of fusion proteins with different linker lengths were not significant. According to the findings in this study, long-acting Ex-DARPin fusion proteins designed by us hold promise for further development as antidiabetic and antiobesity therapeutic agents. Our findings also indicate that DARPins are a universal platform for generating long-acting therapeutic proteins via genetic fusion, thus broadening the application scope of DARPins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Changzhen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingjing Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.
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Abstract
Insulin action is impaired in type 2 diabetes. The functions of the hormone are an integrated product of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and insulin clearance by receptor-mediated endocytosis and degradation, mostly in liver (hepatocytes) and, to a lower extent, in extrahepatic peripheral tissues. Substantial evidence indicates that genetic or acquired abnormalities of insulin secretion or action predispose to type 2 diabetes. In recent years, along with the discovery of the molecular foundation of receptor-mediated insulin clearance, such as through the membrane glycoprotein CEACAM1, a consensus has begun to emerge that reduction of insulin clearance contributes to the disease process. In this review, we consider the evidence suggesting a pathogenic role for reduced insulin clearance in insulin resistance, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA;
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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5
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You-xiang C, Lin Z. Nomogram model for the risk of insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents based on anthropomorphology and lipid derived indicators. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:275. [PMID: 36750783 PMCID: PMC9906839 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to screen for measures and lipid-derived indicators associated with insulin resistance (IR) in obese children and adolescents and develop a nomogram model for predicting the risk of insulin resistance. METHODS A total of 404 eligible obese children and adolescents aged 10-17 years were recruited for this study from a summer camp between 2019 and 2021. The risk factors were screened using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-logistic regression model, and a nomogram model was developed. The diagnostic value of the model was evaluated by plotting the receiver operator characteristic curve and calculating the area under the curve. Internal validation was performed using the Bootstrap method, with 1000 self-samples to evaluate the model stability. The clinical applicability of the model was assessed by plotting the clinical decision curve. RESULTS On the basis of the LASSO regression analysis results, three lipid-related derivatives, TG/HDL-c, TC/HDL-c, and LDL-c/HDL-c, were finally included in the IR risk prediction model. The nomogram model AUC was 0.804 (95% CI: 0.760 to 0.849). Internal validation results show a C-Index of 0.799, and the mean absolute error between the predicted and actual risks of IR was 0.015. The results of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test show a good model prediction (χ2 = 9.523, P = 0.300). CONCLUSION Three early warning factors, TG/HDL-c, TC/HDL-c, and LDL-c/HDL-c, were screened, which can effectively predict the risk of developing IR in obese children and adolescents, and the nomogram model has an eligible diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao You-xiang
- grid.443378.f0000 0001 0483 836XGraduate Department, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province China
| | - Zhu Lin
- School of Sport & Health, Guangzhou Sport University, No. 1268, Guangzhou Avenue Middle, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
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Oost LJ, Tack CJ, de Baaij JHF. Hypomagnesemia and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes. Endocr Rev 2022; 44:357-378. [PMID: 36346820 PMCID: PMC10166267 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypomagnesemia is tenfold more common in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), compared to the healthy population. Factors that are involved in this high prevalence are low Mg2+ intake, gut microbiome composition, medication use and presumably genetics. Hypomagnesemia is associated with insulin resistance, which subsequently increases the risk to develop T2D or deteriorates glycaemic control in existing diabetes. Mg2+ supplementation decreases T2D associated features like dyslipidaemia and inflammation; which are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between serum Mg2+ and the risk to develop heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF) and microvascular disease in T2D. The potential protective effect of Mg2+ on HF and AF may be explained by reduced oxidative stress, fibrosis and electrical remodeling in the heart. In microvascular disease, Mg2+ reduces the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia and improves endothelial dysfunction. Though, clinical studies assessing the effect of long-term Mg2+ supplementation on CVD incidents are lacking and gaps remain on how Mg2+ may reduce CVD risk in T2D. Despite the high prevalence of hypomagnesemia in people with T2D, routine screening of Mg2+ deficiency to provide Mg2+ supplementation when needed is not implemented in clinical care as sufficient clinical evidence is lacking. In conclusion, hypomagnesemia is common in people with T2D and is both involved as cause, probably through molecular mechanisms leading to insulin resistance, and consequence and is prospectively associated with development of HF, AF and microvascular complications. Whether long-term supplementation of Mg2+ is beneficial, however, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette J Oost
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Giblin MJ, Ontko CD, Penn JS. Effect of cytokine-induced alterations in extracellular matrix composition on diabetic retinopathy-relevant endothelial cell behaviors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12955. [PMID: 35902594 PMCID: PMC9334268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vascular basement membrane (BM) thickening is an early structural abnormality of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Recent studies suggest that BM thickening contributes to the DR pathological cascade; however, much remains to be elucidated about the exact mechanisms by which BM thickening develops and subsequently drives other pathogenic events in DR. Therefore, we undertook a systematic analysis to understand how human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMEC) and human retinal pericytes (hRP) change their expression of key extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents when treated with diabetes-relevant stimuli designed to model the three major insults of the diabetic environment: hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. TNFα and IL-1β caused the most potent and consistent changes in ECM expression in both hRMEC and hRP. We also demonstrate that conditioned media from IL-1β-treated human Müller cells caused dose-dependent, significant increases in collagen IV and agrin expression in hRMEC. After narrowing our focus to inflammation-induced changes, we sought to understand how ECM deposited by hRMEC and hRP under inflammatory conditions affects the behavior of naïve hRMEC. Our data demonstrated that diabetes-relevant alterations in ECM composition alone cause both increased adhesion molecule expression by and increased peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) adhesion to naïve hRMEC. Taken together, these data demonstrate novel roles for inflammation and pericytes in driving BM pathology and suggest that inflammation-induced ECM alterations may advance other pathogenic behaviors in DR, including leukostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J Giblin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA.
| | - Cayla D Ontko
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - John S Penn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
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8
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Wang J, Wu J, Li W, Wang X, Liu R, Liu T, Xiao J. Linking Mitochondrial Function to Insulin Resistance: Focusing on Comparing the Old and the Young. Front Nutr 2022; 9:892719. [PMID: 35811955 PMCID: PMC9260383 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.892719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term intake of high-energy diet can lead to decreased insulin sensitivity and even insulin resistance, eventually leading to diabetes. Diabetes often occurs in middle-aged and elderly people. However, there is growing evidence that the incidence rate of young body is increasing over the years. This means that insulin resistance can be caused by excessive energy intake in both young and old people. In this study, high-fat diet (HFD) and normal diet were fed to rats of elderly experimental group (EE), elderly control group (EC), young experimental group (YE), and young control group (YC), respectively, for 8 weeks, by which insulin resistance model was obtained. Insulin sensitivity was measured, histopathology changes in liver and skeletal muscle tissues were observed, and mitochondrial fusion and division and cell senescence were detected in four groups of rats. The results showed that both young and elderly rats developed significant insulin resistance, fat deposition, decline of mitochondrial function and mitochondrial biosynthesis in liver and skeletal muscle, and cell aging after HFD feeding. In addition, the degree of mitochondrial dysfunction and aging in young rats was similar to that of aged rats fed a normal diet after HFD. This experiment provides a reference for an in-depth study of the regulatory mechanisms of cellular energy metabolism in this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Common Animal Diseases in General Higher Education Institutions of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junnan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Common Animal Diseases in General Higher Education Institutions of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Common Animal Diseases in General Higher Education Institutions of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Common Animal Diseases in General Higher Education Institutions of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruifang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Common Animal Diseases in General Higher Education Institutions of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Common Animal Diseases in General Higher Education Institutions of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Common Animal Diseases in General Higher Education Institutions of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Xiao
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Pavlović K, Lalić N. Cell models for studying muscle insulin resistance. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/mp72-31381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world today. Insulin resistance - a reduced responsiveness of tissues to insulin - is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes pathology. Skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis - it is responsible for the majority of insulin-mediated glucose disposal and thus is one of the tissues most affected by insulin resistance. To study the molecular mechanisms of a disease, researchers often turn to cell models - they are inexpensive, easy to use, and exist in a controlled environment with few unknown variables. Cell models for exploring muscle insulin resistance are constructed using primary cell cultures or immortalised cell lines and treating them with fatty acids, high insulin or high glucose concentrations. The choice of cell culture, concentration and duration of the treatment and the methods for measuring insulin sensitivity, in order to confirm the model, are rarely discussed. Choosing an appropriate and physiologically relevant model for a particular topic of interest is required in order for the results to be reproducible, relevant, comparable and translatable to more complex biological systems. Cell models enable research that would otherwise be inaccessible but, especially when studying human disease, they do not serve a purpose if they are not in line with the biological reality. This review aims to summarise and critically evaluate the most commonly used cell models of muscle insulin resistance: the rationale for choosing these exact treatments and conditions, the protocols for constructing the models and the measurable outcomes used for confirming insulin resistance in the cells.
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10
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Obesity and Related Type 2 Diabetes: A Failure of the Autonomic Nervous System Controlling Gastrointestinal Function? GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic spread of obesity and type 2 diabetes is a serious health problem that cannot be contained with common therapies. At present, the most effective therapeutic tool is metabolic surgery, which substantially modifies the gastrointestinal anatomical structure. This review reflects the state of the art research in obesity and type 2 diabetes, describing the probable reason for their spread, how the various brain sectors are involved (with particular emphasis on the role of the vagal system controlling different digestive functions), and the possible mechanisms for the effectiveness of bariatric surgery. According to the writer’s interpretation, the identification of drugs that can modulate the activity of some receptor subunits of the vagal neurons and energy-controlling structures of the central nervous system (CNS), and/or specific physical treatment of cortical areas, could reproduce, non-surgically, the positive effects of metabolic surgery.
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Huang X, Yi S, Hu J, Du Z, Wang Q, Ye Z, Su G, Kijlstra A, Yang P. Linoleic acid inhibits in vitro function of human and murine dendritic cells, CD4 +T cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:987-998. [PMID: 33079282 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased linoleic acid (LA) was observed in acute anterior uveitis (AAU) patient feces in our previous study. To investigate the immunoregulatory effect of LA, we studied the effect of LA on human and murine dendritic cells (DCs), CD4+T cells, and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro. METHODS The level of LA in feces from AAU patients and healthy individuals was measured by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The immunoregulatory effect of LA on human and murine DCs, CD4+ T cells, and RPE cells was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry (FCM). The effect of LA on DCs was evaluated by Tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics analysis. RESULTS Increased LA was observed in feces from AAU patients (1018.35 ± 900.01 mg/kg) as compared with healthy individuals (472.55 ± 365.49 mg/kg, p = 0.0136). LA attenuated the antigen-presenting function of human and murine DCs by decreasing the expression of CD40, the secretion of IL-6 and IL-12p70, and the ability to shift naïve T cells towards T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. LA also inhibited the secretion of MCP-1 and IL-8 from RPE cells. Proteomics analysis showed differential expression of 28 proteins, including squalene epoxidase (SQLE), farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), and cytochrome P450 family 51 subfamily A member 1 (CYP51A1), in LA-treated DCs compared with controls. LA also accelerated the apoptosis of DCs from healthy individuals. CONCLUSION LA inhibited the function of human and murine DCs, CD4+T cells, and RPE cells, regulated the expression of proteins, and promoted the apoptosis of human DCs. These results collectively suggest that LA might decrease the function of immune cells in vitro, and further studies are needed to investigate its role in the pathogenesis of AAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Yi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Granato R, Bergamo ETP, Witek L, Bonfante EA, Marin C, Greenberg M, Kurgansky G, Coelho PG. Clinical, histological, and nanomechanical parameters of implants placed in healthy and metabolically compromised patients. J Dent 2020; 100:103436. [PMID: 32738285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical outcomes, histological parameters, and bone nanomechanical properties around implants retrieved from healthy and metabolic syndrome (MS) patients. METHODS Twenty-four patients with edentulous mandibles (12/condition), received four implants between the mental foramina. An additional implant prototype was placed for retrieval histology. The following clinical outcomes were evaluated: insertion torque (IT), implant stability quotient (ISQ) values at baseline and after 60 days of healing, and implant survival. The prototype was retrieved after the healing and histologically processed for bone morphometric evaluation of bone-to-implant contact (%BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (%BAFO), and bone nanoindentation to determine the elastic modulus (Em) and hardness (H). Descriptive statistical procedures and survival tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The final study population was comprised of 10 women and 11 men (∼64 years). A total of 105 implants were placed, 21 retrieved for histology. Implant survival rates were similar between groups (>99 %). Similarly, IT and ISQ analyses showed no significant association with systemic condition (p > 0.216). Histological micrographs depicted similar bone morphology, woven bone, for both conditions. While MS (33 ± 5.3 %) and healthy (39 ± 6.5 %) individuals showed no significant difference for %BIC (p = 0.116), significantly higher %BAFO was observed for healthy (45 ± 4.6 %) relative to MS (30 ± 3.8 %) (p < 0.001). No significant differences on bone nanomechanical properties was observed (p > 0.804). CONCLUSIONS Although no significant influence on clinical parameters and bone nanomechanical properties was observed, MS significantly reduced bone formation in the peri-implant area in the short-term. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A lower amount of bone formation in the peri-implant area was observed in comparison to healthy patients, although the other short-term clinical outcomes were not significantly different. Considering the escalating prevalence of MS patients in need for implant treatment, it becomes crucial to understand bone-to-implant response to determine the ideal loading time in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Granato
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering - NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles Marin
- Department of Oral Surgery, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Greenberg
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Kurgansky
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering - NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Ezeh U, Arzumanyan Z, Lizneva D, Mathur R, Chen YH, Boston RC, Chen YDI, Azziz R. Alterations in plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) kinetics and relationship with insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:335-344. [PMID: 30576500 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) kinetics altered in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Women with PCOS, particularly obese subjects, have dysregulated plasma NEFA kinetics in response to changes in plasma insulin and glucose levels, which are associated with insulin resistance (IR) independently of the fasting plasma NEFA levels. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Elevated plasma NEFA levels are associated with IR in many disorders, although the homeostasis of NEFA kinetics and its relationship to IR in women with PCOS is unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We prospectively compared insulin sensitivity and NEFA kinetics in 29 PCOS and 29 healthy controls women matched for BMI. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS This study was conducted in a tertiary institution. Plasma NEFA, glucose and insulin levels were assessed during a modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (mFSIVGTT). Minimal models were used to assess insulin sensitivity (Si) and NEFA kinetics (i.e. model-derived initial plasma NEFA level [NEFA0], phi constant [Φ], reflecting glucose-mediated inhibition of lipolysis and measures of maximum rate of lipolysis [SFFA] and NEFA uptake from plasma [KFFA]). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The study provides new evidence that women with PCOS have defective NEFA kinetics characterized by: (i) lower basal plasma NEFA levels, measured directly and modeled (NEFA0), and (ii) a greater glucose-mediated inhibition of lipolysis in the remote or interstitial space (reflected by a lower affinity constant [Φ]). There were no differences, however, in the maximal rates of adipose tissue lipolysis (SFFA) and the rate at which NEFA leaves the plasma pool (KFFA). The differences observed in NEFA kinetics were exacerbated, and almost exclusively observed, in the obese PCOS subjects. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study did not study NEFA subtypes. It was also cross-sectional and based on women affected by PCOS as defined by the 1990 National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria (i.e. Phenotypes A and B) and identified in the clinical setting. Consequently, extrapolation of the present data to other phenotypes of PCOS should be made with caution. Furthermore, our data is exploratory and therefore requires validation with a larger sample size. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Dysfunction in NEFA kinetics may be a marker of metabolic dysfunction in nondiabetic obese women with PCOS and may be more important than simply assessing circulating NEFA levels at a single point in time for understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the IR of PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by NIH grants R01-DK073632 and R01-HD29364 to R.A.; a Career Development Award from MD Medical Group, Moscow, RF, to D.L. and Augusta University funds to Y.-H.C. RA serves as consultant to Ansh Labs, Medtronics, Spruce Biosciences and Latitude Capital. U.E., Z.A., D.L., R.M., Y.-H.C., R.C.B. and Y.D.I.C. have no competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uche Ezeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford Health Care-ValleyCare Hospital, 5555 W. Las Positas Blvd, Pleasanton, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Androgen-Related Disorders, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zorayr Arzumanyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Daria Lizneva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Androgen-Related Disorders, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yen-Hao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Androgen-Related Disorders, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Raymond C Boston
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Y-D Ida Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Azziz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Androgen-Related Disorders, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Health Policy, Management & Behavior, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
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14
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Gamil NM, Abd El Fattah MA, Ahmed MAE, Maklad YA, Gamal El Din AA, Eid NI. Lansoprazole enhances the antidiabetic effect of dapagliflozin in fortified diet-fed streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22451. [PMID: 31975531 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dapagliflozin (DAPA) is used for treating type 2 diabetes, whereas lansoprazole (LPZ) is used as a traditional antiulcer drug. The present study investigated the possible antidiabetic effects of LPZ on fortified diet-fed streptozotocin (FDF/STZ)-induced insulin-resistant diabetic rats. On the basis of the current results, it can be concluded that LPZ could be used as an add-on drug along with the conventional treatment for T2D as it showed beneficial effects in the current experimental model of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Gamil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd El Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Yousreya A Maklad
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group), Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amina A Gamal El Din
- Medical Research Division, Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nihad I Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Kurstjens S, de Baaij JHF, Overmars-Bos C, van den Munckhof ICL, Garzero V, de Vries MA, Burggraaf B, van Diepen JA, Riksen NP, Rutten JHW, Netea MG, Castro Cabezas M, Bindels RJM, Ashcroft FM, Tack CJJ, Hoenderop JGJ. Increased NEFA levels reduce blood Mg 2+ in hypertriacylglycerolaemic states via direct binding of NEFA to Mg 2. Diabetologia 2019; 62:311-321. [PMID: 30426168 PMCID: PMC6323097 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The blood triacylglycerol level is one of the main determinants of blood Mg2+ concentration in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Hypomagnesaemia (blood Mg2+ concentration <0.7 mmol/l) has serious consequences as it increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and accelerates progression of the disease. This study aimed to determine the mechanism by which triacylglycerol levels affect blood Mg2+ concentrations. METHODS Using samples from 285 overweight individuals (BMI >27 kg/m2) who participated in the 300-Obesity study (an observational cross-sectional cohort study, as part of the Human Functional Genetics Projects), we investigated the association between serum Mg2+ with laboratory variables, including an extensive lipid profile. In a separate set of studies, hyperlipidaemia was induced in mice and in healthy humans via an oral lipid load, and blood Mg2+, triacylglycerol and NEFA concentrations were measured using colourimetric assays. In vitro, NEFAs harvested from albumin were added in increasing concentrations to several Mg2+-containing solutions to study the direct interaction between Mg2+ and NEFAs. RESULTS In the cohort of overweight individuals, serum Mg2+ levels were inversely correlated with triacylglycerols incorporated in large VLDL particles (r = -0.159, p ≤ 0.01). After lipid loading, we observed a postprandial increase in plasma triacylglycerol and NEFA levels and a reciprocal reduction in blood Mg2+ concentration both in mice (Δ plasma Mg2+ -0.31 mmol/l at 4 h post oral gavage) and in healthy humans (Δ plasma Mg2+ -0.07 mmol/l at 6 h post lipid intake). Further, in vitro experiments revealed that the decrease in plasma Mg2+ may be explained by direct binding of Mg2+ to NEFAs. Moreover, Mg2+ was found to bind to albumin in a NEFA-dependent manner, evidenced by the fact that Mg2+ did not bind to fatty-acid-free albumin. The NEFA-dependent reduction in the free Mg2+ concentration was not affected by the presence of physiological concentrations of other cations. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study shows that elevated NEFA and triacylglycerol levels directly reduce blood Mg2+ levels, in part explaining the high prevalence of hypomagnesaemia in metabolic disorders. We show that blood NEFA level affects the free Mg2+ concentration, and therefore, our data challenge how the fractional excretion of Mg2+ is calculated and interpreted in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steef Kurstjens
- Department of Physiology (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caro Overmars-Bos
- Department of Physiology (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Veronica Garzero
- Department of Physiology (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke A de Vries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Burggraaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janna A van Diepen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost H W Rutten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Castro Cabezas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frances M Ashcroft
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cees J J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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16
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Zacharewicz E, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P. Exercise counteracts lipotoxicity by improving lipid turnover and lipid droplet quality. J Intern Med 2018; 284:505-518. [PMID: 29331050 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and metabolic disease, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), is rising globally. Dietary lipid over supply leads to lipid accumulation at ectopic sites, such as skeletal muscle. Ectopic lipid storage is highly correlated with insulin resistance and T2D, likely due to a loss of metabolic flexibility - the capacity to switch between fat and glucose oxidation upon insulin stimulation - and cellular dysfunction because of lipotoxicity. However, muscle lipid levels are also elevated in endurance-trained athletes, presenting a paradoxical phenotype of increased intramuscular lipids along with high insulin sensitivity - the 'athletes' paradox'. This review focuses on recent human data to characterize intramuscular lipid species in order to elucidate some of the underlying mechanisms driving skeletal muscle lipotoxicity. There is evidence that lipotoxicity is characterized by an increase in bioactive lipid species, such as ceramide. The athletes' paradox supports the notion that regular physical exercise has health benefits that might originate from the alleviation of lipotoxicity. Indeed, exercise training alleviates intramuscular ceramide content in obese individuals without a necessary decrease in ectopic lipid storage. Furthermore, evidence shows that exercise training elevates markers of lipid droplet dynamics such as the PLIN proteins, and triglyceride lipases ATGL and HSL, as well as mitochondrial efficiency, potentially explaining the improved lipid turnover and a reduction in the accumulation of lipotoxic intermediates observed with the athelets' paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zacharewicz
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia. This review summarizes the complex interplay between IR and dyslipidemia in people with and without diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS IR impacts the metabolism of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) by several mechanisms. Trials with insulin sensitizing therapies, including biguanides and thiazolidinediones, have provided inconsistent results on lipid lowering in people with and without diabetes. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiological interplay between IR and dyslipidemia and recapitulate lipid and lipoprotein data from insulin-sensitizing trials. Further research elucidating the reciprocal relationship between IR and dyslipidemia is needed to better target these important risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Bjornstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 East 16th Ave, Box B26, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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18
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Sarkar P, Bhowmick A, Kalita MC, Banu S. Effects of Resveratrol and Mangiferin on PPARγ and FALDH Gene Expressions in Adipose Tissue of Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetes in Rats. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:659-675. [PMID: 29985711 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1472714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insufficient insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance in liver, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue. Adipose tissue plays a major role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Dietary antioxidants such as resveratrol and mangiferin may offer some protection against the early stage of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, an attempt has been made to investigate the effects of resveratrol and mangiferin on biochemical parameters and molecular mechanism of PPARγ and FALDH gene expression in adipose tissue of streptozotocin- (STZ-) nicotinamide- (NA-) induced diabetic rats. Albino Wister rats were randomly divided into five groups: control rats (Group 1), diabetic control rats (Group 2), diabetic rats given resveratrol (40 mg/kg body weight per day; Group 3), diabetic rats given mangiferin (40 mg/kg body weight per day; Group 4), diabetic rats given glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg body weight per day; Group 5). Serum biochemical parameters-total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), urea, and uric acid were analyzed. We found that the oral administration of resveratrol and mangiferin to STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats for 30 days showed the significant protective effect on all the biochemical parameters. A significant reduction in blood glucose and HbA1c levels was observed in rats treated with 40 mg/kg body weight per day of resveratrol or mangiferin. Moreover, both these antioxidants showed significant enhancement of PPARγ and FALDH gene expression in rat adipose tissue compared to control rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Sarkar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University , Assam , India
| | - Ananya Bhowmick
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University , Assam , India
| | | | - Sofia Banu
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, GUIST, Gauhati University , Assam , India
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19
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Aye MM, Butler AE, Kilpatrick ES, Kirk R, Vince R, Rigby AS, Sandeman D, Atkin SL. Dynamic Change in Insulin Resistance Induced by Free Fatty Acids Is Unchanged Though Insulin Sensitivity Improves Following Endurance Exercise in PCOS. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:592. [PMID: 30344510 PMCID: PMC6182066 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is the hallmark of PCOS and it is known that exercise may decrease it. What is unknown is whether exercise may mechanistically alter the underlying IR, attenuating the dynamic lipid induced IR in insulin resistant subjects. Methods: 12 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 10 age and body mass index matched controls completed an 8 week supervised exercise program at 60% maximal oxygen consumption. Before and after the exercise program, all participants underwent hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamps with either saline or intralipid infusions. Skewed data were log transformed and expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: Before exercise, women with PCOS had a higher HOMA-IR and lower VO2 max than controls. Compared to saline, lipid infusion lowered the rate of insulin stimulated glucose disposal (M value; mg/kg/min) by 67 ± 5% (from 0.5 ± 0.03 to -0.25 ± 0.2, p = 0.01) in PCOS, and by 49 ± 7% (from 0.65 ± 0.06 to 0.3 ± 0.1, p = 0.01) in controls. The M value was significantly less in PCOS compared to controls for both saline (p < 0.01) and lipid (p < 0.05). Endurance exercise in PCOS improved VO2 max and HOMA-IR, but not weight, to those of pre-exercise control subjects. The glucose disposal rate during the lipid infusion was reduced following exercise in PCOS, indicating decreased IR (67 ± 5 vs. 50 ± 7%, p = 0.02), but IR was not altered in controls (49 ± 7 vs. 45 ± 6%, p = 0.58). The incrementally increased IR induced by the lipid infusion did not differ between controls and PCOS. Conclusion: Insulin sensitivity improved with exercise in the PCOS group alone showing that IR can be modified, though likely transiently. However, the maximal IR response to the lipid infusion did not differ within and between control and PCOS subjects, indicating that the fundamental mechanism underlying insulin resistance was unchanged with exercise. Precis: Maximal insulin resistance induced by lipid infusion determined at baseline and 8 weeks after exercise in control and PCOS women did not differ, though insulin sensitivity increased in PCOS after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myint Myint Aye
- Department of Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard Kirk
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Vince
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Alan S. Rigby
- The University of Hull, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Sandeman
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L. Atkin
- Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Stephen L. Atkin
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20
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Weiszenstein M, Shimoda LA, Koc M, Seda O, Polak J. Inhibition of Lipolysis Ameliorates Diabetic Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:299-307. [PMID: 26978122 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0315oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes. Causal mechanisms mediating this association are not well defined; however, augmented lipolysis in adipose might be involved. Here, we investigated the effect of acipimox treatment (lipolysis inhibitor) on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia (IH). C57BL6/J mice were exposed for 14 days to IH or control conditions. IH was created by decreasing the fraction of inspired oxygen from 20.9 to 6.5%, 60 times/h. Control exposure was air (fraction of inspired oxygen, 20.9%) delivered at an identical flow rate. Acipimox was provided in drinking water (0.5 g/ml) during exposures. After exposures, intraperitoneal insulin (0.5 IU/kg) and glucose (1 g/kg) tolerance tests were performed, and primary adipocytes were isolated for lipolysis experiments. IH elevated fasting glucose by 51% and worsened glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by 33 and 102%, respectively. In parallel, IH increased spontaneous lipolysis by 264%, and reduced epididymal fat mass by 15% and adipocyte size by 8%. Acipimox treatment prevented IH-induced lipolysis and increased epididymal fat mass and adipocyte size by 19 and 10%, respectively. Acipimox fully prevented IH-induced impairments in fasting glycemia, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity. For all reported results, P less than 0.05 was considered significant. Augmented lipolysis contributes to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance observed in mice exposed to IH. Acipimox treatment ameliorated the metabolic consequences of IH and might represent a novel treatment option for patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weiszenstein
- 1 Center for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine.,2 Center of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michal Koc
- 4 Sports Medicine Department, Third Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Ondrej Seda
- 5 Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Jan Polak
- 1 Center for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine.,2 Center of Toxicology and Health Safety, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,6 Second Internal Medicine Department, Vinohrady Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Abstract
The twin epidemic of obesity and diabetes is a major crisis globally. Several epidemiologic studies reveal the parallel escalation of obesity and diabetes. The term 'diabesity' expresses their close relationship to each other, wherein both these metabolic disorders are characterized by defects of insulin action. The pathophysiology connecting obesity and diabetes is chiefly attributed to two factors: insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Recent years have seen an increasing body of work on the following metabolic defects common to both obesity and diabetes such as, impaired tissue perfusion, sleep disturbances, androgen dysfunction, altered Vitamin D levels and GI stress. The scope of this review is to present the most widely accepted theories that link the two diseases, provide an update on some proposed unifying metabolic defects and highlight current and future prevention and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Verma
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - M Ejaz Hussain
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
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22
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France M, Kwok S, Soran H, Williams S, Ho JH, Adam S, Canoy D, Liu Y, Durrington PN. Liver Fat Measured by MR Spectroscopy: Estimate of Imprecision and Relationship with Serum Glycerol, Caeruloplasmin and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071089. [PMID: 27399690 PMCID: PMC4964465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive method for quantitative estimation of liver fat. Knowledge of its imprecision, which comprises biological variability and measurement error, is required to design therapeutic trials with measurement of change. The role of adipocyte lipolysis in ectopic fat accumulation remains unclear. We examined the relationship between liver fat content and indices of lipolysis, and determine whether lipolysis reflects insulin resistance or metabolic liver disease. Imprecision of measurement of liver fat was estimated from duplicate measurements by MRS at one month intervals. Patients provided fasting blood samples and we examined the correlation of liver fat with indices of insulin resistance, lipolysis and metabolic liver disease using Kendall Tau statistics. The coefficient of variation of liver fat content was 14.8%. Liver fat was positively related to serum insulin (T = 0.48, p = 0.042), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-B% (T = -0.48, p = 0.042), and body mass index (BMI) (T = 0.59, p = 0.012); and inversely related to HOMA-S% (T = -0.48, p = 0.042), serum glycerol (T = -0.59, p = 0.014), and serum caeruloplasmin (T = 0.055, p = 0.047). Our estimate of total variability in liver fat content (14.8%) is nearly twice that of the reported procedural variability (8.5%). We found that liver fat content was significantly inversely related to serum glycerol but not to non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), suggesting progressive suppression of lipolysis. Reduction of caeruloplasmin with increasing liver fat may be a consequence or a cause of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael France
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cobbett House, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
| | - See Kwok
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, The Old St Mary's Hospital, Hathersage Road, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
| | - Handrean Soran
- Department of Medicine, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
| | - Steve Williams
- Department of Imaging Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Jan Hoong Ho
- Department of Medicine, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK.
| | - Safwaan Adam
- Department of Imaging Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Dexter Canoy
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Yifen Liu
- School of Biomedicine, 3rd floor, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Paul N Durrington
- School of Biomedicine, 3rd floor, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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Grundy SM. Adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome: too much, too little or neither. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:1209-17. [PMID: 26291691 PMCID: PMC5049481 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome. Recent research suggests that excess adipose tissue plays an important role in development of the syndrome. On the other hand, persons with a deficiency of adipose tissue (e.g. lipodystrophy) also manifest the metabolic syndrome. In some animal models, expansion of adipose tissue pools mitigates adverse metabolic components (e.g. insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia). Hence, there are conflicting data as to whether adipose tissue worsens the metabolic syndrome or protects against it. This conflict may relate partly to locations of adipose tissue pools. For instance, lower body adipose tissue may be protective whereas upper body adipose tissue may promote the syndrome. One view holds that in either case, the accumulation of ectopic fat in muscle and liver is the driving factor underlying the syndrome. If so, there may be some link between adipose tissue fat and ectopic fat. But the mechanisms underlying this connection are not clear. A stronger association appears to exist between excessive caloric intake and ectopic fat accumulation. Adipose tissue may act as a buffer to reduce the impact of excess energy consumption by fat storage; but once a constant weight has been achieved, it is unclear whether adipose tissue influences levels of ectopic fat. Another mechanism whereby adipose tissue could worsen the metabolic syndrome is through release of adipokines. This is an intriguing mechanism, but the impact of adipokines on metabolic syndrome risk factors is uncertain. Thus, many potential connections between adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome remain to unravelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Grundy
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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24
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Dobbins R, Byerly R, Gaddy R, Gao F, Mahar K, Napolitano A, Ambery P, Le Monnier de Gouville AC. GSK256073 acutely regulates NEFA levels via HCA2 agonism but does not achieve durable glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. A randomised trial. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 755:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Tereshina EV, Ivanenko SI. Age-related obesity is a heritage of the evolutionary past. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:581-92. [PMID: 25108322 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914070013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the process of human aging, an increase in the total amount of fat is observed mainly due to accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues. Insulin resistance, provoked by the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides, is often associated with development of such age-related diseases as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, and also with systemic inflammation and lipo- and glucose toxicity. Accumulation of lipids and lipophilic compounds is a biological phenomenon common for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Initially, it arose as an adaptation to starvation and shortage of nitrogen-containing nutrients, but later it converted into a depot of membrane material, needed on recommencement of cell division. In rodents and humans, the accumulation of non-metabolized fat in non-adipose tissues can be regarded as an adaptation to changes in the internal medium on a certain stage of ontogenesis as a result of age-related dysfunction of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Tereshina
- World Wide Medical Assistance, Oberwil B. Zug, 6317, Switzerland.
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26
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Cyrus A, Kabir A, Goodarzi D, Talaei A, Moradi A, Rafiee M, Moghimi M, Shahbazi E, Farmani E. Impact of metabolic syndrome on response to medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Korean J Urol 2014; 55:814-20. [PMID: 25512816 PMCID: PMC4265716 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on the response to medical therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) after a 3-month period of treatment. Materials and Methods This was a cohort study of 100 patients, 47 with MetS and 53 without MetS, referred to either the primary care unit or referral hospital with BPH who had moderate lower urinary tract symptoms of prostate involvement and were candidates for medical treatment. Our main outcome was response to medical treatment with prazosin 1 mg twice a day and finasteride 5 mg daily in patients with BPH on the basis of International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to compare BPH treatment response in patients with and without MetS before and after receiving treatment. Results The mean volume of the prostate was significantly higher in MetS patients than in patients without MetS (57±32.65 mL compared with 46.00±20.19 mL, p=0.036). The control group demonstrated an 11-unit reduction in IPSS, whereas those with MetS showed a reduction in the symptom score of only 6 units (p<0.001). Regarding the components of MetS separately, triglyceride (p<0.001), fasting blood sugar (p=0.001), and waist circumference (p=0.028) significantly affected the clinical progression of BPH. The observational nature of this study may be a limitation in comparison with an interventional study. Conclusions The results of the present study showed that MetS can negatively affect the response to medical treatment of BPH. Therefore, it is necessary to consider MetS in selecting patients with BPH for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Cyrus
- Department of Urology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, and Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Goodarzi
- Department of Urology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Talaei
- Department of Endocrinology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Asadabad Health and Treatment Network, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, and Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Statistics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Moghimi
- Department of Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Diet-induced obesity modulates epigenetic responses to ionizing radiation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106277. [PMID: 25171162 PMCID: PMC4149562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Both exposure to ionizing radiation and obesity have been associated with various pathologies including cancer. There is a crucial need in better understanding the interactions between ionizing radiation effects (especially at low doses) and other risk factors, such as obesity. In order to evaluate radiation responses in obese animals, C3H and C57BL/6J mice fed a control normal fat or a high fat (HF) diet were exposed to fractionated doses of X-rays (0.75 Gy ×4). Bone marrow micronucleus assays did not suggest a modulation of radiation-induced genotoxicity by HF diet. Using MSP, we observed that the promoters of p16 and Dapk genes were methylated in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a HF diet (irradiated and non-irradiated); Mgmt promoter was methylated in irradiated and/or HF diet-fed mice. In addition, methylation PCR arrays identified Ep300 and Socs1 (whose promoters exhibited higher methylation levels in non-irradiated HF diet-fed mice) as potential targets for further studies. We then compared microRNA regulations after radiation exposure in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed a normal or an HF diet, using microRNA arrays. Interestingly, radiation-triggered microRNA regulations observed in normal mice were not observed in obese mice. miR-466e was upregulated in non-irradiated obese mice. In vitro free fatty acid (palmitic acid, oleic acid) administration sensitized AML12 mouse liver cells to ionizing radiation, but the inhibition of miR-466e counteracted this radio-sensitization, suggesting that the modulation of radiation responses by diet-induced obesity might involve miR-466e expression. All together, our results suggested the existence of dietary effects on radiation responses (especially epigenetic regulations) in mice, possibly in relationship with obesity-induced chronic oxidative stress.
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Chow LS, Mashek DG, Austin E, Eberly LE, Persson XM, Mashek MT, Seaquist ER, Jensen MD. Training status diverges muscle diacylglycerol accumulation during free fatty acid elevation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E124-31. [PMID: 24844260 PMCID: PMC4080147 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How endurance training alters muscle lipid metabolism while preserving insulin sensitivity remains unclear. Because acute free fatty acid (FFA) elevation by lipid infusion reduces insulin sensitivity, we hypothesized that training status would alter accumulation of muscle triacylglycerol (TAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), ceramide, and acylcarnitine during acute FFA elevation. Trained (n = 15) and sedentary (n = 13) participants matched for age, sex, and BMI received either a 6-h infusion of lipid (20% Intralipid at 90 ml/h) or glycerol (2.25 g/100 ml at 90 ml/h) during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Muscle biopsies were taken at 0, 120, and 360 min after infusion initiation to measure intramyocellular concentrations of TAG, DAG, ceramides, and acylcarnitines by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Trained participants had a higher Vo2 max and insulin sensitivity than sedentary participants. The lipid infusion produced a comparable elevation of FFA (594 ± 90 μmol/l in trained, 721 ± 30 μmol/l in sedentary, P = 0.4) and a decline in insulin sensitivity (-44.7% trained vs. -47.2% sedentary, P = 0.89). In both groups, lipid infusion increased the linoleic and linolenic acid content of TAG without changing total TAG. In the sedentary group, lipid infusion increased total, oleic, and linoleic acid and linolenic acid content of DAG. Regardless of training status, lipid infusion did not alter total ceramide, saturated ceramide, palmitoyl-carnitine, or oleoyl-carnitine. We conclude that during acute FFA elevation, trained adults have a similar decline in insulin sensitivity with less accumulation of muscle DAG than sedentary adults, suggesting that lipid-induced insulin resistance can occur without elevation of total muscle DAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;
| | - Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Erin Austin
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Lynn E Eberly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Xuan-Mai Persson
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mara T Mashek
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael D Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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29
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Pereira S, Park E, Mori Y, Haber CA, Han P, Uchida T, Stavar L, Oprescu AI, Koulajian K, Ivovic A, Yu Z, Li D, Bowman TA, Dewald J, El-Benna J, Brindley DN, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Lam TKT, Najjar SM, McKay RA, Bhanot S, Fantus IG, Giacca A. FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo is mediated by PKCδ, NADPH oxidase, and oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E34-46. [PMID: 24824652 PMCID: PMC4080148 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00436.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fat-induced hepatic insulin resistance plays a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. Although PKC and inflammatory pathways have been implicated in fat-induced hepatic insulin resistance, the sequence of events leading to impaired insulin signaling is unknown. We used Wistar rats to investigate whether PKCδ and oxidative stress play causal roles in this process and whether this occurs via IKKβ- and JNK-dependent pathways. Rats received a 7-h infusion of Intralipid plus heparin (IH) to elevate circulating free fatty acids (FFA). During the last 2 h of the infusion, a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with tracer was performed to assess hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. An antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), prevented IH-induced hepatic insulin resistance in parallel with prevention of decreased IκBα content, increased JNK phosphorylation (markers of IKKβ and JNK activation, respectively), increased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2, and impaired insulin signaling in the liver without affecting IH-induced hepatic PKCδ activation. Furthermore, an antisense oligonucleotide against PKCδ prevented IH-induced phosphorylation of p47(phox) (marker of NADPH oxidase activation) and hepatic insulin resistance. Apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, prevented IH-induced hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance similarly to NAC. These results demonstrate that PKCδ, NADPH oxidase, and oxidative stress play a causal role in FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance in vivo and suggest that the pathway of FFA-induced hepatic insulin resistance is FFA → PKCδ → NADPH oxidase and oxidative stress → IKKβ/JNK → impaired hepatic insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Park
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yusaku Mori
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Andrew Haber
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toyoyoshi Uchida
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Stavar
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Andrei I Oprescu
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khajag Koulajian
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Ivovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhiwen Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Deling Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Thomas A Bowman
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio; and
| | - Jay Dewald
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Inserm, U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - David N Brindley
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger Gutierrez-Juarez
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio; and
| | | | | | - I George Fantus
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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Senthil Kumar SPD, Shen M, Spicer EG, Goudjo-Ako AJ, Stumph JD, Zhang J, Shi H. Distinct metabolic effects following short-term exposure of different high-fat diets in male and female mice. Endocr J 2014; 61:457-70. [PMID: 24646677 PMCID: PMC4045093 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated hepatic lipid accumulation and chronic low-grade inflammation lead to metabolic defects. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) are a risk factor for, whereas unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) are thought to be protective against, developing metabolic diseases. Sex differences exist in the regulation of metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that diets high in SFA, mono-UFA (MUFA), or poly-UFA (PUFA) had early, sex-distinct effects that differentially contribute to long-term metabolic disturbance such as fatty liver and insulin resistance. Metabolic changes including body and fat mass, circulating leptin and glucose levels, plasma lipid profile, hepatic lipid accumulation, expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism and low-grade inflammation, and tissue insulin sensitivity were compared between male and female mice fed with a low-fat chow, or high-fat SFA, MUFA, or PUFA for a short period of four days. SFA and MUFA males increased adiposity associated with increased liver lipid accumulation and rapid activation of inflammation in adipose and muscle tissues, whereas PUFA males did not show lipid accumulation or tissue inflammation compared to chow males. All SFA and UFA males displayed tissue insulin resistance. In contrast, female high-fat diet groups had normal liver lipid content and maintained tissue insulin sensitivity without showing tissue inflammation. Therefore, sex differences existed during early phase of development of metabolic dysfunction. The beneficial effects of PUFA, but not MUFA, were corroborated in protection of obesity, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, and low-grade inflammation. The benefit of MUFA and PUFA in maintaining tissue insulin sensitivity in males, however, was questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minqian Shen
- Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Miami University, Ohio, 45056, United States
| | - Elizabeth G Spicer
- Department of Nursing, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Miami University, Ohio, 45056, United States
| | - Ashley J Goudjo-Ako
- Program in Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, Ohio, 45056, United States
| | - Justin D Stumph
- Program in Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, Ohio, 45056, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Ohio, 45056, United States
| | - Haifei Shi
- Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Miami University, Ohio, 45056, United States
- Program in Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, Ohio, 45056, United States
- Corresponding author: Haifei Shi, Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E High St., Oxford, Ohio, 45056, United States, 001-513-529-3162 (Phone), 001-513-529-6900 (Fax),
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CEACAM1 loss links inflammation to insulin resistance in obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Semin Immunopathol 2013; 36:55-71. [PMID: 24258517 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mounting epidemiological evidence points to an association between metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an increasingly recognized new epidemic. NASH pathologies include hepatocellular ballooning, lobular inflammation, hepatocellular injury, apoptosis, and hepatic fibrosis. We will review the relationship between insulin resistance and inflammation in visceral obesity and NASH in an attempt to shed more light on the pathogenesis of these major metabolic diseases. Moreover, we will identify loss of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 as a unifying mechanism linking the immunological and metabolic abnormalities in NASH.
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32
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Dobbins RL, Shearn SP, Byerly RL, Gao FF, Mahar KM, Napolitano A, Nachbaur GJ, Le Monnier de Gouville AC. GSK256073, a selective agonist of G-protein coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) reduces serum glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:1013-21. [PMID: 23701262 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This clinical trial assessed whether a potent, selective GPR109A agonist, GSK256073, could, through inhibition of lipolysis, acutely improve glucose homeostasis in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Thirty-nine diabetic subjects were enrolled in the randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period crossover trial. Each subject received placebo and two of four regimens of GSK256073 for 2 days. GSK256073 was dosed 5 mg every 12 h before breakfast and supper (BID), 10 mg every 24 h before breakfast (QD), 25 mg BID and 50 mg QD. RESULTS The change from baseline weighted mean glucose concentration for an interval from 24 to 48 h after the initial drug dose was significantly reduced for all GSK256073 regimens, reaching a maximum of -0.87 mmol/l (-1.20, -0.52) with the 25 mg BID dose. Sustained suppression of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol concentrations was observed with all GSK256073 doses throughout the 48-h dosing period. Serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations fell in concert with glucose concentrations and calculated HOMA-IR scores decreased 27-47%, consistent with insulin sensitization. No marked differences were evident between either 10 and 50 mg total daily doses or QD versus BID dosing. CONCLUSIONS Administration of a GPR109A agonist for 2 days significantly decreased serum NEFA and glucose concentrations in diabetic subjects. Glucose improvements were associated with decreased insulin concentrations and measures of enhanced insulin sensitivity. Improved glucose control occurred with GSK256073 doses that were generally safe and not associated with events of flushing or gastrointestinal disturbances.
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MESH Headings
- C-Peptide/blood
- Cross-Over Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drugs, Investigational/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Investigational/analysis
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glycerol/blood
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Hyperinsulinism/prevention & control
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/blood
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Hypolipidemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypolipidemic Agents/blood
- Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Single-Blind Method
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Dobbins
- GlaxoSmithKline, Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Frohnert BI, Jacobs DR, Steinberger J, Moran A, Steffen LM, Sinaiko AR. Relation between serum free fatty acids and adiposity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk factors from adolescence to adulthood. Diabetes 2013; 62:3163-9. [PMID: 23670973 PMCID: PMC3749355 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe longitudinal relations of serum total free fatty acids (FFAs) to insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors from adolescence into adulthood. The cohort included participants in a longitudinal study of obesity and IR with complete data, including anthropometric measures, FFAs, IR measured by euglycemic clamp, blood pressure, fasting serum lipids, and insulin at mean 15 and 22 years of age (n = 207) and their parents (n = 272). FFAs and IR were not significantly related at mean 15 years of age but were significantly related at mean age 22 years. FFA did not relate to BMI at either age. FFA at 15 years of age estimated IR at 22 years of age. In parents (mean age 51 years), FFA was significantly correlated with BMI, percent body fat, systolic blood pressure, LDL, and IR. Associations with all risk factors except IR in parents were attenuated by adjustment for BMI. Most 22 years of age correlations with parents were higher than corresponding 15 years of age correlations. This study finds that FFA is associated with IR starting in young adulthood. The relation between FFA and CV risk factors does not become significant until later adulthood. The results support a significant impact of early metabolic dysfunction on later CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte I Frohnert
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Xie W, Zhai Z, Yang Y, Kuang T, Wang C. Free fatty acids inhibit TM-EPCR expression through JNK pathway: an implication for the development of the prothrombotic state in metabolic syndrome. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013; 34:468-74. [PMID: 22903729 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is associated with significant hypercoagulable prothrombotic tendency; however, the mechanism for the prothrombotic state is not completely understood. We hypothesize that higher circulating plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) in metabolic syndrome inhibit the endothelial thrombomodulin (TM)-endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) pathway, thereby promoting thrombus formation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured in media supplemented with various doses of palmitic acid (PA), in the presence or absence of JNK inhibitor, and the expression of TM and EPCR was measured by western blot. The thrombotic state of high fat fed C57BL/6J mice was examined by tail bleeding time and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) model. As a result, PA inhibited the expression of TM and EPCR in endothelial cells, and this effect was blunted by inhibiting JNK signaling. High fat diet fed mice had higher level of circulating FFAs and exhibited prothrombotic state, evidenced by increased tail bleeding time and enlarged thrombotic size in DVT model, compared to the control diet fed mice. Hence, FFAs inhibit TM-EPCR-Protein C system in endothelial cells through activating JNK signaling, which may be a mechanism for the prothrombotic state in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanmu Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Mamedova LK, Yuan K, Laudick AN, Fleming SD, Mashek DG, Bradford BJ. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling is required for induction of gluconeogenic gene expression by palmitate in human hepatic carcinoma cells. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1499-507. [PMID: 23465595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Saturated free fatty acids (FFA) can activate inflammatory cascades including the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway. TLR4 is expressed by hepatocytes and may help link FFA to altered hepatic gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study examined the role of TLR4 in mediating palmitate effects on the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) and the catalytic subunit of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), rate-determining gluconeogenic enzymes. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 and HuH7) were incubated in media including 2% bovine serum albumin and 250 to 1000 μM palmitate for 24 h. Signaling mediated by TLR4 was blocked by a TLR4 decoy peptide or small interfering RNA knockdown of TLR4. Palmitate induced dose-dependent increases in PCK1 and G6PC mRNA abundance, which were prevented by the TLR4 decoy peptide. Palmitate doubled PCK1 promoter activity, and TLR4 knockdown ablated this response. Lipopolysaccharide and monophosphoryl lipid A also up-regulated G6PC and PCK1 transcript abundance in a TLR4-dependent manner. Addition of oleate attenuated palmitate-induced increases in G6PC and PCK1 mRNA abundance. Palmitate increased nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells reporter gene activity, which was unaffected by TLR4 blockade, but increased mRNA abundance of hepatocyte-specific cyclic AMP response element binding protein, a transcriptional regulator of PCK1, in a TLR4-dependent manner. Finally, TLR4 activation by palmitate increased subsequent cellular uptake of palmitate, and inhibiting ceramide synthesis ablated palmitate effects on PCK1 mRNA abundance and promoter activity. These results suggest that TLR4 signaling could play a critical role in linking elevated saturated FFA to increased transcription of gluconeogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laman K Mamedova
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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The clinical availability of non alcoholic fatty liver disease as an early predictor of the metabolic syndrome in Korean men: 5-year's prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis 2013; 227:398-403. [PMID: 23390894 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There were many studies for the clinical association between non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, while most of studies have focused on the unilateral effects of MetS on NAFLD, studies for reverse association were comparatively rare. Therefore, we carried out a prospective cohort study to evaluate the longitudinal effects of NAFLD on the development of MetS according to the degree of NAFLD. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 46,874 men, who had participated in a medical health check-up program in 2005, were enrolled in this study. Out of them, a Mets-free cohort of 11,926 without excluding conditions was followed up until 2010. All participants were classified into 3 groups by their NAFLD status (normal, mild, moderate to severe). The baseline values of metabolic components and the development rates of MetS were compared according to the degree of NAFLD. Cox proportional hazards model was used to measure the hazard ratios (HRs) for MetS according to the degree of NAFLD. RESULTS During 41,912.1 person-years of follow-up, 1861 incident cases of MetS developed between 2006 and 2010. Even after adjusting for multiple covariates, the HRs (95% CI) for MetS were higher in the mild group (1.49; 1.30-1.70) and moderate to severe group (2.00; 1.46-2.73) compared to normal group, respectively (P for trend <0.001). These associations were apparent in the clinically relevant subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD was independent risk factor for MetS during the 5-yr follow-up period.
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Salgin B, Ong KK, Thankamony A, Emmett P, Wareham NJ, Dunger DB. Higher fasting plasma free fatty acid levels are associated with lower insulin secretion in children and adults and a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3302-9. [PMID: 22740706 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There are limited data in humans on the association between fasting free fatty acid (FFA) levels and pancreatic β-cell function. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine this association in children and adults with normal glucose tolerance and to explore fasting FFA levels in relation to subsequent risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). DESIGN We measured FFA, glucose, and insulin levels after an overnight fast and 30 min after an oral glucose load in 797 children aged 8 yr in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and 770 adults aged 44-71 yr in the Medical Research Council Ely Study. We calculated the homeostasis model assessment to estimate fasting insulin sensitivity, the insulinogenic index to estimate insulin secretion, and the disposition index to assess insulin secretion corrected for insulin sensitivity. RESULTS Higher fasting FFA levels were associated with lower insulin secretion in children (boys, P = 0.03; girls, P = 0.001) and adults (men, P = 0.03, women, P = 0.04). Associations with insulin sensitivity were more variable, but after adjustment for insulin sensitivity, higher fasting FFA levels remained associated with lower insulin secretion (disposition index). Compared with adults in the lowest tertile of fasting FFA levels, those in the middle and highest tertiles had a 3-fold higher incidence of IGT or T2D over the following 5-8 yr. CONCLUSIONS Higher fasting FFA levels were consistently associated with lower insulin secretion in children and adults with normal glucose tolerance. Furthermore, higher fasting FFA levels were prospectively associated with a greater risk of subsequent IGT and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Salgin
- University Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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Abel T, Blázovics A, Wimmer A, Bekő G, Gaál B, Blazics B, Gamal Eldin M, Fehér J, Lengyel G. [Effect of "Pintes" white wine on metabolic parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome]. Orv Hetil 2012; 153:861-5. [PMID: 22641261 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2012.29389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with decreased cardiovascular mortality in the general population. Relatively few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of white wine on insulin sensitivity. AIMS The authors studied the impact of moderate Pintes white wine consumption on insulin sensitivity and other metabolic parameters. METHODS The prospective study involved 18 patients with metabolic syndrome. The patients consumed Pintes white wine for 4 weeks, and parameters were measured before and after consumption. RESULTS The HOMA-IR decreased significantly after white wine consumption (2.28±2.04 vs 1.08±0.6; p = 0.002). There were no changes in serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose levels. CONCLUSION White wine consumption improved insulin sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjána Abel
- MH Honvédkórház Szakrendelő Intézet Budapest Róbert Károly.
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Magkos F, Fabbrini E, Conte C, Patterson BW, Klein S. Relationship between adipose tissue lipolytic activity and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in nondiabetic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E1219-23. [PMID: 22492868 PMCID: PMC3387393 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increased adipose tissue lipolytic activity is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle insulin resistance associated with obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the rate of release of free fatty acids (FFA) into plasma and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in human subjects. METHODS We determined the palmitate rate of appearance (Ra) per kilogram fat-free mass (an index of FFA availability to lean tissues) during basal conditions and during insulin infusion (to simulate postprandial insulin concentrations) and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, defined as the percent increase in the glucose rate of disappearance, in 110 nondiabetic women (body mass index 20.6-46.4 kg/m(2)) by using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure in conjunction with stable isotope tracer methods. RESULTS Basal (r(s) = -0.379, P < 0.001) and insulin-suppressed (r(s) = -0.631, P < 0.001) palmitate Ra correlated negatively with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. However, the strength of the correlation was greater for palmitate Ra during insulin infusion than palmitate Ra during basal conditions (P = 0.0007) when lipolytic rates and FFA availability were reduced to less than 20% of basal values. The relative suppression of palmitate Ra correlated directly with the relative stimulation of glucose rate of disappearance during insulin infusion (r(s) = 0.530, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These data suggest that the correlation between FFA kinetics and muscle glucose metabolism is due to multiorgan insulin resistance rather than a direct effect of FFA itself on skeletal muscle insulin action and challenge the view that increased adipose tissue lipolytic rate is an important cause of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8031, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Lou T, Zhang Z, Xi Z, Liu K, Li L, Liu B, Huang F. Berberine inhibits inflammatory response and ameliorates insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Inflammation 2012; 34:659-67. [PMID: 21110076 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Berberine, a major isoquinoline alkaloid present in Chinese herb Rhizoma coptidis, is a potent inhibitor of inflammation and has anti-diabetic activity. This study aims to investigate effects of berberine on ameliorating insulin resistance and molecular mechanisms involved in HepG2 cells. Inflammatory responses and insulin resistance were induced by palmitate (PA) stimulation for 24 h. Treatment of berberine enhanced insulin-mediated glycogen synthesis and restored insulin inhibition of triglyceride secretion. Stimulation of PA resulted in IL-6 and TNF-α production in HepG2 cells, and antibody-neutralizing assay further confirmed that IL-6 and TNF-α were involved in the development of insulin resistance. Berberine effectively inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α production in a concentration-dependent manner, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory activity in hepatocytes. Meanwhile, PA-evoked inflammation impaired insulin signaling cascade and berberine improved insulin signaling cascade by modification of Ser/Thr phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1) and downstream Akt (T308). Above results suggest that berberine improved insulin sensitivity in PA-stimulated hepatocytes and this regulation might relative with its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiong Lou
- Department of Gerontology, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Nanjing, 1 Jinglin Road, Nanjing, 210001, People's Republic of China
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Siddiqui S, Fang M, Ni B, Lu D, Martin B, Maudsley S. Central role of the EGF receptor in neurometabolic aging. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:739428. [PMID: 22754566 PMCID: PMC3382947 DOI: 10.1155/2012/739428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong connection between neuronal and metabolic health has been revealed in recent years. It appears that both normal and pathophysiological aging, as well as neurodegenerative disorders, are all profoundly influenced by this "neurometabolic" interface, that is, communication between the brain and metabolic organs. An important aspect of this "neurometabolic" axis that needs to be investigated involves an elucidation of molecular factors that knit these two functional signaling domains, neuronal and metabolic, together. This paper attempts to identify and discuss a potential keystone signaling factor in this "neurometabolic" axis, that is, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The EGFR has been previously demonstrated to act as a signaling nexus for many ligand signaling modalities and cellular stressors, for example, radiation and oxidative radicals, linked to aging and degeneration. The EGFR is expressed in a wide variety of cells/tissues that pertain to the coordinated regulation of neurometabolic activity. EGFR signaling has been highlighted directly or indirectly in a spectrum of neurometabolic conditions, for example, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and cardiorespiratory function. Understanding the positioning of the EGFR within the neurometabolic domain will enhance our appreciation of the ability of this receptor system to underpin highly complex physiological paradigms such as aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Siddiqui
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Meng Fang
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bin Ni
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Daoyuan Lu
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- *Stuart Maudsley:
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Zhang Z, Xue HL, Liu Y, Wang WJ. Yi-Qi-Zeng-Min-Tang, a Chinese medicine, ameliorates insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:987-95. [PMID: 21448349 PMCID: PMC3057160 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i8.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of the Chinese herbal decoction, Yi-Qi-Zeng-Min-Tang (YQZMT), on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats.
METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two dietary regiments by feeding either normal pellet diet (NPD) or high fat diet (HFD). Four weeks later, the HFD-fed rats were injected intraperitoneally with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ). Rats with non-fasting blood glucose level ≥ 16.67 mmol/L were considered type 2 diabetic and further divided into five subgroups: the type 2 diabetes model group, low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose YQZMT groups, and rosiglitazone group. Age-matched NPD-fed rats served as controls. YQZMT or rosiglitazone were administered for 8 wk. Intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed before and after the treatment to measure the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Serum levels of biochemical parameters, adipocytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as free fatty acids (FFAs), were also analyzed.
RESULTS: There was significant elevation of insulin resistance and serum levels of fasting glucose (12.82 ± 1.08 mmol/L vs 3.60 ± 0.31 mmol/L, P < 0.01), insulin (7197.36 ± 253.89 pg/mL vs 4820.49 ± 326.89 pg/mL, P < 0.01), total cholesterol (TC) (8.40 ± 0.49 mmol/L vs 2.14 ± 0.06 mmol/L, P < 0.01), triglyceride (2.24 ± 0.12 mmol/L vs 0.78 ± 0.05 mmol/L, P < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (7.84 ± 0.51 mmol/L vs 0.72 ± 0.04 mmol/L, P < 0.01) and decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (0.57 ± 0.03 mmol/L vs 1.27 ± 0.03 mmol/L, P < 0.01) in the low-dose STZ and high-fat diet induced type 2 diabetic group when compared with the control group. Administration of YQZMT induced dose- and time-dependent changes in insulin resistance, glucose and lipid profile, and reduced levels of FFA, TNF-α and IL-6 in the type 2 diabetic rats. After the treatment, compared with the diabetic group, the insulin resistance was ameliorated in the high-dose YQZMT (2.82 g/100 g per day) group, with a significant reduction in serum glucose (12.16 ± 1.00 mmol/L vs 17.65 ± 2.22 mmol/L, P < 0.01), homeostasis model assessment of basal insulin resistance (22.68 ± 2.37 vs 38.79 ± 9.02, P < 0.05), triglyceride (0.87 ± 0.15 mmol/L vs 1.99 ± 0.26 mmol/L, P < 0.01), TC (3.31 ± 0.52 mmol/L vs 6.50 ± 1.04 mmol/L, P < 0.01) and LDL-c (2.47 ± 0.50 mmol/L vs 6.00 ± 1.07 mmol/L, P < 0.01), and a significant increase in HDL-c (0.84 ± 0.08 mmol/L vs 0.50 ± 0.03 mmol/L, P < 0.01). But the body weight was not changed significantly.
CONCLUSION: YQZMT, which ameliorates insulin resistance and does not cause increase in body weight, may be a suitable therapeutic adjunct for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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WEDELLOVÁ Z, DIETRICH J, ŠIKLOVÁ-VÍTKOVÁ M, KOLOŠTOVÁ K, KOVÁČIKOVÁ M, DUŠKOVÁ M, BROŽ J, VEDRAL T, ŠTICH V, POLÁK J. Adiponectin Inhibits Spontaneous and Catecholamine-Induced Lipolysis in Human Adipocytes of Non-Obese Subjects Through AMPK-Dependent Mechanisms. Physiol Res 2011; 60:139-48. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine increasing glucose and fatty acid metabolism and improving insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of adiponectin in the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis. Human adipocytes isolated from biopsies obtained during surgical operations from 16 non-obese and 17 obese subjects were incubated with 1) human adiponectin (20 µg/ml) or 2) 0.5 mM AICAR – activator of AMPK (adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase). Following these incubations, isoprenaline was added (10-6 M) to investigate the influence of adiponectin and AICAR on catecholamine-induced lipolysis. Glycerol concentration was measured as lipolysis marker. We observed that adiponectin suppressed spontaneous lipolysis by 21 % and isoprenaline-induced lipolysis by 14 % in non-obese subjects. These effects were not detectable in obese individuals, but statistically significant differences in the effect of adiponectin between obese and non-obese were not revealed by two way ANOVA test. The inhibitory effect of AICAR and adiponectin on lipolysis was reversed by Compound C. Our results suggest, that adiponectin in physiological concentrations inhibits spontaneous as well as catecholamine-induced lipolysis. This effect might be lower in obese individuals and this regulation seems to involve AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J. POLÁK
- Department of Sport Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Heterogeneous Postprandial Lipoprotein Responses in the Metabolic Syndrome, and Response to Fenofibrate Therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 24:439-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-010-6264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sphingolipid metabolism and analysis in metabolic disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 721:1-17. [PMID: 21910079 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0650-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are an important class of structural and signaling molecules within the cell. As sphingolipids have been implicated in the development and pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, it is important to understand their regulation and metabolism. Although these lipids are initially produced through a common pathway, there is no "generic" sphingolipid. Indeed, the biophysical and signaling properties of lipids may be manipulated by the subunit composition or isoform of their synthetic enzymes, via regulation of substrate integration. Functionally distinct pools of chemically-equivalent lipids may also be generated by de novo synthesis and recycling of existing complex sphingolipids. The highly integrated metabolism of the many bioactive sphingolipids means that manipulation of one enzyme or metabolite can result in a ripple effect, causing unforeseen changes in metabolite levels, enzyme activities, and cellular programmes. Fortunately, a suite of techniques, ranging from thin-layer chromatography to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches, allows investigators to undertake a functional characterization of all or part of the sphingolipidome in their systems of interest.
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Chow L, From A, Seaquist E. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance: the interplay of local lipid excess and mitochondrial dysfunction. Metabolism 2010; 59:70-85. [PMID: 19766267 PMCID: PMC2789850 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chow
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Abstract
Body fat distribution modulates risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. We evaluated potentially involved metabolic risk factors. In a population of 282 male and 157 female healthy subjects (data from the San Antonio and the European Group of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) study cohorts), we evaluated associations between body fat distribution (assessed by waist and hip circumference) and parameters of lipid- and glucose metabolism, including clamp measurements of insulin sensitivity. After stratification for BMI, fasting triglycerides were lower in the presence of a large hip, and higher in a large waist. Persons with the largest BMI (3rd tertile) showed a difference in triglyceride levels of 1.5 vs. 2.4 mmol/l in large vs. small hip circumference groups (P < 0.038), and a difference of 1.5 vs. 1.2 mmol/l in large vs. small waist circumference groups (P < 0.025). A similar analysis did not reveal a difference in insulin sensitivity. Linear regression analyses confirmed the findings; they revealed negative associations between triglycerides and hip, and (for women borderline statistically significant) positive associations between triglycerides and waist, after adjustment for BMI, mutual confounding, and age (beta +/- s.e.; men: -0.48 +/- 0.005, P < 0.001, and 0.21 +/- 0.005, P < 0.05; women: -0.78 +/- 0.007, P < 0.001, and 0.24 +/- 0.005, P < 0.065), respectively. Linear regression analyses revealed similar opposite associations with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, though not with glucose, insulin, or insulin sensitivity as measured with the clamp method. In our study population of healthy persons, body fat distribution is associated with fasting triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol, and not with insulin sensitivity. Metabolic risk of unfavorable body fat distribution may be modulated by lower triglyceride storage capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B Ruige
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Ghent, Belgium
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Lee DE, Kehlenbrink S, Lee H, Hawkins M, Yudkin JS. Getting the message across: mechanisms of physiological cross talk by adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E1210-29. [PMID: 19258492 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00015.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with resistance of skeletal muscle to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, as well as resistance of different organs and tissues to other metabolic and vascular actions of insulin. In addition, the body is exquisitely sensitive to nutrient imbalance, with energy excess or a high-fat diet rapidly increasing insulin resistance, even before noticeable changes occur in fat mass. There is a growing acceptance of the fact that, as well as acting as a storage site for surplus energy, adipose tissue is an important source of signals relevant to, inter alia, energy homeostasis, fertility, and bone turnover. It has also been widely recognized that obesity is a state of low-grade inflammation, with adipose tissue generating substantial quantities of proinflammatory molecules. At a cellular level, the understanding of the signaling pathways responsible for such alterations has been intensively investigated. What is less clear, however, is how alterations of physiology, and of signaling, within one cell or one tissue are communicated to other parts of the body. The concepts of cell signals being disseminated systemically through a circulating "endocrine" signal have been complemented by the view that local signaling may similarly occur through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. Yet, while much elegant work has focused on the alterations in signaling that are found in obesity or energy excess, there has been less attention paid to ways in which such signals may propagate to remote organs. This review of the integrative physiology of obesity critically appraises the data and outlines a series of hypotheses as to how interorgan cross talk takes place. The hypotheses presented include the "fatty acid hypothesis,", the "portal hypothesis,", the "endocrine hypothesis,", the "inflammatory hypothesis,", the "overflow hypothesis,", a novel "vasocrine hypothesis," and a "neural hypothesis," and the strengths and weaknesses of each hypothesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Winthrop University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Suh HN, Huong HT, Song CH, Lee JH, Han HJ. Linoleic acid stimulates gluconeogenesis via Ca2+/PLC, cPLA2, and PPAR pathways through GPR40 in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1518-27. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00368.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids serve vital functions as sources of energy, building materials for cellular structures, and modulators of physiological responses. Therefore, this study examined the effect of linoleic acid on glucose production and its related signal pathways in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. Linoleic acid (double-unsaturated, long chain) increased glucose production in a dose (≥10−4 M)- and time (≥8 h)-dependent manner. Both oleic acid (monounsaturated, long chain) and palmitic acid (saturated, long chain) also increased glucose production, whereas caproic acid (saturated, short chain) failed to increase glucose production. Linoleic acid increased G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40; also known as free fatty acid receptor-1) protein expression and glucose production that was blocked by GPR40-specific small interfering RNA. Linoleic acid increased intracellular calcium concentration, which was blocked by EGTA (extracellular calcium chelator)/BAPTA-AM (intracellular calcium chelator), U-73122 (phospholipase C inhibitor), nifedipine, or methoxyverapamil (L-type calcium channel blockers). Linoleic acid increased cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) phosphorylation and the release of [3H]-labeled arachidonic acid. Moreover, linoleic acid increased the level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, which stimulated the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The increase in PGE2 production subsequently stimulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) expression, and MK-886 (PPAR-α antagonist) and GW-9662 (PPAR-δ antagonist) inhibited glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. In addition, linoleic acid-induced glucose production was blocked by inhibition of extracellular and intracellular calcium, cPLA2, COX-2, or PPAR pathways. In conclusion, linoleic acid promoted glucose production via Ca2+/PLC, cPLA2/COX-2, and PPAR pathways through GPR40 in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes.
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Miccoli R, Bianchi C, Penno G, Del Prato S. Insulin resistance and lipid disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.3.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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