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Cox AJF, Hartley IP, Meir P, Sitch S, Dusenge ME, Restrepo Z, González-Caro S, Villegas JC, Uddling J, Mercado LM. Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity and foliar respiration in Andean tree species to temperature change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2329-2344. [PMID: 36987979 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is causing compositional changes in Andean tropical montane forests (TMFs). These shifts are hypothesised to result from differential responses to warming of cold- and warm-affiliated species, with the former experiencing mortality and the latter migrating upslope. The thermal acclimation potential of Andean TMFs remains unknown. Along a 2000 m Andean altitudinal gradient, we planted individuals of cold- and warm-affiliated species (under common soil and irrigation), exposing them to the hot and cold extremes of their thermal niches, respectively. We measured the response of net photosynthesis (Anet ), photosynthetic capacity and leaf dark respiration (Rdark ) to warming/cooling, 5 months after planting. In all species, Anet and photosynthetic capacity at 25°C were highest when growing at growth temperatures (Tg ) closest to their thermal means, declining with warming and cooling in cold-affiliated and warm-affiliated species, respectively. When expressed at Tg , photosynthetic capacity and Rdark remained unchanged in cold-affiliated species, but the latter decreased in warm-affiliated counterparts. Rdark at 25°C increased with temperature in all species, but remained unchanged when expressed at Tg . Both species groups acclimated to temperature, but only warm-affiliated species decreased Rdark to photosynthetic capacity ratio at Tg as temperature increased. This could confer them a competitive advantage under future warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J F Cox
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RKJ, UK
| | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RKJ, UK
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RKJ, UK
| | - Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RKJ, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Zorayda Restrepo
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Aplicada, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh-Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Sebastian González-Caro
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RKJ, UK
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh-Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Juan Camilo Villegas
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Aplicada, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Lina M Mercado
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RKJ, UK
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh-Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
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2
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Chieppa J, Feller IC, Harris K, Dorrance S, Sturchio MA, Gray E, Tjoelker MG, Aspinwall MJ. Thermal acclimation of leaf respiration is consistent in tropical and subtropical populations of two mangrove species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3174-3187. [PMID: 36882067 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Populations from different climates often show unique growth responses to temperature, reflecting temperature adaptation. Yet, whether populations from different climates differ in physiological temperature acclimation remains unclear. Here, we test whether populations from differing thermal environments exhibit different growth responses to temperature and differences in temperature acclimation of leaf respiration. We grew tropical and subtropical populations of two mangrove species (Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle) under ambient and experimentally warmed conditions in a common garden at the species' northern range limit. We quantified growth and temperature responses of leaf respiration (R) at seven time points over ~10 months. Warming increased productivity of tropical populations more than subtropical populations, reflecting a higher temperature optimum for growth. In both species, R measured at 25 °C declined as seasonal temperatures increased, demonstrating thermal acclimation. Contrary to our expectations, acclimation of R was consistent across populations and temperature treatments. However, populations differed in adjusting the temperature sensitivity of R (Q10) to seasonal temperatures. Following a freeze event, tropical Avicennia showed greater freeze damage than subtropical Avicennia, while both Rhizophora populations appeared equally susceptible. We found evidence of temperature adaptation at the whole-plant scale but little evidence for population differences in thermal acclimation of leaf physiology. Studies that examine potential costs and benefits of thermal acclimation in an evolutionary context may provide new insights into limits of thermal acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Chieppa
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- College of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ilka C Feller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Kylie Harris
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Susannah Dorrance
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Matthew A Sturchio
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Eve Gray
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Aspinwall
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- College of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Formation Environmental LLC, 1631 Alhambra Blvd, Suite 220, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
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3
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Vinod N, Slot M, McGregor IR, Ordway EM, Smith MN, Taylor TC, Sack L, Buckley TN, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Thermal sensitivity across forest vertical profiles: patterns, mechanisms, and ecological implications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:22-47. [PMID: 36239086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures are influencing forests on many scales, with potentially strong variation vertically across forest strata. Using published research and new analyses, we evaluate how microclimate and leaf temperatures, traits, and gas exchange vary vertically in forests, shaping tree, and ecosystem ecology. In closed-canopy forests, upper canopy leaves are exposed to the highest solar radiation and evaporative demand, which can elevate leaf temperature (Tleaf ), particularly when transpirational cooling is curtailed by limited stomatal conductance. However, foliar traits also vary across height or light gradients, partially mitigating and protecting against the elevation of upper canopy Tleaf . Leaf metabolism generally increases with height across the vertical gradient, yet differences in thermal sensitivity across the gradient appear modest. Scaling from leaves to trees, canopy trees have higher absolute metabolic capacity and growth, yet are more vulnerable to drought and damaging Tleaf than their smaller counterparts, particularly under climate change. By contrast, understory trees experience fewer extreme high Tleaf 's but have fewer cooling mechanisms and thus may be strongly impacted by warming under some conditions, particularly when exposed to a harsher microenvironment through canopy disturbance. As the climate changes, integrating the patterns and mechanisms reviewed here into models will be critical to forecasting forest-climate feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Vinod
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ian R McGregor
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Elsa M Ordway
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
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4
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Carter KR, Wood TE, Reed SC, Butts KM, Cavaleri MA. Experimental warming across a tropical forest canopy height gradient reveals minimal photosynthetic and respiratory acclimation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2879-2897. [PMID: 34169547 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forest canopies cycle vast amounts of carbon, yet we still have a limited understanding of how these critical ecosystems will respond to climate warming. We implemented in situ leaf-level + 3°C experimental warming from the understory to the upper canopy of two Puerto Rican tropical tree species, Guarea guidonia and Ocotea sintenisii. After approximately 1 month of continuous warming, we assessed adjustments in photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance, leaf traits and foliar respiration. Warming did not alter net photosynthetic temperature response for either species; however, the optimum temperature of Ocotea understory leaf photosynthetic electron transport shifted upward. There was no Ocotea respiratory treatment effect, while Guarea respiratory temperature sensitivity (Q10 ) was down-regulated in heated leaves. The optimum temperatures for photosynthesis (Topt ) decreased 3-5°C from understory to the highest canopy position, perhaps due to upper canopy stomatal conductance limitations. Guarea upper canopy Topt was similar to the mean daytime temperatures, while Ocotea canopy leaves often operated above Topt . With minimal acclimation to warmer temperatures in the upper canopy, further warming could put these forests at risk of reduced CO2 uptake, which could weaken the overall carbon sink strength of this tropical forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Carter
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tana E Wood
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Jardin Botánico Sur, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Sasha C Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah, USA
| | - Kaylie M Butts
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Molly A Cavaleri
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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5
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Xing H, Zhou W, Wang C, Li L, Li X, Cui N, Hao W, Liu F, Wang Y. Excessive nitrogen application under moderate soil water deficit decreases photosynthesis, respiration, carbon gain and water use efficiency of maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:1065-1075. [PMID: 34293606 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The impact of water stress and nitrogen (N) nutrition on leaf respiration (R), carbon balance and water use efficiency (WUE) remains largely elusive. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of soil water and N stresses on growth, physiological responses, leaf structure, carbon gain and WUE of maize. The plants were subjected to different soil water and N regimes to maturity. The results showed that the photosynthesis (An) and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased significantly under the water stressed treatments across the N treatments mainly ascribed to the decreased plant water status. The moderate water stress reduced the photosynthetic capacity and activity and also caused damage to the structure of leaves, resulting in the significant reduction of An, and thus decreased WUEi. The dark respiration (Rd) was significantly decreased due to the damage of mitochondria, however, the Rd/An increased significantly and the carbon gain was seriously compromised, eventually inhibiting biomass growth under the moderately water stressed treatment. Increasing N dose further aggravated the severity of water deficit, decreased An, Gs and WUEi, damaged the structure and reduced the number of mitochondria of leaves, while increased Rd/An considerably under moderate water stress. Consequently, the biomass accumulation, carbon gain and plant level WUEp in the moderately water stressed treatment decreased markedly under the high N supply. Therefore, excessive N application should be avoided when plants suffer soil water stress in maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanli Xing
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningbo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiping Hao
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Yaosheng Wang
- State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use of Crops and Disaster Loss Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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6
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Mujawamariya M, Wittemann M, Manishimwe A, Ntirugulirwa B, Zibera E, Nsabimana D, Wallin G, Uddling J, Dusenge ME. Complete or overcompensatory thermal acclimation of leaf dark respiration in African tropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2548-2561. [PMID: 33113226 PMCID: PMC7898918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tropical climates are getting warmer, with pronounced dry periods in large areas. The productivity and climate feedbacks of future tropical forests depend on the ability of trees to acclimate their physiological processes, such as leaf dark respiration (Rd ), to these new conditions. However, knowledge on this is currently limited due to data scarcity. We studied the impact of growth temperature on Rd and its dependency on net photosynthesis (An ), leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in 16 early-successional (ES) and late-successional (LS) tropical tree species in multispecies plantations along an elevation gradient (Rwanda TREE project). Moreover, we explored the effect of drought on Rd in one ES and one LS species. Leaf Rd at 20°C decreased at warmer sites, regardless if it was expressed per unit leaf area, mass, N or P. This acclimation resulted in an 8% and a 28% decrease in Rd at prevailing nighttime temperatures in trees at the intermediate and warmest sites, respectively. Moreover, drought reduced Rd , particularly in the ES species and at the coolest site. Thermal acclimation of Rd is complete or overcompensatory and independent of changes in leaf nutrients or LMA in African tropical trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mujawamariya
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Maria Wittemann
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Aloysie Manishimwe
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Bonaventure Ntirugulirwa
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
- Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Development BoardPO Box 5016KigaliRwanda
| | - Etienne Zibera
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
| | - Donat Nsabimana
- School of Forestry and Biodiversity and Biological SciencesUniversity of RwandaBusogoRwanda
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
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7
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Flack-Prain S, Meir P, Malhi Y, Smallman TL, Williams M. Does economic optimisation explain LAI and leaf trait distributions across an Amazon soil moisture gradient? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:587-605. [PMID: 32979883 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf area index (LAI) underpins terrestrial ecosystem functioning, yet our ability to predict LAI remains limited. Across Amazon forests, mean LAI, LAI seasonal dynamics and leaf traits vary with soil moisture stress. We hypothesise that LAI variation can be predicted via an optimality-based approach, using net canopy C export (NCE, photosynthesis minus the C cost of leaf growth and maintenance) as a fitness proxy. We applied a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model to seven plots across a moisture stress gradient with detailed in situ measurements, to determine nominal plant C budgets. For each plot, we then compared observations and simulations of the nominal (i.e. observed) C budget to simulations of alternative, experimental budgets. Experimental budgets were generated by forcing the model with synthetic LAI timeseries (across a range of mean LAI and LAI seasonality) and different leaf trait combinations (leaf mass per unit area, lifespan, photosynthetic capacity and respiration rate) operating along the leaf economic spectrum. Observed mean LAI and LAI seasonality across the soil moisture stress gradient maximised NCE, and were therefore consistent with optimality-based predictions. Yet, the predictive power of an optimality-based approach was limited due to the asymptotic response of simulated NCE to mean LAI and LAI seasonality. Leaf traits fundamentally shaped the C budget, determining simulated optimal LAI and total NCE. Long-lived leaves with lower maximum photosynthetic capacity maximised simulated NCE under aseasonal high mean LAI, with the reverse found for short-lived leaves and higher maximum photosynthetic capacity. The simulated leaf trait LAI trade-offs were consistent with observed distributions. We suggest that a range of LAI strategies could be equally economically viable at local level, though we note several ecological limitations to this interpretation (e.g. between-plant competition). In addition, we show how leaf trait trade-offs enable divergence in canopy strategies. Our results also allow an assessment of the usefulness of optimality-based approaches in simulating primary tropical forest functioning, evaluated against in situ data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas L Smallman
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathew Williams
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Kvakić M, Tzagkarakis G, Pellerin S, Ciais P, Goll D, Mollier A, Ringeval B. Carbon and Phosphorus Allocation in Annual Plants: An Optimal Functioning Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:149. [PMID: 32174939 PMCID: PMC7056904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is the second most important nutrient after nitrogen (N) and can greatly diminish plant productivity if P supply is not adequate. Plants respond to soil P availability by adjusting root biomass to maintain uptake and productivity due to P use. In spite of our vast knowledge on P effects on plant growth, how to functionally model enhanced root biomass allocation in low P environments is not fully explored. We develop a dynamic plant model based on the principle of optimal carbon (C) and P allocation to investigate growth and functional response to contrasting levels of soil P availability. By describing plant growth as a balance of growth and respiration processes, we optimize C and P allocation in order to maximize leaf productivity and drive plant response. We compare our model to a field trial and a set of hydroponic experiments which describe plant response at varying P availabilities. The model is able to reproduce long-term plant functional response to different P levels like change in root-shoot ratio (RSR), total biomass and organ P concentration. But it is not capable of fully describing the time evolution of organ P uptake and cycling within the plant. Most notable is the underestimation of organ P uptake during the vegetative growth stage which is due to the model's leaf productivity formalism. In spite of the model's parsimonious nature, which optimizes for and predicts whole plant response through leaf productivity alone, the optimal growth hypothesis can provide a reasonable framework for modelling plant response to environmental change that can be used in more physically driven vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kvakić
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - George Tzagkarakis
- Signal Processing Laboratory, ICS—Foundation for Research & Technology—Hellas (FORTH), Crete, Greece
| | | | - Philippe Ciais
- LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Goll
- LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alain Mollier
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Bruno Ringeval
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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9
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Liu Z, Hikosaka K, Li F, Jin G. Variations in leaf economics spectrum traits for an evergreen coniferous species: Tree size dominates over environment factors. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Liu
- Center for Ecological Research Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management‐Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Kouki Hikosaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Fengri Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management‐Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
- School of Forestry Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management‐Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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10
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Cushman KC, Kellner JR. Prediction of forest aboveground net primary production from high-resolution vertical leaf-area profiles. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:538-546. [PMID: 30632240 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Temperature and precipitation explain about half the variation in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) among tropical forest sites, but determinants of remaining variation are poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that the amount of leaf area, and its vertical arrangement, predicts ANPP when other variables are held constant. Using measurements from airborne lidar in a lowland Neotropical rain forest, we quantify vertical leaf-area profiles and develop models of ANPP driven by leaf area and other measurements of forest structure. Vertical leaf-area profiles predict 38% of the variation among plots. This number is 4.5 times greater than models using total leaf area (disregarding vertical arrangement) and 2.1 times greater than models using canopy height alone. Furthermore, ANPP predictions from vertical leaf-area profiles were less biased than alternate metrics. Variation in ANPP not attributable to temperature or precipitation can be predicted by the vertical distribution of leaf area in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Cushman
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - James R Kellner
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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11
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Mapping the Leaf Economic Spectrum across West African Tropical Forests Using UAV-Acquired Hyperspectral Imagery. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economic spectrum (LES) describes a set of universal trade-offs between leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen (N), leaf phosphorus (P) and leaf photosynthesis that influence patterns of primary productivity and nutrient cycling. Many questions regarding vegetation-climate feedbacks can be addressed with a better understanding of LES traits and their controls. Remote sensing offers enormous potential for generating large-scale LES trait data. Yet so far, canopy studies have been limited to imaging spectrometers onboard aircraft, which are rare, expensive to deploy and lack fine-scale resolution. In this study, we measured VNIR (visible-near infrared (400–1050 nm)) reflectance of individual sun and shade leaves in 7 one-ha tropical forest plots located along a 1200–2000 mm precipitation gradient in West Africa. We collected hyperspectral imaging data from 3 of the 7 plots, using an octocopter-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), mounted with a hyperspectral mapping system (450–950 nm, 9 nm FWHM). Using partial least squares regression (PLSR), we found that the spectra of individual sun leaves demonstrated significant (p < 0.01) correlations with LMA and leaf chemical traits: r2 = 0.42 (LMA), r2 = 0.43 (N), r2 = 0.21 (P), r2 = 0.20 (leaf potassium (K)), r2 = 0.23 (leaf calcium (Ca)) and r2 = 0.14 (leaf magnesium (Mg)). Shade leaf spectra displayed stronger relationships with all leaf traits. At the airborne level, four of the six leaf traits demonstrated weak (p < 0.10) correlations with the UAV-collected spectra of 58 tree crowns: r2 = 0.25 (LMA), r2 = 0.22 (N), r2 = 0.22 (P), and r2 = 0.25 (Ca). From the airborne imaging data, we used LMA, N and P values to map the LES across the three plots, revealing precipitation and substrate as co-dominant drivers of trait distributions and relationships. Positive N-P correlations and LMA-P anticorrelations followed typical LES theory, but we found no classic trade-offs between LMA and N. Overall, this study demonstrates the application of UAVs to generating LES information and advancing the study and monitoring tropical forest functional diversity.
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12
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Bahar NHA, Gauthier PPG, O Sullivan OS, Brereton T, Evans JR, Atkin OK. Phosphorus deficiency alters scaling relationships between leaf gas exchange and associated traits in a wide range of contrasting Eucalyptus species. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:813-826. [PMID: 32291064 DOI: 10.1071/fp17134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) limitation is known to have substantial impacts on leaf metabolism. However, uncertainty remains around whether P deficiency alters scaling functions linking leaf metabolism to associated traits. We investigated the effect of P deficiency on leaf gas exchange and related leaf traits in 17 contrasting Eucalyptus species that exhibit inherent differences in leaf traits. Saplings were grown under controlled-environment conditions in a glasshouse, where they were subjected to minus and plus P treatments for 15 weeks. P deficiency decreased P concentrations and increased leaf mass per area (LMA) of newly-developed leaves. Rates of photosynthesis (A) and respiration (R) were also reduced in P-deficient plants compared with P-fertilised plants. By contrast, P deficiency had little effect on the temperature sensitivity of R. Irrespective of P treatment, on a log-log basis A and R scaled positively with increasing leaf nitrogen concentration [N] and negatively with increasing LMA. Although P deficiency had limited impact on A-R-LMA relationships, rates of CO2 exchange per unit N were consistently lower in P-deficient plants. Our results highlight the importance of P supply for leaf carbon metabolism and show how P deficiencies (i.e. when excluding confounding genotypic and environmental effects) can have a direct effect on commonly used leaf trait scaling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur H A Bahar
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Paul P G Gauthier
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Odhran S O Sullivan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas Brereton
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Our ability to understand and predict the response of ecosystems to a changing environment depends on quantifying vegetation functional diversity. However, representing this diversity at the global scale is challenging. Typically, in Earth system models, characterization of plant diversity has been limited to grouping related species into plant functional types (PFTs), with all trait variation in a PFT collapsed into a single mean value that is applied globally. Using the largest global plant trait database and state of the art Bayesian modeling, we created fine-grained global maps of plant trait distributions that can be applied to Earth system models. Focusing on a set of plant traits closely coupled to photosynthesis and foliar respiration-specific leaf area (SLA) and dry mass-based concentrations of leaf nitrogen ([Formula: see text]) and phosphorus ([Formula: see text]), we characterize how traits vary within and among over 50,000 [Formula: see text]-km cells across the entire vegetated land surface. We do this in several ways-without defining the PFT of each grid cell and using 4 or 14 PFTs; each model's predictions are evaluated against out-of-sample data. This endeavor advances prior trait mapping by generating global maps that preserve variability across scales by using modern Bayesian spatial statistical modeling in combination with a database over three times larger than that in previous analyses. Our maps reveal that the most diverse grid cells possess trait variability close to the range of global PFT means.
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14
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Maréchaux I, Chave J. An individual-based forest model to jointly simulate carbon and tree diversity in Amazonia: description and applications. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Maréchaux
- CNRS; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
- AgroParisTech-ENGREF; 19 avenue du Maine F-75015 Paris France
| | - Jérôme Chave
- CNRS; Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
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15
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Crous KY, O'Sullivan OS, Zaragoza-Castells J, Bloomfield KJ, Negrini ACA, Meir P, Turnbull MH, Griffin KL, Atkin OK. Nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities interact to modulate leaf trait scaling relationships across six plant functional types in a controlled-environment study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:992-1008. [PMID: 28505389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have key roles in leaf metabolism, resulting in a strong coupling of chemical composition traits to metabolic rates in field-based studies. However, in such studies, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of nutrient supply per se on trait-trait relationships. Our study assessed how high and low N (5 mM and 0.4 mM, respectively) and P (1 mM and 2 μM, respectively) supply in 37 species from six plant functional types (PTFs) affected photosynthesis (A) and respiration (R) (in darkness and light) in a controlled environment. Low P supply increased scaling exponents (slopes) of area-based log-log A-N or R-N relationships when N supply was not limiting, whereas there was no P effect under low N supply. By contrast, scaling exponents of A-P and R-P relationships were altered by P and N supply. Neither R : A nor light inhibition of leaf R was affected by nutrient supply. Light inhibition was 26% across nutrient treatments; herbaceous species exhibited a lower degree of light inhibition than woody species. Because N and P supply modulates leaf trait-trait relationships, the next generation of terrestrial biosphere models may need to consider how limitations in N and P availability affect trait-trait relationships when predicting carbon exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y Crous
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Odhran S O'Sullivan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Joana Zaragoza-Castells
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Keith J Bloomfield
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - A Clarissa A Negrini
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Patrick Meir
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environment Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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16
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Rowland L, Zaragoza‐Castells J, Bloomfield KJ, Turnbull MH, Bonal D, Burban B, Salinas N, Cosio E, Metcalfe DJ, Ford A, Phillips OL, Atkin OK, Meir P. Scaling leaf respiration with nitrogen and phosphorus in tropical forests across two continents. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1064-1077. [PMID: 27159833 PMCID: PMC5412872 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dark respiration (Rdark ) represents an important component controlling the carbon balance in tropical forests. Here, we test how nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) affect Rdark and its relationship with photosynthesis using three widely separated tropical forests which differ in soil fertility. Rdark was measured on 431 rainforest canopy trees, from 182 species, in French Guiana, Peru and Australia. The variation in Rdark was examined in relation to leaf N and P content, leaf structure and maximum photosynthetic rates at ambient and saturating atmospheric CO2 concentration. We found that the site with the lowest fertility (French Guiana) exhibited greater rates of Rdark per unit leaf N, P and photosynthesis. The data from Australia, for which there were no phylogenetic overlaps with the samples from the South American sites, yielded the most distinct relationships of Rdark with the measured leaf traits. Our data indicate that no single universal scaling relationship accounts for variation in Rdark across this large biogeographical space. Variability between sites in the absolute rates of Rdark and the Rdark : photosynthesis ratio were driven by variations in N- and P-use efficiency, which were related to both taxonomic and environmental variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rowland
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3JNUK
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterAmory BuildingExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | - Joana Zaragoza‐Castells
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3JNUK
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterAmory BuildingExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | - Keith J. Bloomfield
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601ACTAustralia
| | - Matthew H. Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative EcologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag4800ChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRAUMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie ForestieresChampenoux54280France
| | - Benoit Burban
- INRA UMR‐ECOFOGCampus agronomique ‐ BP 31697379KourouFrench GuianaFrance
| | - Norma Salinas
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Eric Cosio
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica del PeruSeccion QuimicaAv Universitaria 1801, San MiguelLimaPeru
| | - Daniel J. Metcalfe
- CSIROLand and WaterTropical Forest Research CentreAthertonQLD4883Australia
| | - Andrew Ford
- CSIROLand and WaterTropical Forest Research CentreAthertonQLD4883Australia
| | | | - Owen K. Atkin
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601ACTAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy BiologyDivision of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601ACTAustralia
| | - Patrick Meir
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterAmory BuildingExeterEX4 4RJUK
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra2601ACTAustralia
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17
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Meir P, Shenkin A, Disney M, Rowland L, Malhi Y, Herold M, da Costa ACL. Plant Structure-Function Relationships and Woody Tissue Respiration: Upscaling to Forests from Laser-Derived Measurements. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68703-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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18
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Atkin OK, Bahar NHA, Bloomfield KJ, Griffin KL, Heskel MA, Huntingford C, de la Torre AM, Turnbull MH. Leaf Respiration in Terrestrial Biosphere Models. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68703-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Turnbull MH, Griffin KL, Fyllas NM, Lloyd J, Meir P, Atkin OK. Separating species and environmental determinants of leaf functional traits in temperate rainforest plants along a soil-development chronosequence. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:751-765. [PMID: 32480501 DOI: 10.1071/fp16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We measured a diverse range of foliar characteristics in shrub and tree species in temperate rainforest communities along a soil chronosequence (six sites from 8 to 120000 years) and used multilevel model analysis to attribute the proportion of variance for each trait into genetic (G, here meaning species-level), environmental (E) and residual error components. We hypothesised that differences in leaf traits would be driven primarily by changes in soil nutrient availability during ecosystem progression and retrogression. Several leaf structural, chemical and gas-exchange traits were more strongly driven by G than E effects. For leaf mass per unit area (MA), foliar [N], net CO2 assimilation and dark respiration rates and foliar carbohydrate concentration, the G component accounted for 60-87% of the total variance, with the variability associated with plot, the E effect, much less important. Other traits, such as foliar [P] and N:P, displayed strong E and residual effects. Analyses revealed significant reductions in the slopes of G-only bivariate relationships when compared with raw relationships, indicating that a large proportion of trait-trait relationships is species based, and not a response to environment per se. This should be accounted for when assessing the mechanistic basis for using such relationships in order to make predictions of responses of plants to short-term environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA
| | - Nikolaos M Fyllas
- Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Jon Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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20
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Asao S, Bedoya-Arrieta R, Ryan MG. Variation in foliar respiration and wood CO2 efflux rates among species and canopy layers in a wet tropical forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:148-159. [PMID: 25597756 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As tropical forests respond to environmental change, autotrophic respiration may consume a greater proportion of carbon fixed in photosynthesis at the expense of growth, potentially turning the forests into a carbon source. Predicting such a response requires that we measure and place autotrophic respiration in a complete carbon budget, but extrapolating measurements of autotrophic respiration from chambers to ecosystem remains a challenge. High plant species diversity and complex canopy structure may cause respiration rates to vary and measurements that do not account for this complexity may introduce bias in extrapolation more detrimental than uncertainty. Using experimental plantations of four native tree species with two canopy layers, we examined whether species and canopy layers vary in foliar respiration and wood CO2 efflux and whether the variation relates to commonly used scalars of mass, nitrogen (N), photosynthetic capacity and wood size. Foliar respiration rate varied threefold between canopy layers, ∼0.74 μmol m(-2) s(-1) in the overstory and ∼0.25 μmol m(-2) s(-1) in the understory, but little among species. Leaf mass per area, N and photosynthetic capacity explained some of the variation, but height explained more. Chamber measurements of foliar respiration thus can be extrapolated to the canopy with rates and leaf area specific to each canopy layer or height class. If area-based rates are sampled across canopy layers, the area-based rate may be regressed against leaf mass per area to derive the slope (per mass rate) to extrapolate to the canopy using the total leaf mass. Wood CO2 efflux varied 1.0-1.6 μmol m(-2) s(-1) for overstory trees and 0.6-0.9 μmol m(-2) s(-1) for understory species. The variation in wood CO2 efflux rate was mostly related to wood size, and little to species, canopy layer or height. Mean wood CO2 efflux rate per surface area, derived by regressing CO2 efflux per mass against the ratio of surface area to mass, can be extrapolated to the stand using total wood surface area. The temperature response of foliar respiration was similar for three of the four species, and wood CO2 efflux was similar between wet and dry seasons. For these species and this forest, vertical sampling may yield more accurate estimates than would temporal sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Asao
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1401, USA Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA
| | - Ricardo Bedoya-Arrieta
- La Selva Biological Station, Organization for Tropical Studies, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1499, USA Emeritus, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Street, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
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21
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Weerasinghe LK, Creek D, Crous KY, Xiang S, Liddell MJ, Turnbull MH, Atkin OK. Canopy position affects the relationships between leaf respiration and associated traits in a tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:564-584. [PMID: 24722001 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We explored the impact of canopy position on leaf respiration (R) and associated traits in tree and shrub species growing in a lowland tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland, Australia. The range of traits quantified included: leaf R in darkness (RD) and in the light (RL; estimated using the Kok method); the temperature (T)-sensitivity of RD; light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat); leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA); and concentrations of leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), soluble sugars and starch. We found that LMA, and area-based N, P, sugars and starch concentrations were all higher in sun-exposed/upper canopy leaves, compared with their shaded/lower canopy and deep-shade/understory counterparts; similarly, area-based rates of RD, RL and Asat (at 28 °C) were all higher in the upper canopy leaves, indicating higher metabolic capacity in the upper canopy. The extent to which light inhibited R did not differ significantly between upper and lower canopy leaves, with the overall average inhibition being 32% across both canopy levels. Log-log RD-Asat relationships differed between upper and lower canopy leaves, with upper canopy leaves exhibiting higher rates of RD for a given Asat (both on an area and mass basis), as well as higher mass-based rates of RD for a given [N] and [P]. Over the 25-45 °C range, the T-sensitivity of RD was similar in upper and lower canopy leaves, with both canopy positions exhibiting Q10 values near 2.0 (i.e., doubling for every 10 °C rise in T) and Tmax values near 60 °C (i.e., T where RD reached maximal values). Thus, while rates of RD at 28 °C decreased with increasing depth in the canopy, the T-dependence of RD remained constant; these findings have important implications for vegetation-climate models that seek to predict carbon fluxes between tropical lowland rainforests and the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasantha K Weerasinghe
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Danielle Creek
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Shuang Xiang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Michael J Liddell
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainable Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns 4870, Australia
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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22
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Slot M, Rey-Sánchez C, Winter K, Kitajima K. Trait-based scaling of temperature-dependent foliar respiration in a species-rich tropical forest canopy. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Slot
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panamá
| | - Camilo Rey-Sánchez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panamá
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panamá
| | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Republic of Panamá
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23
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Slot M, Wright SJ, Kitajima K. Foliar respiration and its temperature sensitivity in trees and lianas: in situ measurements in the upper canopy of a tropical forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:505-15. [PMID: 23592296 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dark respiration (R) and its temperature sensitivity are essential for efforts to model carbon fluxes in tropical forests under current and future temperature regimes, but insufficient data exist to generalize patterns of R in species-rich tropical forests. Here, we tested the hypothesis that R and its temperature sensitivity (expressed as Q10, the proportional increase in R with a 10 °C rise in temperature) vary in relation to leaf functional traits, and among plant functional types (PFTs). We conducted in situ measurements of R of 461 leaves of 26 species of tree and liana in the upper canopy of a tropical forest in Panama. A construction crane allowed repeated non-destructive access to measure leaves kept in the dark since the previous night and equilibrated to the ambient temperature of 23-31 °C in the morning. R at 25 °C (R25) varied among species (mean 1.11 μmol m(-2) s(-1); range 0.72-1.79 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) but did not differ significantly among PFTs. R25 correlated positively with photosynthetic capacity, leaf mass per unit area, concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, and negatively with leaf lifespan. Q10 estimated for each species was on average higher than the 2.0 often assumed in coupled climate-vegetation models (mean 2.19; range 1.24-3.66). Early-successional tree species had higher Q10 values than other functional types, but interspecific variation in Q10 values was not correlated with other leaf traits. Similarity in respiration characteristics across PFTs, and relatively strong correlations of R with other leaf functional traits offer potential for trait-based vegetation modeling in species-rich tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Slot
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Nutrient limitation in rainforests and cloud forests along a 3,000-m elevation gradient in the Peruvian Andes. Oecologia 2012. [PMID: 23180422 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report results from a large-scale nutrient fertilization experiment along a "megadiverse" (154 unique species were included in the study) 3,000-m elevation transect in the Peruvian Andes and adjacent lowland Amazonia. Our objectives were to test if nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation shift along this elevation gradient, and to determine how an alleviation of nutrient limitation would manifest in ecosystem changes. Tree height decreased with increasing elevation, but leaf area index (LAI) and diameter at breast height (DBH) did not vary with elevation. Leaf N:P decreased with increasing elevation (from 24 at 200 m to 11 at 3,000 m), suggesting increased N limitation and decreased P limitation with increasing elevation. After 4 years of fertilization (N, P, N + P), plots at the lowland site (200 m) fertilized with N + P showed greater relative growth rates in DBH than did the control plots; no significant differences were evident at the 1,000 m site, and plots fertilized with N at the highest elevation sites (1,500, 3,000 m) showed greater relative growth rates in DBH than did the control plots, again suggesting increased N constraint with elevation. Across elevations in general N fertilization led to an increase in microbial respiration, while P and N + P addition led to an increase in root respiration and corresponding decrease in hyphal respiration. There was no significant canopy response (LAI, leaf nutrients) to fertilization, suggesting that photosynthetic capacity was not N or P limited in these ecosystems. In sum, our study significantly advances ecological understanding of nutrient cycling and ecosystem response in a region where our collective knowledge and data are sparse: we demonstrate N limitation in high elevation tropical montane forests, N and P co-limitation in lowland Amazonia, and a nutrient limitation response manifested not in canopy changes, but rather in stem and belowground changes.
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Stahl C, Burban B, Wagner F, Goret JY, Bompy F, Bonal D. Influence of Seasonal Variations in Soil Water Availability on Gas Exchange of Tropical Canopy Trees. Biotropica 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Stahl
- INRA, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; Campus Agronomique BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | - Benoit Burban
- INRA, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; Campus Agronomique BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | - Fabien Wagner
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | - Jean-Yves Goret
- INRA, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; Campus Agronomique BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
| | - Félix Bompy
- INRA, UMR 745 ‘Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane’; Campus Agronomique BP 709; 97387; Kourou Cedex; French Guiana
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26
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Wood TE, Cavaleri MA, Reed SC. Tropical forest carbon balance in a warmer world: a critical review spanning microbial- to ecosystem-scale processes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:912-27. [PMID: 22607308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tropical forests play a major role in regulating global carbon (C) fluxes and stocks, and even small changes to C cycling in this productive biome could dramatically affect atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) concentrations. Temperature is expected to increase over all land surfaces in the future, yet we have a surprisingly poor understanding of how tropical forests will respond to this significant climatic change. Here we present a contemporary synthesis of the existing data and what they suggest about how tropical forests will respond to increasing temperatures. Our goals were to: (i) determine whether there is enough evidence to support the conclusion that increased temperature will affect tropical forest C balance; (ii) if there is sufficient evidence, determine what direction this effect will take; and, (iii) establish what steps should to be taken to resolve the uncertainties surrounding tropical forest responses to increasing temperatures. We approach these questions from a mass-balance perspective and therefore focus primarily on the effects of temperature on inputs and outputs of C, spanning microbial- to ecosystem-scale responses. We found that, while there is the strong potential for temperature to affect processes related to C cycling and storage in tropical forests, a notable lack of data combined with the physical, biological and chemical diversity of the forests themselves make it difficult to resolve this issue with certainty. We suggest a variety of experimental approaches that could help elucidate how tropical forests will respond to warming, including large-scale in situ manipulation experiments, longer term field experiments, the incorporation of a range of scales in the investigation of warming effects (both spatial and temporal), as well as the inclusion of a diversity of tropical forest sites. Finally, we highlight areas of tropical forest research where notably few data are available, including temperature effects on: nutrient cycling, heterotrophic versus autotrophic respiration, thermal acclimation versus substrate limitation of plant and microbial communities, below-ground C allocation, species composition (plant and microbial), and the hydraulic architecture of roots. Whether or not tropical forests will become a source or a sink of C in a warmer world remains highly uncertain. Given the importance of these ecosystems to the global C budget, resolving this uncertainty is a primary research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana E Wood
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Jardín Botánico Sur, Río Piedras, PR, USA.
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27
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Mercado LM, Patiño S, Domingues TF, Fyllas NM, Weedon GP, Sitch S, Quesada CA, Phillips OL, Aragão LEOC, Malhi Y, Dolman AJ, Restrepo-Coupe N, Saleska SR, Baker TR, Almeida S, Higuchi N, Lloyd J. Variations in Amazon forest productivity correlated with foliar nutrients and modelled rates of photosynthetic carbon supply. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:3316-29. [PMID: 22006971 PMCID: PMC3179632 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of above-ground woody biomass production, W(P), in some western Amazon forests exceeds those in the east by a factor of 2 or more. Underlying causes may include climate, soil nutrient limitations and species composition. In this modelling paper, we explore the implications of allowing key nutrients such as N and P to constrain the photosynthesis of Amazon forests, and also we examine the relationship between modelled rates of photosynthesis and the observed gradients in W(P). We use a model with current understanding of the underpinning biochemical processes as affected by nutrient availability to assess: (i) the degree to which observed spatial variations in foliar [N] and [P] across Amazonia affect stand-level photosynthesis; and (ii) how these variations in forest photosynthetic carbon acquisition relate to the observed geographical patterns of stem growth across the Amazon Basin. We find nutrient availability to exert a strong effect on photosynthetic carbon gain across the Basin and to be a likely important contributor to the observed gradient in W(P). Phosphorus emerges as more important than nitrogen in accounting for the observed variations in productivity. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of future tropical forests under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Mercado
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK.
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Photosynthetic parameters, dark respiration and leaf traits in the canopy of a Peruvian tropical montane cloud forest. Oecologia 2011; 168:23-34. [PMID: 21833645 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available describing the photosynthetic parameters of the leaves of tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF). Here, we present a study of photosynthetic leaf traits (V(cmax) and J(max)), foliar dark respiration (R(d)), foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and leaf mass per area (LMA) throughout the canopy for five different TMCF species at 3025 m a.s.l. in Andean Peru. All leaf traits showed a significant relationship with canopy height when expressed on an area basis, and V(cmax-area) and J(max-area) almost halved when descending through the TMCF canopy. When corrected to a common temperature, average V(cmax) and J(max) on a leaf area basis were similar to lowland tropical values, but lower when expressed on a mass basis, because of the higher TMCF LMA values. By contrast, R(d) on an area basis was higher than found in tropical lowland forests at a common temperature, and similar to lowland forests on a mass basis. The TMCF J(max)-V(cmax) relationship was steeper than in other tropical biomes, and we propose that this can be explained by either the light conditions or the relatively low VPD in the studied TMCF. Furthermore, V(cmax) had a significant-though relatively weak and shallow-relationship with N on an area basis, but not with P, which is consistent with the general hypothesis that TMCFs are N rather than P limited. Finally, the observed V(cmax)-N relationship (i.e., maximum photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency) was distinctly different from those in tropical and temperate regions, probably because the TMCF leaves compensate for reduced Rubisco activity in cool environments.
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29
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Cavaleri MA, Oberbauer SF, Clark DB, Clark DA, Ryan MG. Height is more important than light in determining leaf morphology in a tropical forest. Ecology 2010; 91:1730-9. [PMID: 20583714 DOI: 10.1890/09-1326.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Both within and between species, leaf physiological parameters are strongly related to leaf dry mass per area (LMA, g/m2), which has been found to increase from forest floor to canopy top in every forest where it has been measured. Although vertical LMA gradients in forests have historically been attributed to a direct phenotypic response to light, an increasing number of recent studies have provided evidence that water limitation in the upper canopy can constrain foliar morphological adaptations to higher light levels. We measured height, light, and LMA of all species encountered along 45 vertical canopy transects across a Costa Rican tropical rain forest. LMA was correlated with light levels in the lower canopy until approximately 18 m sample height and 22% diffuse transmittance. Height showed a remarkably linear relationship with LMA throughout the entire vertical canopy profile for all species pooled and for each functional group individually (except epiphytes), possibly through the influence of gravity on leaf water potential and turgor pressure. Models of forest function may be greatly simplified by estimating LMA-correlated leaf physiological parameters solely from foliage height profiles, which in turn can be assessed with satellite- and aircraft-based remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Cavaleri
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, USA.
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30
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Richards AE, Schmidt S. Complementary resource use by tree species in a rain forest tree plantation. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 20:1237-1254. [PMID: 20666247 DOI: 10.1890/09-1180.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-species tree plantations, composed of high-value native rain forest timbers, are potential forestry systems for the subtropics and tropics that can provide ecological and production benefits. Choices of rain forest tree species for mixtures are generally based on the concept that assemblages of fast-growing and light-demanding species are less productive than assemblages of species with different shade tolerances. We examined the hypothesis that mixtures of two fast-growing species compete for resources, while mixtures of shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species are complementary. Ecophysiological characteristics of young trees were determined and analyzed with a physiology-based canopy model (MAESTRA) to test species interactions. Contrary to predictions, there was evidence for complementary interactions between two fast-growing species with respect to nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, and nutrient cycling. Fast-growing Elaeocarpus angustifolius had maximum demand for soil nutrients in summer, the most efficient internal recycling of N, and low P use efficiency at the leaf and whole-plant level and produced a large amount of nutrient-rich litter. In contrast, fast-growing Grevillea robusta had maximum demand for soil nutrients in spring and highest leaf nutrient use efficiency for N and P and produced low-nutrient litter. Thus, mixtures of fast-growing G. robusta and E. angustifolius or G. robusta and slow-growing, shade-tolerant Castanospermum australe may have similar or even greater productivity than monocultures, as light requirement is just one of several factors affecting performance of mixed-species plantations. We conclude that the knowledge gained here will be useful for designing large-scale experimental mixtures and commercial forestry systems in subtropical Australia and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Richards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia.
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31
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Domingues TF, Meir P, Feldpausch TR, Saiz G, Veenendaal EM, Schrodt F, Bird M, Djagbletey G, Hien F, Compaore H, Diallo A, Grace J, Lloyd J. Co-limitation of photosynthetic capacity by nitrogen and phosphorus in West Africa woodlands. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:959-80. [PMID: 20102540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic leaf traits were determined for savanna and forest ecosystems in West Africa, spanning a large range in precipitation. Standardized major axis fits revealed important differences between our data and reported global relationships. Especially for sites in the drier areas, plants showed higher photosynthetic rates for a given N or P when compared with relationships from the global data set. The best multiple regression for the pooled data set estimated V(cmax) and J(max) from N(DW) and S. However, the best regression for different vegetation types varied, suggesting that the scaling of photosynthesis with leaf traits changed with vegetation types. A new model is presented representing independent constraints by N and P on photosynthesis, which can be evaluated with or without interactions with S. It assumes that limitation of photosynthesis will result from the least abundant nutrient, thereby being less sensitive to the allocation of the non-limiting nutrient to non-photosynthetic pools. The model predicts an optimum proportionality for N and P, which is distinct for V(cmax) and J(max) and inversely proportional to S. Initial tests showed the model to predict V(cmax) and J(max) successfully for other tropical forests characterized by a range of different foliar N and P concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ferreira Domingues
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, Scotland, UK.
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32
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Metcalfe DB, Lobo-do-Vale R, Chaves MM, Maroco JP, C Aragão LEO, Malhi Y, Da Costa AL, Braga AP, Gonçalves PL, De Athaydes J, Da Costa M, Almeida SS, Campbell C, Hurry V, Williams M, Meir P. Impacts of experimentally imposed drought on leaf respiration and morphology in an Amazon rain forest. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Zhang JL, Meng LZ, Cao KF. Sustained diurnal photosynthetic depression in uppermost-canopy leaves of four dipterocarp species in the rainy and dry seasons: does photorespiration play a role in photoprotection? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:217-28. [PMID: 19203947 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal and seasonal changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of the uppermost-canopy leaves of four evergreen dipterocarp species were measured on clear days. The trees, that were growing in a plantation stand in southern Yunnan, China, had canopy heights ranging from 17 to 22 m. In the rainy season, Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. had higher photosynthetic capacity (A(max)) than Hopea hainanensis Merr. et Chun, Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie and Vatica xishuangbannaensis G.D. Tao et J.H. Zhang (17.7 versus 13.9, 11.8 and 7.7 micromol m(-2) s(-1), respectively). In the dry season, A(max) in all species decreased by 52-64%, apparent quantum yield and dark respiration rate decreased in three species, and light saturation point decreased in two species. During the diurnal courses, all species exhibited sustained photosynthetic depression from midmorning onward in both seasons. The trees were able to regulate light energy allocation dynamically between photochemistry and heat dissipation during the day, with reduced actual photochemistry and increased heat dissipation in the dry season. Photorespiration played an important role in photoprotection in all species in both seasons, as indicated by a continuous increase in photorespiration rate in the morning toward midday and a high proportion of electron flow (about 30-65% of total electron flow) allocated to oxygenation for most of the day. None of the species suffered irreversible photoinhibition, even in the dry season. The sustained photosynthetic depression in the uppermost-canopy leaves of these species could be a protective response to prevent excessive water loss and consequent catastrophic leaf hydraulic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Zhang
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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34
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Meir P, Brando PM, Nepstad D, Vasconcelos S, Costa ACL, Davidson E, Almeida S, Fisher RA, Sotta ED, Zarin D, Cardinot G. The effects of drought on Amazonian rain forests. AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009gm000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Meir P, Metcalfe DB, Costa ACL, Fisher RA. The fate of assimilated carbon during drought: impacts on respiration in Amazon rainforests. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:1849-55. [PMID: 18267913 PMCID: PMC2374890 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interannual variations in CO2 exchange across Amazonia, as deduced from atmospheric inversions, correlate with El Niño occurrence. They are thought to result from changes in net ecosystem exchange and fire incidence that are both related to drought intensity. Alterations to net ecosystem production (NEP) are caused by changes in gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). Here, we analyse observations of the components of Reco (leaves, live and dead woody tissue, and soil) to provide first estimates of changes in Reco during short-term (seasonal to interannual) moisture limitation. Although photosynthesis declines if moisture availability is limiting, leaf dark respiration is generally maintained, potentially acclimating upwards in the longer term. If leaf area is lost, then short-term canopy-scale respiratory effluxes from wood and leaves are likely to decline. Using a moderate short-term drying scenario where soil moisture limitation leads to a loss of 0.5m2m-2yr-1 in leaf area index, we estimate a reduction in respiratory CO2 efflux from leaves and live woody tissue of 1.0 (+/-0.4) tCha-1yr-1. Necromass decomposition declines during drought, but mortality increases; the median mortality increase following a strong El Niño is 1.1% (n=46 tropical rainforest plots) and yields an estimated net short-term increase in necromass CO2 efflux of 0.13-0.18tCha-1yr-1. Soil respiration is strongly sensitive to moisture limitation over the short term, but not to associated temperature increases. This effect is underestimated in many models but can lead to estimated reductions in CO2 efflux of 2.0 (+/-0.5) tCha-1yr-1. Thus, the majority of short-term respiratory responses to drought point to a decline in Reco, an outcome that contradicts recent regional-scale modelling of NEP. NEP varies with both GPP and Reco but robust moisture response functions are clearly needed to improve quantification of the role of Reco in influencing regional-scale CO2 emissions from Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK.
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36
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Cavaleri MA, Oberbauer SF, Ryan MG. Foliar and ecosystem respiration in an old-growth tropical rain forest. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:473-483. [PMID: 18182017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Foliar respiration is a major component of ecosystem respiration, yet extrapolations are often uncertain in tropical forests because of indirect estimates of leaf area index (LAI). A portable tower was used to directly measure LAI and night-time foliar respiration from 52 vertical transects throughout an old-growth tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. In this study, we (1) explored the effects of structural, functional and environmental variables on foliar respiration; (2) extrapolated foliar respiration to the ecosystem; and (3) estimated ecosystem respiration. Foliar respiration temperature response was constant within plant functional group, and foliar morphology drove much of the within-canopy variability in respiration and foliar nutrients. Foliar respiration per unit ground area was 3.5 +/- 0.2 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1), and ecosystem respiration was 9.4 +/- 0.5 micromol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)[soil = 41%; foliage = 37%; woody = 14%; coarse woody debris (CWD) = 7%]. When modelled with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) year temperatures, foliar respiration was 9% greater than when modelled with temperatures from a normal year, which is in the range of carbon sink versus source behaviour for this forest. Our ecosystem respiration estimate from component fluxes was 33% greater than night-time net ecosystem exchange for the same forest, suggesting that studies reporting a large carbon sink for tropical rain forests based solely on eddy flux measurements may be in error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Cavaleri
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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37
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LEE TD, REICH PB, BOLSTAD PV. Acclimation of leaf respiration to temperature is rapid and related to specific leaf area, soluble sugars and leaf nitrogen across three temperate deciduous tree species. Funct Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Turnbull MH, Tissue DT, Griffin KL, Richardson SJ, Peltzer DA, Whitehead D. Respiration characteristics in temperate rainforest tree species differ along a long-term soil-development chronosequence. Oecologia 2005; 143:271-9. [PMID: 15657760 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We measured the response of dark respiration (R(d)) to temperature and foliage characteristics in the upper canopies of tree species in temperate rainforest communities in New Zealand along a soil chronosequence (six sites from 6 years to 120,000 years). The chronosequence provided a vegetation gradient characterised by significant changes in soil nutrition. This enabled us to examine the extent to which changes in dark respiration can be applied across forest biomes and the utility of scaling rules in whole-canopy carbon modelling. The response of respiration to temperature in the dominant tree species differed significantly between sites along the sequence. This involved changes in both R(d) at a reference temperature (R(10)) and the extent to which R(d) increased with temperature (described by E(o), a parameter related to the energy of activation, or the change in R(d) over a 10 degrees C range, Q(10)). Site averaged E(o) ranged from 44.4 kJ mol(-1) K(-1) at the 60-year-old site to 26.0 kJ mol(-1) K(-1) at the oldest, most nutrient poor, site. Relationships between respiratory and foliage characteristics indicated that both the temperature response of respiration (E(o) or Q(10)) and the instantaneous rate of respiration increased with both foliar nitrogen and phosphorus content. The ratio of photosynthetic capacity (Whitehead et al. in Oecologia 2005) to respiration (A(max)/R(d)) attained values in excess of 15 for species in the 6- to 120-year-old sites, but thereafter decreased significantly to around five at the 120,000-year-old site. This indicates that shoot carbon acquisition is regulated by nutrient limitations in the retrogressing ecosystems on the oldest sites. Our findings indicate that respiration and its temperature response will vary according to soil age and, therefore, to soil nutrient availability and the stage of forest development. Thus, variability in respiratory characteristics for canopies should be considered when using models to integrate respiration at large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
A modelling approach to simulating vegetation dynamics is described, incorporating critical processes of carbon sequestration, growth, mortality and distribution. The model has been developed to investigate the responses of vegetation to environmental change, at time scales from days to centuries and from the local to the global scale. The model is outlined and subsequent tests, against independent data sources, are relatively successful, from the small scale to the global scale. Tests against eddy covariance observations of carbon exchange by vegetation indicated significant differences between measured and simulated net ecosystem production (NEP). NEP is the net of large fluxes due to gross primary production and respiration, which are not directly measured and so there is some uncertainty in explaining differences between observations and simulations. In addition it was noted that closer agreement of fluxes was achieved for natural, or long-lived managed vegetation than for recently managed vegetation. The discrepancies appear to be most closely related to respiratory carbon losses from the soil, but this area needs further exploration. The differences do not scale up to the global scale, where simulated and measured global net biome production were similar, indicating that fluxes measured at the managed observed sites are not typical globally. The model (the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, SDGVM) has been applied to contemporary vegetation dynamics and indicates a significant CO2 fertilisation effect on the sequestration of atmospheric CO2. The terrestrial carbon sink for the 20th century is simulated to be widespread between latitudes 40 degrees S and 65 degrees N, but is greatest between 10 degrees S and 6 degrees N, excluding the effects of human deforestation. The mean maximum sink capacity over the 20th century is small, at 25 gC m(-2) year(-1), or approximately 1% of gross primary production. Simulations of vegetation dynamics under a scenario of future global warming indicate a gradual decline in the terrestrial carbon sink, with the capacity to absorb human emissions of CO2 being reduced from 20% in 2000 to approximately 2% between 2075 and 2100. The responses of carbon sequestration and vegetation structure and distribution to stabilisation of climate and CO2 may extend for up to 50 years after stabilisation has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Woodward
- NERC Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics and Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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40
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Turnbull MH, Whitehead D, Tissue DT, Schuster WSF, Brown KJ, Griffin KL. Scaling foliar respiration in two contrasting forest canopies. Funct Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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OGAWA K, FURUKAWA A, ABDULLAH AM, AWANG M. Diurnal CO2 exchange variation in evergreen leaves of the tropical tree, durian (Durio zibethinus Murray). TROPICS 2003. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Griffin KL, Turnbull M, Murthy R. Canopy position affects the temperature response of leaf respiration in Populus deltoides. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 154:609-619. [PMID: 33873458 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Leaf respiration and its temperature response were measured in 4-m-tall, 1-yr-old Populus deltoides trees to assess the effect of within-canopy distribution of respiratory physiology on total foliar C exchange of a model ecosystem at Biosphere 2. • Over the course of five nights, air temperature was varied over a 10°C range and the steady-state rate of leaf respiration was measured. These data were then modeled to calculate the temperature response of leaf and canopy respiration. • Results indicate that there is considerable within-canopy variation in both the rate of respiration and its temperature response and that these variables are most strongly related to leaf carbohydrate and leaf N. Scaling these results to the ecosystem level demonstrates the importance of quantifying the vertical distribution of respiratory physiology, particularly at lower temperatures. • Simplifying assumptions regarding the variation in respiration and its temperature response with canopy height tend to result in an underestimation of the actual C loss if the assumptions are based on lower- or mid-canopy leaf physiology, but overestimate C loss if the model assumptions are based on upper-canopy physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Matthew Turnbull
- Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ramesh Murthy
- Biosphere 2 Center of Columbia University, Oracle, AZ 85624, USA
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