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Meng R, Yang X, Li Y, Zhang Q. Extending dual-targeting upper-limit in liposomal delivery of lithospermic acid B for Alzheimer's mitochondrial revitalization. J Control Release 2024; 367:604-619. [PMID: 38295997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pivotal event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Lithospermic acid B (LA) has shown promise in safeguarding mitochondria, yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we present evidence that LA rejuvenated AD-related mitochondrial pool by co-activating mitophagy and mitochondria biogenesis via PINK1/LC3B/P62 and PGC-1α/Nrf2. To advance in vivo application, hydrophilic LA was encapsulated in liposome (MT-LIP@LA) composed of D-mannosamine-cholesterol/DSPE-PEG2000-Tet1/lecithin (molar ratio, 3:0.3:10) for cascaded brain-neuron targeting. MT-LIP demonstrated 4.3-fold enhanced brain accumulation (2.57%dose/g-brain) than LIP (0.60%dose/g-brain) and precisely targeted neurons at AD lesion sites. Mechanism studies unraveled factors contributing to the preeminent brain targeting ability of MT-LIP: (1) high-density modified mannose efficiently binds to glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) on blood-brain barrier (BBB); (2) prone to trafficking towards caveolin-Golgi pathway during transcytosis. This augmented therapeutic platform efficiently restored mitochondrial health, prevented neurodegeneration, and ameliorated memory deficits in 3 × Tg-AD transgenic mice. Our studies revealed the underlying pharmacological mechanism of LA and provided a concise but efficient platform for neuronal mitochondria quality control in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Meng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixian Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Nisar S, Haris M. Neuroimaging genetics approaches to identify new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4995-5008. [PMID: 37069342 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism-spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disabilities that manifest in early childhood and are characterized by qualitative abnormalities in social behaviors, communication skills, and restrictive or repetitive behaviors. To explore the neurobiological mechanisms in ASD, extensive research has been done to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers through a neuroimaging genetics approach. Neuroimaging genetics helps to identify ASD-risk genes that contribute to structural and functional variations in brain circuitry and validate biological changes by elucidating the mechanisms and pathways that confer genetic risk. Integrating artificial intelligence models with neuroimaging data lays the groundwork for accurate diagnosis and facilitates the identification of early diagnostic biomarkers for ASD. This review discusses the significance of neuroimaging genetics approaches to gaining a better understanding of the perturbed neurochemical system and molecular pathways in ASD and how these approaches can detect structural, functional, and metabolic changes and lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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3
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Amruta A, Iannotta D, Cheetham SW, Lammers T, Wolfram J. Vasculature organotropism in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115054. [PMID: 37591370 PMCID: PMC10693934 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, there has been an exponential increase in the development of preclinical and clinical nanodelivery systems, and recently, an accelerating demand to deliver RNA and protein-based therapeutics. Organ-specific vasculature provides a promising intermediary for site-specific delivery of nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles to interstitial cells. Endothelial cells express organ-specific surface marker repertoires that can be used for targeted delivery. This article highlights organ-specific vasculature properties, nanodelivery strategies that exploit vasculature organotropism, and overlooked challenges and opportunities in targeting and simultaneously overcoming the endothelial barrier. Impediments in the clinical translation of vasculature organotropism in drug delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amruta
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dalila Iannotta
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Seth W Cheetham
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joy Wolfram
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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4
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Lee SE, Lim ES, Yoon JW, Park HJ, Kim SH, Lee HB, Han DH, Kim EY, Park SP. Cell starvation regulates ceramide-induced autophagy in mouse preimplantation embryo development. Cells Dev 2023; 175:203859. [PMID: 37271244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide induces autophagy upon starvation via downregulation of nutrient transporters. To elucidate the mechanism by which starvation regulates autophagy in mouse embryos, the present study investigated nutrient transporter expression and the effect of C2-ceramide on in vitro embryo development, apoptosis, and autophagy. The transcript levels of the glucose transporters Glut1 and Glut3 were high at the 1- and 2-cell stages, and gradually decreased at the morula and blastocyst (BL) stages. Similarly, expression of the amino acid transporters L-type amino transporter-1 (LAT-1) and 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc) gradually decreased from the zygote to the BL stage. Upon ceramide treatment, expression of Glut1, Glut3, LAT-1, and 4F2hc was significantly reduced at the BL stage, while expression of the autophagy-related genes Atg5, LC3, and Gabarap and synthesis of LC3 were significantly induced. Ceramide-treated embryos exhibited significantly reduced developmental rates and total cell numbers per blastocyst, and increased levels of apoptosis and expression of Bcl2l1 and Casp3 at the BL stage. Ceramide treatment significantly decreased the average mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial area at the BL stage. In addition, ceramide treatment significantly decreased mTOR expression. These results suggest that ceramide-induced autophagy promotes apoptosis by following downregulation of nutrient transporters during mouse embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Eun Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seo Lim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Yoon
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Bi Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Han
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Mirae Cell Bio, 1502 isbiz-tower 147, Seongsui-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04795, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Pill Park
- Stem Cell Research Center, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Mirae Cell Bio, 1502 isbiz-tower 147, Seongsui-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04795, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio Medical Informatics, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Raut S, Bhalerao A, Powers M, Gonzalez M, Mancuso S, Cucullo L. Hypometabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, and Possible Therapeutic Targets: An Overview. Cells 2023; 12:2019. [PMID: 37626828 PMCID: PMC10453773 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a highly dynamic organ that requires a constant energy source to function normally. This energy is mostly supplied by glucose, a simple sugar that serves as the brain's principal fuel source. Glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is primarily controlled via sodium-independent facilitated glucose transport, such as by glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and 3 (GLUT3). However, other glucose transporters, including GLUT4 and the sodium-dependent transporters SGLT1 and SGLT6, have been reported in vitro and in vivo. When the BBB endothelial layer is crossed, neurons and astrocytes can absorb the glucose using their GLUT1 and GLUT3 transporters. Glucose then enters the glycolytic pathway and is metabolized into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which supplies the energy to support cellular functions. The transport and metabolism of glucose in the brain are impacted by several medical conditions, which can cause neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI), schizophrenia, etc., are a few of the most prevalent disorders, characterized by a decline in brain metabolism or hypometabolism early in the course of the disease. Indeed, AD is considered a metabolic disorder related to decreased brain glucose metabolism, involving brain insulin resistance and age-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction. Although the conventional view is that reduced cerebral metabolism is an effect of neuronal loss and consequent brain atrophy, a growing body of evidence points to the opposite, where hypometabolism is prodromal or at least precedes the onset of brain atrophy and the manifestation of clinical symptoms. The underlying processes responsible for these glucose transport and metabolic abnormalities are complicated and remain poorly understood. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of hypometabolism in AD and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Raut
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Michael Powers
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
| | - Minelly Gonzalez
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Salvatore Mancuso
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (S.R.); (A.B.); (M.G.); (S.M.)
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Osmanović Barilar J, Babić Perhoč A, Knezović A, Homolak J, Virag D, Šalković-Petrišić M. The Effect of the Sodium—Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitor on Cognition and Metabolic Parameters in a Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041025. [PMID: 37189641 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (sAD), and antidiabetic drugs, including the sodium–glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLTI), are being studied as possible sAD therapy. We have explored whether the SGLTI phloridzin may influence metabolic and cognitive parameters in a rat model of sAD. Adult male Wistar rats were randomized to a control (CTR), an sAD-model group induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ-icv; 3 mg/kg), a CTR+SGLTI, or an STZ-icv+SGLTI group. Two-month-long oral (gavage) SGLTI treatment (10 mg/kg) was initiated 1 month after STZ-icv and cognitive performance tested prior to sacrifice. SGLTI treatment significantly decreased plasma glucose levels only in the CTR group and failed to correct STZ-icv-induced cognitive deficit. In both the CTR and STZ-icv groups, SGLTI treatment diminished weight gain, decreased amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42 in duodenum, and decreased the plasma levels of total glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), while the levels of active GLP-1, as well as both total and active glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, remained unchanged, compared to their respective controls. The increment in GLP-1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and its effect on Aβ 1-42 in duodenum could be one of the molecular mechanisms by which SGLTIs indirectly induce pleiotropic beneficial effects.
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Muheim CM, Ford K, Medina E, Singletary K, Peixoto L, Frank MG. Ontogenesis of the molecular response to sleep loss. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2023; 14:100092. [PMID: 37020466 PMCID: PMC10068260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2023.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) results in profound cellular and molecular changes in the adult mammalian brain. Some of these changes may result in, or aggravate, brain disease. However, little is known about how SD impacts gene expression in developing animals. We examined the transcriptional response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to SD across postnatal development in male mice. We used RNA sequencing to identify functional gene categories that were specifically impacted by SD. We find that SD has dramatically different effects on PFC genes depending on developmental age. Gene expression differences after SD fall into 3 categories: present at all ages (conserved), present when mature sleep homeostasis is first emerging, and those unique to certain ages. Developmentally conserved gene expression was limited to a few functional categories, including Wnt-signaling which suggests that this pathway is a core mechanism regulated by sleep. In younger ages, genes primarily related to growth and development are affected while changes in genes related to metabolism are specific to the effect of SD in adults.
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Muheim CM, Ford K, Medina E, Singletary K, Peixoto L, Frank MG. Ontogenesis of the molecular response to sleep loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524266. [PMID: 36712085 PMCID: PMC9882159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) results in profound cellular and molecular changes in the adult mammalian brain. Some of these changes may result in, or aggravate, brain disease. However, little is known about how SD impacts gene expression in developing animals. We examined the transcriptional response in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to SD across postnatal development in male mice. We used RNA sequencing to identify functional gene categories that were specifically impacted by SD. We find that SD has dramatically different effects on PFC genes depending on developmental age. Gene expression differences after SD fall into 3 categories: present at all ages (conserved), present when mature sleep homeostasis is first emerging, and those unique to certain ages in adults. Developmentally conserved gene expression was limited to a few functional categories, including Wnt-signaling which suggests that this pathway is a core mechanism regulated by sleep. In younger ages, genes primarily related to growth and development are affected while changes in genes related to metabolism are specific to the effect of SD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Muheim
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA,WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Ford
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Medina
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA
| | - Kristan Singletary
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA,WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA,Correspondence: & , Tel.: +01-509 368 6747
| | - Marcos G. Frank
- Washington State University Spokane, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science Building 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane WA 99202, USA,WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA,Correspondence: & , Tel.: +01-509 368 6747
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Lin GY, Ma CY, Kuo LC, Hsieh BY, Wang H, Liu CS, Hsieh M. Altered glucose metabolism and its association with carbonic anhydrase 8 in Machado-Joseph Disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2103-2120. [PMID: 35488942 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. This disorder is caused by polyglutamine (polyQ)-containing mutant ataxin-3, which tends to misfold and aggregate in neuron cells. We previously demonstrated a protective function of carbonic anhydrase 8 (CA8) in MJD disease models and a decreased glycolytic activity associated with down-regulated CA8 in a human osteosarcoma (OS) cell model. Given that a reduction in body weight accompanied by gait and balance instability was observed in MJD patients and transgenic (Tg) mice, in this study, we aimed to examine whether metabolic defects are associated with MJD and whether CA8 expression is involved in metabolic dysfunction in MJD. Our data first showed that glucose uptake ability decreases in cells harboring mutant ataxin-3, but increases in cells overexpressing CA8. In addition, the expressions of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) and phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1) were significantly decreased in the presence of mutant ataxin-3. Consistently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that GLUT3 was less expressed in cerebella of aged MJD Tg mice, indicating that the dysfunction of GLUT3 may be associated with late-stage disease. On the other hand, transient down-regulation of CA8 revealed decreased expressions of GLUT3 and PFK1 in HEK293 cells harboring wild-type (WT) ataxin-3, but no further reduction of GLUT3 and PFK1 expressions were observed in HEK293 cells harboring mutant ataxin-3. Moreover, immunoprecipitation (IP) and immunofluorescence (IF) demonstrated that interactions exist between ataxin-3, CA8 and GLUT3 in MJD cellular and Tg models. These lines of evidence suggest that CA8 plays an important role in glucose metabolism and has different impacts on cells with or without mutant ataxin-3. Interestingly, the decreased relative abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio in the feces of aged MJD Tg mice coincided with weight loss and metabolic dysfunction in MJD. Taken together, our results are the first to demonstrate the effects of CA8 on glucose metabolism and its involvement in the metabolic defects in MJD disease. Further investigations will be required to clarify the underlying mechanisms for the metabolic defects associated with MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 407, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Yung Ma
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 407, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Chung Kuo
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 407, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Y Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hanbing Wang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 407, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-San Liu
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mingli Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung, 407, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Life Science Research Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Villaseca P, Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Menopause and development of Alzheimer's disease: Roles of neural glucose metabolism and Wnt signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1021796. [PMID: 36339406 PMCID: PMC9627150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1021796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Late onset Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with gender differences in its onset and progression, being the prevalence predominant in women and at an earlier age than in men. The pathophysiology of the menopausal condition has been associated to this dementia, playing major roles regarding both endocrine and glucose metabolism changes, amongst other mechanisms. In the current review we address the role of estrogen deficiency in the processes involved in the development of AD, including amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing to form senile plaques, Tau phosphorylation forming neurofibrillary tangles, Wnt signaling and AD neuropathology, the role of glucose brain metabolism, Wnt signaling and glucose transport in the brain, and our research contribution to these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Villaseca
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O´Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Nibaldo C. Inestrosa,
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11
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Mathias M, Chang J, Perez M, Saugstad O. Supplemental Oxygen in the Newborn: Historical Perspective and Current Trends. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1879. [PMID: 34942982 PMCID: PMC8698336 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, and a lack of oxygen can result in bioenergetic failure and cell death. Thus, administration of supplemental concentrations of oxygen to overcome barriers to tissue oxygen delivery (e.g., heart failure, lung disease, ischemia), can rescue dying cells where cellular oxygen content is low. However, the balance of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption relies on tightly controlled oxygen gradients and compartmentalized redox potential. While therapeutic oxygen delivery can be life-saving, it can disrupt growth and development, impair bioenergetic function, and induce inflammation. Newborns, and premature newborns especially, have features that confer particular susceptibility to hyperoxic injury due to oxidative stress. In this review, we will describe the unique features of newborn redox physiology and antioxidant defenses, the history of therapeutic oxygen use in this population and its role in disease, and clinical trends in the use of therapeutic oxygen and mitigation of neonatal oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Mathias
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jill Chang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (O.S.)
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Marta Perez
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (O.S.)
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ola Saugstad
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (J.C.); (M.P.); (O.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Vore AS, Deak T. Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:209-249. [PMID: 34801170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - T Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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13
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Peng W, Tan C, Mo L, Jiang J, Zhou W, Du J, Zhou X, Liu X, Chen L. Glucose transporter 3 in neuronal glucose metabolism: Health and diseases. Metabolism 2021; 123:154869. [PMID: 34425073 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurons obtain glucose from extracellular environment for energy production mainly depending on glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3). GLUT3 uptakes glucose with high affinity and great transport capacity, and is important for neuronal energy metabolism. This review summarized the role of neuronal GLUT3 in brain metabolism, function and development under both physiological conditions and in diseases, aiming to provide insights into neuronal glucose metabolism and its effect on brain. GLUT3 stabilizes neuronal glucose uptake and utilization, influences brain development and function, and ameliorates aging-related manifestations. Neuronal GLUT3 is regulated by synaptic activity, hormones, nutrition, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 in physiological conditions, and is also upregulated by hypoxia-ischemia. GLUT3-related neuronal glucose and energy metabolism is possibly involved in the pathogenesis, pathophysiological mechanism, progression or prognosis of brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy. GLUT3 may be a promising therapeutic target of these diseases. This review also briefly discussed the role of other glucose transporters in neuronal glucose metabolism, which work together with GLUT3 to sustain and stabilize glucose and energy supply for neurons. Deficiency in these glucose transporters may also participate in brain diseases, especially GLUT1 and GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxue Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncong Du
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Solarz A, Majcher-Maślanka I, Chocyk A. Effects of early-life stress and sex on blood-brain barrier permeability and integrity in juvenile and adult rats. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:861-876. [PMID: 34320279 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) is considered a relevant etiological factor for neurodegenerative and mental disorders. In the present study, we hypothesized that ELS may persistently and sex dependently influence blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and function during critical periods of brain development and consequently determine susceptibility to and sex-related prevalence of chronic diseases in adult life. We used the maternal separation (MS) procedure in rats to model ELS and evaluated BBB permeability and gene expression of selected tight junction (TJ) proteins, glucose transporter type 1 (Slc2a1) and aquaporin 4 (Aqp4) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal striatum (dSTR) and hippocampus of juvenile and adult rats. Serum concentrations of a peripheral marker of BBB function (S100β) and proinflammatory cytokines were also assessed. We observed developmental sealing of the BBB and sex differences in the permeability of the BBB and the mRNA expression of TJ proteins and Slc2a1. Adult females showed lower BBB permeability and higher levels of Cldn3, Cldn5, Ocln, and Slc2a1 in the mPFC and dSTR than males. MS temporarily increased BBB permeability in the dSTR of juvenile males and affected mRNA expression of the majority of studied proteins related to BBB function in age-, region- and sex-dependent manners. Additionally, MS sex dependently decreased serum S100β levels and did not affect proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. In general, our study did not reveal a clear or strong negative effect of MS on BBB integrity. However, the results suggest that ELS may induce adaptive/maladaptive changes or compensatory mechanisms within the BBB of unknown yet consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solarz
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Majcher-Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Zhou J, Guo P, Guo Z, Sun X, Chen Y, Feng H. Fluid metabolic pathways after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurochem 2021; 160:13-33. [PMID: 34160835 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity. In recent years, a large number of studies have focused on the mechanism of early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), including vasospasm, neurotoxicity of hematoma and neuroinflammatory storm, after aSAH. Despite considerable efforts, no novel drugs have significantly improved the prognosis of patients in phase III clinical trials, indicating the need to further re-examine the multifactorial pathophysiological process that occurs after aSAH. The complex pathogenesis is reflected by the destruction of the dynamic balance of the energy metabolism in the nervous system after aSAH, which prevents the maintenance of normal neural function. This review focuses on the fluid metabolic pathways of the central nervous system (CNS), starting with ruptured aneurysms, and discusses the dysfunction of blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation and the glymphatic system during disease progression. It also proposes a hypothesis on the metabolic disorder mechanism and potential therapeutic targets for aSAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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16
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Tang M, Park SH, Petri S, Yu H, Rueda CB, Abel ED, Kim CY, Hillman EM, Li F, Lee Y, Ding L, Jagadish S, Frankel WN, De Vivo DC, Monani UR. An early endothelial cell-specific requirement for Glut1 is revealed in Glut1 deficiency syndrome model mice. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145789. [PMID: 33351789 PMCID: PMC7934852 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paucity of the glucose transporter-1 (Glut1) protein resulting from haploinsufficiency of the SLC2A1 gene arrests cerebral angiogenesis and disrupts brain function to cause Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). Restoring Glut1 to Glut1 DS model mice prevents disease, but the precise cellular sites of action of the transporter, its temporal requirements, and the mechanisms linking scarcity of the protein to brain cell dysfunction remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Glut1 functions in a cell-autonomous manner in the cerebral microvasculature to affect endothelial tip cells and, thus, brain angiogenesis. Moreover, brain endothelial cell–specific Glut1 depletion not only triggers a severe neuroinflammatory response in the Glut1 DS brain, but also reduces levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and causes overt disease. Reduced BDNF correlated with fewer neurons in the Glut1 DS brain. Controlled depletion of the protein demonstrated that brain pathology and disease severity was greatest when Glut1 scarcity was induced neonatally, during brain angiogenesis. Reducing Glut1 at later stages had mild or little effect. Our results suggest that targeting brain endothelial cells during early development is important to ensure proper brain angiogenesis, prevent neuroinflammation, maintain BDNF levels, and preserve neuron numbers. This requirement will be essential for any disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for Glut1 DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxue Tang
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah H Park
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sabrina Petri
- Department of Genetics & Development and the Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos B Rueda
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Carla Y Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mc Hillman
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fanghua Li
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yeojin Lee
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Smitha Jagadish
- Rare & Neurological Diseases Research, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wayne N Frankel
- Department of Genetics & Development and the Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Umrao R Monani
- Department of Neurology and.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Kovács Z, Brunner B, D'Agostino DP, Ari C. Age- and Sex-Dependent Modulation of Exogenous Ketone Supplement-Evoked Effects on Blood Glucose and Ketone Body Levels in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:618422. [PMID: 33505242 PMCID: PMC7829499 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.618422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In certain disease states, such as epilepsy, the elevation of blood ketone levels with ketogenic diets (KDs) has beneficial effects, while exogenous ketone supplements (EKSs) were shown to increase the level of blood ketone bodies (such as β-hydroxybutyrate, βHB) and decrease blood glucose levels without dietary restrictions. It has been suggested that ketone body and glucose utilization of the body may be modified by age and gender resulting in changes in blood βHB and glucose levels, but it was not investigated through several months yet. Thus, we investigated whether the effect of an EKS on blood βHB and glucose level is modulated by age and sex in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, a model animal of human absence epilepsy. We used KEMCT (1:1 mix of ketone ester/KE and medium-chain triglyceride/MCT oil) by oral gavage in female and male WAG/Rij rats. Animals were fed with standard diet, which was supplemented by KEMCT (2.5 g/kg) once per month by oral gavage for 17 months. One hour after KEMCT treatment, changes in blood R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) and glucose levels were measured. KEMCT gavage significantly increased blood R-βHB and decreased blood glucose levels, in both male and female rats, compared with the controls. In male rats, the KEMCT-induced increase in blood R-βHB levels was lower at the 7th and 8th months and higher at the 16th and 17th months, compared with the results at the 1st month. KEMCT-generated increase in R-βHB levels was higher in female rats, compared with male rats between the 2nd and 11th months, but older (between the 14th and 17th months) female rats showed lower levels than males. KEMCT gavage induced significantly lower glucose levels at the 4th, 9th, 10th, 12th, and 13th months in both sexes, but between the 14th and 17th months, only males showed significantly lower levels, compared with the results at the 1st month. KEMCT treatment induced lower blood glucose levels in female than in male rats between the 1st and 8th months, but higher glucose levels were measured in female rats at the 17th month than in males. These findings suggest that age and sex can modify the EKS-evoked effects on blood R-βHB and glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kovács
- Savaria Department of Biology, Savaria University Centre, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Brunner
- Savaria Department of Biology, Savaria University Centre, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL, United States.,Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL, United States
| | - Csilla Ari
- Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL, United States.,Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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18
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Chiba Y, Murakami R, Matsumoto K, Wakamatsu K, Nonaka W, Uemura N, Yanase K, Kamada M, Ueno M. Glucose, Fructose, and Urate Transporters in the Choroid Plexus Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7230. [PMID: 33008107 PMCID: PMC7582461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus plays a central role in the regulation of the microenvironment of the central nervous system by secreting the majority of the cerebrospinal fluid and controlling its composition, despite that it only represents approximately 1% of the total brain weight. In addition to a variety of transporter and channel proteins for solutes and water, the choroid plexus epithelial cells are equipped with glucose, fructose, and urate transporters that are used as energy sources or antioxidative neuroprotective substrates. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the transporters of the SLC2A and SLC5A families (GLUT1, SGLT2, GLUT5, GLUT8, and GLUT9), as well as on the urate-transporting URAT1 and BCRP/ABCG2, which are expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells. The glucose, fructose, and urate transporters repertoire in the choroid plexus epithelium share similar features with the renal proximal tubular epithelium, although some of these transporters exhibit inversely polarized submembrane localization. Since choroid plexus epithelial cells have high energy demands for proper functioning, a decline in the expression and function of these transporters can contribute to the process of age-associated brain impairment and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Keiji Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Wakako Nonaka
- Department of Supportive and Promotive Medicine of the Municipal Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.)
| | - Ken Yanase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.)
| | - Masaki Kamada
- Department of Neurological Intractable Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
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19
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Takahashi S, Tanaka R, Takeguchi R, Kuroda M, Akaba Y, Ito Y. The role of molecular analysis of SLC2A1 in the diagnostic workup of glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2020; 416:117041. [PMID: 32712428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the role of molecular analysis of SLC2A1 in the diagnostic workup of glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1DS). During 2006-2020, we received 100 requests for SLC2A1 variant analysis of patients clinically suspected for Glut1DS. Pathogenic variants were detected in 37 patients, among whom 11 were familial cases. Most patients presented with epilepsy (n = 31; 84%), movement disorders (MD) (n = 28; 76%), and intellectual disabilities (ID) (n = 29; 78%). Moreover, paroxysmal dyskinesias (PD) (n = 10; 27%) were more frequently seen in familial cases (55%) than in sporadic cases (15%) (p < .05). The Glut1DS patients with ID typically had either epilepsy or MD. The presence of MD, particularly when associated with epilepsy or ID, indicated Glut1DS (p < .05). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose levels were at or below the 10th percentile in all 32 SLC2A1-positive patients but only in 16 of 52 (31%) SLC2A1-negative patients (p < .05). Thus, CSF analysis is an essential tool in the diagnostic workup of Glut1DS. SLC2A1 molecular analysis should be performed in patients with a family history of Glut1DS or with at least one of the following clinical features, such as epilepsy, MD, and PD with or without ID, and low CSF glucose level. This would help in precise molecular diagnosis of the disease and facilitate effective treatment and appropriate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Takeguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mami Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Akaba
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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20
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Mori S, Kurimoto T, Miki A, Maeda H, Kusuhara S, Nakamura M. Aqp9 Gene Deletion Enhances Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) Death and Dysfunction Induced by Optic Nerve Crush: Evidence that Aquaporin 9 Acts as an Astrocyte-to-Neuron Lactate Shuttle in Concert with Monocarboxylate Transporters To Support RGC Function and Survival. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4530-4548. [PMID: 32748371 PMCID: PMC7515957 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is an aquaglyceroporin that can transport lactate. Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) plays a critical role in energy metabolism in neurons, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To test the hypothesis that AQP9, in concert with monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), participates in ANLS to maintain function and survival of RGCs, Aqp9-null mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to optic nerve crush (ONC) with or without intravitreal injection of an MCT2 inhibitor. RGC density was similar between the Aqp9-null mice and WT mice without ONC, while ONC resulted in significantly more RGC density reduction in the Aqp9-null mice than in the WT mice at day 7. Positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) amplitude values were similar between the two groups without ONC, but were significantly more reduced in the Aqp9-null mice than in the WT mice 7days after ONC. MCT2 inhibitor injection accelerated RGC death and pSTR amplitude reduction only in the WT mice with ONC. Immunolabeling revealed that both RGCs and astrocytes expressed AQP9, that ONC predominantly reduced astrocytic AQP9 expression, and that MCTs 1, 2, and 4 were co-localized with AQP9 at the ganglion cell layer. These retinal MCTs were also co-immunoprecipitated with AQP9 in the WT mice. ONC decreased the co-immunoprecipitation of MCTs 1 and 4, but did not impact co-immunoprecipitation of MCT2. Retinal glucose transporter 1 expression was increased in Aqp9-null mice. Aqp9 gene deletion reduced and increased the intraretinal L-lactate and D-glucose concentrations, respectively. Results suggest that AQP9 acts as the ANLS to maintain function and survival of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Mori
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takuji Kurimoto
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Akiko Miki
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Maeda
- Maeda Eye Clinic, 1-1-1, Uchihonmachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0012, Japan
| | - Sentaro Kusuhara
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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21
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Bastian TW, Rao R, Tran PV, Georgieff MK. The Effects of Early-Life Iron Deficiency on Brain Energy Metabolism. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520935104. [PMID: 32637938 PMCID: PMC7324901 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520935104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies in the world. Iron deficiency in the late fetal and newborn period causes abnormal cognitive performance and emotional regulation, which can persist into adulthood despite iron repletion. Potential mechanisms contributing to these impairments include deficits in brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and myelination. Here, we comprehensively review the existing data that demonstrate diminished brain energetic capacity as a mechanistic driver of impaired neurobehavioral development due to early-life (fetal-neonatal) ID. We further discuss a novel hypothesis that permanent metabolic reprogramming, which occurs during the period of ID, leads to chronically impaired neuronal energetics and mitochondrial capacity in adulthood, thus limiting adult neuroplasticity and neurobehavioral function. We conclude that early-life ID impairs energy metabolism in a brain region- and age-dependent manner, with particularly strong evidence for hippocampal neurons. Additional studies, focusing on other brain regions and cell types, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Bastian
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Phu V Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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22
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Ziegler GC, Almos P, McNeill RV, Jansch C, Lesch KP. Cellular effects and clinical implications of SLC2A3 copy number variation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9021-9036. [PMID: 32372501 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SLC2A3 encodes the predominantly neuronal glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), which facilitates diffusion of glucose across plasma membranes. The human brain depends on a steady glucose supply for ATP generation, which consequently fuels critical biochemical processes, such as axonal transport and neurotransmitter release. Besides its role in the central nervous system, GLUT3 is also expressed in nonneural organs, such as the heart and white blood cells, where it is equally involved in energy metabolism. In cancer cells, GLUT3 overexpression contributes to the Warburg effect by answering the cell's increased glycolytic demands. The SLC2A3 gene locus at chromosome 12p13.31 is unstable and prone to non-allelic homologous recombination events, generating multiple copy number variants (CNVs) of SLC2A3 which account for alterations in SLC2A3 expression. Recent associations of SLC2A3 CNVs with different clinical phenotypes warrant investigation of the potential influence of these structural variants on pathomechanisms of neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, and immune diseases. In this review, we accumulate and discuss the evidence how SLC2A3 gene dosage may exert diverse protective or detrimental effects depending on the pathological condition. Cellular states which lead to increased energetic demand, such as organ development, proliferation, and cellular degeneration, appear particularly susceptible to alterations in SLC2A3 copy number. We conclude that better understanding of the impact of SLC2A3 variation on disease etiology may potentially provide novel therapeutic approaches specifically targeting this GLUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg C Ziegler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Almos
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rhiannon V McNeill
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charline Jansch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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23
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Omori K, Tachikawa M, Hirose S, Taii A, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI, Terasaki T. Developmental changes in transporter and receptor protein expression levels at the rat blood-brain barrier based on quantitative targeted absolute proteomics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:117-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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24
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Bell AH, Miller SL, Castillo-Melendez M, Malhotra A. The Neurovascular Unit: Effects of Brain Insults During the Perinatal Period. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1452. [PMID: 32038147 PMCID: PMC6987380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a relatively recent concept in neuroscience that broadly describes the relationship between brain cells and their blood vessels. The NVU incorporates cellular and extracellular components involved in regulating cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier function. The NVU within the adult brain has attracted strong research interest and its structure and function is well described, however, the NVU in the developing brain over the fetal and neonatal period remains much less well known. One area of particular interest in perinatal brain development is the impact of known neuropathological insults on the NVU. The aim of this review is to synthesize existing literature to describe structure and function of the NVU in the developing brain, with a particular emphasis on exploring the effects of perinatal insults. Accordingly, a brief overview of NVU components and function is provided, before discussion of NVU development and how this may be affected by perinatal pathologies. We have focused this discussion around three common perinatal insults: prematurity, acute hypoxia, and chronic hypoxia. A greater understanding of processes affecting the NVU in the perinatal period may enable application of targeted therapies, as well as providing a useful basis for research as it expands further into this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Bell
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne L. Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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25
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Cheng H, Gang X, He G, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Wang G. The Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane-Induced Insulin Resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592129. [PMID: 33329397 PMCID: PMC7719781 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.592129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are connected at multiple sites via what are known as mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). These associations are known to play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Impaired MAM signaling has wide-ranging effects in many diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence has suggested that MAMs influence insulin signaling through different pathways, including those associated with Ca2+ signaling, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, ER stress responses, and inflammation. Altered MAM signaling is a common feature of insulin resistance in different tissues, including the liver, muscle, and even the brain. In the liver, MAMs are key glucose-sensing regulators and have been proposed to be a hub for insulin signaling. Impaired MAM integrity has been reported to disrupt hepatic responses to changes in glucose availability during nutritional transition and to induce hepatic insulin resistance. Meanwhile, these effects can be rescued by the reinforcement of MAM interactions. In contrast, several studies have proposed that enhanced ER-mitochondria connections are detrimental to hepatic insulin signaling and can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, given these contradictory results, the role played by the MAM in the regulation of hepatic insulin signaling remains elusive. Similarly, in skeletal muscle, enhanced MAM formation may be beneficial in the early stage of diabetes, whereas continuous MAM enhancement aggravates insulin resistance. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that ER stress may be the primary pathway through which MAMs induce brain insulin resistance, especially in the hypothalamus. This review will discuss the possible mechanisms underlying MAM-associated insulin resistance as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting the MAM in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xue Zhao
- *Correspondence: Guixia Wang, ; Xue Zhao,
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26
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Ennis K, Felt B, Georgieff MK, Rao R. Early-Life Iron Deficiency Alters Glucose Transporter-1 Expression in the Adult Rodent Hippocampus. J Nutr 2019; 149:1660-1666. [PMID: 31162576 PMCID: PMC6736205 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life iron deficiency (ID) impairs hippocampal energy production. Whether there are changes in glucose transporter (GLUT) expression is not known. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether early-life ID and the treatment iron dose alter brain regional GLUT expression in adult rats and mice. METHODS In Study 1, ID was induced in male and female Sprague Dawley rat pups by feeding dams a 3-mg/kg iron diet during gestation and the first postnatal week, followed by treatment using low-iron [3-10 mg/kg; formerly iron-deficient (FID)-10 group], standard-iron (40-mg/kg; FID-40 group), or high-iron (400-mg/kg; FID-400 group) diets until weaning. The control group received the 40 mg/kg iron diet. GLUT1, GLUT3, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and prolyl-hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) mRNA and protein expression in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, and hypothalamus were determined at adulthood. In Study 2, the role of hippocampal ID in GLUT expression was examined by comparing the Glut1, Glut3, Hif1α, and Phd2 mRNA expression in adult male and female wild-type (WT) and nonanemic hippocampal iron-deficient and iron-replete dominant negative transferrin receptor 1 (DNTfR1-/-) transgenic mice. RESULTS In Study 1, Glut1, Glut3, and Hif1α mRNA, and GLUT1 55-kDa protein expression was upregulated 20-33% in the hippocampus of the FID-10 group but not the FID-40 group, relative to the control group. Hippocampal Glut1 mRNA (-39%) and GLUT1 protein (-30%) expression was suppressed in the FID-400 group, relative to the control group. Glut1 and Glut3 mRNA expression was not altered in the other brain regions in the 3 FID groups. In Study 2, hippocampal Glut1 (+14%) and Hif1α (+147%) expression was upregulated in the iron-deficient DNTfR1-/- mice, but not in the iron-replete DNTfR1-/- mice, relative to the WT mice (P < 0.05, all). CONCLUSIONS Early-life ID is associated with altered hippocampal GLUT1 expression in adult rodents. The mouse study suggests that tissue ID is potentially responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Ennis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Barbara Felt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Address correspondence to RR (e-mail: )
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27
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Tang M, Park SH, De Vivo DC, Monani UR. Therapeutic strategies for glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1923-1932. [PMID: 31464092 PMCID: PMC6764625 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper development and function of the mammalian brain is critically dependent on a steady supply of its chief energy source, glucose. Such supply is mediated by the glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) protein. Paucity of the protein stemming from mutations in the associated SLC2A1 gene deprives the brain of glucose and triggers the infantile‐onset neurodevelopmental disorder, Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). Considering the monogenic nature of Glut1 DS, the disease is relatively straightforward to model and thus study. Accordingly, Glut1 DS serves as a convenient paradigm to investigate the more general cellular and molecular consequences of brain energy failure. Here, we review how Glut1 DS models have informed the biology of a prototypical brain energy failure syndrome, how these models are facilitating the development of promising new treatments for the human disease, and how important insights might emerge from the study of Glut1 DS to illuminate the myriad conditions involving the Glut1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxue Tang
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Sarah H Park
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Darryl C De Vivo
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032
| | - Umrao R Monani
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032
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28
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Williams VJ, Trombetta BA, Jafri RZ, Koenig AM, Wennick CD, Carlyle BC, Ekhlaspour L, Ahima RS, Russell SJ, Salat DH, Arnold SE. Task-related fMRI BOLD response to hyperinsulinemia in healthy older adults. JCI Insight 2019; 5:129700. [PMID: 31211691 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence to suggest that the brain is an important target for insulin action, and that states of insulin resistance may extend to the CNS with detrimental effects on cognitive functioning. Although the effect of systemic insulin resistance on peripheral organs is well-studied, the degree to which insulin impacts brain function in vivo remains unclear. METHODS This randomized, single-blinded, 2-way-crossover, sham-controlled, pilot study determined the effects of hyperinsulinemia on fMRI brain activation during a 2-back working memory task in 9 healthy older adults (aged 57-79 years). Each participant underwent two clamp procedures (an insulin infusion and a saline placebo infusion, with normoglycemia maintained during both conditions), to examine the effects of hyperinsulinemia on task performance and associated blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal using fMRI. RESULTS Hyperinsulinemia (compared to saline control) was associated with an increase in both the spatial extent and relative strength of task-related BOLD signal during the 2-back task. Further, the degree of increased task-related activation in select brain regions correlated with greater systemic insulin sensitivity, as well as decreased reaction times and performance accuracy between experimental conditions. CONCLUSION Together, these findings provide evidence of insulin action in the CNS among older adults during periods of sustained cognitive demand, with the greatest effects noted for individuals with highest systemic insulin sensitivity. FUNDING This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (5R21AG051958, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Williams
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bianca A Trombetta
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rabab Z Jafri
- Diabetes Research Center and Pediatric Endocrine Unit and.,Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron M Koenig
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chase D Wennick
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Becky C Carlyle
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laya Ekhlaspour
- Diabetes Research Center and Pediatric Endocrine Unit and.,Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven J Russell
- Diabetes Research Center and Pediatric Endocrine Unit and.,Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David H Salat
- Brain Aging and Dementia Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Mikrogeorgiou A, Xu D, Ferriero DM, Vannucci SJ. Assessing Cerebral Metabolism in the Immature Rodent: From Extracts to Real-Time Assessments. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:463-474. [PMID: 30991389 DOI: 10.1159/000496921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is an energy-expensive process. Although glucose is irreplaceable, the developing brain utilizes a variety of substrates such as lactate and the ketone bodies, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, to produce energy and synthesize the structural components necessary for cerebral maturation. When oxygen and nutrient supplies to the brain are restricted, as in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI), cerebral energy metabolism undergoes alterations in substrate use to preserve the production of adenosine triphosphate. These changes have been studied by in situ biochemical methods that yielded valuable quantitative information about high-energy and glycolytic metabolites and established a temporal profile of the cerebral metabolic response to hypoxia and HI. However, these analyses relied on terminal experiments and averaging values from several animals at each time point as well as challenging requirements for accurate tissue processing.More recent methodologies have focused on in vivo longitudinal analyses in individual animals. The emerging field of metabolomics provides a new investigative tool for studying cerebral metabolism. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has enabled the acquisition of a snapshot of the metabolic status of the brain as quantifiable spectra of various intracellular metabolites. Proton (1H) MRS has been used extensively as an experimental and diagnostic tool of HI in the pursuit of markers of long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Still, the interpretation of the metabolite spectra acquired with 1H MRS has proven challenging, due to discrepancies among studies, regarding calculations and timing of measurements. As a result, the predictive utility of such studies is not clear. 13C MRS is methodologically more challenging, but it provides a unique window on living tissue metabolism via measurements of the incorporation of 13C label from substrates into brain metabolites and the localized determination of various metabolic fluxes. The newly developed hyperpolarized 13C MRS is an exciting method for assessing cerebral metabolism in vivo, that bears the advantages of conventional 13C MRS but with a huge gain in signal intensity and much shorter acquisition times. The first part of this review article provides a brief description of the findings of biochemical and imaging methods over the years as well as a discussion of their associated strengths and pitfalls. The second part summarizes the current knowledge on cerebral metabolism during development and HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkisti Mikrogeorgiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan J Vannucci
- Department of Pediatrics and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA,
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30
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Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Carmeliet P. How glucose, glutamine and fatty acid metabolism shape blood and lymph vessel development. Dev Biol 2019; 447:90-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Yager JY. Glucose and Perinatal Brain Injury—Questions and Controversies. Neurology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54392-7.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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32
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Knutsson L, Seidemo A, Rydhög Scherman A, Markenroth Bloch K, Kalyani RR, Andersen M, Sundgren PC, Wirestam R, Helms G, van Zijl PCM, Xu X. Arterial Input Functions and Tissue Response Curves in Dynamic Glucose-Enhanced (DGE) Imaging: Comparison Between glucoCEST and Blood Glucose Sampling in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:164-171. [PMID: 30588502 PMCID: PMC6299743 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic glucose-enhanced (DGE) imaging uses chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging to retrieve information about the microcirculation using infusion of a natural sugar (D-glucose). However, this new approach is not yet well understood with respect to the dynamic tissue response. DGE time curves for arteries, normal brain tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed in healthy volunteers and compared with the time dependence of sampled venous plasma blood glucose levels. The arterial response curves (arterial input function [AIF]) compared reasonably well in shape with the time curves of the sampled glucose levels but could also differ substantially. The brain tissue response curves showed mainly negative responses with a peak intensity that was of the order of 10 times smaller than the AIF peak and a shape that was susceptible to both noise and partial volume effects with CSF, attributed to the low contrast-to-noise ratio. The CSF response curves showed a rather large and steady increase of the glucose uptake during the scan, due to the rapid uptake of D-glucose in CSF. Importantly, and contrary to gadolinium studies, the curves differed substantially among volunteers, which was interpreted to be caused by variations in insulin response. In conclusion, while AIFs and tissue response curves can be measured in DGE experiments, partial volume effects, low concentration of D-glucose in tissue, and osmolality effects between tissue and blood may prohibit quantification of normal tissue perfusion parameters. However, separation of tumor responses from normal tissue responses would most likely be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Knutsson
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anina Seidemo
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rita R Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Pia C Sundgren
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Ronnie Wirestam
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunther Helms
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xiang Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
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33
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Wang Q, Zuo Z. Impact of transporters and enzymes from blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier and brain parenchyma on CNS drug uptake. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:961-972. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1513493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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34
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Saili KS, Zurlinden TJ, Schwab AJ, Silvin A, Baker NC, Hunter ES, Ginhoux F, Knudsen TB. Blood-brain barrier development: Systems modeling and predictive toxicology. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1680-1710. [PMID: 29251840 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a gateway for passage of drugs, chemicals, nutrients, metabolites, and hormones between vascular and neural compartments in the brain. Here, we review BBB development with regard to the microphysiology of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the impact of BBB disruption on brain development. Our focus is on modeling these complex systems. Extant in silico models are available as tools to predict the probability of drug/chemical passage across the BBB; in vitro platforms for high-throughput screening and high-content imaging provide novel data streams for profiling chemical-biological interactions; and engineered human cell-based microphysiological systems provide empirical models with which to investigate the dynamics of NVU function. Computational models are needed that bring together kinetic and dynamic aspects of NVU function across gestation and under various physiological and toxicological scenarios. This integration will inform adverse outcome pathways to reduce uncertainty in translating in vitro data and in silico models for use in risk assessments that aim to protect neurodevelopmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerine S Saili
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Todd J Zurlinden
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Andrew J Schwab
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Nancy C Baker
- Leidos, contractor to NCCT, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - E Sidney Hunter
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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Dhillon SK, Lear CA, Galinsky R, Wassink G, Davidson JO, Juul S, Robertson NJ, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. The fetus at the tipping point: modifying the outcome of fetal asphyxia. J Physiol 2018; 596:5571-5592. [PMID: 29774532 DOI: 10.1113/jp274949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury around birth is associated with nearly half of all cases of cerebral palsy. Although brain injury is multifactorial, particularly after preterm birth, acute hypoxia-ischaemia is a major contributor to injury. It is now well established that the severity of injury after hypoxia-ischaemia is determined by a dynamic balance between injurious and protective processes. In addition, mothers who are at risk of premature delivery have high rates of diabetes and antepartum infection/inflammation and are almost universally given treatments such as antenatal glucocorticoids and magnesium sulphate to reduce the risk of death and complications after preterm birth. We review evidence that these common factors affect responses to fetal asphyxia, often in unexpected ways. For example, glucocorticoid exposure dramatically increases delayed cell loss after acute hypoxia-ischaemia, largely through secondary hyperglycaemia. This critical new information is important to understand the effects of clinical treatments of women whose fetuses are at risk of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A Lear
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guido Wassink
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alistair J Gunn
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Alberini CM, Cruz E, Descalzi G, Bessières B, Gao V. Astrocyte glycogen and lactate: New insights into learning and memory mechanisms. Glia 2018; 66:1244-1262. [PMID: 29076603 PMCID: PMC5903986 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Memory, the ability to retain learned information, is necessary for survival. Thus far, molecular and cellular investigations of memory formation and storage have mainly focused on neuronal mechanisms. In addition to neurons, however, the brain comprises other types of cells and systems, including glia and vasculature. Accordingly, recent experimental work has begun to ask questions about the roles of non-neuronal cells in memory formation. These studies provide evidence that all types of glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) make important contributions to the processing of encoded information and storing memories. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent findings on the critical role of astrocytes as providers of energy for the long-lasting neuronal changes that are necessary for long-term memory formation. We focus on three main findings: first, the role of glucose metabolism and the learning- and activity-dependent metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons in the service of long-term memory formation; second, the role of astrocytic glucose metabolism in arousal, a state that contributes to the formation of very long-lasting and detailed memories; and finally, in light of the high energy demands of the brain during early development, we will discuss the possible role of astrocytic and neuronal glucose metabolisms in the formation of early-life memories. We conclude by proposing future directions and discussing the implications of these findings for brain health and disease. Astrocyte glycogenolysis and lactate play a critical role in memory formation. Emotionally salient experiences form strong memories by recruiting astrocytic β2 adrenergic receptors and astrocyte-generated lactate. Glycogenolysis and astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling may also play critical roles in memory formation during development, when the energy requirements of brain metabolism are at their peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
- Associate Investigator, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016
| | - Emmanuel Cruz
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Giannina Descalzi
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Benjamin Bessières
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Virginia Gao
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
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Rao R, Nashawaty M, Fatima S, Ennis K, Tkac I. Neonatal hyperglycemia alters the neurochemical profile, dendritic arborization and gene expression in the developing rat hippocampus. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31. [PMID: 29532970 PMCID: PMC6489495 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentration >150 mg/dL) is common in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs; birth at <28 week gestation). Hyperglycemia increases the risk of brain injury in the neonatal period. The long-term effects are not well understood. In adult rats, hyperglycemia alters hippocampal energy metabolism. The effects of hyperglycemia on the developing hippocampus were studied in rat pups. In Experiment 1, recurrent hyperglycemia of graded severity (moderate hyperglycemia (moderate-HG), mean blood glucose 214.6 ± 11.6 mg/dL; severe hyperglycemia (severe-HG), 338.9 ± 21.7 mg/dL; control, 137.7 ± 2.6 mg/dL) was induced from postnatal day (P) 3 to P12. On P30, the hippocampal neurochemical profile was determined using in vivo 1 H MR spectroscopy. Dendritic arborization in the hippocampal CA1 region was determined using microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-2 immunohistochemistry. In Experiment 2, continuous hyperglycemia (mean blood glucose 275.3 ± 25.8 mg/dL; control, 142.3 ± 2.6 mg/dL) was induced from P2 to P6 by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) on P2. The mRNA expression of glycogen synthase 1 (Gys1), lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh), glucose transporters 1 (Glut1) and 3 (Glut3) and monocarboxylate transporters 1 (Mct1), 2 (Mct2) and 4 (Mct4) in the hippocampus was determined on P6. In Experiment 1, MRS demonstrated lower lactate concentration and glutamate/glutamine (Glu/Gln) ratio in the severe-HG group, compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Phosphocreatine/creatine ratio was higher in both hyperglycemia groups (p < 0.05). MAP-2 histochemistry demonstrated longer apical segment length, indicating abnormal synaptic efficacy in both hyperglycemia groups (p < 0.05). Experiment 2 showed lower Glut1, Gys1 and Mct4 expression and higher Mct1 expression in the hyperglycemia group, relative to the control group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that hyperglycemia alters substrate transport, lactate homeostasis, dendritogenesis and Glu-Gln cycling in the developing hippocampus. Abnormal neurochemical profile and dendritic structure due to hyperglycemia may partially explain the long-term hippocampus-mediated cognitive deficits in human ELGANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
- Centre for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota
- Address for correspondence: Mayo Mail Code 39, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA). Phone: 612-625-3260; Fax: 612-624-8176;
| | - Motaz Nashawaty
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Saher Fatima
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Kathleen Ennis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Ivan Tkac
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota
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PET Imaging Reveals Brain Metabolic Changes in Adolescent Rats Following Chronic Escalating Morphine Administration. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:993-1000. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hogg DW, Chen Y, D'Aquila AL, Xu M, Husić M, Tan LA, Bull C, Lovejoy DA. A novel role of the corticotrophin-releasing hormone regulating peptide, teneurin C-terminal associated peptide 1, on glucose uptake into the brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12579. [PMID: 29411913 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP) is an ancient paracrine signalling agent that evolved via lateral gene transfer from prokaryotes into an early metazoan ancestor. Although it bears structural similarity to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), it inhibits the in vivo actions of CRH. The TCAPs are highly expressed in neurones, where they induce rapid cytoskeletal rearrangement and are neuroprotective. Because these processes are highly energy-dependent, this suggests that TCAP has the potential to regulate glucose uptake because glucose is the primary energy substrate in brain, and neurones require a steady supply to meet the high metabolic demands of neuronal communication. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of TCAP-mediated glucose uptake in the brain and in neuronal cell models. TCAP-mediated 18 F-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake into brain tissue was assessed in male wild-type Wistar rats by functional positron emission tomography. TCAP-1 increased FDG uptake by over 40% into cortical regions of the brain, demonstrating that TCAP-1 can significantly enhance glucose supply. Importantly, a single nanomolar injection of TCAP-1 increased brain glucose after 3 days and decreased blood glucose after 1 week. This is corroborated by a decreased serum concentration of insulin and an increased serum concentration of glucagon. In immortalised hypothalamic neurones, TCAP-1 increased ATP production and enhanced glucose uptake by increasing glucose transporter recruitment to the plasma membrane likely via AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK phosphorylation events. Taken together, these data demonstrate that TCAP-1 increases glucose metabolism in neurones, and may represent a peptide signalling agent that regulated glucose uptake before insulin and related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Hogg
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A L D'Aquila
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Xu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Husić
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L A Tan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Bull
- Molecular Imaging Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D A Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Al-Ahmad AJ. Comparative study of expression and activity of glucose transporters between stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells and hCMEC/D3 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C421-C429. [PMID: 28993322 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00116.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose constitutes a major source of energy of mammalian brains. Glucose uptake at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) occurs through a facilitated glucose transport, through glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), although other isoforms have been described at the BBB. Mutations in GLUT1 are associated with the GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, yet none of the current in vitro models of the human BBB maybe suited for modeling such a disorder. In this study, we investigated the expression of glucose transporters and glucose diffusion across brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) derived from healthy patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We investigated the expression of different glucose transporters at the BBB using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry and measured glucose uptake and diffusion across BMEC monolayers obtained from two iPSC lines and from hCMEC/D3 cells. BMEC monolayers showed expression of several glucose transporters, in particular GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4. Diffusion of glucose across the monolayers was mediated via a saturable transcellular mechanism and partially inhibited by pharmacological inhibitors. Taken together, our study suggests the presence of several glucose transporters isoforms at the human BBB and demonstrates the feasibility of modeling glucose across the BBB using patient-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Al-Ahmad
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, Texas
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41
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Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Brain glucose metabolism: Role of Wnt signaling in the metabolic impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017. [PMID: 28624434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain is an organ that has a high demand for glucose. In the brain, glucose is predominantly used in energy production, with almost 70% of the energy used by neurons. The importance of the energy requirement in neurons is clearly demonstrated by the fact that all neurodegenerative disorders exhibit a critical metabolic impairment that includes decreased glucose uptake/utilization and decreased mitochondrial activity, with a consequent diminution in ATP production. In fact, in Alzheimer's disease, the measurement of the general metabolic rate of the brain has been reported to be an accurate tool for diagnosis. Additionally, the administration of metabolic activators such as insulin/glucagon-like peptide 1 can improve memory/learning performance. Despite the importance of energy metabolism in the brain, little is known about the cellular pathways involved in the regulation of this process. Several reports postulate a role for Wnt signaling as a general metabolic regulator. Thus, in the present review, we discuss the antecedents that support the relationship between Wnt signaling and energy metabolism in the Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Center for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes(CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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42
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Metabolism of Mannose in Cultured Primary Rat Neurons. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2282-2293. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shima T, Matsui T, Jesmin S, Okamoto M, Soya M, Inoue K, Liu YF, Torres-Aleman I, McEwen BS, Soya H. Moderate exercise ameliorates dysregulated hippocampal glycometabolism and memory function in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:597-606. [PMID: 27928614 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is likely to be an independent risk factor for hippocampal-based memory dysfunction, although this complication has yet to be investigated in detail. As dysregulated glycometabolism in peripheral tissues is a key symptom of type 2 diabetes, it is hypothesised that diabetes-mediated memory dysfunction is also caused by hippocampal glycometabolic dysfunction. If so, such dysfunction should also be ameliorated with moderate exercise by normalising hippocampal glycometabolism, since 4 weeks of moderate exercise enhances memory function and local hippocampal glycogen levels in normal animals. METHODS The hippocampal glycometabolism in OLETF rats (model of human type 2 diabetes) was assessed and, subsequently, the effects of exercise on memory function and hippocampal glycometabolism were investigated. RESULTS OLETF rats, which have memory dysfunction, exhibited higher levels of glycogen in the hippocampus than did control rats, and breakdown of hippocampal glycogen with a single bout of exercise remained unimpaired. However, OLETF rats expressed lower levels of hippocampal monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2, a transporter for lactate to neurons). Four weeks of moderate exercise improved spatial memory accompanied by further increase in hippocampal glycogen levels and restoration of MCT2 expression independent of neurotrophic factor and clinical symptoms in OLETF rats. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings are the first to describe detailed profiles of glycometabolism in the type 2 diabetic hippocampus and to show that 4 weeks of moderate exercise improves memory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes via amelioration of dysregulated hippocampal glycometabolism. Dysregulated hippocampal lactate-transport-related glycometabolism is a possible aetiology of type-2-diabetes-mediated memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Shima
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Koshiro Inoue
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | | | - Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Brain microvasculature defects and Glut1 deficiency syndrome averted by early repletion of the glucose transporter-1 protein. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14152. [PMID: 28106060 PMCID: PMC5263887 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the SLC2A1 gene and paucity of its translated product, the glucose transporter-1 (Glut1) protein, disrupt brain function and cause the neurodevelopmental disorder, Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). There is little to suggest how reduced Glut1 causes cognitive dysfunction and no optimal treatment for Glut1 DS. We used model mice to demonstrate that low Glut1 protein arrests cerebral angiogenesis, resulting in a profound diminution of the brain microvasculature without compromising the blood-brain barrier. Studies to define the temporal requirements for Glut1 reveal that pre-symptomatic, AAV9-mediated repletion of the protein averts brain microvasculature defects and prevents disease, whereas augmenting the protein late, during adulthood, is devoid of benefit. Still, treatment following symptom onset can be effective; Glut1 repletion in early-symptomatic mutants that have experienced sustained periods of low brain glucose nevertheless restores the cerebral microvasculature and ameliorates disease. Timely Glut1 repletion may thus constitute an effective treatment for Glut1 DS.
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45
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Glucose and Intermediary Metabolism and Astrocyte–Neuron Interactions Following Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia in Rat. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:115-132. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Szablewski L. Glucose Transporters in Brain: In Health and in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:1307-1320. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Smith HL, Bourne JN, Cao G, Chirillo MA, Ostroff LE, Watson DJ, Harris KM. Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization with age-dependent synaptic growth after LTP. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27991850 PMCID: PMC5235352 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria support synaptic transmission through production of ATP, sequestration of calcium, synthesis of glutamate, and other vital functions. Surprisingly, less than 50% of hippocampal CA1 presynaptic boutons contain mitochondria, raising the question of whether synapses without mitochondria can sustain changes in efficacy. To address this question, we analyzed synapses from postnatal day 15 (P15) and adult rat hippocampus that had undergone theta-burst stimulation to produce long-term potentiation (TBS-LTP) and compared them to control or no stimulation. At 30 and 120 min after TBS-LTP, vesicles were decreased only in presynaptic boutons that contained mitochondria at P15, and vesicle decrement was greatest in adult boutons containing mitochondria. Presynaptic mitochondrial cristae were widened, suggesting a sustained energy demand. Thus, mitochondrial proximity reflected enhanced vesicle mobilization well after potentiation reached asymptote, in parallel with the apparently silent addition of new dendritic spines at P15 or the silent enlargement of synapses in adults. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15275.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Jennifer N Bourne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Guan Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Michael A Chirillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Linnaea E Ostroff
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Washington, New York
| | - Deborah J Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Kristen M Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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48
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Hladky SB, Barrand MA. Fluid and ion transfer across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers; a comparative account of mechanisms and roles. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:19. [PMID: 27799072 PMCID: PMC5508927 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The two major interfaces separating brain and blood have different primary roles. The choroid plexuses secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles, accounting for most net fluid entry to the brain. Aquaporin, AQP1, allows water transfer across the apical surface of the choroid epithelium; another protein, perhaps GLUT1, is important on the basolateral surface. Fluid secretion is driven by apical Na+-pumps. K+ secretion occurs via net paracellular influx through relatively leaky tight junctions partially offset by transcellular efflux. The blood-brain barrier lining brain microvasculature, allows passage of O2, CO2, and glucose as required for brain cell metabolism. Because of high resistance tight junctions between microvascular endothelial cells transport of most polar solutes is greatly restricted. Because solute permeability is low, hydrostatic pressure differences cannot account for net fluid movement; however, water permeability is sufficient for fluid secretion with water following net solute transport. The endothelial cells have ion transporters that, if appropriately arranged, could support fluid secretion. Evidence favours a rate smaller than, but not much smaller than, that of the choroid plexuses. At the blood-brain barrier Na+ tracer influx into the brain substantially exceeds any possible net flux. The tracer flux may occur primarily by a paracellular route. The blood-brain barrier is the most important interface for maintaining interstitial fluid (ISF) K+ concentration within tight limits. This is most likely because Na+-pumps vary the rate at which K+ is transported out of ISF in response to small changes in K+ concentration. There is also evidence for functional regulation of K+ transporters with chronic changes in plasma concentration. The blood-brain barrier is also important in regulating HCO3- and pH in ISF: the principles of this regulation are reviewed. Whether the rate of blood-brain barrier HCO3- transport is slow or fast is discussed critically: a slow transport rate comparable to those of other ions is favoured. In metabolic acidosis and alkalosis variations in HCO3- concentration and pH are much smaller in ISF than in plasma whereas in respiratory acidosis variations in pHISF and pHplasma are similar. The key similarities and differences of the two interfaces are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Hladky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD UK
| | - Margery A. Barrand
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD UK
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Postnatal changes in glucose transporter 3 expression in the dentate gyrus of the C57BL/6 mouse model. Lab Anim Res 2016; 32:1-7. [PMID: 27051437 PMCID: PMC4816992 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2016.32.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we observed the ontogenetic changes in glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) immunoreactivity, a major neuronal GLUT, in the dentate gyrus of mouse brains at various ages: postnatal day (P) 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56. At P1, cresyl violet staining showed abundant neurons in the dentate gyrus, whereas the granule cell layer was ill-defined. At P7, the granule cell layer was observed, and cresyl violet-positive cells were dispersed throughout the polymorphic layer. At P14, the granule cell layer was well-defined, and cresyl violet positive cells were detected abundantly in the polymorphic layer. At P28 and P56, cresyl violet-positive cells were observed in the granule cell layer, as well as in the polymorphic layer. At P1, GLUT3 immunoreactivity was detected in the dentate gyrus. At P7, GLUT3 immunoreactive cells were scattered in the polymorphic and molecular layer. However, at P14, GLUT3 immunoreactivity was observed in the polymorphic layer as well as subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. At P28, GLUT3 immunoreactivity was detected in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus. At P56, GLUT3 immunoreactivity was observed predominantly in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. GLUT3 immunoreactive cells were mainly colocalized with doublecortin, which is a marker for differentiated neuroblasts, in the polymorphic layer and subgranular zone of dentate gyrus at P14 and P56. These results suggest that the expression of GLUT3 is closely associated with postnatal development of the dentate gyrus and adult neurogenesis.
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Daouk J, Bouzerar R, Chaarani B, Zmudka J, Meyer ME, Balédent O. Use of dynamic (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to investigate choroid plexus function in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2016; 77:62-8. [PMID: 26899566 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Choroid plexuses (CPs) are structures involved in CSF production and cerebral regulation and present atypical glucose metabolism. In addition, CPs impairment may be related to Alzheimer disease (AD). In the present study, we present the first results pointing out glucose metabolism in the CP with dynamic fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (dynamic (18)F-FDG-PET). We studied 47 elderly adults who were classified into three classes: healthy subjects (HS), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD. All participants have undergone dynamic (18)F-FDG-PET for 45 min. Acquisitions were divided into 34 frames to extract tissue time-activity curves (TTACs) in various structures including CSF and CPs. Results showed a decreased CPs (18)F-FDG metabolism in AD compared with aMCI and HS. Conversely, dynamic uptake was higher in CSF for AD compared with the other groups. ROC analysis showed that CPs TTACs are a promising tool as it yielded sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 83.3%. Our study showed a disturbance of glucose exchange at the blood-CSF barrier level which is in favour of a key-role of the CPs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Daouk
- Bioflow Image, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
| | - Roger Bouzerar
- Bioflow Image, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Medical Image Processing, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Bioflow Image, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Medical Image Processing, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Jadwiga Zmudka
- Bioflow Image, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Geriatry, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Marc-Etienne Meyer
- Bioflow Image, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Balédent
- Bioflow Image, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Department of Medical Image Processing, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
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