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Thapak P, Gomez-Pinilla F. The bioenergetics of traumatic brain injury and its long-term impact for brain plasticity and function. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107389. [PMID: 39243913 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria provide the energy to keep cells alive and functioning and they have the capacity to influence highly complex molecular events. Mitochondria are essential to maintain cellular energy homeostasis that determines the course of neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Various aspects of mitochondria metabolism such as autophagy can have long-term consequences for brain function and plasticity. In turn, mitochondria bioenergetics can impinge on molecular events associated with epigenetic modifications of DNA, which can extend cellular memory for a long time. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to pathological manifestations such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and calcium imbalance that threaten brain plasticity and function. Hence, targeting mitochondrial function may have great potential to lessen the outcomes of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Thapak
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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2
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Orr TJ, Lesha E, Kramer AH, Cecia A, Dugan JE, Schwartz B, Einhaus SL. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive Review of Biomechanics and Molecular Pathophysiology. World Neurosurg 2024; 185:74-88. [PMID: 38272305 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical public health concern with profound consequences for affected individuals. This comprehensive literature review delves into TBI intricacies, encompassing primary injury biomechanics and the molecular pathophysiology of the secondary injury cascade. Primary TBI involves a complex interplay of forces, including impact loading, blast overpressure, and impulsive loading, leading to diverse injury patterns. These forces can be categorized into inertial (e.g., rotational acceleration causing focal and diffuse injuries) and contact forces (primarily causing focal injuries like skull fractures). Understanding their interactions is crucial for effective injury management. The secondary injury cascade in TBI comprises multifaceted molecular and cellular responses, including altered ion concentrations, dysfunctional neurotransmitter networks, oxidative stress, and cellular energy disturbances. These disruptions impair synaptic function, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity, resulting in cognitive and behavioral deficits. Moreover, neuroinflammatory responses play a pivotal role in exacerbating damage. As we endeavor to bridge the knowledge gap between biomechanics and molecular pathophysiology, further research is imperative to unravel the nuanced interplay between mechanical forces and their consequences at the molecular and cellular levels, ultimately guiding the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate the debilitating effects of TBI. In this study, we aim to provide a concise review of the bridge between biomechanical processes causing primary injury and the ensuing molecular pathophysiology of secondary injury, while detailing the subsequent clinical course for this patient population. This knowledge is crucial for advancing our understanding of TBI and developing effective interventions to improve outcomes for those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Orr
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Emal Lesha
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Semmes Murphey Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alexandra H Kramer
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Arba Cecia
- School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John E Dugan
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Barrett Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Semmes Murphey Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephanie L Einhaus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Semmes Murphey Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee
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Kobeissy F, Goli M, Yadikar H, Shakkour Z, Kurup M, Haidar MA, Alroumi S, Mondello S, Wang KK, Mechref Y. Advances in neuroproteomics for neurotrauma: unraveling insights for personalized medicine and future prospects. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1288740. [PMID: 38073638 PMCID: PMC10703396 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1288740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroproteomics, an emerging field at the intersection of neuroscience and proteomics, has garnered significant attention in the context of neurotrauma research. Neuroproteomics involves the quantitative and qualitative analysis of nervous system components, essential for understanding the dynamic events involved in the vast areas of neuroscience, including, but not limited to, neuropsychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, mental illness, traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and other neurodegenerative diseases. With advancements in mass spectrometry coupled with bioinformatics and systems biology, neuroproteomics has led to the development of innovative techniques such as microproteomics, single-cell proteomics, and imaging mass spectrometry, which have significantly impacted neuronal biomarker research. By analyzing the complex protein interactions and alterations that occur in the injured brain, neuroproteomics provides valuable insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurotrauma. This review explores how such insights can be harnessed to advance personalized medicine (PM) approaches, tailoring treatments based on individual patient profiles. Additionally, we highlight the potential future prospects of neuroproteomics, such as identifying novel biomarkers and developing targeted therapies by employing artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). By shedding light on neurotrauma's current state and future directions, this review aims to stimulate further research and collaboration in this promising and transformative field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Hamad Yadikar
- Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Milin Kurup
- Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, United States
| | | | - Shahad Alroumi
- Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Kevin K. Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Arya S, Bahuguna D, Bajad G, Loharkar S, Devangan P, Khatri DK, Singh SB, Madan J. Colloidal therapeutics in the management of traumatic brain injury: Portray of biomarkers and drug-targets, preclinical and clinical pieces of evidence and future prospects. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 230:113509. [PMID: 37595379 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Complexity associated with the aberrant physiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) makes its therapeutic targeting vulnerable. The underlying mechanisms of pathophysiology of TBI are yet to be completely illustrated. Primary injury in TBI is associated with contusions and axonal shearing whereas excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, free radicals generation, and neuroinflammation are considered under secondary injury. MicroRNAs, proinflammatory cytokines, and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) recently emerged as biomarkers in TBI. In addition, several approved therapeutic entities have been explored to target existing and newly identified drug-targets in TBI. However, drug delivery in TBI is hampered due to disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) in secondary TBI, as well as inadequate drug-targeting and retention effect. Colloidal therapeutics appeared helpful in providing enhanced drug availability to the brain owing to definite targeting strategies. Moreover, immense efforts have been put together to achieve increased bioavailability of therapeutics to TBI by devising effective targeting strategies. The potential of colloidal therapeutics to efficiently deliver drugs at the site of injury and down-regulate the mediators of TBI are serving as novel policies in the management of TBI. Therefore, in present manuscript, we have illuminated a myriad of molecular-targets currently identified and recognized in TBI. Moreover, particular emphasis is given to frame armamentarium of repurpose drugs which could be utilized to block molecular targets in TBI in addition to drug delivery barriers. The critical role of colloidal therapeutics such as liposomes, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and exosomes in drug delivery to TBI through invasive and non-invasive routes has also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepankar Bahuguna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gopal Bajad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Soham Loharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pawan Devangan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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5
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Liu S, Zhang W. NAD + metabolism and eye diseases: current status and future directions. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8653-8663. [PMID: 37540459 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no truly effective treatments for a variety of eye diseases, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs). These conditions have a significant impact on patients' quality of life and can be a burden on society. However, these diseases share a common pathological process of NAD+ metabolism disorders. They are either associated with genetically induced primary NAD+ synthase deficiency, decreased NAD+ levels due to aging, or enhanced NAD+ consuming enzyme activity during disease pathology. In this discussion, we explore the role of NAD+ metabolic disorders in the development of associated ocular diseases and the potential advantages and disadvantages of various methods to increase NAD+ levels. It is essential to carefully evaluate the possible adverse effects of these methods and conduct a more comprehensive and objective assessment of their function before considering their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, 730030, Lanzhou, VA, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730030, Lanzhou, VA, China.
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Sridharan PS, Miller E, Pieper AA. Application of P7C3 Compounds to Investigating and Treating Acute and Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1616-1628. [PMID: 37651054 PMCID: PMC10684439 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading worldwide cause of disability, and there are currently no medicines that prevent, reduce, or reverse acute or chronic neurodegeneration in TBI patients. Here, we review the target-agnostic discovery of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/NADH-stabilizing P7C3 compounds through a phenotypic screen in mice and describe how P7C3 compounds have been applied to advance understanding of the pathophysiology and potential treatment of TBI. We summarize how P7C3 compounds have been shown across multiple laboratories to mitigate disease progression safely and effectively in a broad range of preclinical models of disease related to impaired NAD+/NADH metabolism, including acute and chronic TBI, and note the reported safety and neuroprotective efficacy of P7C3 compounds in nonhuman primates. We also describe how P7C3 compounds facilitated the recent first demonstration that chronic neurodegeneration 1 year after TBI in mice, the equivalent of many decades in people, can be reversed to restore normal neuropsychiatric function. We additionally review how P7C3 compounds have facilitated discovery of new pathophysiologic mechanisms of neurodegeneration after TBI. This includes the role of rapid TBI-induced tau acetylation that drives axonal degeneration, and the discovery of brain-derived acetylated tau as the first blood-based biomarker of neurodegeneration after TBI that directly correlates with the abundance of a therapeutic target in the brain. We additionally review the identification of TBI-induced tau acetylation as a potential mechanistic link between TBI and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Lastly, we summarize historical accounts of other successful phenotypic-based drug discoveries that advanced medical care without prior recognition of the specific molecular target needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethy S Sridharan
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emiko Miller
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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7
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Lamade AM, Chen Y, Johnson CJ, Bayır H, Clark RSB. Detecting and Quantifying pADPr In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2609:23-42. [PMID: 36515827 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2891-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) participate in diverse biological processes contributing to cellular homeostasis or exacerbating injury. PARP catalyzes the addition of ADP-ribose molecules (pADPr) to the target proteins, a process termed poly-ADP-ribosylation. Overactivation of PARP - reflected by increased poly-ADP-ribosylation and accumulation of pADPr-modified proteins or free pADPr - contributes to depletion of NAD+ and mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially leading to cell death. Thus, PARP overactivation and increases in free pADPr have been identified as key contributors to the pathobiology of many diseases. In stark contrast, PARP inhibitors are in clinical use in cancer patients where they potentiate cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Accordingly, monitoring PARP-1 activation - responsible for up to 80-90% of cellular pADPr synthesis - by detecting and quantifying pADPr may provide valuable mechanistic insights as well as facilitating therapeutic drug monitoring for PARP inhibitors.Several non-isotopic immunodetection methods for quantifying pADPr are discussed: Western blotting of poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins, cellular localization of pADPr by immunohistochemistry, quantification of pADPr by enzyme-linked immunoassay, and small-scale two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lamade
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yaming Chen
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carla J Johnson
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Hakiminia B, Alikiaii B, Khorvash F, Mousavi S. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: From mechanistic view to targeted therapeutic opportunities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:612-662. [PMID: 35118714 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of permanent physical and cognitive disabilities. TBI pathology results from primary insults and a multi-mechanistic biochemical process, termed as secondary brain injury. Currently, there are no pharmacological agents for definitive treatment of patients with TBI. This article is presented with the purpose of reviewing molecular mechanisms of TBI pathology, as well as potential strategies and agents against pathological pathways. In this review article, materials were obtained by searching PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search was considered without time limitation. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two key mediators of the secondary injury cascade in TBI pathology. TBI-induced oxidative damage results in the structural and functional impairments of cellular and subcellular components, such as mitochondria. Impairments of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mitochondrial membrane potential result in a vicious cycle of free radical formation and cell apoptosis. The results of some preclinical and clinical studies, evaluating mitochondria-targeted therapies, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and compounds with pleiotropic effects after TBI, are promising. As a proposed strategy in recent years, mitochondria-targeted multipotential therapy is a new hope, waiting to be confirmed. Moreover, based on the available findings, biologics, such as stem cell-based therapy and transplantation of mitochondria are novel potential strategies for the treatment of TBI; however, more studies are needed to clearly confirm the safety and efficacy of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hakiminia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Gutierrez-Quintana R, Walker DJ, Williams KJ, Forster DM, Chalmers AJ. Radiation-induced neuroinflammation: a potential protective role for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors? Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdab190. [PMID: 35118383 PMCID: PMC8807076 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) plays a fundamental role in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). GBM are notoriously invasive and harbor a subpopulation of cells with stem-like features which exhibit upregulation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and are radioresistant. High radiation doses are therefore delivered to large brain volumes and are known to extend survival but also cause delayed toxicity with 50%-90% of patients developing neurocognitive dysfunction. Emerging evidence identifies neuroinflammation as a critical mediator of the adverse effects of RT on cognitive function. In addition to its well-established role in promoting repair of radiation-induced DNA damage, activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) can exacerbate neuroinflammation by promoting secretion of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, PARP represents an intriguing mechanistic link between radiation-induced activation of the DDR and subsequent neuroinflammation. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have emerged as promising new agents for GBM when given in combination with RT, with multiple preclinical studies demonstrating radiosensitizing effects and at least 3 compounds being evaluated in clinical trials. We propose that concomitant use of PARPi could reduce radiation-induced neuroinflammation and reduce the severity of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction while at the same time improving tumor control by enhancing radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Walker
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan M Forster
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Manchester Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Li C, Wu LE. Risks and rewards of targeting NAD + homeostasis in the brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198:111545. [PMID: 34302821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to correct declining nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels in neurological disease and biological ageing are promising therapeutic candidates. These strategies include supplementing with NAD+ precursors, small molecule activation of NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes, and treatment with small molecule inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes such as CD38, SARM1 or members of the PARP family. While these strategies have shown efficacy in animal models of neurological disease, each of these has the mechanistic potential for adverse events that could preclude their preclinical use. Here, we discuss the implications of these strategies for treating neurological diseases, including potential off-target effects that may be unique to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Li
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Lindsay E Wu
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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11
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Davis CK, Vemuganti R. DNA damage and repair following traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105143. [PMID: 33127471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to promote significant DNA damage irrespective of age, sex, and species. Chemical as well as structural DNA modification start within minutes and persist for days after TBI. Although several DNA repair pathways are induced following TBI, the simultaneous downregulation of some of the genes and proteins of these pathways leads to an aberrant overall DNA repair process. In many instances, DNA damages escape even the most robust repair mechanisms, especially when the repair process becomes overwhelmed or becomes inefficient by severe or repeated injuries. The persisting DNA damage and/or lack of DNA repair contributes to long-term functional deficits. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of TBI-induced DNA damage and repair. We further discussed the putative experimental therapies that target the members of the DNA repair process for improved outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Davis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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12
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El-Kott AF, Abd-Lateif AEKM, Khalifa HS, Morsy K, Ibrahim EH, Bin-Jumah M, Abdel-Daim MM, Aleya L. Kaempferol protects against cadmium chloride-induced hippocampal damage and memory deficits by activation of silent information regulator 1 and inhibition of poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138832. [PMID: 32353801 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of Kaempferol against cadmium chloride (CdCl2) -induced neurotoxicity is well reported. The silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) are two related cellular molecules that can negatively affect the activity of each other to promote or inhibit cell survival, respectively. It is still largely unknown if the neurotoxicity of CdCl2 or the neuroprotection of Kaempferol are mediated by modulating SIRT1 and/or PAPR1 activities. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that CdCl2-induced memory deficit and hippocampal damage are associated with downregulation/inhibition of SIRT1 and activation of PAPR1, an effect that can be reversed by co-treatment with Kaempferol. Rats (n = 12/group) were divided into 4 groups as control, control + Kaempferol (50 mg//kg), CdCl2 (0.5 mg/kg), and CdCl2 + Kaempferol. All treatments were administered orally for 30 days daily. As compared to control rats, CdCl2 reduced rat's final body weights (21.8%) and their food intake (30%), induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in their hippocampi, and impaired their short and long-term recognition memory functions. Besides, the hippocampi of CdCl2-treated rats had higher levels of TNF-α (197%), and IL-6 (190%) with a concomitant increase in nuclear activity and levels of NF-κB p65 (721% & 554%). Besides, they showed reduced nuclear activity (53%) and levels (74%) of SIRT1, higher nuclear activity and levels of PARP1 (292% & 138%), increased nuclear levels of p53 (870%), and higher acetylated levels of NF-κB p65 (513%), p53 (644%), PARP1 (696%), and FOXO-2 (149%). All these events were significantly reversed in the CdCl2 + Kaempferol-treated rats. Of note, Kaempferol also increased levels of MnSOD (73.5%), and GSH (40%), protein levels of Bcl-2 (350%), and nuclear activity (67%) and levels (46%) of SIRT1 in the hippocampi of the control rats. In conclusion, Kaempferol ameliorates CdCl2-induced memory deficits and hippocampal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis by increasing SIRT1 activity and inhibiting PARP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attalla Farag El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | | | - Heba S Khalifa
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Essam H Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Blood Products Quality Control and Research Department, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo 12611, Egypt
| | - May Bin-Jumah
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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13
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Niu F, Qian K, Qi H, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Jia W, Sun M. CPCGI Reduces Gray and White Matter Injury by Upregulating Nrf2 Signaling and Suppressing Calpain Overactivation in a Rat Model of Controlled Cortical Impact. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1929-1941. [PMID: 32904488 PMCID: PMC7455756 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s266136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection (CPCGI), which involves injection of a neurotrophic drug, has been widely used to treat certain brain disorders in the clinic; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. This study investigated whether CPCGI protects the brain from trauma by stimulating antioxidative nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and suppressing calpain overactivation in a rat model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS The rat model of CCI was used. Neurological deficits, contusion, and white matter damage were evaluated 3 days after CCI. Calpain activation, Nrf2 signaling and oxidative stress were determined 24 h after CCI. RESULTS CPCGI dose-dependently reduced neurological deficits, attenuated axonal and myelin sheath injury, and decreased contusion volume 3 days post-CCI. Moreover, CPCGI reduced calpain activity, and enhanced the cytosolic levels of calpastatin, αII-spectrin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in traumatic tissues 24 h post-CCI. Furthermore, CPCGI reduced the levels of nuclear Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP); increased the levels of cytosolic Nrf2 and thioredoxin 1 (Trx 1) and nuclear Nrf2; increased the cytosolic and nuclear Nrf2/Keap1 and Trx 1/TXNIP ratios; enhanced the levels of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase activity, and total antioxidative capacity; and reduced the levels of malondialdehyde in TBI tissues. CONCLUSION These data confirm the neuroprotective effect of CPCGI against gray and white matter damage due to CCI and suggest that activating Nrf2 signaling and alleviating oxidative stress-mediated calpain activation could be one mechanism by which CPCGI protects against brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Niu
- Department of Neurotrauma, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Department of Acupuncture, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang City 222000, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Zhao
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
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14
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Lamade AM, Kenny EM, Anthonymuthu TS, Soysal E, Clark RSB, Kagan VE, Bayır H. Aiming for the target: Mitochondrial drug delivery in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2019; 145:209-219. [PMID: 30009835 PMCID: PMC6309489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a keystone of neuronal function, serving a dual role as sustainer of life and harbinger of death. While mitochondria are indispensable for energy production, a dysregulated mitochondrial network can spell doom for both neurons and the functions they provide. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex and biphasic injury, often affecting children and young adults. The primary pathological mechanism of TBI is mechanical, too rapid to be mitigated by anything but prevention. However, the secondary injury of TBI evolves over hours and days after the initial insult providing a window of opportunity for intervention. As a nexus point of both survival and death during this second phase, targeting mitochondrial pathology in TBI has long been an attractive strategy. Often these attempts are mired by efficacy-limiting unintended off-target effects. Specific delivery to and enrichment of therapeutics at their submitochondrial site of action can reduce deleterious effects and increase potency. Mitochondrial drug localization is accomplished using (1) the mitochondrial membrane potential, (2) affinity of a carrier to mitochondria-specific components (e.g. lipids), (3) piggybacking on the cells own mitochondria trafficking systems, or (4) nanoparticle-based approaches. In this review, we briefly consider the mitochondrial delivery strategies and drug targets that illustrate the promise of these mitochondria-specific approaches in the design of TBI pharmacotherapy. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Lamade
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elif Soysal
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics in Biomedicine, Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Krainz T, Lamade AM, Du L, Maskrey TS, Calderon MJ, Watkins SC, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS, Bayır H, Wipf P, Clark RSB. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Mitochondria-Targeting Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2868-2879. [PMID: 30184433 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of enzymes plays a crucial role in cellular and molecular processes including DNA damage detection and repair and transcription; indeed, PARP inhibitors are under clinical evaluation as chemotherapeutic adjuncts given their capacity to impede genomic DNA repair in tumor cells. Conversely, overactivation of PARP can lead to NAD+ depletion, mitochondrial energy failure, and cell death. Since PARP activation facilitates genomic but impedes mitochondrial DNA repair, nonselective PARP inhibitors are likely to have opposing effects in these cellular compartments. Herein, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of the mitochondria-targeting PARP inhibitor, XJB-veliparib. Attachment of the hemigramicidin S pentapeptide isostere for mitochondrial targeting using a flexible linker at the primary amide site of veliparib did not disrupt PARP affinity or inhibition. XJB-veliparib was effective at low nanomolar concentrations (10-100 nM) and more potent than veliparib in protection from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary cortical neurons. Both XJB-veliparib and veliparib (10 nM) preserved mitochondrial NAD+ after OGD; however, only XJB-veliparib prevented release of NAD+ into cytosol. XJB-veliparib (10 nM) appeared to inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymer formation in mitochondria and preserve mitochondrial cytoarchitecture after OGD in primary cortical neurons. After 10 nM exposure, XJB-veliparib was detected by LC-MS in mitochondria but not nuclear-enriched fractions in neurons and was observed in mitoplasts stripped of the outer mitochondrial membrane obtained from HT22 cells. XJB-veliparib was also effective at preventing glutamate-induced HT22 cell death at micromolar concentrations. Importantly, in HT22 cells exposed to H2O2 to produce DNA damage, XJB-veliparib (10 μM) had no effect on nuclear DNA repair, in contrast to veliparib (10 μM) where DNA repair was retarded. XJB-veliparib and analogous mitochondria-targeting PARP inhibitors warrant further evaluation in vitro and in vivo, particularly in conditions where PARP overactivation leads to mitochondrial energy failure and maintenance of genomic DNA integrity is desirable, e.g., ischemia, oxidative stress, and radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Krainz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Andrew M. Lamade
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Taber S. Maskrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael J. Calderon
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, United States
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, United States
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, United States
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Robert S. B. Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, United States
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16
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Meng D, He W, Huang P, Liu D, Zhong L, Yu R, Li J. Polymorphism of PARP-1 indicates an increased risk and a worse initial severity of ischemic stroke. Per Med 2018; 15:355-360. [PMID: 30260276 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Polymorphisms of DNA repair enzyme gene may alter the ability to repair damage and in turn may contribute to ischemic stroke susceptibility and outcome. METHODS We selected 316 ischemic stroke patients and 302 healthy controls. Then we genotyped SNPs of PARP-1 rs3219119, rs2271347 and APE1 rs1130409 in patient and control groups. RESULTS Polymorphism in PARP-1 rs2271347 was significantly associated with increased ischemic stroke risk (additive model: OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.03-2.93; p = 0.037). Patients harboring the PARP-1 rs2271347 GA/AA genotype had a worse initial stroke (additive model: OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.10-3.11; p = 0.021). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that genetic variant of rs2271347 may contribute to the etiology of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhuai Meng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dinghua Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Jiangyin People's Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Lingling Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Rongbin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jianan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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17
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Blaya MO, Wasserman JM, Pieper AA, Sick TJ, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Neurotherapeutic capacity of P7C3 agents for the treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:268-282. [PMID: 30236963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health problem around the world. A promising area of research is the characterization of small, drug-like molecules that have potent clinical properties. One pharmacotherapeutic agent in particular, an aminopropyl carbazole called P7C3, was discovered using an in vivo screen to identify new agents that augmented the net magnitude of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. P7C3 greatly enhanced neurogenesis by virtue of increasing survival rates of immature neurons. The potent neuroprotective efficacy of P7C3 is likely due to enhanced nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) activity, which supports critical cellular processes. The scaffold of P7C3 was found to have favorable pharmacokinetic properties, good bioavailability, and was nontoxic. Preclinical studies have shown that administration of the P7C3-series of neuroprotective compounds after TBI can rescue and reverse detrimental cellular events leading to improved functional recovery. In several TBI models and across multiple species, P7C3 and its analogues have produced significant neuroprotection, axonal preservation, robust increases in the net magnitude of adult neurogenesis, protection from injury-induced LTP deficits, and improvement in neurological functioning. This review will elucidate the exciting and diverse therapeutic findings of P7C3 administration in the presence of a complex and multifactorial set of cellular and molecular challenges brought forth by experimental TBI. The clinical potential and broad therapeutic applicability of P7C3 warrants much needed investigation into whether these remedial effects can be replicated in the clinic. P7C3 may serve as an important step forward in the design, understanding, and implementation of pharmacotherapies for treating patients with TBI. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O Blaya
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Joseph M Wasserman
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Thomas J Sick
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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18
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Irvine KA, Bishop RK, Won SJ, Xu J, Hamel KA, Coppes V, Singh P, Sondag A, Rome E, Basu J, Cittolin-Santos GF, Panter SS, Swanson RA. Effects of Veliparib on Microglial Activation and Functional Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat and Pig. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:918-929. [PMID: 29285982 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammation response induced by brain trauma can impair recovery. This response requires several hours to develop fully and thus provides a clinically relevant therapeutic window of opportunity. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors suppress inflammatory responses, including brain microglial activation. We evaluated delayed treatment with veliparib, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, currently in clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic, in rats and pigs subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI). In rats, CCI induced a robust inflammatory response at the lesion margins, scattered cell death in the dentate gyrus, and a delayed, progressive loss of corpus callosum axons. Pre-determined measures of cognitive and motor function showed evidence of attentional deficits that resolved after three weeks and motor deficits that recovered only partially over eight weeks. Veliparib was administered beginning 2 or 24 h after CCI and continued for up to 12 days. Veliparib suppressed CCI-induced microglial activation at doses of 3 mg/kg or higher and reduced reactive astrocytosis and cell death in the dentate gyrus, but had no significant effect on delayed axonal loss or functional recovery. In pigs, CCI similarly induced a perilesional microglial activation that was attenuated by veliparib. CCI in the pig did not, however, induce detectable persisting cognitive or motor impairment. Our results showed veliparib suppression of CCI-induced microglial activation with a delay-to-treatment interval of at least 24 h in both rats and pigs, but with no associated functional improvement. The lack of improvement in long-term recovery underscores the complexities in translating anti-inflammatory effects to clinically relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Robin K Bishop
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Katherine A Hamel
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Valerie Coppes
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Pardeep Singh
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew Sondag
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Rome
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Jayinee Basu
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Giordano Fabricio Cittolin-Santos
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and Science Without Borders, CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - S Scott Panter
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, California
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19
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El Husseini N, Hoffman BM, Bennett ER, Li YW, Williamson Taylor RA, Hailey CE, Richardson K, Li YJ, Laskowitz DT, James ML. Association of IL6ST (gp130) Polymorphism with Functional Outcome Following Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 27:125-131. [PMID: 28964648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Genes associated with the inflammatory response and cytostructural integrity may influence recovery following a brain injury. To examine this in the setting of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed for associations with patient outcome. METHODS A cohort of 54 patients with supratentorial ICH were enrolled. Based on known involvement with neuroinflammation and cytostructural integrity, 10 preselected SNPs from 6 candidate genes were tested for associations with 6-month functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] ≥ 3), mortality, and in-hospital deterioration (Glasgow Coma Scale decrease by >2 within 7 days of admission) following ICH. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression with adjustment for race and ICH score were performed. RESULTS SNP rs10940495 (gp130 G/A) within the gp130 gene was the only SNP significantly associated with lower odds of an unfavorable 6-month functional outcome (odds ratio = .16 for mRS ≥ 3; 95% confidence interval, .03-.87, P = .03). Compared with major allele (A) homozygotes, minor allele (G) carriers in the IL6 signal transducer gene (gp130) locus were 84% less likely to have a poor outcome (mRS ≥ 3) at 6 months following spontaneous ICH. The SNP rs10940495 (gp130 G/A) and SNP rs3219119 (PARP-1 A/T) were associated with 6-month mortality (P = .02 and .04, respectively) only on univariate analysis. None of the SNPs examined were associated with in-hospital deterioration. CONCLUSION In this exploratory study, SNP rs10940495 in the gp130 locus was associated with functional outcome at 6 months following spontaneous ICH. These findings, which should be validated through a larger study, suggest that inflammation plays an important role in mediating outcomes after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada El Husseini
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina.
| | - Benjamin M Hoffman
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ellen R Bennett
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Brain Injury Translational Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yen-Wei Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Claire E Hailey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kara Richardson
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Brain Injury Translational Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Brain Injury Translational Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael L James
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Brain Injury Translational Research Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Kozlov AV, Bahrami S, Redl H, Szabo C. Alterations in nitric oxide homeostasis during traumatic brain injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2627-2632. [PMID: 28064018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in nitric oxide (NO) levels have been often associated with various forms of trauma, including secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several studies demonstrate the upregulation of NO synthase (NOS) enzymes, and concomitant increases in brain NO levels, which contribute to the TBI-associated glutamate cytotoxicity, including the pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction. TBI is also associated with elevated NO levels in remote organs, indicating that TBI can induce systemic changes in NO regulation, which can be either beneficial or detrimental. Here we review the possible mechanisms responsible for changes in NO metabolism during TBI. Better understanding of the changes in NO homeostasis in TBI will be necessary to design rational therapeutic approaches for TBI. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Trauma and Sepsis edited by Dr. Raghavan Raju.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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21
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) participate in diverse biological processes contributing to cellular homeostasis or exacerbating injury. PARP catalyzes the addition of ADP-ribose molecules (pADPr) to the target proteins, a process termed poly-ADP-ribosylation. Overactivation of PARP, as reflected by increased poly-ADP-ribosylation, accumulation of pADPr-modified proteins or free pADPr, contributes to depletion of NAD+ and mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially leading to cell death. Since PARP overactivation and increases in free pADPr have been identified as key contributors to the pathobiology of many diseases, monitoring PARP-1 activation by detecting and quantifying pADPr may provide valuable mechanistic insights as well as facilitating therapeutic drug monitoring for PARP inhibitors.Several non-isotopic immunodetection methods for quantifying pADPr are discussed: western blotting of poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins, cellular localization of pADPr by immunohistochemistry, quantification of pADPr by enzyme-linked immunoassay and small scale two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, WT6-006, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Rajesh K Aneja
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Robert S B Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Shijo K, Sutton RL, Ghavim SS, Harris NG, Bartnik-Olson BL. Metabolic fate of glucose in rats with traumatic brain injury and pyruvate or glucose treatments: A NMR spectroscopy study. Neurochem Int 2016; 102:66-78. [PMID: 27919624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Administration of sodium pyruvate (SP; 9.08 μmol/kg, i.p.), ethyl pyruvate (EP; 0.34 μmol/kg, i.p.) or glucose (GLC; 11.1 μmol/kg, i.p.) to rats after unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury has been reported to reduce neuronal loss and improve cerebral metabolism. In the present study these doses of each fuel or 8% saline (SAL; 5.47 nmoles/kg) were administered immediately and at 1, 3, 6 and 23 h post-CCI. At 24 h all CCI groups and non-treated Sham injury controls were infused with [1,2 13C] glucose for 68 min 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained from cortex + hippocampus tissues from left (injured) and right (contralateral) hemispheres. All three fuels increased lactate labeling to a similar degree in the injured hemisphere. The amount of lactate labeled via the pentose phosphate and pyruvate recycling (PPP + PR) pathway increased in CCI-SAL and was not improved by SP, EP, and GLC treatments. Oxidative metabolism, as assessed by glutamate labeling, was reduced in CCI-SAL animals. The greatest improvement in oxidative metabolism was observed in animals treated with SP and fewer improvements after EP or GLC treatments. Compared to SAL, all three fuels restored glutamate and glutamine labeling via pyruvate carboxylase (PC), suggesting improved astrocyte metabolism following fuel treatment. Only SP treatments restored the amount of [4 13C] glutamate labeled by the PPP + PR pathway to sham levels. Milder injury effects in the contralateral hemisphere appear normalized by either SP or EP treatments, as increases in the total pool of 13C lactate and labeling of lactate in glycolysis, or decreases in the ratio of PC/PDH labeling of glutamine, were found only for CCI-SAL and CCI-GLC groups compared to Sham. The doses of SP, EP and GLC examined in this study all enhanced lactate labeling and restored astrocyte-specific PC activity but differentially affected neuronal metabolism after CCI injury. The restoration of astrocyte metabolism by all three fuel treatments may partially underlie their abilities to improve cerebral glucose utilization and to reduce neuronal loss following CCI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Shijo
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Box 956901, CA, USA.
| | - Richard L Sutton
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Box 956901, CA, USA.
| | - Sima S Ghavim
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Box 956901, CA, USA.
| | - Neil G Harris
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Box 956901, CA, USA.
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Abstract
This article reviews possible ways that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can induce migraine-type post-traumatic headaches (PTHs) in children, adults, civilians, and military personnel. Several cerebral alterations resulting from TBI can foster the development of PTH, including neuroinflammation that can activate neural systems associated with migraine. TBI can also compromise the intrinsic pain modulation system and this would increase the level of perceived pain associated with PTH. Depression and anxiety disorders, especially post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are associated with TBI and these psychological conditions can directly intensify PTH. Additionally, depression and PTSD alter sleep and this will increase headache severity and foster the genesis of PTH. This article also reviews the anatomic loci of injury associated with TBI and notes the overlap between areas of injury associated with TBI and PTSD.
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Abstract
Biomarkers are key tools and can provide crucial information on the complex cascade of events and molecular mechanisms underlying traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathophysiology. Obtaining a profile of distinct classes of biomarkers reflecting core pathologic mechanisms could enable us to identify and characterize the initial injury and the secondary pathologic cascades. Thus, they represent a logical adjunct to improve diagnosis, track progression and activity, guide molecularly targeted therapy, and monitor therapeutic response in TBI. Accordingly, great effort has been put into the identification of novel biomarkers in the past 25 years. However, the role of brain injury markers in clinical practice has been long debated, due to inconsistent regulatory standards and lack of reliable evidence of analytical validity and clinical utility. We present a comprehensive overview of the markers currently available while characterizing their potential role and applications in diagnosis, monitoring, drug discovery, and clinical trials in TBI. In reviewing these concepts, we discuss the recent inclusion of brain damage biomarkers in the diagnostic guidelines and provide perspectives on the validation of such markers for their use in the clinic.
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Tao X, Chen X, Mao X, Hou Z, Hao S, Tian R, Zhu Z, Sun M, Liu B. Protective effects of PARP inhibitor, PJ34, is related to down-regulation of calpain and NF-κB in a mouse model of TBI. Brain Inj 2016:1-11. [PMID: 27119554 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2016.1160151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), calpain and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are reported to participate in inflammatory reactions in pathological conditions and are involved in traumatic brain injury. The objective of this study was to investigate whether PARP participated in inflammation related to calpain and NF-κB in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS PJ34 (10 mg kg-1), a selective PARP inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally 5 minutes and 8 hours after experimental CCI. A neurobehavioural evaluation and a histopathological analysis were then performed and the contusion volume, calpain activity and protein levels were measured in all animals. RESULTS Treatment with PJ34 markedly reduced neurological deficits, decreased contusion volume and attenuated necrotic and apoptotic neuronal cell death 24 hours after CCI. The data showed that the cytosolic and nuclear fractions of calpain and NF-κB were up-regulated in the injured cortex and that these changes were reversed by PJ34. Moreover, PJ34 significantly enhanced the calpastatin and IκB levels and decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibition by PJ34 suppresses the over-activation of calpain and the production of inflammatory factors that are caused by NF-κB activation and it improves neurological functioning, decreases the contusion volume and attenuates neuronal cell death in a mouse model of CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Tao
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xuetao Chen
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xiang Mao
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Zonggang Hou
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Runfa Tian
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Zhendan Zhu
- b Department of Neurotrauma, General Hospital of the Armed Police Force , Beijing , PR China
| | - Ming Sun
- c Department of Neuropharmacology
| | - Baiyun Liu
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
- b Department of Neurotrauma, General Hospital of the Armed Police Force , Beijing , PR China
- d Department of Neurotrauma , Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China
- e Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Beijing , PR China
- f China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases , Beijing , PR China
- g Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury , Beijing , PR China
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26
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Prins ML, Matsumoto J. Metabolic Response of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:28-34. [PMID: 25336427 PMCID: PMC4405388 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814549244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the pediatric brain presents unique challenges as the complex cascades of metabolic and biochemical responses to TBI are further complicated ongoing maturational changes of the developing brain. TBIs of all severities have been shown to significantly alter metabolism and hormones which impair the ability of the brain to process glucose for cellular energy. Under these conditions, the brain's primary fuel (glucose) becomes a less favorable fuel and the ability of the younger brain to revert to ketone metabolism can an advantage. This review addresses the potential of alternative substrate metabolic intervention as a logical pediatric TBI neuroprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi L Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joyce Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Jalloh I, Carpenter KLH, Helmy A, Carpenter TA, Menon DK, Hutchinson PJ. Glucose metabolism following human traumatic brain injury: methods of assessment and pathophysiological findings. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:615-32. [PMID: 25413449 PMCID: PMC4555200 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of traumatic brain (TBI) injury involves changes to glucose uptake into the brain and its subsequent metabolism. We review the methods used to study cerebral glucose metabolism with a focus on those used in clinical TBI studies. Arterio-venous measurements provide a global measure of glucose uptake into the brain. Microdialysis allows the in vivo sampling of brain extracellular fluid and is well suited to the longitudinal assessment of metabolism after TBI in the clinical setting. A recent novel development is the use of microdialysis to deliver glucose and other energy substrates labelled with carbon-13, which allows the metabolism of glucose and other substrates to be tracked. Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy allow regional differences in metabolism to be assessed. We summarise the data published from these techniques and review their potential uses in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Jalloh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK,
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28
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Zilberter Y, Gubkina O, Ivanov AI. A unique array of neuroprotective effects of pyruvate in neuropathology. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:17. [PMID: 25741230 PMCID: PMC4330789 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Zilberter
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm UMR_S 1106 Marseille, France
| | - Olena Gubkina
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm UMR_S 1106 Marseille, France
| | - Anton I Ivanov
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm UMR_S 1106 Marseille, France
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Protective actions of PJ34, a poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor, on the blood-brain barrier after traumatic brain injury in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 291:26-36. [PMID: 25668593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is activated by oxidative stress and plays an important role in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objective of this study was to investigate whether PARP activation participated in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and edema formation in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide (PJ34) (10 mg/kg), a selective PARP inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally at 5 min and 8 h after experimental CCI. After 6 h and 24 h of CCI, the permeability of the cortical BBB was determined after Evans Blue administration. The water content of the brain was also measured. Treatment with PJ34 markedly attenuated the permeability of the BBB and decreased the brain edema at 6 h and 24 h after CCI. Our data showed the up-regulation of nuclear factor-κB in cytosolic fractions and nuclear fractions in the injured cortex, and these changes were reversed by PJ34. Moreover, PJ34 significantly lessened the activities of myeloperoxidase and the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9, enhanced the levels of occludin, laminin, collagen IV and integrin β1, reduced neurological deficits, decreased the contusion volume, and attenuated the necrotic and apoptotic neuronal cell death. These data suggest the protective effects of PJ34 on BBB integrity and cell death during acute TBI.
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30
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Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Long-Term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Status of Potential Mechanisms of Injury and Neurological Outcomes. J Neurotrauma 2014; 32:1834-48. [PMID: 25158206 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant clinical problem with few therapeutic interventions successfully translated to the clinic. Increased importance on the progressive, long-term consequences of TBI have been emphasized, both in the experimental and clinical literature. Thus, there is a need for a better understanding of the chronic consequences of TBI, with the ultimate goal of developing novel therapeutic interventions to treat the devastating consequences of brain injury. In models of mild, moderate, and severe TBI, histopathological and behavioral studies have emphasized the progressive nature of the initial traumatic insult and the involvement of multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including sustained injury cascades leading to prolonged motor and cognitive deficits. Recently, the increased incidence in age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases in this patient population has also been emphasized. Pathomechanisms felt to be active in the acute and long-term consequences of TBI include excitotoxicity, apoptosis, inflammatory events, seizures, demyelination, white matter pathology, as well as decreased neurogenesis. The current article will review many of these pathophysiological mechanisms that may be important targets for limiting the chronic consequences of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Bramlett
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis/Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis/Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
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31
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Permeability transition pore-dependent and PARP-mediated depletion of neuronal pyridine nucleotides during anoxia and glucose deprivation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 47:53-61. [PMID: 25341378 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of rat cortical neurons to combined oxygen and glucose deprivation results in loss of NAD(P)H autofluorescence that is only partially reversible following restoration of oxygen and glucose, suggesting catabolism of pyridine nucleotides. This study tested the hypothesis that metabolic inhibition caused by cyanide-induced chemical anoxia plus glucose deprivation promotes both release of mitochondrial NAD(H) in response to opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) and NAD(P)(H) degradation through activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The NAD(P)H autofluorescence of rat neonatal cortical neurons was monitored during and following acute (10-30 min) exposure to the respiratory inhibitor, cyanide, in the absence and presence of glucose. Because nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite is a known activator of PARP, we additionally assessed the effect of a nitric oxide generating agent on the NAD(P)H autofluorescence response to chemical anoxia plus glucose deprivation. Cyanide induced a rapid increase in autofluorescence, followed by a steady decline promoted by the presence of nitric oxide. This decline was primarily due to NAD(H) catabolism, as verified by measurements of total NAD(H) present in cellular extracts. Catabolism was partially blocked by an inhibitor of PARP, by a PTP inhibitor, and by either glucose or pyruvate as a source of reducing power. Overall, data suggest that metabolic, oxidative, and nitrosative stress during in vitro neuronal anoxia and glucose deprivation result in release of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides in response to PTP opening and rapid, extensive NAD(H) degradation mediated by PARP activation. These events may contribute to the metabolic dysfunction that occurs in vivo during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion and therefore represent prime targets for neuroprotection.
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32
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Sriram CS, Jangra A, Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Bezbaruah BK. Targeting poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 in neurological diseases: A promising trove for new pharmacological interventions to enter clinical translation. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:70-81. [PMID: 25049175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved abundant nuclear protein poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP1) functions at the center of cellular stress response and is mainly implied in DNA damage repair mechanism. Apart from its involvement in DNA damage repair, it does sway multiple vital cellular processes such as cell death pathways, cell aging, insulator function, chromatin modification, transcription and mitotic apparatus function. Since brain is the principal organ vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, upon stress encounters robust DNA damage can occur and intense PARP1 activation may result that will lead to various CNS diseases. In the context of soaring interest towards PARP1 as a therapeutic target for newer pharmacological interventions, here in the present review, we are attempting to give a silhouette of the role of PARP1 in the neurological diseases and the potential of its inhibitors to enter clinical translation, along with its structural and functional aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekhar Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India.
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Eshvendar Reddy Kasala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
| | - Babul Kumar Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India; Department of Pharmacology, III Floor, Guwahati Medical College, Narkachal Hilltop, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
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33
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Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Zhao Z, Kabadi SV, Hanscom M, Byrnes KR, Faden AI. PARP-1 inhibition attenuates neuronal loss, microglia activation and neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:758-72. [PMID: 24476502 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes neuronal cell death as well as microglial activation and related neurotoxicity that contribute to subsequent neurological dysfunction. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) induces neuronal cell death through activation of caspase-independent mechanisms, including release of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and microglial activation. Administration of PJ34, a selective PARP-1 inhibitor, reduced cell death of primary cortical neurons exposed to N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a potent inducer of AIF-dependent cell death. PJ34 also attenuated lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ-induced activation of BV2 or primary microglia, limiting NF-κB activity and iNOS expression as well as decreasing generation of reactive oxygen species and TNFα. Systemic administration of PJ34 starting as late as 24 h after controlled cortical impact resulted in improved motor function recovery in mice with TBI. Stereological analysis demonstrated that PJ34 treatment reduced the lesion volume, attenuated neuronal cell loss in the cortex and thalamus, and reduced microglial activation in the TBI cortex. PJ34 treatment did not improve cognitive performance in a Morris water maze test or reduce neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus. Overall, our data indicate that PJ34 has a significant, albeit selective, neuroprotective effect after experimental TBI, and its therapeutic effect may be from multipotential actions on neuronal cell death and neuroinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan A Stoica
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, University of Maryland , School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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34
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Curtin N, Szabo C. Therapeutic applications of PARP inhibitors: anticancer therapy and beyond. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:1217-56. [PMID: 23370117 PMCID: PMC3657315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to describe the current and potential clinical translation of pharmacological inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) for the therapy of various diseases. The first section of the present review summarizes the available preclinical and clinical data with PARP inhibitors in various forms of cancer. In this context, the role of PARP in single-strand DNA break repair is relevant, leading to replication-associated lesions that cannot be repaired if homologous recombination repair (HRR) is defective, and the synthetic lethality of PARP inhibitors in HRR-defective cancer. HRR defects are classically associated with BRCA1 and 2 mutations associated with familial breast and ovarian cancer, but there may be many other causes of HRR defects. Thus, PARP inhibitors may be the drugs of choice for BRCA mutant breast and ovarian cancers, and extend beyond these tumors if appropriate biomarkers can be developed to identify HRR defects. Multiple lines of preclinical data demonstrate that PARP inhibition increases cytotoxicity and tumor growth delay in combination with temozolomide, topoisomerase inhibitors and ionizing radiation. Both single agent and combination clinical trials are underway. The final part of the first section of the present review summarizes the current status of the various PARP inhibitors that are in various stages of clinical development. The second section of the present review summarizes the role of PARP in selected non-oncologic indications. In a number of severe, acute diseases (such as stroke, neurotrauma, circulatory shock and acute myocardial infarction) the clinical translatability of PARP inhibition is supported by multiple lines of preclinical data, as well as observational data demonstrating PARP activation in human tissue samples. In these disease indications, PARP overactivation due to oxidative and nitrative stress drives cell necrosis and pro-inflammatory gene expression, which contributes to disease pathology. Accordingly, multiple lines of preclinical data indicate the efficacy of PARP inhibitors to preserve viable tissue and to down-regulate inflammatory responses. As the clinical trials with PARP inhibitors in various forms of cancer progress, it is hoped that a second line of clinical investigations, aimed at testing of PARP inhibitors for various non-oncologic indications, will be initiated, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Curtin
- Department of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Bartnik-Olson BL, Harris NG, Shijo K, Sutton RL. Insights into the metabolic response to traumatic brain injury as revealed by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2013; 5:8. [PMID: 24109452 PMCID: PMC3790078 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2013.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review highlights critical issues related to cerebral metabolism following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the use of (13)C labeled substrates and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study these changes. First we address some pathophysiologic factors contributing to metabolic dysfunction following TBI. We then examine how (13)C NMR spectroscopy strategies have been used to investigate energy metabolism, neurotransmission, the intracellular redox state, and neuroglial compartmentation following injury. (13)C NMR spectroscopy studies of brain extracts from animal models of TBI have revealed enhanced glycolytic production of lactate, evidence of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activation, and alterations in neuronal and astrocyte oxidative metabolism that are dependent on injury severity. Differential incorporation of label into glutamate and glutamine from (13)C labeled glucose or acetate also suggest TBI-induced adaptations to the glutamate-glutamine cycle.
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36
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Prins M, Greco T, Alexander D, Giza CC. The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at a glance. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1307-15. [PMID: 24046353 PMCID: PMC3820255 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an impact, penetration or rapid movement of the brain within the skull that results in altered mental state. TBI occurs more than any other disease, including breast cancer, AIDS, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, and affects all age groups and both genders. In the US and Europe, the magnitude of this epidemic has drawn national attention owing to the publicity received by injured athletes and military personnel. This increased public awareness has uncovered a number of unanswered questions concerning TBI, and we are increasingly aware of the lack of treatment options for a crisis that affects millions. Although each case of TBI is unique and affected individuals display different degrees of injury, different regional patterns of injury and different recovery profiles, this review and accompanying poster aim to illustrate some of the common underlying neurochemical and metabolic responses to TBI. Recognition of these recurrent features could allow elucidation of potential therapeutic targets for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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37
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Cornelius C, Crupi R, Calabrese V, Graziano A, Milone P, Pennisi G, Radak Z, Calabrese EJ, Cuzzocrea S. Traumatic brain injury: oxidative stress and neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:836-53. [PMID: 23547621 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates high energy oxidants and oxidative stress as mediators of secondary damage associated with traumatic brain injury. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species due to excitotoxicity and exhaustion of the endogenous antioxidant system induces peroxidation of cellular and vascular structures, protein oxidation, cleavage of DNA, and inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. RECENT ADVANCES Different integrated responses exist in the brain to detect oxidative stress, which is controlled by several genes termed vitagens. Vitagens encode for cytoprotective heat shock proteins, and thioredoxin and sirtuins. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This article discusses selected aspects of secondary brain injury after trauma and outlines key mechanisms associated with toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and necrosis. Finally, this review discusses the role of different oxidants and presents potential clinically relevant molecular targets that could be harnessed to treat secondary injury associated with brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Cornelius
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Increasing attention is being paid to nutritional and metabolic management of traumatic brain injury patients. The gross metabolic changes that occur after injury have been found to be influenced by both macronutrients, that is, dietary ratios of fat, carbohydrates, and protein, and micronutrients, for example, vitamins and minerals. Alterations in diet and nutritional strategies have been shown to decrease both morbidity and mortality after injury. Despite this knowledge, defining optimal nutritional support following traumatic brain injury continues to be an ongoing challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Greco
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7039, USA
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Liu J, Li W, Piao X, Zhang J, Zhang D, Wei N, Hu D, Liu S. Icariside II reduces testosterone production by inducing necrosis in rat Leydig cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:243-50. [PMID: 23526545 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that Icariside II (10, 20, and 40 µM) reduced Leydig cell testosterone production and cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining indicated that no morphological changes in Leydig cell nuclear chromatin occurred, caspase-3 expression also showed no significant change, but cell death was caused by the 10-µM Icariside II treatment. Furthermore, a significant reduction in NAD(+) levels was observed following Icariside II exposure (10, 20, and 40 µM). Cell death was avoided when Icariside II treated cells were incubated with extracellular NAD(+) (5 and 10 mM). Moreover, the addition of NAD(+) (5 and 10 mM) could restore ATP production and prevent cell death. The results suggest that Icariside II can reduce testosterone production by inducing necrosis, but not apoptosis, in rat Leydig cells. This mechanism may also account for the Icariside II induced depletion of NAD(+) and ATP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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40
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-Dependent ADAM-17 Regulated Ectodomain Shedding. Cancer Biomark 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14318-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Won SJ, Choi BY, Yoo BH, Sohn M, Ying W, Swanson RA, Suh SW. Prevention of traumatic brain injury-induced neuron death by intranasal delivery of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1401-9. [PMID: 22352983 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most devastating injuries experienced by military personnel, as well as the general population, and can result in acute and chronic complications such as cognitive impairments. Since there are currently no effective tools for the treatment of TBI, it is of great importance to determine the mechanisms of neuronal death that characterize this insult. Several studies have indicated that TBI-induced neuronal death arises in part due to excessive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), which results in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) depletion and subsequent energy failure. In this study, we investigated whether intranasal administration of NAD⁺ could reduce neuronal death after TBI. Rats were subjected to a weight-drop TBI model that induces cortical and hippocampal neuronal death. The intranasal administration of NAD⁺ (20 mg/kg) immediately after TBI protected neurons in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, but not in the cortex. In addition, delayed microglial activation normally seen after TBI was reduced by NAD⁺ treatment at 7 days after insult. Neuronal superoxide production and PARP-1 accumulation after TBI were not inhibited by NAD⁺ treatment, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and PARP-1 activation are events that occur upstream of NAD⁺ depletion. This study suggests that intranasal delivery of NAD⁺ represents a novel, inexpensive, and non-toxic intervention for preventing TBI-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joon Won
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Sun YX, Dai DK, Liu R, Wang T, Luo CL, Bao HJ, Yang R, Feng XY, Qin ZH, Chen XP, Tao LY. Therapeutic effect of SN50, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB, in treatment of TBI in mice. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:345-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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d'Avila JC, Lam TI, Bingham D, Shi J, Won SJ, Kauppinen TM, Massa S, Liu J, Swanson RA. Microglial activation induced by brain trauma is suppressed by post-injury treatment with a PARP inhibitor. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:31. [PMID: 22335939 PMCID: PMC3298794 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces activation of microglia. Activated microglia can in turn increase secondary injury and impair recovery. This innate immune response requires hours to days to become fully manifest, thus providing a clinically relevant window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Microglial activation is regulated in part by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Inhibition of PARP-1 activity suppresses NF-kB-dependent gene transcription and thereby blocks several aspects of microglial activation. Here we evaluated the efficacy of a PARP inhibitor, INO-1001, in suppressing microglial activation after cortical impact in the rat. METHODS Rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact and subsequently treated with 10 mg/kg of INO-1001 (or vehicle alone) beginning 20 - 24 hours after the TBI. Brains were harvested at several time points for histological evaluation of inflammation and neuronal survival, using markers for microglial activation (morphology and CD11b expression), astrocyte activation (GFAP), and neuronal survival (NeuN). Rats were also evaluated at 8 weeks after TBI using measures of forelimb dexterity: the sticky tape test, cylinder test, and vermicelli test. RESULTS Peak microglial and astrocyte activation was observed 5 to 7 days after this injury. INO-1001 significantly reduced microglial activation in the peri-lesion cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus. No rebound inflammation was observed in rats that were treated with INO-1001 or vehicle for 12 days followed by 4 days without drug. The reduced inflammation was associated with increased neuronal survival in the peri-lesion cortex and improved performance on tests of forelimb dexterity conducted 8 weeks after TBI. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with a PARP inhibitor for 12 days after TBI, with the first dose given as long as 20 hours after injury, can reduce inflammation and improve histological and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C d'Avila
- Dept. of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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Deng-Bryant Y, Prins ML, Hovda DA, Harris NG. Ketogenic diet prevents alterations in brain metabolism in young but not adult rats after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:1813-25. [PMID: 21635175 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the change of cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) in response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is different in young (PND35) and adult rats (PND70), and that prolonged ketogenic diet treatment results in histological and behavioral neuroprotection only in younger rat brains. However, the mechanism(s) through which ketones act in the injured brain and the biochemical markers of their action remain unknown. Therefore, the current study was initiated to: 1) determine the effect of injury on the neurochemical profile in PND35 compared to PND70 rats; and 2) test the effect of early post-injury administration of ketogenic diet on brain metabolism in PND35 versus PND70 rats. The data show that alterations in energy metabolites, amino acid, and membrane metabolites were not evident in PND35 rats on standard diet until 24 h after injury, when the concentration of most metabolites was reduced from sham-injured values. In contrast, acute, but transient deficits in energy metabolism were measured at 6 h in PND70 rats, together with deficits in N-acetylaspartate that endured until 24 h. Administration of a ketogenic diet resulted in significant increases in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) levels. Similarly, brain βOHB levels were significantly elevated in all injured rats, but were elevated by 43% more in PND35 rats compared to PND70 rats. As a result, ATP, creatine, and phosphocreatine levels at 24 h after injury were significantly improved in the ketogenic PND35 rats, but not in the PND70 group. The improvement in energy metabolism in the PND35 brains was accompanied by the recovery of NAA and reduction of lactate levels, as well as amelioration of the deficits of other amino acids and membrane metabolites. These results indicate that the PND35 brains are more resistant to the injury, indicated by a delayed deficit in energy metabolism. Moreover, the younger brains revert to ketones metabolism more quickly than do the adult brains, resulting in better neurochemical and cerebral metabolic recovery after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng-Bryant
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Prieto R, Tavazzi B, Taya K, Barrios L, Amorini AM, Di Pietro V, Pascual JM, Marmarou A, Marmarou CR. Brain energy depletion in a rodent model of diffuse traumatic brain injury is not prevented with administration of sodium lactate. Brain Res 2011; 1404:39-49. [PMID: 21723535 PMCID: PMC3153114 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactate has been identified as an alternative fuel for the brain in situations of increased energy demand, as following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study investigates the effect of treatment with sodium lactate (NaLac) on the changes in brain energy state induced by a severe diffuse TBI. Rats were assigned to one of the eight groups (n=10 per group): 1-sham, normal saline; 2-TBI, normal saline; 3-TBI, hypertonic saline; 4-TBI, 100mM NaLac, 5-TBI, 500 mM NaLac; 6-TBI, 1280 mM NaLac; 7-TBI, 2000 mM NaLac and 8-TBI-500 mM NaLac+magnesium sulfate. Cerebrums were removed 6h after trauma. Metabolites representative of the energy state (ATP, ATP-catabolites), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), antioxidant defenses (ascorbic acid, glutathione), markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, ADP-ribose) and nicotinic coenzymes (NAD(+)) were measured by HPLC. TBI induced a marked decrease in the cerebral levels of ATP, NAA, ascorbic acid, glutathione and NAD(+) and a significant rise in the content of ATP-catabolites, malondialdehyde and ADP-ribose. These alterations were not ameliorated with NaLac infusion. We observed a significant reduction in cerebral NAD(+), an essential co-enzyme for mitochondrial lactate-dehydrogenase that converts lactate into pyruvate and thus replenishes the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These results suggest that the metabolic pathway necessary to consume lactate may be compromised following a severe diffuse TBI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Prieto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-0508, USA.
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Greggio S, de Paula S, de Oliveira IM, Trindade C, Rosa RM, Henriques JAP, DaCosta JC. NAP prevents acute cerebral oxidative stress and protects against long-term brain injury and cognitive impairment in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 44:152-9. [PMID: 21757007 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a common cause of neonatal brain damage with lifelong morbidities in which current therapies are limited. In this study, we investigated the effect of neuropeptide NAP (NAPVSIPQ) on early cerebral oxidative stress, long-term neurological function and brain injury after neonatal HI. Seven-day-old rat pups were subjected to an HI model by applying a unilateral carotid artery occlusion and systemic hypoxia. The animals were randomly assigned to groups receiving an intraperitoneal injection of NAP (3 μg/g) or vehicle immediately (0 h) and 24 h after HI. Brain DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were determined 24 h after the last NAP injection. Cognitive impairment was assessed on postnatal day 60 using the spatial version of the Morris water maze learning task. Next, the animals were euthanized to assess the cerebral hemispheric volume using the Cavalieri principle associated with the counting point method. We observed that NAP prevented the acute HI-induced DNA and lipid membrane damage and also recovered the GSH levels in the injured hemisphere of the HI rat pups. Further, NAP was able to prevent impairments in learning and long-term spatial memory and to significantly reduce brain damage up to 7 weeks following the neonatal HI injury. Our findings demonstrate that NAP confers potent neuroprotection from acute brain oxidative stress, long-term cognitive impairment and brain lesions induced by neonatal HI through, at least in part, the modulation of the glutathione-mediated antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Greggio
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto do Cérebro e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pediatria e Saúde da Criança, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) participate in diverse biological processes contributing to cellular homeostasis or exacerbating injury. PARP catalyzes the addition of ADP-ribose molecules (pADPr) to the target proteins, a process termed poly-ADP-ribosylation. Overactivation of PARP, as reflected by increased poly-ADP-ribosylation, accumulation of pADPr-modified proteins or free pADPr, contributes to the depletion of NAD(+) and mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially leading to cell death via apoptosis or necrosis. Since PARP over-activation has been identified as a key contributor to the pathobiology of many diseases, monitoring PARP 1 activation by detecting and quantifying pADPr may provide valuable mechanistic insights as well as facilitating therapeutic drug monitoring for PARP inhibitors.Several non-isotopic immunodetection methods for quantifying pADPr are discussed: western blotting of poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins, cellular localization of pADPr by immunohistochemistry, quantification of pADPr by enzyme-linked immunoassay and small-scale two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
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Fukushima M, Lee SM, Moro N, Hovda DA, Sutton RL. Metabolic and histologic effects of sodium pyruvate treatment in the rat after cortical contusion injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:1095-110. [PMID: 19594384 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effects of intraperitoneal sodium pyruvate (SP) treatment on the levels of circulating fuels and on cerebral microdialysis levels of glucose (MD(glc)), lactate (MD(lac)), and pyruvate (MD(pyr)), and the effects of SP treatment on neuropathology after left cortical contusion injury (CCI) in rats. SP injection (1000 mg/kg) 5 min after sham injury (Sham-SP) or CCI (CCI-SP) significantly increased arterial pyruvate (p < 0.005) and lactate (p < 0.001) compared to that of saline-treated rats with CCI (CCI-Sal). Serum glucose also increased significantly in CCI-SP compared to that in CCI-Sal rats (p < 0.05), but not in Sham-SP rats. MD(pyr) was not altered after CCI-Sal, whereas MD(lac) levels within the cerebral cortex significantly increased bilaterally (p < 0.05) and those for MD(glc) decreased bilaterally (p < 0.05). MD(pyr) levels increased significantly in both Sham-SP and CCI-SP rats (p < 0.05 vs. CCI-Sal) and were higher in left/injured cortex of the CCI-SP group (p < 0.05 vs. sham-SP). In CCI-SP rats the contralateral MD(lac) decreased below CCI-Sal levels (p < 0.05) and the ipsilateral MD(glc) levels exceeded those of CCI-Sal rats (p < 0.05). Rats with a single low (500 mg/kg) or high dose (1000 mg/kg) SP treatment had fewer damaged cortical cells 6 h post-CCI than did saline-treated rats (p < 0.05), but three hourly injections of SP (1000 mg/kg) were needed to significantly reduce contusion volume 2 weeks after CCI. Thus, a single intraperitoneal SP treatment increases circulating levels of three potential brain fuels, attenuates a CCI-induced reduction in extracellular glucose while increasing extracellular levels of pyruvate, but not lactate, and can attenuate cortical cell damage occurring within 6 h of injury. Enduring (2 week) neuronal protection was achieved only with multiple SP treatments within the first 2 h post-CCI, perhaps reflecting the need for additional fuel throughout the acute period of increased metabolic demands induced by CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Fukushima
- Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7039, USA
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PolyADP-ribosylation is required for pronuclear fusion during postfertilization in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20824066 PMCID: PMC2932744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During fertilization, pronuclear envelope breakdown (PNEB) is followed by the mingling of male and female genomes. Dynamic chromatin and protein rearrangements require posttranslational modification (PTM) for the postfertilization development. Methodology/Principal Findings Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity (PARylation) by either PJ-34 or 5-AIQ resulted in developmental arrest of fertilized embryos at the PNEB. PARylation inhibition affects spindle bundle formation and phosphorylation of Erk molecules of metaphase II (MII) unfertilized oocytes. We found a frequent appearance of multiple pronuclei (PN) in the PARylation-inhibited embryos, suggesting defective polymerization of tubulins. Attenuated phosphorylation of lamin A/C by PARylation was detected in the PARylation-inhibited embryos at PNEB. This was associated with sustained localization of heterodomain protein 1 (HP1) at the PN of the one-cell embryos arrested by PARylation inhibition. Conclusions/Significance Our findings indicate that PARylation is required for pronuclear fusion during postfertilization processes. These data further suggest that PARylation regulates protein dynamics essential for the beginning of mouse zygotic development. PARylation and its involving signal-pathways may represent potential targets as contraceptives.
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Kövesdi E, Bukovics P, Besson V, Nyirádi J, Lückl J, Pál J, Sümegi B, Dóczi T, Hernádi I, Büki A. A novel PARP inhibitor L-2286 in a rat model of impact acceleration head injury: an immunohistochemical and behavioral study. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1253-68. [PMID: 20480019 PMCID: PMC2871115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the neuro/axono-protective potential of a novel poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor L-2286 in a rat impact acceleration brain injury model. Male Wistar rats (n = 70) weighing 300–350 grams were used to determine the most effective intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) dose of L-2286 administered 30 min after injury, and to test the neuroprotective effect at two time points (immediately, and 30 min after injury). The neuroprotective effect of L-2286 was tested using immunohistochemical (amyloid precursor protein and mid-sized mouse anti-neurofilament clone RMO-14.9 antibody) and behavioral tests (beam-balance, open-field and elevated plus maze). At both time-points, a 100 μg/rat dose of i.c.v. L-2286 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the density of damaged axons in the corticospinal tract and medial longitudinal fascicle compared to controls. In the behavioral tests, treatment 30 min post-injury improved motor function, while the level of anxiety was reduced in both treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Kövesdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - Péter Bukovics
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - Valérie Besson
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, UPRES EA 2510, Université René Descartes, Paris, France; E-Mail:
(V.B.)
| | - József Nyirádi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - János Lückl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - József Pál
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - Balázs Sümegi
- Department of BioChemistry, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mail:
(B.S.)
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
| | - István Hernádi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624, Hungary; E-Mail:
(I.H.)
| | - András Büki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; E-Mails:
(E.K.);
(P.B.);
(J.N.);
(J.L.);
(J.P.);
(T.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +36-72-535-900; Fax: +36-72-535-931
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