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Scala E, Mercurio L, Albanesi C, Madonna S. The Intersection of the Pathogenic Processes Underlying Psoriasis and the Comorbid Condition of Obesity. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:733. [PMID: 38929716 PMCID: PMC11204971 DOI: 10.3390/life14060733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, our understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis has made significant steps forward, leading to the development of multiple game-changing therapies. While psoriasis primarily affects the skin, it is increasingly recognized as a systemic disease that can have effects beyond the skin. Obesity is associated with more severe forms of psoriasis and can potentially worsen the systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction seen in psoriatic patients. The exact mechanisms underlying the link between these two conditions are not fully understood, but it is believed that chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation play a role. In this review, we examine the existing body of knowledge regarding the intersection of pathogenic processes responsible for psoriasis and obesity. The ability of biological therapies to reduce systemic and obesity-related inflammation in patients with psoriasis will be also discussed.
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Zakaria Z, Othman ZA, Nna VU, Mohamed M. The promising roles of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds on hepatic lipid metabolism in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in animal models: molecular targets. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:1262-1278. [PMID: 34153200 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1939387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in hepatic lipid metabolism can lead to an abnormal triglycerides deposition in the hepatocytes which can cause non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Four main mechanisms responsible for regulating hepatic lipid metabolism are fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Controlling the expression of transcription factors at molecular level plays a crucial role in NAFLD management. This paper reviews various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds emphasising mechanisms involved in hepatic lipid metabolism, other important NAFLD pathological features, and their promising roles in managing NAFLD through regulating key transcription factors. Although there are many medicinal plants popularly investigated for NAFLD treatment, there is still little information and scientific evidence available and there has been no research on clinical trials scrutinised on this matter. This review also aims to provide molecular information of medicinal plants in NALFD treatment that might have potentials for future scientifically controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Zakaria
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zaidatul Akmal Othman
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Unit of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Victor Udo Nna
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Mahaneem Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Unit of Integrative Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Ferrigno A, Cagna M, Bosco O, Trucchi M, Berardo C, Nicoletti F, Vairetti M, Di Pasqua LG. MPEP Attenuates Intrahepatic Fat Accumulation in Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076076. [PMID: 37047048 PMCID: PMC10094379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) was previously found to reduce fat accumulation in HEPG2 cells. Here, we evaluated the effects of mGluR5 blockade in a mouse model of steatosis. Male ob/ob mice fed a high-fat diet were treated with MPEP or vehicle. After 7 weeks, liver biopsies were collected, and nuclei were isolated from fresh tissue. Lipid droplet area and collagen deposition were evaluated on tissue slices; total lipids, lipid peroxidation, and ROS were evaluated on tissue homogenates; PPARα, SREBP-1, mTOR, and NF-κB were assayed on isolated nuclei by Western Blot. Target genes of the above-mentioned factors were assayed by RT-PCR. Reduced steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning were observed in the MPEP group with respect to the vehicle group. Concomitantly, increased nuclear PPARα and reduced nuclear SREBP-1 levels were observed in the MPEP group. Similar trends were obtained in target genes of PPARα and SREBP-1, Acox1 and Acc1, respectively. MPEP administration also reduced oxidative stress and NF-κB activation, probably via NF-κB inhibition. Levels of common markers of inflammation (Il-6, Il1β and Tnf-α) and oxidative stress (Nrf2) were significantly reduced. mTOR, as well as collagen deposition, were unchanged. Concluding, MPEP, a selective mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator, reduces both fat accumulation and oxidative stress in a 7-week murine model of steatosis. Although underlying mechanisms need to be further investigated, this is the first in vivo study showing the beneficial effects of MPEP in a murine model of steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferrigno
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Cagna
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Oriana Bosco
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Trucchi
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura G Di Pasqua
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Alwadani AH, Almasri SA, Aloud AA, Albadr NA, Alshammari GM, Yahya MA. The Synergistic Protective Effect of γ-Oryzanol (OZ) and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) against Experimentally Induced NAFLD in Rats Entails Hypoglycemic, Antioxidant, and PPARα Stimulatory Effects. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010106. [PMID: 36615764 PMCID: PMC9823776 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study estimated that the combined effect of γ-Oryzanol and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats also estimated some of their mechanisms of action. Adult male rats were divided into seven groups (n = 8 each) as control, control + NAC, control + γ-Oryzanol, HFD, HFD + NAC, HFD + γ-Oryzanol, and HFD + NAC + γ-Oryzanol. NAC was administered orally at a final concentration of 200 mg/kg, whereas γ-Oryzanol was added to diets at a concentration of 0.16. All treatments were conducted for 17 weeks and daily. Both NAC and γ-Oryzanol were able to reduce final body weights, fat weights, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, serum, and serum levels of liver function enzymes as well as the inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukine-6 (IL-6), and leptin in HFD-fed rats. They also improved hepatic structure and glucose tolerance, increased adiponectin levels, and reduced serum and hepatic levels of triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol (CHOL) in these rats. These effects were concomitant with a reduction in the hepatic levels of lipid peroxides (MDA) and serum levels of LDL-C, but also with an increment in the hepatic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). Interestingly, only treatment with γ-Oryzanol stimulated the mRNA levels of proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) of rats. Of note, the combination therapy of both drugs resulted in maximum effects and restored almost normal liver structure and basal levels of all the above-mentioned metabolic parameters. In conclusion, a combination therapy of γ-Oryzanol and NAC is an effective therapy to treat NAFLD, which can act via several mechanisms on the liver and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwag H. Alwadani
- Department of of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Home Economics, University College in Farasan, Jazan University, Jazan 54943, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soheir A. Almasri
- Department of of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Amal A. Aloud
- Department of of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal A. Albadr
- Department of of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghedeir M. Alshammari
- Department of of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdo Yahya
- Department of of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Retta A, Finch MS. Leptin, more than satiety; examining the relationship between adipose-secreted leptin and muscle form and function. J Physiol 2022; 600:4389-4390. [PMID: 36109349 DOI: 10.1113/jp283712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Retta
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael S Finch
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Age-Related NAFLD: The Use of Probiotics as a Supportive Therapeutic Intervention. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182827. [PMID: 36139402 PMCID: PMC9497179 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aging, a natural process characterized by structural and physiological changes, leads to alterations of homeostatic mechanisms, decline of biological functions, and subsequently, the organism becomes vulnerable to external stress or damage. In fact, the elderly population is prone to develop diseases due to deterioration of physiological and biological systems. With aging, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases, and this causes lipid, protein, and DNA damage, leading to cellular dysfunction and altered cellular processes. Indeed, oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several chronic disorders, including hepatic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, the most common liver disorder in the Western world, is characterized by intrahepatic lipid accumulation; is highly prevalent in the aging population; and is closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Among the risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the dysbiotic gut microbiota plays an essential role, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and production of various toxic metabolites. The intestinal microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem of microbes involved in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis; the alteration of its composition and function, during aging, is implicated in different liver diseases. Therefore, gut microbiota restoration might be a complementary approach for treating NAFLD. The administration of probiotics, which can relieve oxidative stress and elicit several anti-aging properties, could be a strategy to modify the composition and restore a healthy gut microbiota. Indeed, probiotics could represent a valid supplement to prevent and/or help treating some diseases, such as NAFLD, thus improving the already available pharmacological intervention. Moreover, in aging, intervention of prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, as well as probiotics, will provide novel therapeutic approaches. However, the relevant research is limited, and several scientific research works need to be done in the near future to confirm their efficacy.
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Misch M, Puthanveetil P. The Head-to-Toe Hormone: Leptin as an Extensive Modulator of Physiologic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105439. [PMID: 35628271 PMCID: PMC9141226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a well-known hunger-sensing peptide hormone. The role of leptin in weight gain and metabolic homeostasis has been explored for the past two decades. In this review, we have tried to shed light upon the impact of leptin signaling on health and diseases. At low or moderate levels, this peptide hormone supports physiological roles, but at chronically higher doses exhibits detrimental effects on various systems. The untoward effects we observe with chronically higher levels of leptin are due to their receptor-mediated effect or due to leptin resistance and are not well studied. This review will help us in understanding the non-anorexic roles of leptin, including their contribution to the metabolism of various systems and inflammation. We will be able to get an alternative perspective regarding the physiological and pathological roles of this mysterious peptide hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Misch
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Prasanth Puthanveetil
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-630-960-3935
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Mainieri F, Tagi VM, Chiarelli F. Treatment Options for Lipodystrophy in Children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:879979. [PMID: 35600578 PMCID: PMC9114741 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.879979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophy includes a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by different amounts of adipose tissue loss and several metabolic complications, including hypertriglyceridemia, steatohepatitis and particularly insulin resistance, that may lead to severe morbidity and, sometimes, mortality. Therefore, therapy for lipodystrophy primarily consists of a conventional approach that involves standard treatments of metabolic abnormalities. Given the evidence of leptin deficiency in lipodystrophy syndromes, leptin replacement therapy has been considered as a treatment option. Long-term studies on the use of therapy with a methionylated analog of human leptin, metreleptin, first on animals and subsequently on human patients, demonstrated enormous improvements of patients' clinical features and metabolic conditions. Recently, metreleptin was approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of generalized lipodystrophy and by European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of both generalized and partial lipodystrophy. However, further research is being conducted for new and different therapeutic agents, especially helpful for the treatment of patients with partial lipodystrophy, as some of them do not have access to metreleptin therapy or show poor response.
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Hu MJ, Zhao HH, Li GA, Zhang HS, He JL, Huang F. Body mass index and weight gain after middle adulthood are associated with risk of papillary thyroid cancer: A case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 75:102039. [PMID: 34562748 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether weight change after middle adulthood influences the risk of thyroid cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the risk of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and body mass index (BMI) and weight change after middle adulthood (age 35). METHODS A matched case-control study based on three hospitals included 516 pairs of cases newly diagnosed with PTC and controls. Current height and weight after defecation in the morning were measured by trained nurses. During measurement, all subjects were requested to wear lightweight clothing and no shoes. Weight at age 35 was self-reported. BMI and weight change were modeled as continuous and categorical variables. Conditional and unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the association between BMI and weight change after middle adulthood and PTC. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, measured BMI at the time of current diagnosis was positively associated with PTC (OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.10-1.21). According to WHO BMI guidelines for Asia-Pacific populations, the OR (95%CI) for PTC risk in obesity was 2.99 (1.92-4.67) compared to normal weight (p-trend <0.001). Moreover, PTC was positively associated with BMI at age 35; the OR (95%CI) for PTC risk per unit increase in BMI was 1.06 (1.02-1.11). Compared to stable weight (changed <0.5 kg/year), weight gain ≥1.0 kg/year after middle adulthood was positively associated with PTC (OR 2.57, 95%CI 1.39-4.76, p-trend <0.001). Compared to maintaining non-overweight status, the PTC risk was significantly increased in those individuals who gained weight and became overweight after middle adulthood (OR 3.82, 95%CI 2.50-5.85). CONCLUSION This study showed that high BMI and obesity were positively associated with increased risk of PTC, and weight gain after middle adulthood also could elevate the PTC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Ao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Han-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Liu He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Fen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China; Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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de Candia P, Prattichizzo F, Garavelli S, Alviggi C, La Cava A, Matarese G. The pleiotropic roles of leptin in metabolism, immunity, and cancer. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211994. [PMID: 33857282 PMCID: PMC8056770 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the archetypal adipocytokine leptin and how it regulates energy homeostasis have represented breakthroughs in our understanding of the endocrine function of the adipose tissue and the biological determinants of human obesity. Investigations on leptin have also been instrumental in identifying physio-pathological connections between metabolic regulation and multiple immunological functions. For example, the description of the promoting activities of leptin on inflammation and cell proliferation have recognized the detrimental effects of leptin in connecting dysmetabolic conditions with cancer and with onset and/or progression of autoimmune disease. Here we review the multiple biological functions and complex framework of operations of leptin, discussing why and how the pleiotropic activities of this adipocytokine still pose major hurdles in the development of effective leptin-based therapeutic opportunities for different clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Candia
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Garavelli
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Alviggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,T reg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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Lord MN, Subramanian K, Kanoski SE, Noble EE. Melanin-concentrating hormone and food intake control: Sites of action, peptide interactions, and appetition. Peptides 2021; 137:170476. [PMID: 33370567 PMCID: PMC8025943 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Given the increased prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, understanding the mechanisms through which the brain regulates energy balance is of critical importance. The neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is produced in the lateral hypothalamic area and the adjacent incerto-hypothalamic area and promotes both food intake and energy conservation, overall contributing to body weight gain. Decades of research into this system has provided insight into the neural pathways and mechanisms (behavioral and neurobiological) through which MCH stimulates food intake. Recent technological advancements that allow for selective manipulation of MCH neuron activity have elucidated novel mechanisms of action for the hyperphagic effects of MCH, implicating neural "volume" transmission in the cerebrospinal fluid and sex-specific effects of MCH on food intake control as understudied areas for future investigation. Highlighted here are historical and recent findings that illuminate the neurobiological mechanisms through which MCH promotes food intake, including the identification of various specific neural signaling pathways and interactions with other peptide systems. We conclude with a framework that the hyperphagic effects of MCH signaling are predominantly mediated through enhancement of an "appetition" process in which early postoral prandial signals promote further caloric consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen N Lord
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Keshav Subramanian
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA.
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12
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Simonaggio A, Epaillard N, Pobel C, Moreira M, Oudard S, Vano YA. Tumor Microenvironment Features as Predictive Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (mccRCC). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E231. [PMID: 33435262 PMCID: PMC7827724 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the seventh most frequently diagnosed malignancy with an increasing incidence in developed countries. Despite a greater understanding of the cancer biology, which has led to an increase of therapeutic options, metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) still have a poor prognosis with a median five-years survival rate lower than 10%. The standard of care for mccRCC has changed dramatically over the past decades with the emergence of new treatments: anti-VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mTOR Inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as anti-Programmed cell-Death 1 (PD-1) and anti-anti-Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) used as monotherapy or as a combination with anti CTLA-4 or anti angiogenic therapies. In the face of these rising therapeutic options, the question of the therapeutic sequences is crucial. Predictive biomarkers are urgently required to provide a personalized treatment for each patient. Disappointingly, the usual ICI biomarkers, PD-L1 expression and Tumor Mutational Burden, approved in melanoma or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have failed to distinguish good and poor mccRCC responders to ICI. The tumor microenvironment is known to be involved in ICI response. Innovative technologies can be used to explore the immune contexture of tumors and to find predictive and prognostic biomarkers. Recent comprehensive molecular characterization of RCC has led to the development of robust genomic signatures, which could be used as predictive biomarkers. This review will provide an overview of the components of the RCC tumor microenvironment and discuss their role in disease progression and resistance to ICI. We will then highlight the current and future ICI predictive biomarkers assessed in mccRCC with a major focus on immunohistochemistry markers and genomic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Simonaggio
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
| | - Nicolas Epaillard
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
| | - Cédric Pobel
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
| | - Marco Moreira
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team “Cancer, Immune Control and Escape”, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
- INSERM UMR-S1147, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yann-Alexandre Vano
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team “Cancer, Immune Control and Escape”, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 75006 Paris, France;
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13
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Mednova IA, Boiko AS, Kornetova EG, Parshukova DA, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Loonen AJM, Ivanova SA. Adipocytokines and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia. Metabolites 2020; 10:E410. [PMID: 33066473 PMCID: PMC7602179 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipokines leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) might be associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with schizophrenia. In the present study, we attempted to confirm the results of previous reports and assessed their MetS-related correlation with body fat composition and biochemical parameters. We measured in 46 patients with schizophrenia and MetS serum levels of adiponectin insulin, leptin, TNF-α and IL-6 and compared these levels to those of patients with schizophrenia without MetS. The MetS patients had significantly increased leptin levels and leptin/adiponectin ratios, as well as decreased adiponectin levels. Leptin levels correlated with several metabolic parameters, both in patients with and without MetS, including body fat percentage, total fat fold, and body mass index (BMI). Patients without abnormal MetS components had lower levels of leptin and leptin/adiponectin ratios compared with patients who had one or two MetS components. Leptin/adiponectin ratios were higher in patients who had four rather than three MetS components. Multiple regression analysis revealed multiple associations for leptin but only one for adiponectin, TNF-α, and IL-6. Our results support an important pathophysiological role for leptin more than adiponectin in patients with schizophrenia with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Mednova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.B.); (E.G.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.B.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Anastasiia S. Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.B.); (E.G.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.B.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Elena G. Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.B.); (E.G.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.B.); (S.A.I.)
- University Hospital, Siberian State Medical University, Moskovsky trakt, 2, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Daria A. Parshukova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.B.); (E.G.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.B.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Arkadiy V. Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.B.); (E.G.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.B.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Nikolay A. Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.B.); (E.G.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.B.); (S.A.I.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Addictology and Psychotherapy, Siberian State Medical University, Moskovsky trakt, 2, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anton J. M. Loonen
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology, and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Svetlana A. Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya str., 4, 634014 Tomsk, Russia; (A.S.B.); (E.G.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.B.); (S.A.I.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Addictology and Psychotherapy, Siberian State Medical University, Moskovsky trakt, 2, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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Paolucci M, Coccia E, Imperatore R, Varricchio E. A cross-talk between leptin and 17β-estradiol in vitellogenin synthesis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss liver. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:331-344. [PMID: 31713703 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence of nutritional and energy reserves is fundamental for fish female fertility, so that the existence of a correlation between metabolic reserves and reproductive capacity is suggested. Leptin regulates body weight and energy homeostasis. Estradiol induces the synthesis of vitellogenin, a phospholipoglycoprotein produced by the liver and taken up by the growing oocytes. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible existence of a crosstalk between 17β-estradiol (E2) and leptin in the modulation of E2-induced vtg in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Liver slices were incubated with recombinant trout leptin (rt-lep) at three different concentrations (1-10-100 ng/ml). rt-lep brought about the decrease of E2-induced vtg secretion in the medium and the down-regulation of vtg mRNA expression. Moreover, rt-lep stimulated the lipase activity and diminished the liver fatty acid content. The combined employment of signal transduction inhibitors and the analysis of signal transduction phosphorylated factors revealed that rt-lep effect on E2-induced vtg occurred through the activation of phosphodiesterase, protein kinase C, MAP kinases, and protein kinase A. In conclusion, our study suggests that leptin influences E2-induced vtg synthesis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by modifying both the protein and the lipid components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paolucci
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy.
| | - Elena Coccia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
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15
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Yang M, Liu Y, Xie H, Wen Z, Zhang Y, Wu C, Huang L, Wu J, Xie C, Wang T, Peng W, Liu S, Chen L, Liu X. Gut Microbiota Composition and Structure of the Ob/Ob and Db/Db Mice. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:1394097. [PMID: 30984260 PMCID: PMC6432735 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1394097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gut microbiota is involved in the progression of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The ob/ob and db/db mice are extensively used as models in studies on the pathogenesis of these diseases. The goal of this study is to characterize the composition and structure of gut microbiota in these model mice at different ages. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-throughput sequencing was used to obtain the sequences of the highly variable 16S rRNA V3-V4 region from fecal samples. The taxa with high abundance in both model mice were identified by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, the taxa with divergent abundance in one model mice at different ages or in both model mice at the same age were also recognized. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The high abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in microbiota composition and their imbalanced ratio in both model mice reflect the state of metabolic disorders of these mice. Differences in microbiota composition between the two model mice of the same age or in one model mice with different ages were assumed to be closely linked to the fluctuation of their blood glucose levels with age. The data on gut microbiota in ob/ob and db/db mice investigated herein has broad implications for the pathogenesis study and drug discovery on obesity and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- College of Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Hengchang Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Zhengzheng Wen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Changjing Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Chensheng Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Weifeng Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Shangqi Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Long Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China
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Potential Involvement of Peripheral Leptin/STAT3 Signaling in the Effects of Resveratrol and Its Metabolites on Reducing Body Fat Accumulation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111757. [PMID: 30441779 PMCID: PMC6265754 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols have increased in importance in recent years, and among them, resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) has generated great interest as an anti-obesity agent. Recent investigations have highlighted the importance of leptin signaling in lipid metabolism in peripheral organs. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate whether resveratrol can reduce fat accumulation in peripheral tissues by increasing their leptin sensitivity and (2) to identify which resveratrol-derived circulating metabolites are potentially involved in these metabolic effects. Serum leptin levels and the leptin signaling pathway were assessed in diet-induced obese rats. Moreover, serum metabolites of resveratrol were studied by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MSn). The daily consumption of 200 mg/kg of resveratrol, but not doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, reduced body weight and fat accumulation in obese rats and restored leptin sensitivity in the periphery. These effects were due to increases in sirtuin 1 activity in the liver, leptin receptors in muscle and protection against endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress in adipose tissue. In general, the resveratrol metabolites associated with these beneficial effects were derived from both phase II and microbiota metabolism, although only those derived from microbiota increased proportionally with the administered dose of resveratrol. In conclusion, resveratrol reversed leptin resistance caused by diet-induced obesity in peripheral organs using tissue-specific mechanisms.
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17
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Akinci B, Meral R, Oral EA. Phenotypic and Genetic Characteristics of Lipodystrophy: Pathophysiology, Metabolic Abnormalities, and Comorbidities. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:143. [PMID: 30406415 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article focuses on recent progress in understanding the genetics of lipodystrophy syndromes, the pathophysiology of severe metabolic abnormalities caused by these syndromes, and causes of severe morbidity and a possible signal of increased mortality associated with lipodystrophy. An updated classification scheme is also presented. RECENT FINDINGS Lipodystrophy encompasses a group of heterogeneous rare diseases characterized by generalized or partial lack of adipose tissue and associated metabolic abnormalities including altered lipid metabolism and insulin resistance. Recent advances in the field have led to the discovery of new genes associated with lipodystrophy and have also improved our understanding of adipose biology, including differentiation, lipid droplet assembly, and metabolism. Several registries have documented the natural history of the disease and the serious comorbidities that patients with lipodystrophy face. There is also evolving evidence for increased mortality rates associated with lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy syndromes represent a challenging cluster of diseases that lead to severe insulin resistance, a myriad of metabolic abnormalities, and serious morbidity. The understanding of these syndromes is evolving in parallel with the identification of novel disease-causing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Akinci
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 5313, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rasimcan Meral
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 5313, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Elif Arioglu Oral
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 5313, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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18
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Haglund E, Nguyen L, Schafer NP, Lammert H, Jennings PA, Onuchic JN. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms behind disease-associated leptin variants. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12919-12933. [PMID: 29950524 PMCID: PMC6102133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic hormone leptin has a pivotal role in regulating energy balance by inhibiting hunger and increasing energy expenditure. Homozygous mutations found in the leptin gene are associated with extreme obesity, marked hyperphagia, and impaired immune function. Although these mutations have been characterized in vivo, a detailed understanding of how they affect leptin structure and function remains elusive. In the current work, we used NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, molecular dynamics simulations, and bioinformatics calculations to characterize the effects of these mutations on leptin structure and function and binding to its cognate receptor. We found that mutations identified in patients with congenital leptin deficiency not only cause leptin misfolding or aggregation, but also cause changes in the dynamics of leptin residues on the receptor-binding interface. Therefore, we infer that mutation-induced leptin deficiency may arise from several distinct mechanisms including (i) blockade of leptin receptor interface II, (ii) decreased affinity in the second step of leptin's interaction with its receptor, (iii) leptin destabilization, and (iv) unsuccessful threading through the covalent loop, leading to leptin misfolding/aggregation. We propose that this expanded framework for understanding the mechanisms underlying leptin deficiency arising from genetic mutations may be useful in designing therapeutics for leptin-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Haglund
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, and Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.
| | - Lannie Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicholas Peter Schafer
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, and Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Heiko Lammert
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, and Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Patricia Ann Jennings
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
| | - José Nelson Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, and Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005; Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry, and Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.
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19
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Marques-Oliveira GH, Silva TM, Lima WG, Valadares HMS, Chaves VE. Insulin as a hormone regulator of the synthesis and release of leptin by white adipose tissue. Peptides 2018; 106:49-58. [PMID: 29953915 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed in several tissues, mainly in white adipose tissue. The serum leptin is highly correlated with body mass index in rodents and humans, being documented that leptin levels reduces in the fasting state and increase during refeeding, similarly to insulin release by pancreatic islets. Insulin appears to increase leptin mRNA and protein expression and its release by adipocytes. Some studies have suggested that insulin acts through the activation of the transcription factors: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Insulin stimulates the release of preformed and newly synthesized leptin by adipocytes through its signaling cascade. Its effects are blocked by inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway, as well as by inhibitors of protein synthesis and agents that increase the intracellular cAMP. The literature data suggest that chronic hyperinsulinemia increases serum leptin levels in humans and rodents. In this review, we summarized the most updated knowledge on the effects of insulin on serum leptin levels, presenting the cell mechanisms that control leptin synthesis and release by the white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaís Marques Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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20
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Ito Y, Fukui M, Kanda M, Morishita K, Shoji Y, Kitao T, Hinoi E, Shirahase H. Therapeutic effects of the allosteric protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor KY-226 on experimental diabetes and obesity via enhancements in insulin and leptin signaling in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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21
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Trujillo-Güiza ML, Señarís R. Leptin resistance during pregnancy is also exerted at the periphery†. Biol Reprod 2018; 98:654-663. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Señarís
- CIMUS, Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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22
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Manfredi-Lozano M, Roa J, Tena-Sempere M. Connecting metabolism and gonadal function: Novel central neuropeptide pathways involved in the metabolic control of puberty and fertility. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:37-49. [PMID: 28754629 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Albeit essential for perpetuation of species, reproduction is an energy-demanding function that can be adjusted to body metabolic status. Reproductive maturation and function can be suppressed in conditions of energy deficit, but can be altered also in situations of persistent energy excess, e.g., morbid obesity. This metabolic-reproductive integration, of considerable pathophysiological relevance to explain different forms of perturbed puberty and sub/infertility, is implemented by the concerted action of numerous central and peripheral regulators, which impinge at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, permitting a tight fit between nutritional/energy status and gonadal function. We summarize here the major physiological mechanisms whereby nutritional and metabolic cues modulate the maturation and function of the HPG axis. We will focus on recent progress on the major central neuropeptide pathways, including kisspeptins, neurokinin B and the products of POMC and NPY neurons, which convey metabolic information to GnRH neurons, as major hierarchical hub of our reproductive brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manfredi-Lozano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, INSERM, U1172, Lille, France
| | - J Roa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - M Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; FiDiPro Program, Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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23
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Pulong WP, Ushikai M, Arimura E, Abe M, Kawaguchi H, Horiuchi M. Food Intake and Core Body Temperature of Pups and Adults in a db Mouse Line Deficient in the Long Form of the Leptin Receptor without Misty Mutation. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:9670871. [PMID: 30622972 PMCID: PMC6304817 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9670871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Different involvement of leptin signaling in food intake (FI) and body temperature (BT) in pups and adults has been suggested. However, the leptin receptor (Lepr) long-form-deficient (db) mouse line has not been fully examined in pups. In the most available db mouse line, wild-type (WT) mice have a mutation in the dedicator of cytokinesis 7 gene, named misty, which was recently revealed to be involved in neuronal development. Therefore, we established a line of db mice without the misty mutation using natural mating. Adult (8 weeks of age) homozygous db/db mice displayed significantly higher core body weight (BW) and FI and significantly lower core BT than WT mice. However, postnatal (2 weeks of age) db/db mice displayed similar BW and milk intake and significantly lower core BT than WT mice. Correspondingly, adult and postnatal db/db mice exhibited altered mRNA levels of hypothalamic orexigenic and anorexigenic peptide in adults but not in pups. Additionally, db/db mice displayed significantly lower mRNA levels of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 at both ages. In conclusion, the db mouse line without the misty mutation clearly showed the different involvements of the Lepr long form in FI and BT in pups and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijang Pralampita Pulong
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Miharu Ushikai
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Emi Arimura
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Kagoshima Prefectural College, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-0005, Japan
| | - Masaharu Abe
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masahisa Horiuchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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25
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Hyung JH, Ahn CB, Je JY. Ark shell protein hydrolysates inhibit adipogenesis in mouse mesenchymal stem cells through the down-regulation of transcriptional factors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24995g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-adipogenic peptides were generated from ark shell protein by enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Hyung
- Department of Marine-Bio Convergence Science
- Pukyong National University
- Busan 48547
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Ahn
- Division of Food and Nutrition
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Je
- Department of Marine-Bio Convergence Science
- Pukyong National University
- Busan 48547
- Republic of Korea
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26
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Acquah S, Eghan BA, Boampong JN. Elevated adiponectin but varied response in circulating leptin levels to falciparum malaria in type 2 diabetics and non-diabetic controls. Biomed J 2016; 39:346-353. [PMID: 27884381 PMCID: PMC6138516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate effects of falciparum malaria on circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetic controls in relation to measures of adiposity. Methods Levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured in 100 type 2 diabetics and 100 age-matched controls before and during falciparum malaria in a 2-year prospective study. Also, waist circumference (WC), weight, height and hip circumference were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were computed. Results At baseline, diabetics had significantly (p < 0.05) higher WC and BMI but lower WHR, leptin and adiponectin levels. Baseline leptin correlated positively with WC (r = 0.633; p < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.63; p < 0.001) in diabetics but only BMI (0.562; p < 0.001) in non-diabetic controls. Baseline leptin and adiponectin correlated positively (r = 0.249; p = 0.029) in non-diabetic respondents only. Adiponectin correlated negatively with WC (r = −0.58; p = 0.006) in diabetic males only. During malaria, mean levels of leptin and adiponectin were comparable (p > 0.05) between diabetics and controls. However, compared to baseline levels, significant (p < 0.001) elevation of adiponectin was found in both study groups. In respect of leptin, significant (p < 0.001) rise but decline was observed in diabetics and controls respectively. Malaria-induced leptin correlated negatively with adiponectin (r = −0.694; p < 0.001) in non-diabetic controls only. Conclusion Diabetics and controls exhibited increased adiponectin levels due to falciparum malaria but differed in response in terms of leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Acquah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Benjamin Ackon Eghan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Johnson Nyarko Boampong
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Tang X, Li J, Xiang W, Cui Y, Xie B, Wang X, Xu Z, Gan L. Metformin increases hepatic leptin receptor and decreases steatosis in mice. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:227-37. [PMID: 27288055 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the ascertained efficacy as antidiabetic drug, metformin is increasingly being used as weight-loss agent in obesity, and as insulin sensitizer in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are still incompletely understood. Emerging evidence suggest metformin as leptin sensitizer to mediate the weight-loss effect in the brain. In this study, we investigated effects of metformin on expression of leptin receptors in liver and kidney in mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed with chow diet (CD) or high-fat diet (HF) for 5months. Afterward, mice were treated with metformin (50mg/kg or 200mg/kg) for 15days. Metabolic parameters and hepatic gene expression were analyzed at the end of the treatment. We also tested the effects of metformin on plasma-soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and assessed its effect on hepatosteatosis in mice. Results showed that metformin upregulates the expression of leptin receptors (OB-Ra, -Rb, -Rc, and -Rd) in liver but not kidney. The stimulation effect is dose-dependent in both chow and HF mice. Upregulation of OB-Rb, long signaling isoform, needs a relatively higher dose of metformin. This effect was paralleled by increased sOBR levels in mice and T2DM patients, and decreased hepatic triglyceride (TG) content and lipogenic gene expression, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1). Taken together, these data identify hepatic leptin receptor as target gene being upregulated by metformin which may enhance leptin sensitivity in liver to alleviate steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThird Military Medical University, Chongqing, China Department of Integrated MedicineXinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThird Military Medical University, Chongqing, China Department of Integrated MedicineXinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThird Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye Cui
- Department of Integrated MedicineXinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryDaping Hospital & Institute of Surgery Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Institute of PathologySouthwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zihui Xu
- Department of Integrated MedicineXinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixia Gan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThird Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Blanquer-Rosselló MDM, Oliver J, Sastre-Serra J, Valle A, Roca P. Leptin regulates energy metabolism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 72:18-26. [PMID: 26772821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to be a poorer prognosis factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Among the diverse endocrine factors associated to obesity, leptin has received special attention since it promotes breast cancer cell growth and invasiveness, processes which force cells to adapt their metabolism to satisfy the increased demands of energy and biosynthetic intermediates. Taking this into account, our aim was to explore the effects of leptin in the metabolism of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Polarographic analysis revealed that leptin increased oxygen consumption rate and cellular ATP levels were more dependent on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in leptin-treated cells compared to the more glycolytic control cells. Experiments with selective inhibitors of glycolysis (2-DG), fatty acid oxidation (etomoxir) or aminoacid deprivation showed that ATP levels were more reliant on fatty acid oxidation. In agreement, levels of key proteins involved in lipid catabolism (FAT/CD36, CPT1, PPARα) and phosphorylation of the energy sensor AMPK were increased by leptin. Regarding glucose, cellular uptake was not affected by leptin, but lactate release was deeply repressed. Analysis of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) together with the pentose-phosphate pathway enzyme glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) revealed that leptin favors the use of glucose for biosynthesis. These results point towards a role of leptin in metabolic reprogramming, consisting of an enhanced use of glucose for biosynthesis and lipids for energy production. This metabolic adaptations induced by leptin may provide benefits for MCF-7 growth and give support to the reverse Warburg effect described in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Del Mar Blanquer-Rosselló
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jordi Oliver
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jorge Sastre-Serra
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Adamo Valle
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Pilar Roca
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d́Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03) Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S., E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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Diedrich J, Gusky HC, Podgorski I. Adipose tissue dysfunction and its effects on tumor metabolism. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 21:17-41. [PMID: 25781550 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing by an alarming rate in the Western world, obesity has become a condition associated with a multitude of diseases such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and various cancers. Generally viewed as an abnormal accumulation of hypertrophied adipocytes, obesity is also a poor prognostic factor for recurrence and chemoresistance in cancer patients. With more than two-thirds of the adult population in the United States considered clinically overweight or obese, it is critical that the relationship between obesity and cancer is further emphasized and elucidated. Adipocytes are highly metabolically active cells, which, through release of adipokines and cytokines and activation of endocrine and paracrine pathways, affect processes in neighboring and distant cells, altering their normal homeostasis. This work will examine specifically how adipocyte-derived factors regulate the cellular metabolism of malignant cells within the tumor niche. Briefly, tumor cells undergo metabolic pressure towards a more glycolytic and hypoxic state through a variety of metabolic regulators and signaling pathways, i.e., phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and c-MYC signaling. Enhanced glycolysis and high lactate production are hallmarks of tumor progression largely because of a process known as the Warburg effect. Herein, we review the latest literature pertaining to the body of work on the interactions between adipose and tumor cells, and underlining the changes in cancer cell metabolism that have been targeted by the currently available treatments.
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Cheon JM, Kim DI, Kim KS. Insulin sensitivity improvement of fermented Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) mediated by insulin resistance hallmarks in old-aged ob/ob mice. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:331-7. [PMID: 26869825 PMCID: PMC4593781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological actions of various ginseng extracts have been studied for treating obesity and diabetes mellitus. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of fermented Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) on metabolic syndrome. The present study evaluated the antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of fermented red ginseng (FRG) on old-aged, obese, leptin-deficient (B6.V-Lepob, "ob/ob") mice. METHODS The animals were divided into three groups and given water containing 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% FRG for 16 wk. The effect of FRG on ob/ob mice was determined by measuring changes in body weight, levels of blood glucose, serum contents of triglycerides, total cholesterol and free fatty acids, messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of key factors associated with insulin action, such as insulin receptor (IR), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glucose transporter 1 and 4 (GLUT1 and GLUT4), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the liver and in muscle, and histology of the liver and pancreas. RESULTS FRG-treated mice had decreased body weight and blood glucose levels compared with control ob/ob mice. However, anti-obesity effect of FRG was not evident rather than hypoglycemic effect in old aged ob/ob mice. The hyperlipidemia in control group was attenuated in FRG-treated ob/ob mice. The mRNA expressions of IR, LPL, GLUT1, GLUT4, PPAR-γ, and PEPCK in the liver and in muscle were increased in the FRG-treated groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that FRG may play a vital role in improving insulin sensitivity relative to reducing body weight in old-aged ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mu Cheon
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dae-Ik Kim
- Daegu Technopark Oriental Medicine Industry Support Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kil-Soo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Mazzucco MB, Fornes D, Capobianco E, Higa R, Jawerbaum A, White V. Maternal saturated-fat-rich diet promotes leptin resistance in fetal liver lipid catabolism and programs lipid homeostasis impairments in the liver of rat offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 27:61-9. [PMID: 26383539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze if an overload of saturated fat in maternal diet induced lipid metabolic impairments in livers from rat fetuses that persist in the offspring and to identify potential mechanisms involving fetal leptin resistance. Female rats were fed either a diet enriched in 25% of saturated fat (SFD rats) or a regular diet (controls). Fetuses of 21days of gestation and offspring of 21 and 140days of age were obtained and plasma and liver were kept for further analysis. Livers from a group of control and SFD fetuses were cultured in the presence or absence of leptin. Leptin or vehicle was administered to control fetuses during the last days of gestation and, on day 21, fetal livers and plasma were obtained. Lipid levels were assessed by thin-layer chromatography and mRNA gene expression of CPT1, ACO and PPARα by RT-PCR. Liver lipid levels were increased and CPT1 and ACO were down-regulated in fetuses and offspring from SFD rats compared to controls. After the culture with leptin, control fetal livers showed increased ACO and CPT1 expression and decreased lipid levels, while fetal livers from SFD rats showed no changes. Fetal administration of leptin induced a decrease in ACO and no changes in CPT1 expression. In summary, our results suggest that a saturated fat overload in maternal diet induces fetal leptin resistance in liver lipid catabolism, which might be contributing to liver lipid alterations that are sustained in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Mazzucco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Fornes
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Capobianco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Higa
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica White
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wang C, Zhang H, Niu L, Guo J, Jia X, Wang L, Li L, Zhang H, Zhong T. The novel SNPs of leptin gene and their associations with growth traits in Chinese Nanjiang Yellow goat. Gene 2015; 572:35-41. [PMID: 26142105 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The leptin (LEP) gene encodes a protein that greatly affects the regulation of body weight, energy balance, and food intake in mammals. The objective of the present work was to identify genetic variants of the caprine LEP gene in 411 individuals from five Chinese goat breeds. Six novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (g.117T > C, g.1642G > A, g.2883G > A, g.3053T > C, g.3190G > A, and g.3314T > C) were detected using DNA sequencing. A chi-squared (χ(2)) test showed that all of the LEP SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the studied population (P > 0.05). Six common haplotypes were identified in the five goat populations, with frequencies ranging from 0.083 to 0.244. The r(2) linkage disequilibrium plot of the LEP SNPs indicated linkage disequilibrium only in the cultured breeds (NJ and JY). Statistical analysis revealed that all of the six SNPs of the LEP gene were associated with growth traits. The individuals with the GG genotype at g.1642G>A and g.3190G > A loci showed higher birth weight (2.38 ± 0.03, 2.43 ± 0.05) and weight at 2 months of age (10.59 ± 0.16, 10.71 ± 0.26) than the A-bearing genotypes (AA or GA, P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that polymorphisms of the caprine LEP gene might be important genetic factors influencing growth traits, and these genetic markers may be useful for future marker-assisted selection programs in goat breeding and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiazhong Guo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianbo Jia
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Yang RM, Liu F, He ZD, Ji M, Chu XX, Kang ZY, Cai DY, Gao NN. Anti-obesity effect of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum Blume in fatty diet-fed mice via up-regulating leptin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:459-465. [PMID: 25576894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Chinese folk medicine, the leaves of Ligustrum robustum Blume (LR) were commonly used in the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effect and mechanisms of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum Blume (LRTPG) in fatty diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into 6 groups, i.e., control, model, positive (Orlistat 0.12g/kg), and LRTPG at three dosages (0.3, 0.6 or 1.2g/kg), respectively. Control mice were fed with standard diet; the others were fed with fatty diet. After 4 weeks׳ modeling, therapy mice were intragastrically administrated with positive drug or LRTPG for 5 weeks, respectively. Pharmacodynamic effects including body weight, fat weight, Lee׳s index, serum lipid levels, morphological changes and adipocyte area ratio were evaluated. The mechanisms were explored as the factors related to lipids metabolism in gene expressions by real-time PCR, and assured as the protein level of differential gene by Western blotting. RESULTS The anti-obesity effects of LRTPG in all treated mice were shown as decreased body weight, fat mass, Lee׳s index, total cholesterol (TC) level, and adipocyte area. The mechanisms were demonstrated as elevated mRNA and protein levels of adipose leptin, and consequently decreasing mRNA of adipose acyl coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) with increasing mRNA of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), which led to inhibition of triglyceride (TG) synthesis and promotion of cholesterol catabolism. CONCLUSIONS The anti-obesity effect of LRTPG in fatty diet-fed mice was related to the up-regulation of leptin, which may provide scientific evidence supporting the traditional usage of LR on obesity in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-mei Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen-dan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Min Ji
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-xin Chu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuo-ying Kang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Da-yong Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan-nan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Role of thymol on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic C57BL/6J mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:279-87. [PMID: 26007642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thymol is a monoterpene phenol with many pharmacological activities, but their anti- hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities are not yet explored. This study evaluates the beneficial effects of thymol on plasma, hepatic lipids and hyperglycaemic effects in high-fat diet (HFD) induced type 2 diabetes in C57BL/6J mice. These mice were fed continuously with high fat diet (fat- 35.8%) for 10 weeks and subjected to intragastric administration of various doses (10mg, 20mg and 40mg/kg body weight (BW)) of thymol daily for the subsequent 5 weeks. Body weight (BW), food intake, plasma glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, HbA1c, leptin and adiponectin were significantly decreased and there was an increase in food efficacy ratio. Thymol supplementation were significantly lowered the concentration of plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acids (FFAs), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as compared to the HFD induced diabetic group due to lipid enzymatic activity. Also, the hepatic lipid contents such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipids (PL) were significantly lowered in the thymol supplemented groups. As compared to other two tested doses of 10mg and 20mg, thymol (40mg/kg BW) were showed significant protective effect on the parameters studied. Thus, indicate thymol protects C57BL/6J mice against HFD due to its anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity. The above outcome concludes that thymol may exhibit promising anti-diabetic activity.
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Fujikawa T, Coppari R. Living without insulin: the role of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:108. [PMID: 25870537 PMCID: PMC4375980 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1922, insulin has been thought to be required for normal metabolic homeostasis and survival. However, this view would need to be revised as recent results from different laboratories have convincingly indicated that life without insulin is possible in rodent models. These data indicate that particular neuronal circuitries, which include hypothalamic leptin-responsive neurons, are empowered with the capability of permitting life in complete absence of insulin. Here, we review the neuronal and peripheral mechanisms by which leptin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) regulates glucose metabolism in an insulin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Fujikawa
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Coppari
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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An age-dependent alteration of the respiratory exchange ratio in the db/db mouse. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:1-6. [PMID: 25806077 PMCID: PMC4371472 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse is a rodent model of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Diabetes in db/db mice shows an age-dependent progression, with early insulin resistance followed by an insulin secretory defect resulting in profound hyperglycemia. However, there is insufficient data on agedependent changes of energy metabolism in db/db mice. We demonstrated an age-dependent decrease in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), calculated by a ratio of VO2/VCO2, in db/db mice. The RER determined by indirect calorimetry, was 1.03 in db/db mice under 6 weeks of age, which were similar to those in heterozygote (db/+) and wild-type (+/+) mice. However, RER decreased from approximately 0.9 to 0.8 by 10 weeks of age and subsequently returned to approximately 0.9 at 22 weeks of age. The changes in RER were concurrent with the alterations in body weight and blood glucose level. However, other metabolic indicators such as glucose tolerance, changes in body fat mass, and urinary glucose levels, did not change with age. The results suggested that the energy source utilized in db/db mice changed with the age-related progression of diabetes.
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Circadian rhythms in liver metabolism and disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:113-22. [PMID: 26579436 PMCID: PMC4629216 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting research evidence demonstrates a significant negative impact of circadian disruption on human health. Shift work, chronic jet lag and sleep disturbances are associated with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome, and consequently result in obesity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Here, these associations are reviewed with respect to liver metabolism and disease.
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Key Words
- ARC, arcuate nucleus
- BMAL1, brain and muscle ARNT-like 1
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CLOCK, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput
- CRY, cryptochrome
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYPs, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- Circadian rhythm
- DBP, D-site binding protein
- E-box, enhance box
- EMT, emergency medical technician
- FAA, food anticipatory activity
- FASPS, familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome
- FEO, food entrainable oscillator
- FOXO3, forkhead box O3
- FXR, farnesoid-X receptor
- GLUT2, glucose transporter 2
- HDAC3, histone deacetylase 3
- HIP, hypoxia inducing protein
- HLF, hepatic leukemia factor
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LRH1, liver receptor homolog 1
- Liver
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- PER, period
- RHT, retinohypothalamic tract
- RORE, ROR-response element
- RORα, retinoid-related orphan receptor α
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- TEF, thyrotroph embryonic factor
- TGR5, G protein-coupled bile acid receptor
- TTFL, transcriptional translational feedback loop
- Type 2 diabetes
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Abstract
The ever growing prevalence of childhood obesity is being accompanied by an increase in the pediatric population of diseases once believed to be exclusive of the adulthood such as the metabolic syndrome (MS). The MS has been defined as the link between insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and other metabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in adults. In this review, we will discuss the peculiar aspects of the pediatric MS and the role of novel molecules and biomarkers in its pathogenesis.
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Chen QL, Luo Z, Song YF, Wu K, Huang C, Pan YX, Zhu QL. Hormone-sensitive lipase in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco: molecular characterization, mRNA tissue expression and transcriptional regulation by leptin in vivo and in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 206:130-8. [PMID: 25016050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl) plays a pivotal role in regulation of lipolysis in mammals, but information is very scarce about its gene structure and function in fish. In this study, two distinct hsl cDNAs, designated hsl1 and hsl2, were firstly isolated and characterized from yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The validated cDNAs encoding for hsl1 and hsl2 were 2739 and 2629bp in length, encoding peptides of 679 and 813 amino acid residues, respectively, and shared 57.7% amino acid identity. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that hsl1 and hsl2 derived from paralogous genes that might have arisen during a teleost-specific genome duplication event. Both hsl mRNAs were expressed in a wide range of tissues, but the abundance of each hsl mRNA showed the tissue- and developmental stage-dependent expression patterns. Intraperitoneal injection in vivo and incubation in vitro of recombinant human leptin (rb-hLEP) stimulated the mRNA expression of hsl2, but not hsl1, in the liver and hepatocytes of P. fulvidraco, respectively, suggesting that two hsl isoforms might serve different roles in lipid metabolism. To our knowledge, for the first time, the present study provides evidence that two hsl mRNAs are differentially expressed with and among tissues during different developmental stages and also differentially regulated by leptin both in vivo and in vitro, which serves to increase our understanding on hsl physiological function in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qing-Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
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Rondanelli M, Perna S, Faliva M, Monteferrario F, Repaci E, Allieri F. Focus on metabolic and nutritional correlates of polycystic ovary syndrome and update on nutritional management of these critical phenomena. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290:1079-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yoshino S, Satoh T, Yamada M, Hashimoto K, Tomaru T, Katano-Toki A, Kakizaki S, Okada S, Shimizu H, Ozawa A, Tuchiya T, Ikota H, Nakazato Y, Mori M, Matozaki T, Sasaki T, Kitamura T, Mori M. Protection against high-fat diet-induced obesity in Helz2-deficient male mice due to enhanced expression of hepatic leptin receptor. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3459-72. [PMID: 25004093 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity arises from impaired energy balance, which is centrally coordinated by leptin through activation of the long form of leptin receptor (Leprb). Obesity causes central leptin resistance. However, whether enhanced peripheral leptin sensitivity could overcome central leptin resistance remains obscure. A peripheral metabolic organ targeted by leptin is the liver, with low Leprb expression. We here show that mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and obese patients with hepatosteatosis exhibit increased expression of hepatic helicase with zinc finger 2, a transcriptional coactivator (Helz2), which functions as a transcriptional coregulator of several nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in vitro. To explore the physiological importance of Helz2, we generated Helz2-deficient mice and analyzed their metabolic phenotypes. Helz2-deficient mice showing hyperleptinemia associated with central leptin resistance were protected against HFD-induced obesity and had significantly up-regulated hepatic Leprb expression. Helz2 deficiency and adenovirus-mediated liver-specific exogenous Leprb overexpression in wild-type mice significantly stimulated hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase on HFD, whereas Helz2-deficient db/db mice lacking functional Leprb did not. Fatty acid-β oxidation was increased in Helz2-deficeint hepatocytes, and Helz2-deficient mice revealed increased oxygen consumption and decreased respiratory quotient in calorimetry analyses. The enhanced hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase energy-sensing pathway in Helz2-deficient mice ameliorated hyperlipidemia, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance by reducing lipogenic gene expression and stimulating lipid-burning gene expression in the liver. These findings together demonstrate that Helz2 deficiency ameliorates HFD-induced metabolic abnormalities by stimulating endogenous hepatic Leprb expression, despite central leptin resistance. Hepatic HELZ2 might be a novel target molecule for the treatment of obesity with hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshino
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Science (S.Y., T.Sat., M.Y., K.H., T.To., A.K.-T., S.K., S.O., H.S., A.O., T.Tu., Ma.Mori) and Human Pathology (H.I., Y.N.), Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511 Japan; Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences (Mu.Mori, T.Ma.) and Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (T.Sas., T.K.), Gunma University, Maebashi, 371-8512 Japan; and Kitakanto Molecular Novel Research Institute for Obesity and Metabolism (Ma.Mori), Midori, 379-2311 Japan
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Robati RM, Partovi-Kia M, Haghighatkhah HR, Younespour S, Abdollahimajd F. Increased serum leptin and resistin levels and increased carotid intima-media wall thickness in patients with psoriasis: is psoriasis associated with atherosclerosis? J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:642-8. [PMID: 25043845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with psoriasis may have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the potential association between subclinical atherosclerosis and psoriasis by measuring the intima-media wall thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) in patients with psoriasis and evaluating its correlation with serum leptin and resistin levels. METHODS The mean IMT (MIMT) of the CCA and leptin, resistin, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol levels in serum were determined in 60 patients and 60 healthy sex- and age-matched control subjects. RESULTS Compared with the healthy control subjects, patients with psoriasis had significantly higher MIMT of the CCA and higher levels of serum leptin, resistin, TG, and total cholesterol. In addition, MIMT of the CCA was positively correlated with serum leptin, resistin, TG, and total cholesterol levels in patients with psoriasis. LIMITATIONS This was a cross-sectional single-center study, and we could not evaluate additional biomarkers such as adipokine or adiponectin because of our restricted facilities. CONCLUSION Although serum leptin, resistin, TG, and total cholesterol levels and MIMT of the CCA were significantly increased in patients with psoriasis, MIMT of the CCA was also positively correlated with these biomarkers. Therefore, psoriasis could be an independent risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza M Robati
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Partovi-Kia
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Haghighatkhah
- Department of Radiology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Younespour
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Abdollahimajd
- Skin Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Scleroderma is a systemic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology whose characteristic features include endothelial cell dysfunction, fibroblast proliferation, and immune dysregulation. Although almost any organ can be pathologically involved in scleroderma, lung complications including interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are the leading cause of death in patients with this condition. Currently, the molecular mechanisms leading to development of scleroderma-related lung disease are poorly understood; however, the systemic nature of this condition has led many to implicate circulating factors in the pathogenesis of some of its organ impairment. In this article we focus on a new class of circulating factors derived from adipose-tissue called adipokines, which are known to be altered in scleroderma. Recently, the adipokines adiponectin and leptin have been found to regulate biological activity in endothelial, fibroblast, and immune cell types in lung and in many other tissues. The pleiotropic nature of these circulating factors and their functional activity on many cell types implicated in the pathogenesis of ILD and PAH suggest these hormones may be mechanistically involved in the onset and/or progression of scleroderma-related lung diseases.
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Mattace Raso G, Santoro A, Russo R, Simeoli R, Paciello O, Di Carlo C, Diano S, Calignano A, Meli R. Palmitoylethanolamide prevents metabolic alterations and restores leptin sensitivity in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1291-301. [PMID: 24428531 PMCID: PMC5393333 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested a role of fatty acid ethanolamides in control of feeding behavior. Among these, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has not been directly implicated in appetite regulation and weight gain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PEA on food intake and body weight and the interaction between PEA and hypothalamic leptin signaling in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomy produced hyperphagia and increased weight gain, making it an useful model of mild obesity. Ovariectomized rats were treated with PEA (30 mg/kg sc) for 5 weeks. Then, blood was collected, and hypothalamus and adipose tissue were removed for histological, cellular, and molecular measurements. We showed that PEA caused a reduction of food intake, body weight, and fat mass. The mechanisms underlying PEA effects involved an improvement in hypothalamic leptin signaling, through a raise in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation. We also reported that PEA reduced AMP-activated protein kinase-α phosphorylation and modulated transcription of anorectic and orexigenic neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. Moreover, PEA increased AMP-activated protein kinase-α phosphorylation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 transcription in adipose tissue, suggesting an increase in ATP-producing catabolic pathway. PEA also polarized adipose tissue macrophages to M2 lean phenotype, associated to a reduction of inflammatory cytokines/adipokines. To demonstrate the direct effect of PEA on leptin sensitivity without interference of adiposity loss, we obtained consistent data in PEA-treated sham-operated animals and in vitro in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Therefore, our data provide a rationale for the therapeutic use of PEA in obese postmenopausal woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy (G.M.R., A.S., R.R., R.S., A.C., R.M.), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy; Department of Pathology and Animal Health (O.P.), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80137, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatologic and Reproductive Sciences (C.D.C.), University of Naples "Federico II" Naples 80131, Italy; and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.D.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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The role of leptin in the development of pulmonary neutrophilia in infection and acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:e143-51. [PMID: 24231757 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the hallmarks of severe pneumonia and associated acute lung injury is neutrophil recruitment to the lung. Leptin is thought to be up-regulated in the lung following injury and to exert diverse effects on leukocytes, influencing both chemotaxis and survival. We hypothesized that pulmonary leptin contributes directly to the development of pulmonary neutrophilia during pneumonia and acute lung injury. DESIGN Controlled human and murine in vivo and ex vivo experimental studies. SETTING Research laboratory of a university hospital. SUBJECTS Healthy human volunteers and subjects hospitalized with bacterial and H1N1 pneumonia. C57Bl/6 and db/db mice were also used. INTERVENTIONS Lung samples from patients and mice with either bacterial or H1N1 pneumonia and associated acute lung injury were immunostained for leptin. Human bronchoalveolar lavage samples obtained after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury were assayed for leptin. C57Bl/6 mice were examined after oropharyngeal aspiration of recombinant leptin alone or in combination with Escherichia coli- or Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced pneumonia. Leptin-resistant (db/db) mice were also examined using the E. coli model. Bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia and cytokine levels were measured. Leptin-induced chemotaxis was examined in human blood- and murine marrow-derived neutrophils in vitro. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Injured human and murine lung tissue showed leptin induction compared to normal lung, as did human bronchoalveolar lavage following lipopolysaccharide instillation. Bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in uninjured and infected mice was increased and lung bacterial load decreased by airway leptin administration, whereas bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in infected leptin-resistant mice was decreased. In sterile lung injury by lipopolysaccharide, leptin also appeared to decrease airspace neutrophil apoptosis. Both human and murine neutrophils migrated toward leptin in vitro, and this required intact signaling through the Janus Kinase 2/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase pathway. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that pulmonary leptin is induced in injured human and murine lungs and that this cytokine is effective in driving alveolar airspace neutrophilia. This action appears to be caused by direct effects of leptin on neutrophils.
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Bravard A, Vial G, Chauvin MA, Rouillé Y, Bailleul B, Vidal H, Rieusset J. FTO contributes to hepatic metabolism regulation through regulation of leptin action and STAT3 signalling in liver. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:4. [PMID: 24410832 PMCID: PMC3896784 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene is related to obesity and type 2 diabetes, but its function is still largely unknown. A link between leptin receptor-signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (LepR-STAT3) signalling pathway and FTO was recently suggested in the hypothalamus. Because of the presence of FTO in liver and the role of LepR-STAT3 in the control of hepatic metabolism, we investigated both in vitro and in vivo the potential interrelationship between FTO and LepR-STAT3 signalling pathway in liver and the impact of FTO overexpression on leptin action and glucose homeostasis in liver of mice. Results We found that FTO protein expression is regulated by both leptin and IL-6, concomitantly to an induction of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, in leptin receptor (LepRb) expressing HuH7 cells. In addition, FTO overexpression in vitro altered both leptin-induced Y705 and S727 STAT3 phosphorylation, leading to dysregulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) expression and mitochondrial density, respectively. In vivo, liver specific FTO overexpression in mice induced a reducetion of Y705 phosphorylation of STAT3 in nuclear fraction, associated with reduced SOCS3 and LepR mRNA levels and with an increased G6P expression. Interestingly, FTO overexpression also induced S727 STAT3 phosphorylation in liver mitochondria, resulting in an increase of mitochondria function and density. Altogether, these data indicate that FTO promotes mitochondrial recruitment of STAT3 to the detriment of its nuclear localization, affecting in turn oxidative metabolism and the expression of leptin-targeted genes. Interestingly, these effects were associated in mice with alterations of leptin action and hyperleptinemia, as well as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance. Conclusions Altogether, these data point a novel regulatory loop between FTO and leptin-STAT3 signalling pathways in liver cells, and highlight a new role of FTO in the regulation of hepatic leptin action and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Rieusset
- INSERM U-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, INRA 1235, INSA de Lyon, Facultés de médecine Charles Mérieux, Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France.
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Baranova A, Randhawa M, Jarrar M, Younossi ZM. Adipokines and melanocortins in the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:195-205. [PMID: 17331066 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its more aggressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Adipokines produced by white adipose tissue possess broad physiological activity and play an important autocrine role in obesity-associated complications, including metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Various adipokines may have beneficial or harmful effects. Other tissues, particularly stomach and intestine, produce active molecules that can influence the function of adipocytes and, possibly, the levels of adipokine secretion. In some cases, the production sites of these molecules remain unknown. The review focuses on our current understanding of the disease-related effects of the adipokines and the melanocortins on various peripheral tissues, and discusses some of their potential interactions with each other. Potential therapeutic applications are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancha Baranova
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, VA, USA.
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Saxena NK, Sharma D. Multifaceted leptin network: the molecular connection between obesity and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:309-20. [PMID: 24214584 PMCID: PMC4747028 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High plasma levels of leptin, a major adipocytokine produced by adipocytes, are correlated with increased fat mass in obese state. Leptin is emerging as a key candidate molecule linking obesity with breast cancer. Acting via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine manner, leptin impacts various stages of breast tumorigenesis from initiation and primary tumor growth to metastatic progression. Leptin also modulates the tumor microenvironment mainly through supporting migration of endothelial cells, neo-angiogenesis and sustaining recruitment of macrophage and monocytes. Various studies have shown that hyperactive leptin-signaling network leads to concurrent activation of multiple oncogenic pathways resulting in enhanced proliferation, decreased apoptosis, acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype, potentiated migration and enhanced invasion potential of tumor cells. Furthermore, the capability of leptin to interact with other molecular effectors of obese state including, estrogen, IGF-1, insulin, VEGF and inflammatory cytokines further increases its impact on breast tumor progression in obese state. This article presents an overview of the studies investigating the involvement of leptin in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K. Saxena
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21201
- Corresponding author: Dipali Sharma, Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB 1, Rm 145, Baltimore, MD 21231, Office: 410-455-1345, FAX: 410-614-4073, . Neeraj K. Saxena, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St., Howard Hall, Rm 301, Baltimore, MD 21201,
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore MD 21231
- Corresponding author: Dipali Sharma, Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB 1, Rm 145, Baltimore, MD 21231, Office: 410-455-1345, FAX: 410-614-4073, . Neeraj K. Saxena, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St., Howard Hall, Rm 301, Baltimore, MD 21201,
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Lin MC, Tsai SY, Wang FY, Liu FH, Syu JN, Tang FY. Leptin induces cell invasion and the upregulation of matrilysin in human colon cancer cells. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Ntikoudi E, Kiagia M, Boura P, Syrigos KN. Hormones of adipose tissue and their biologic role in lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:22-30. [PMID: 23870486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adipose tissue secretes numerous bioactive peptides, collectively termed "adipocytokines" or "adipokines". Adipokines act in a paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine manner and regulate several physiological and pathological processes. Increasing evidence indicates that adipokines are implicated also in several malignancies, including lung cancer as well. AIM The aim of this study is to summarize data concerning adipokines in lung cancer pathogenesis, prognosis and survival; the role of adipokines in lung cancer cachexia is also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in the electronic database of Medline. Several studies and review articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Leptin and adiponectin are the best studied adipokines. The majority of the relevant studies has investigated the potential correlations mainly between leptin, adiponectin, and sometimes also resistin, and nutritional status, systemic inflammation of lung cancer or lung cancer cachexia and have also assessed their prognostic significance. Few other studies have studied genetic variations in leptin, leptin receptor and adiponectin genes and their association with lung cancer susceptibility and prognosis. The ongoing list of adipokines associated with lung cancer also includes resistin, chemerin, and visfatin. CONCLUSIONS Increasing evidence points to the involvement of certain adipocytokines in lung cancer development, progression and prognosis. No conclusive evidence exists so far with regards to the role of adipocytokines in lung cancer cachexia. Future, longitudinal studies are warranted in order to clarify the role of adipocytokines in lung cancer and also uncover adipocytokines as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ntikoudi
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, Athens University School of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, Building Z, 152 Mesogion Avenue, 115 27 Athens, Greece.
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