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Lucitti JL, Laudermilk LT, Amato GS, Maitra R. The Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor ABX-1431 Does Not Improve Alcoholic Liver Disease. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:e1179-e1183. [PMID: 37253145 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Excessive alcohol consumption can result in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). There is no FDA-approved drug to specifically treat ALD and current management approaches have limited efficacy. Past studies indicate that monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibition can have a positive impact on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the effect of MAGL inhibition in ALD has not been reported. Materials and Methods: We tested the highly selective and clinically evaluated MAGL inhibitor ABX-1431 in the Lieber-DeCarli liquid alcohol diet-induced model of ALD in C57BL/6 mice. Results: ABX-1431 failed to reduce ALD-associated steatosis and elevated levels of liver enzymes associated with hepatic injury. Furthermore, survival rate declined with increasing doses of ABX-1431 when compared with mice administered vehicle only. Conclusion: These data suggest that MAGL inhibition does not improve ALD and is unlikely to be a good strategy for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Lucitti
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lucas T Laudermilk
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - George S Amato
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Liss KHH, Mousa M, Bucha S, Lutkewitte A, Allegood J, Cowart LA, Finck BN. Dynamic changes in the mouse hepatic lipidome following warm ischemia reperfusion injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3584. [PMID: 38351300 PMCID: PMC10864394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver failure secondary to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become the most common cause for liver transplantation in many parts of the world. Moreover, the prevalence of MASLD not only increases the demand for liver transplantation, but also limits the supply of suitable donor organs because steatosis predisposes grafts to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). There are currently no pharmacological interventions to limit hepatic IRI because the mechanisms by which steatosis leads to increased injury are unclear. To identify potential novel mediators of IRI, we used liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to assess temporal changes in the hepatic lipidome in steatotic and non-steatotic livers after warm IRI in mice. Our untargeted analyses revealed distinct differences between the steatotic and non-steatotic response to IRI and highlighted dynamic changes in lipid composition with marked changes in glycerophospholipids. These findings enhance our knowledge of the lipidomic changes that occur following IRI and provide a foundation for future mechanistic studies. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying such changes will lead to novel therapeutic strategies to combat IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H H Liss
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Muhammad Mousa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shria Bucha
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew Lutkewitte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremy Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Zhou S, Ling X, Zhu J, Liang Y, Feng Q, Xie C, Li J, Chen Q, Chen S, Miao J, Zhang M, Li Z, Shen W, Li X, Wu Q, Wang X, Liu R, Wang C, Hou FF, Kong Y, Liu Y, Zhou L. MAGL protects against renal fibrosis through inhibiting tubular cell lipotoxicity. Theranostics 2024; 14:1583-1601. [PMID: 38389852 PMCID: PMC10879875 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Renal fibrosis, with no therapeutic approaches, is a common pathological feature in various chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Tubular cell injury plays a pivotal role in renal fibrosis. Commonly, injured tubular cells exhibit significant lipid accumulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels in CKD patients and CKD model specimens were measured using mass spectrometry. 2-AG-loaded nanoparticles were infused into unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. Lipid accumulation and renal fibrosis were tested. Furthermore, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the hydrolyzing enzyme of 2-AG, was assessed in CKD patients and models. Tubular cell-specific MAGL knock-in mice were generated. Moreover, MAGL recombination protein was also administered to unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury (UIRI) mice. Besides, a series of methods including RNA sequencing, metabolomics, primary cell culture, lipid staining, etc. were used. Results: 2-AG was increased in the serum or kidneys from CKD patients and models. Supplement of 2-AG further induced lipid accumulation and fibrogenesis through cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2)/β-catenin signaling. β-catenin knockout blocked 2-AG/CB2-induced fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) deficiency and lipid accumulation. Remarkably, MAGL significantly decreased in CKD, aligning with lipid accumulation and fibrosis. Specific transgene of MAGL in tubular cells significantly preserved FAO, inhibited lipid-mediated toxicity in tubular cells, and finally retarded fibrogenesis. Additionally, supplementation of MAGL in UIRI mice also preserved FAO function, inhibited lipid accumulation, and protected against renal fibrosis. Conclusion: MAGL is a potential diagnostic marker for kidney function decline, and also serves as a new therapeutic target for renal fibrosis through ameliorating lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jielin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Health Care, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ye Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xie
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jiemei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Shuangqin Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jinhua Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaozhong Kong
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Jiang M, Huizenga MCW, Wirt JL, Paloczi J, Amedi A, van den Berg RJBHN, Benz J, Collin L, Deng H, Di X, Driever WF, Florea BI, Grether U, Janssen APA, Hankemeier T, Heitman LH, Lam TW, Mohr F, Pavlovic A, Ruf I, van den Hurk H, Stevens AF, van der Vliet D, van der Wel T, Wittwer MB, van Boeckel CAA, Pacher P, Hohmann AG, van der Stelt M. A monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor showing therapeutic efficacy in mice without central side effects or dependence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8039. [PMID: 38052772 PMCID: PMC10698032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) regulates endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and eicosanoid signalling. MAGL inhibition provides therapeutic opportunities but clinical potential is limited by central nervous system (CNS)-mediated side effects. Here, we report the discovery of LEI-515, a peripherally restricted, reversible MAGL inhibitor, using high throughput screening and a medicinal chemistry programme. LEI-515 increased 2-AG levels in peripheral organs, but not mouse brain. LEI-515 attenuated liver necrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in a CCl4-induced acute liver injury model. LEI-515 suppressed chemotherapy-induced neuropathic nociception in mice without inducing cardinal signs of CB1 activation. Antinociceptive efficacy of LEI-515 was blocked by CB2, but not CB1, antagonists. The CB1 antagonist rimonabant precipitated signs of physical dependence in mice treated chronically with a global MAGL inhibitor (JZL184), and an orthosteric cannabinoid agonist (WIN55,212-2), but not with LEI-515. Our data support targeting peripheral MAGL as a promising therapeutic strategy for developing safe and effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam C W Huizenga
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jonah L Wirt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute of Health/NIAAA, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Avand Amedi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Joerg Benz
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Xinyu Di
- Metabolomics and analytics center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter F Driever
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonius P A Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and analytics center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Mohr
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anto Pavlovic
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris Ruf
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna F Stevens
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daan van der Vliet
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute of Health/NIAAA, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University & Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands.
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5
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Li X, Tao H, Zhou J, Zhang L, Shi Y, Zhang C, Sun W, Chu M, Chen K, Gu C, Yang X, Geng D, Hao Y. MAGL inhibition relieves synovial inflammation and pain via regulating NOX4-Nrf2 redox balance in osteoarthritis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:13-25. [PMID: 37516370 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage injury, hyperplasia of bone and inflammatory lesions of synovium. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a member of the α/β hydrolase superfamily, is involved in regulation of injury protection and immune-inflammation response. Autoinflammatory response of the synovium and the release of inflammatory mediators play critical roles in occurrence of early-stage OA. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are resident mesenchymal cells of the synovial tissue. Considering that MAGL inhibition regulates the inflammatory signaling cascade, it is crucial to ascertain the biological effects and specific mechanisms of MAGL in alleviating inflammatory infiltration of OA FLSs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MAGL on biological function in OA FLSs. Results from in vitro experiments showed that MAGL blockade not only effectively inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration of FLSs, but also downregulated expression of inflammatory-associated proteins. Sequencing results indicated that MAGL inhibition significantly suppressed NOX4-mediated oxidative stress, thus promoting Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and inhibiting generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Attenuation of NOX4 further alleviated redox dysplasia and ultimately improved tumor-like phenotypes, such as abnormal proliferation, migration and migration of FLSs. In vivo results corroborated this finding, with MAGL inhibition found to modulate pain and disease progression in an OA rat model. Collectively, these results indicate that MAGL administration is an ideal therapy treating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- Anesthesiology Department, Suzhou Municipal Hospital (North District), Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, 242, Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaqiang Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, 242, Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Anesthesiology Department, Suzhou Municipal Hospital (North District), Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, 242, Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Anesthesiology Department, Suzhou Municipal Hospital (North District), Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, 242, Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 999, Xiwang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Anesthesiology Department, Suzhou Municipal Hospital (North District), Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, 242, Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyong Gu
- Anesthesiology Department, Suzhou Municipal Hospital (North District), Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, 242, Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xing Yang
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, 242, Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 226000, China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuefeng Hao
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Center, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, 242, Guangji Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 226000, China.
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6
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Maccarrone M, Di Marzo V, Gertsch J, Grether U, Howlett AC, Hua T, Makriyannis A, Piomelli D, Ueda N, van der Stelt M. Goods and Bads of the Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target: Lessons Learned after 30 Years. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:885-958. [PMID: 37164640 PMCID: PMC10441647 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabis derivative marijuana is the most widely used recreational drug in the Western world and is consumed by an estimated 83 million individuals (∼3% of the world population). In recent years, there has been a marked transformation in society regarding the risk perception of cannabis, driven by its legalization and medical use in many states in the United States and worldwide. Compelling research evidence and the Food and Drug Administration cannabis-derived cannabidiol approval for severe childhood epilepsy have confirmed the large therapeutic potential of cannabidiol itself, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other plant-derived cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids). Of note, our body has a complex endocannabinoid system (ECS)-made of receptors, metabolic enzymes, and transporters-that is also regulated by phytocannabinoids. The first endocannabinoid to be discovered 30 years ago was anandamide (N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine); since then, distinct elements of the ECS have been the target of drug design programs aimed at curing (or at least slowing down) a number of human diseases, both in the central nervous system and at the periphery. Here a critical review of our knowledge of the goods and bads of the ECS as a therapeutic target is presented to define the benefits of ECS-active phytocannabinoids and ECS-oriented synthetic drugs for human health. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The endocannabinoid system plays important roles virtually everywhere in our body and is either involved in mediating key processes of central and peripheral diseases or represents a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of the components of this complex system, and in particular of key receptors (like cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2) and metabolic enzymes (like fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase), will advance our understanding of endocannabinoid signaling and activity at molecular, cellular, and system levels, providing new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Uwe Grether
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Tian Hua
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy (M.M.); European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy (M.M.); Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada (V.D.); Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (J.G.); Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (U.G.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (A.C.H.); iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (T.H.); Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.); Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California (D.P.); Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan (N.U.); Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands (M.S.)
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7
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Protective effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor KML29 on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109586. [PMID: 36700769 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the most studies endocannabinoids. AEA and 2-AG are degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) enzymes, respectively. FAAH and MAGL enzymes are widely expressed in many tissues, including kidney. Recent works have depicted that AEA and 2-AG levels are associated with ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. In this study, we investigated the effects of MAGL inhibitor KML29 and FAAH inhibitor URB597 against kidney IR injury. METHODS The kidneys of the rats underwent ischemia for 45 min and then reperfusion for 24 h. KML29 and URB597 were administered intraperitoneally with kidney IR to two different treatment groups. RESULTS IR application increased serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cre), interleukin-18 (IL-18), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) levels, while these parameters were decreased following KML29 and URB597 administration. KML29 and URB597 administration also reduced the increased toll-like receptor-4 (TRL-4), phosphorylated-NF-κB, phosphorylated-IκB-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), caspase-3 levels and histopathological damage in kidney tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that MAGL inhibitor KML29 and FAAH inhibitor URB597 have a protective effect on kidney IR injury by preventing apoptosis and inflammation. Inhibition of MAGL and FAAH may be a new therapeutic strategy to prevent kidney IR injury.
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8
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Therapeutic strategies for liver diseases based on redox control systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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The monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, JZL184, has comparable effects to therapeutic hypothermia, attenuating global cerebral injury in a rat model of cardiac arrest. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Simard M, Archambault AS, Lavoie JPC, Dumais É, Di Marzo V, Flamand N. Biosynthesis and metabolism of endocannabinoids and their congeners from the monoacylglycerol andN-acyl-ethanolamine families. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115261. [PMID: 36152677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA) are eicosanoids implicated in numerous physiological processes like appetite, adipogenesis, inflammatory pain and inflammation. They mediate most of their physiological effect by activating the cannabinoid (CB) receptors 1 and 2. Other than directly binding to the CB receptors, 2-AG and AEA are also metabolized by most eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, yielding many metabolites that are part of the oxyendocannabinoidome. Some of these metabolites have been found in vivo, have the ability to modulate specific receptors and thus potentially influence physiological processes. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis and metabolism of 2-AG and AEA, as well as their congeners from the monoacyl-glycerol and N-acyl-ethanolamine families, with a special focus on the metabolism by oxygenases involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. We highlight the knowledge gaps in our understanding of the regulation and roles the oxyendocannabinoidome mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Present address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia / BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe C Lavoie
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Élizabeth Dumais
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Joint International Unit between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy) and Université Laval (Canada) on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu)
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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11
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Murakami M, Takamiya R, Miki Y, Sugimoto N, Nagasaki Y, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Taketomi Y. Segregated functions of two cytosolic phospholipase A 2 isoforms (cPLA 2α and cPLA 2ε) in lipid mediator generation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115176. [PMID: 35841927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, group IVA cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α) is currently attracting much attention as a central regulator of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism linked to eicosanoid biosynthesis. Following cell activation, cPLA2α selectively releases AA, a precursor of a variety of eicosanoids, from phospholipids in perinuclear membrane compartments. cPLA2α-null mice display various phenotypes that could be largely explained by reduced eicosanoid signaling. In contrast, group IVE cPLA2ε, another member of the cPLA2 family, acts as a Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase rather than a PLA2, thereby regulating the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), a unique class of lipid mediators with an anti-inflammatory effect. In response to Ca2+ signaling, cPLA2ε translocates to phosphatidylserine-rich organelle membranes in the endocytic/recycling pathway. In vivo, cPLA2ε is induced in keratinocytes of psoriatic skin, and its genetic deletion exacerbates psoriatic inflammation due to a marked reduction of NAE-related lipids. cPLA2ε also contributes to NAE generation in several if not all mouse tissues. Thus, the two members of the cPLA2 family, cPLA2α and cPLA2ε, catalyze distinct enzymatic reactions to mobilize distinct sets of lipid mediators, thereby differently regulating pathophysiological events in health and disease. Such segregation of the cPLA2α-eicosanoid and cPLA2ε-NAE pathways represents a new paradigm of research on PLA2s and lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rina Takamiya
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Safran M, Masoud R, Sultan M, Tachlytski I, Chai Gadot C, Pery R, Balint-Lahat N, Pappo O, Buzaglo N, Ben-Ari Z. Extracellular Vesicular Transmission of miR-423-5p from HepG2 Cells Inhibits the Differentiation of Hepatic Stellate Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101715. [PMID: 35626751 PMCID: PMC9139792 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the primary source of extracellular matrix in the liver and their activation is a central event in LF development. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intercellular communication agents, which play important roles in physiological processes in chronic liver diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the crosstalk between hepatocytes and HSCs mediated by hepatocyte-secreted EVs. EVs were purified from primary mouse hepatocytes, HepG2 cell lines, under normal or stressed conditions. The effect of EVs on primary HSCs (pHSCs) differentiation was evaluated by measuring of differentiation markers. In addition, their impact on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis mouse model was evaluated. The results demonstrated that HepG2-EVs regulate HSC differentiation and that under stress conditions, promoted pHSCs differentiation into the myofibroblast phenotype. The evaluation of miRNA sequences in the HepG2 secreted EVs demonstrated high levels of miR-423-5p. The examination of EV cargo following stress conditions identified a significant reduction of miR-423-5p in HepG2-EVs relative to HepG2-EVs under normal conditions. In addition, pHSCs transfected with miR-423-5p mimic and exhibit lower mRNA levels of alpha smooth muscle actin and Collagen type 1 alpha, and the mRNA expression level of genes targeted the family with sequence-similarity-3 (FAM3) and Monoacylglycerol lipase (Mgll). This study strengthened the hypothesis that EVs are involved in LF and that their cargo changes in stress conditions. In addition, miR-423-5p was shown to be involved in HSCs differentiation and hence, fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Safran
- Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (I.T.); (C.C.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Rula Masoud
- Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (I.T.); (C.C.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Maya Sultan
- Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (I.T.); (C.C.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Irena Tachlytski
- Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (I.T.); (C.C.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Chofit Chai Gadot
- Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (I.T.); (C.C.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Ron Pery
- Department of General Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel;
| | - Nora Balint-Lahat
- Pathology Department, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.B.-L.); (O.P.)
| | - Orit Pappo
- Pathology Department, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.B.-L.); (O.P.)
| | - Nahum Buzaglo
- Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (I.T.); (C.C.G.); (N.B.)
| | - Ziv Ben-Ari
- Liver Diseases Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5262000, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.S.); (I.T.); (C.C.G.); (N.B.)
- Pathology Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6329302, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-5307180
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13
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Artru F, McPhail MJW, Triantafyllou E, Trovato FM. Lipids in Liver Failure Syndromes: A Focus on Eicosanoids, Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators and Lysophospholipids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867261. [PMID: 35432367 PMCID: PMC9008479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are organic compounds insoluble in water with a variety of metabolic and non-metabolic functions. They not only represent an efficient energy substrate but can also act as key inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules as part of a network of soluble mediators at the interface of metabolism and the immune system. The role of endogenous bioactive lipid mediators has been demonstrated in several inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, cancer). The liver is unique in providing balanced immunotolerance to the exposure of bacterial components from the gut transiting through the portal vein and the lymphatic system. This balance is abruptly deranged in liver failure syndromes such as acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure. In these syndromes, researchers have recently focused on bioactive lipid mediators by global metabonomic profiling and uncovered the pivotal role of these mediators in the immune dysfunction observed in liver failure syndromes explaining the high occurrence of sepsis and subsequent organ failure. Among endogenous bioactive lipids, the mechanistic actions of three classes (eicosanoids, pro-resolving lipid mediators and lysophospholipids) in the pathophysiological modulation of liver failure syndromes will be the topic of this narrative review. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of lipid-immune pathways will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Artru
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J W McPhail
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Triantafyllou
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Scorletti E, Carr RM. A new perspective on NAFLD: Focusing on lipid droplets. J Hepatol 2022; 76:934-945. [PMID: 34793866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are complex and metabolically active organelles. They are composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and proteins. LD accumulation in hepatocytes is the distinctive characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a chronic, heterogeneous liver condition that can progress to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Though recent research has improved our understanding of the mechanisms linking LD accumulation to NAFLD progression, numerous aspects of LD biology are either poorly understood or unknown. In this review, we provide a description of several key mechanisms that contribute to LD accumulation in hepatocytes, favouring NAFLD progression. First, we highlight the importance of LD architecture and describe how the dysregulation of LD biogenesis leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. This is followed by an analysis of the causal nexus that exists between LD proteome composition and LD degradation. Finally, we describe how the increase in size of LDs causes activation of hepatic stellate cells, leading to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We conclude that acquiring a more sophisticated understanding of LD biology will provide crucial insights into the heterogeneity of NAFLD and assist in the development of therapeutic approaches for this liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Scorletti
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rotonya M Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6424, United States.
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15
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Khan RN, Maner-Smith K, A. Owens J, Barbian ME, Jones RM, R. Naudin C. At the heart of microbial conversations: endocannabinoids and the microbiome in cardiometabolic risk. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-21. [PMID: 33896380 PMCID: PMC8078674 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1911572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic syndrome encompasses intertwined risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, elevated triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and other maladaptive metabolic and inflammatory aberrations. As the molecular mechanisms linking cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders are investigated, endocannabinoids have emerged as molecules of interest. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) of biologically active lipids has been implicated in several conditions, including chronic liver disease, osteoporosis, and more recently in cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiome is a major regulator of inflammatory and metabolic signaling in the host, and if disrupted, has the potential to drive metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Extensive studies have unraveled the impact of the gut microbiome on host physiology, with recent reports showing that gut microbes exquisitely control the ECS, with significant influences on host metabolic and cardiac health. In this review, we outline how modulation of the gut microbiome affects host metabolism and cardiovascular health via the ECS, and how these findings could be exploited as novel therapeutic targets for various metabolic and cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Nabihah Khan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristal Maner-Smith
- Emory Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua A. Owens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria Estefania Barbian
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rheinallt M. Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Crystal R. Naudin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,CONTACT Crystal R. Naudin Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA30322, United States of America
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Shao T, Chen Z, Rong J, Belov V, Chen J, Jeyarajan A, Deng X, Fu H, Yu Q, Rwema SH, Lin W, Papisov M, Josephson L, Chung RT, Liang SH. [ 18F]MAGL-4-11 positron emission tomography molecular imaging of monoacylglycerol lipase changes in preclinical liver fibrosis models. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:308-315. [PMID: 35127387 PMCID: PMC8799882 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a pivotal enzyme in the endocannabinoid system, which metabolizes 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) into the proinflammatory eicosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (AA). MAGL and other endogenous cannabinoid (EC) degrading enzymes are involved in the fibrogenic signaling pathways that induce hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and ECM accumulation during chronic liver disease. Our group recently developed an 18F-labeled MAGL inhibitor ([18F]MAGL-4-11) for PET imaging and demonstrated highly specific binding in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we determined [18F]MAGL-4-11 PET enabled imaging MAGL levels in the bile duct ligation (BDL) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) models of liver cirrhosis; we also assessed the hepatic gene expression of the enzymes involved with EC system including MAGL, NAPE-PLD, FAAH and DAGL that as a function of disease severity in these models; [18F]MAGL-4-11 autoradiography was performed to assess tracer binding in frozen liver sections both in animal and human. [18F]MAGL-4-11 demonstrated reduced PET signals in early stages of fibrosis and further significantly decreased with disease progression compared with control mice. We confirmed MAGL and FAAH expression decreases with fibrosis severity, while its levels in normal liver tissue are high; in contrast, the EC synthetic enzymes NAPE-PLD and DAGL are enhanced in these different fibrosis models. In vitro autoradiography further supported that [18F]MAGL-4-11 bound specifically to MAGL in both animal and human fibrotic liver tissues. Our PET ligand [18F]MAGL-4-11 shows excellent sensitivity and specificity for MAGL visualization in vivo and accurately reflects the histological stages of liver fibrosis in preclinical models and human liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vasily Belov
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andre Jeyarajan
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steve H. Rwema
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mikhail Papisov
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +1 617 724 7562, fax: +1 617 643 0446 (Raymond T. Chung); Tel.: +1 617 726 6107, fax: +1 617 726 6165 (Steven H. Liang).
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +1 617 724 7562, fax: +1 617 643 0446 (Raymond T. Chung); Tel.: +1 617 726 6107, fax: +1 617 726 6165 (Steven H. Liang).
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Zanfirescu A, Ungurianu A, Mihai DP, Radulescu D, Nitulescu GM. Targeting Monoacylglycerol Lipase in Pursuit of Therapies for Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:5668. [PMID: 34577139 PMCID: PMC8468992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating conditions, and frequently lack an effective treatment. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a key enzyme involved in the metabolism of 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol), a neuroprotective endocannabinoid intimately linked to the generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules. Consequently, synthesizing selective MAGL inhibitors has become a focus point in drug design and development. The purpose of this review was to summarize the diverse synthetic scaffolds of MAGL inhibitors concerning their potency, mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications, focusing on the results of studies published in the past five years. The main irreversible inhibitors identified were derivatives of hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol carbamates, glycol carbamates, azetidone triazole ureas and benzisothiazolinone, whereas the most promising reversible inhibitors were derivatives of salicylketoxime, piperidine, pyrrolidone and azetidinyl amides. We reviewed the results of in-depth chemical, mechanistic and computational studies on MAGL inhibitors, in addition to the results of in vitro findings concerning selectivity and potency of inhibitors, using the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) as an indicator of their effect on MAGL. Further, for highlighting the potential usefulness of highly selective and effective inhibitors, we examined the preclinical in vivo reports regarding the promising therapeutic applications of MAGL pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Z.); (D.P.M.); (D.R.); (G.M.N.)
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18
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Sufian MS, Amin MR, Ali DW. Early suppression of the endocannabinoid degrading enzymes FAAH and MAGL alters locomotor development in zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271961. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) enzymes are the predominant catabolic regulators of the major endocannabinoids (eCBs) anadamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively. The expression and roles of eCBs during early embryogenesis remain to be fully investigated. Here, we inhibited FAAH and MAGL in zebrafish embryos during the first 24 h of life and examined motor neuron and locomotor development at 2 and 5 days post fertilization (dpf). Application of the dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor, JZL195 (2 µmol l−1), resulted in a reduction in primary and secondary motor neuron axonal branching. JZL195 also reduced nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression at neuromuscular junctions. Application of URB597 (5 µmol l−1), a specific inhibitor of the FAAH enzyme, also decreased primary motor neuron branching but did not affect secondary motor neuron branching and nAChR expression. Interestingly, JZL184 (5 µmol l−1), a specific inhibitor of MAGL, showed no effects on motor neuron branching or nAChR expression. Co-treatment of the enzyme inhibitors with the CB1R inhibitor AM251 confirmed the involvement of CB1R in motor neuron branching. Disruption of FAAH or MAGL reduced larval swimming activity, and AM251 attenuated the JZL195- and URB597-induced locomotor changes, but not the effects of JZL184. Together, these findings indicate that inhibition of FAAH, or augmentation of AEA acting through CB1R during early development, may be responsible for locomotor deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shah Sufian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - M. Ruhul Amin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Declan W. Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 2-132 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
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Biernacki M, Jastrząb A, Skrzydlewska E. Changes in Hepatic Phospholipid Metabolism in Rats under UV Irradiation and Topically Treated with Cannabidiol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1157. [PMID: 34439405 PMCID: PMC8388943 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a key metabolic organ that is particularly sensitive to environmental factors, including UV radiation. As UV radiation induces oxidative stress and inflammation, natural compounds are under investigation as one method to counteract these consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of topical application of phytocannabinoid-cannabidiol (CBD) on the skin of nude rats chronically irradiated with UVA/UVB, paying particular attention to its impact on the liver antioxidants and phospholipid metabolism. The results of this study indicate that CBD reaches the rat liver where it is then metabolized into decarbonylated cannabidiol, 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol and cannabidiol-glucuronide. CBD increased the levels of GSH and vitamin A after UVB radiation. Moreover, CBD prevents the increase of 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α levels in UVA-irradiated rats. As a consequence of reductions in phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenases activity following UV irradiation, CBD upregulates the level of 2-arachidonoylglycerol and downregulates prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4. Finally, CBD enhances decreased level of 15-deoxy-Δ-12,14-prostaglandin J2 after UVB radiation and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid after UVA radiation. These data show that CBD applied to the skin prevents ROS- and enzyme-dependent phospholipid metabolism in the liver of UV-irradiated rats, suggesting that it may be used as an internal organ protector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, A. Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (M.B.); (A.J.)
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20
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Yang N, Sun H, Xue Y, Zhang W, Wang H, Tao H, Liang X, Li M, Xu Y, Chen L, Zhang L, Huang L, Geng D. Inhibition of MAGL activates the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway to attenuate glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e447. [PMID: 34185425 PMCID: PMC8167863 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used in treating viral infections, acute spinal cord injury, autoimmune diseases, and shock. Several patients develop GC-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying GC-induced ONFH remain poorly understood. GC-directed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) fate is an important factor that determines GC-induced ONFH. At high concentrations, GCs induce BMSC apoptosis by promoting oxidative stress. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that relieve GC-induced oxidative stress in BMSCs, which would be vital for treating ONFH. The endocannabinoid system regulates oxidative stress in multiple organs. Here, we found that monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), a key molecule in the endocannabinoid system, was significantly upregulated during GC treatment in osteoblasts both in vitro and in vivo. MAGL expression was positively correlated with expression of the NADPH oxidase family and apoptosis-related proteins. Functional analysis showed that MAGL inhibition markedly reduced oxidative stress and partially rescued BMSC apoptosis. Additionally, in vivo studies indicated that MAGL inhibition effectively attenuated GC-induced ONFH. Pathway analysis showed that MAGL inhibition regulated oxidative stress in BMSCs via the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. The expression of Nrf2, a major regulator of intracellular antioxidants, was upregulated by inhibiting MAGL. Nrf2 activation can mimic the effect of MAGL inhibition and significantly reduce GC-induced oxidative damage in BMSCs. The beneficial effects of MAGL inhibition were attenuated after the blockade of the Keap1/Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway. Notably, pharmacological blockade of MAGL conferred femoral head protection in GC-induced ONFH, even after oxidative stress responses were initiated. Therefore, MAGL may represent a novel target for the prevention and treatment of GC-induced ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Houyi Sun
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of OrthopaedicsChangshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangshuChina
| | - Weicheng Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Huaqiang Tao
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Meng Li
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lixin Huang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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21
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Chen Z, Mori W, Rong J, Schafroth MA, Shao T, Van RS, Ogasawara D, Yamasaki T, Hiraishi A, Hatori A, Chen J, Zhang Y, Hu K, Fujinaga M, Sun J, Yu Q, Collier TL, Shao Y, Cravatt BF, Josephson L, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Development of a highly-specific 18F-labeled irreversible positron emission tomography tracer for monoacylglycerol lipase mapping. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1686-1695. [PMID: 34221877 PMCID: PMC8245801 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As a serine hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is principally responsible for the metabolism of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the formation of arachidonic acid (AA). Dysfunction of MAGL has been associated with multiple CNS disorders and symptoms, including neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, epileptogenesis, nociception and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibition of MAGL provides a promising therapeutic direction for the treatment of these conditions, and a MAGL positron emission tomography (PET) probe would greatly facilitate preclinical and clinical development of MAGL inhibitors. Herein, we design and synthesize a small library of fluoropyridyl-containing MAGL inhibitor candidates. Pharmacological evaluation of these candidates by activity-based protein profiling identified 14 as a lead compound, which was then radiolabeled with fluorine-18 via a facile SNAr reaction to form 2-[18F]fluoropyridine scaffold. Good blood–brain barrier permeability and high in vivo specific binding was demonstrated for radioligand [18F]14 (also named as [18F]MAGL-1902). This work may serve as a roadmap for clinical translation and further design of potent 18F-labeled MAGL PET tracers.
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22
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Xiong F, Ding X, Zhang H, Luo X, Chen K, Jiang H, Luo C, Xu H. Discovery of novel reversible monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors via docking-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:127986. [PMID: 33766770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the major enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of monoacylglycerols (MAGs). MAGL is responsible for degrading 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol in the brain and specific tissues. The inhibition of MAGL could attenuate the inflammatory response. Here, we report a series of reversible non-covalent MAGL inhibitors via virtual screening combined with biochemical analysis. The hit, DC630-8 showed low-micromolar activity against MAGL in vitro, and exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmin Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Heng Xu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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Endocannabinoid System and Its Regulation by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Full Spectrum Hemp Oils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115479. [PMID: 34067450 PMCID: PMC8196941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous cannabinoids, their receptors, and metabolic enzymes that play a critical homeostatic role in modulating polyunsaturated omega fatty acid (PUFA) signaling to maintain a balanced inflammatory and redox state. Whole food-based diets and dietary interventions linked to PUFAs of animal (fish, calamari, krill) or plant (hemp, flax, walnut, algae) origin, as well as full-spectrum hemp oils, are increasingly used to support the ECS tone, promote healthy metabolism, improve risk factors associated with cardiovascular disorders, encourage brain health and emotional well-being, and ameliorate inflammation. While hemp cannabinoids of THC and CBD groups show distinct but complementary actions through a variety of cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2), adenosine (A2A), and vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors, they also modulate PUFA metabolism within a wide variety of specialized lipid mediators that promote or resolve inflammation and oxidative stress. Clinical evidence reviewed in this study links PUFAs and cannabinoids to changes in ECS tone, immune function, metabolic and oxidative stress adaptation, and overall maintenance of a well-balanced systemic function of the body. Understanding how the body coordinates signals from the exogenous and endogenous ECS modulators is critical for discerning the underlying molecular mechanisms of the ECS tone in healthy and disease states. Nutritional and lifestyle interventions represent promising approaches to address chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders that may overlap in the population at risk. Further investigation and validation of dietary interventions that modulate the ECS are required in order to devise clinically successful second-generation management strategies.
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Demir Çaltekin M, Özkut MM, Çaltekin İ, Kaymak E, Çakır M, Kara M, Yalvaç ES. The protective effect of JZL184 on ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury and ovarian reserve in rats. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:2692-2704. [PMID: 34008304 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ovarian torsion is a gynecopathology that requires emergency surgery in women. However, ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs after treatment with detorsion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 on ovarian IRI and ovarian reserve. METHODS Forty-eight female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. Group 1: Sham, Group 2: Ischemia, Group 3: ischemia/reperfusion (IR), Group 4: IR + JZL184 4 mg/kg, Group 5: IR + JZL184 16 mg/kg, Group 6: IR + vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide). Three hours of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Two different doses of JZL184 (4 and 16 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally in Group 4 and 5, 30 min before reperfusion. Ovarian IRI and ovarian reserve were evaluated in serum and tissue by using histopathological and biochemical parameters. RESULTS Treatment with JZL184 was associated with a significant increase in ovarian 2-arachidonoylglycerol and improved serum anti-Mullerian hormone, İnhibin B, primordial follicle count, and ovarian histopathological damage score (p < 0.05). JZL184 treatment significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and glutathione (GSH) levels (p < 0.05). The increased phosphorile nuclear factor-κB (Phospho-NF-κB-p65), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and TUNEL assay immunopositivity scores in ovarian I/R injury were decreased after treatment with JZL184 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS JZL184 showed significant ameliorative effects on ovarian IRI and ovarian reserve caused by IR through acting as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic agent. Thus, JZL184 may be a novel therapeutic agent for ovarian IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Demir Çaltekin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mahmud Mustafa Özkut
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Çaltekin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Emin Kaymak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Murat Çakır
- Department of Physiology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Ethem Serdar Yalvaç
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
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Research progress on FASN and MGLL in the regulation of abnormal lipid metabolism and the relationship between tumor invasion and metastasis. Front Med 2021; 15:649-656. [PMID: 33973101 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis involves metabolic reprogramming and abnormal lipid metabolism, which is manifested by increased endogenous fat mobilization, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a key enzyme for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids, and monoacylglycerol esterase (MGLL) is an important metabolic enzyme that converts triglycerides into free fatty acids. Both enzymes play an important role in lipid metabolism and are associated with tumor-related signaling pathways, the most common of which is the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. They can also regulate the immune microenvironment, participate in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and then regulate tumor invasion and metastasis. Current literature have shown that these two genes are abnormally expressed in many types of tumors and are highly correlated with tumor migration and invasion. This article introduces the structures and functions of FASN and MGLL, their relationship with abnormal lipid metabolism, and the mechanism of the regulation of tumor invasion and metastasis and reviews the research progress of the relationship of FASN and MGLL with tumor invasion and metastasis.
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26
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Wang W, Zhong X, Guo J. Role of 2‑series prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:114. [PMID: 33907839 PMCID: PMC8083810 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, metabolic syndromes are emerging as global epidemics, whose incidence are increasing annually. However, the efficacy of therapy does not increase proportionately with the increased morbidity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are two common metabolic syndromes that are closely associated. The pathogenic mechanisms of T2DM and NAFLD have been studied, and it was revealed that insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation markedly contribute to the development of these two diseases. The 2-series prostaglandins (PGs), a subgroup of eicosanoids, including PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α and PGI2, are converted from arachidonic acid catalyzed by the rate-limiting enzymes cyclooxygenases (COXs). Considering their wide distribution in almost every tissue, 2-series PG pathways exert complex and interlinked effects in mediating pancreatic β-cell function and proliferation, insulin sensitivity, fat accumulation and lipolysis, as well as inflammatory processes. Previous studies have revealed that metabolic disturbances, such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, can be improved by treatment with COX inhibitors. At present, an accumulating number of studies have focused on the roles of 2-series PGs and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndromes, particularly T2DM and NAFLD. In the present review, the role of 2-series PGs in the highly intertwined pathogenic mechanisms of T2DM and NAFLD was discussed, and important therapeutic strategies based on targeting 2-series PG pathways in T2DM and NAFLD treatment were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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Dixon ED, Nardo AD, Claudel T, Trauner M. The Role of Lipid Sensing Nuclear Receptors (PPARs and LXR) and Metabolic Lipases in Obesity, Diabetes and NAFLD. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050645. [PMID: 33926085 PMCID: PMC8145571 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic disorders characterized by metabolic inflexibility with multiple pathological organ manifestations, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors with a multifaceted role in controlling many metabolic activities, such as regulation of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and modulation of inflammatory genes. The activity of nuclear receptors is key in maintaining metabolic flexibility. Their activity depends on the availability of endogenous ligands, like fatty acids or oxysterols, and their derivatives produced by the catabolic action of metabolic lipases, most of which are under the control of nuclear receptors. For example, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is activated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and conversely releases fatty acids as ligands for PPARα, therefore, demonstrating the interdependency of nuclear receptors and lipases. The diverse biological functions and importance of nuclear receptors in metabolic syndrome and NAFLD has led to substantial effort to target them therapeutically. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of lipases and selected nuclear receptors, PPARs, and liver X receptor (LXR) in obesity, diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Trauner
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-140-4004-7410; Fax: +43-14-0400-4735
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Pelizzaro F, Kitenge MP, Cardin R, Ponzoni A, Cillo U, Vitale A, Businello G, Munari G, Fassan M, Farinati F. Circulating prostaglandin E 2: a novel potential prognostic biomarker in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:675-682. [PMID: 33768340 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the activation of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)/cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) axis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), evaluating circulating PGE2 as prognostic biomarker in HCC patients. PGE2 levels were measured in blood samples from 24 cirrhotics, and 34 HCC patients were consecutively collected between January 2016 and December 2017. In a subgroup of patients, tissue expression of MAGL mRNA and immunohistochemistry for MAGL and COX-2 were obtained. Despite tumor tissues showing overexpression of MAGL mRNA and higher levels of both MAGL and COX-2 at immunohistochemistry, PGE2 levels were not significantly different in HCC and cirrhotics. HCC patients with circulating PGE2 levels > 14 pg/mL had a significantly shorter overall survival (19.4 vs. 49.9 months; p = 0.03), the finding being confirmed by the multivariate analysis (HR 3.37 [95% CI 1.00-11.60]; p = 0.05). The MAGL/COX-2/PGE2 axis is activated in HCC, and circulating PGE2 proved to be a potential prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pelizzaro
- Gastroenterology Unit, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Piera Kitenge
- Gastroenterology Unit, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Romilda Cardin
- Gastroenterology Unit, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ponzoni
- Radiology Unit, Azienda-Ospedale Università Di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Businello
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giada Munari
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Gastroenterology Unit, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Ali AM, El-Tawil OS, Al-Mokaddem AK, Abd El-Rahman SS. Promoted inhibition of TLR4/miR-155/ NF kB p65 signaling by cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist (AM1241), aborts inflammation and progress of hepatic fibrosis induced by thioacetamide. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 336:109398. [PMID: 33503444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays a pivotal role, whether it is promoting or dampening hepatic fibrosis. This study investigated the role of Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) activation by the synthetic analog (AM1241) on revoking the progress of liver fibrosis. Thioacetamide (TAA) was used to induce liver fibrosis in rats for three weeks followed by its concurrent administration with AM1241 at two different doses for another three weeks. Markers for liver function and oxidative stress, hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, qRT-PCR expression of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), TGF-β1, α-SMA and microRNA-155 (miR-155) genes, Western blot for protein levels of Vimentin and E-cadherin, immunohistochemical expression of NFκB p65 and histopathology of liver tissue were all investigated. AM1241 administration significantly maintained liver function markers and decreased; malondialdehyde, Vimentin, TLR4, TGF-β1, α-SMA and miR-155 genes expression, NFκB p65 immune-expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Additionally, AM1241 significantly increased E-Cadherin level, GSH and SOD content. Histologically, AM1241 limited fibroplasia extension, and broke the itinerary of bridging fibrosis. In conclusion, activation of the CB2 receptors by AM1241 promoted liver regeneration and overrun the progression of liver fibrosis through; inhibition of TLR4/miR-155/NFκB p65 pathway, suppression of pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, reducing TGF-β1, α-SMA, Vimentin and up-regulating E-Cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Osama S El-Tawil
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa K Al-Mokaddem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Liss KH, Ek SE, Lutkewitte AJ, Pietka TA, He M, Skaria P, Tycksen E, Ferguson D, Blanc V, Graham MJ, Hall AM, McGill MR, McCommis KS, Finck BN. Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 Knockdown Exacerbates Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice With Hepatic Steatosis. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:116-133. [PMID: 32916011 PMCID: PMC7785593 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common indication for liver transplantation. The growing prevalence of NAFLD not only increases the demand for liver transplantation, but it also limits the supply of available organs because steatosis predisposes grafts to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and many steatotic grafts are discarded. We have shown that monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) 1, an enzyme that converts monoacylglycerol to diacylglycerol, is highly induced in animal models and patients with NAFLD and is an important mediator in NAFLD-related insulin resistance. Herein, we sought to determine whether Mogat1 (the gene encoding MGAT1) knockdown in mice with hepatic steatosis would reduce liver injury and improve liver regeneration following experimental IRI. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) were used to knockdown the expression of Mogat1 in a mouse model of NAFLD. Mice then underwent surgery to induce IRI. We found that Mogat1 knockdown reduced hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation, but it unexpectedly exacerbated liver injury and mortality following experimental ischemia/reperfusion surgery in mice on a high-fat diet. The increased liver injury was associated with robust effects on the hepatic transcriptome following IRI including enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and suppression of enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism. These transcriptional changes were accompanied by increased signs of oxidative stress and an impaired regenerative response. We have shown that Mogat1 knockdown in a mouse model of NAFLD exacerbates IRI and inflammation and prolongs injury resolution, suggesting that Mogat1 may be necessary for liver regeneration following IRI and that targeting this metabolic enzyme will not be an effective treatment to reduce steatosis-associated graft dysfunction or failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H.H. Liss
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shelby E. Ek
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Terri A. Pietka
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mai He
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Priya Skaria
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Department of Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Valerie Blanc
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Angela M. Hall
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mitchell R. McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Kyle S. McCommis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Mashek DG. Hepatic lipid droplets: A balancing act between energy storage and metabolic dysfunction in NAFLD. Mol Metab 2020; 50:101115. [PMID: 33186758 PMCID: PMC8324678 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined by the abundance of lipid droplets (LDs) in hepatocytes. While historically considered simply depots for energy storage, LDs are increasingly recognized to impact a wide range of biological processes that influence cellular metabolism, signaling, and function. While progress has been made toward understanding the factors leading to LD accumulation (i.e. steatosis) and its progression to advanced stages of NAFLD and/or systemic metabolic dysfunction, much remains to be resolved. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review covers many facets of LD biology. We provide a brief overview of the major pathways of lipid accretion and degradation that contribute to steatosis and how they are altered in NAFLD. The major focus is on the relationship between LDs and cell function and the detailed mechanisms that couple or uncouple steatosis from the severity and progression of NAFLD and systemic comorbidities. The importance of specific lipids and proteins within or on LDs as key components that determine whether LD accumulation is linked to cellular and metabolic dysfunction is presented. We discuss emerging areas of LD biology and future research directions that are needed to advance our understanding of the role of LDs in NAFLD etiology. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Impairments in LD breakdown appear to contribute to disease progression, but inefficient incorporation of fatty acids (FAs) into LD-containing triacylglycerol (TAG) and the consequential changes in FA partitioning also affect NAFLD etiology. Increased LD abundance in hepatocytes does not necessarily equate to cellular dysfunction. While LD accumulation is the prerequisite step for most NAFLD cases, the protein and lipid composition of LDs are critical factors in determining the progression from simple steatosis. Further defining the detailed molecular mechanisms linking LDs to metabolic dysfunction is important for designing effective therapeutic approaches targeting NAFLD and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Suite 6-155, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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32
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Alrashood ST, Al-Asmari AK, Alotaibi AK, Manthiri RA, Rafatullah S, Hasanato RM, Khan HA, Ibrahim KE, Wali AF. Protective effect of lyophilized sapodilla ( Manilkara zapota) fruit extract against CCl 4-induced liver damage in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2373-2379. [PMID: 32884419 PMCID: PMC7451601 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tropical fruit sapodilla (Manilkara zapota syn. Achras zapota) is a rich source of nutrients, minerals and a myriad of bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids and catechins. Pharmacologically, sapodilla has been shown to exhibit anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, antiglycative, hypocholesterolemic and anti-cancer effects. However, its influence on hepatic tissue and serum lipids remains obscure. To address this, we used an in vivo model of liver damage to elucidate the effect of lyophilized sapodilla extract (LSE) treatment in carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) intoxicated rats. Exposure of CCl4 resulted in elevation of serum biomarkers of liver damage (aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase), bilirubin and dysregulation of serum lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides). These effects were significantly and dose-dependently reversed by LSE treatment (250 and 500 mg/kg). Administration of LSE also reduced the structural damage caused by CCl4 in the liver. Furthermore, determination of oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and non-protein sulfhydryls) revealed that LSE treatment mitigated CCl4-triggered modulation of both molecules. LSE also showed a strong antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In conclusion, the present study discloses the hepatoprotective and lipid-lowering effects of lyophilized sapodilla extract against CCl4-induced liver damage, an effect, at least in part, mediated by its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T. Alrashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman K. Al-Asmari
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Service Department (MSD), Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah K. Alotaibi
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Service Department (MSD), Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajamohamed A. Manthiri
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Service Department (MSD), Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Rafatullah
- Scientific Research Center, Medical Service Department (MSD), Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana M. Hasanato
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E. Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil F. Wali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RAKCOPS, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
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Tardelli M, Bruschi FV, Trauner M. The Role of Metabolic Lipases in the Pathogenesis and Management of Liver Disease. Hepatology 2020; 72:1117-1126. [PMID: 32236963 PMCID: PMC7590081 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipolysis is an enzymatic pathway responsible for the catabolism of triglycerides (TGs) that is complemented by lipophagy as the autophagic breakdown of lipid droplets. The hydrolytic cleavage of TGs generates free fatty acids (FFAs), which can serve as energy substrates, precursors for lipid synthesis, and mediators in cell signaling. Despite the fundamental and physiological importance of FFAs, an oversupply can trigger lipotoxicity with impaired membrane function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death, and inflammation. Conversely, impaired release of FFAs and other lipid mediators can also disrupt key cellular signaling functions that regulate metabolism and inflammatory processes. This review will focus on specific functions of intracellular lipases in lipid partitioning, covering basic and translational findings in the context of liver disease. In addition, the clinical relevance of genetic mutations in human disease and potential therapeutic opportunities will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tardelli
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyJoan and Sanford I. Weill Cornell Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNY
| | - Francesca Virginia Bruschi
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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34
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Exacerbated LPS/GalN-Induced Liver Injury in the Stress-Sensitive Wistar Kyoto Rat Is Associated with Changes in the Endocannabinoid System. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173834. [PMID: 32842550 PMCID: PMC7504576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) is a highly destructive and potentially life-threatening condition, exacerbated by physical and psychological stress. The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in modulating stress and hepatic function. The aim of this study was to examine the development of acute liver injury in the genetically susceptible stress-sensitive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat compared with normo-stress-sensitive Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and associated changes in the endocannabinoid system. Administration of the hepatotoxin lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine (LPS/GalN) resulted in marked liver injury in WKY, but not SD rats, with increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) plasma levels, significant histopathological changes, increased hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and caspase-3 activity and expression and reduced Glutathione (GSH) activity. Furthermore, compared to SD controls, WKY rats display increased anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol levels concurrent with decreased expression of their metabolic enzymes and a decrease in cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor expression following LPS/GalN. CB1 antagonism with AM6545 or CB2 agonism with JWH133 did not alter LPS/GalN-induced liver injury in SD or WKY rats. These findings demonstrate exacerbation of acute liver injury induced by LPS/GalN in a stress-sensitive rat strain, with effects associated with alterations in the hepatic endocannabinoid system. Further studies are required to determine if the endocannabinoid system mediates or modulates the exacerbation of liver injury in this stress-sensitive rat strain.
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35
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Tardelli M. Monoacylglycerol lipase reprograms lipid precursors signaling in liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3577-3585. [PMID: 32742127 PMCID: PMC7366061 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i25.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary oversupply of triglycerides represent the hallmark of obesity and connected complications in the liver such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which eventually progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Monoacylglycerol lipase is the last enzymatic step in the hydrolysis of triglycerides, generating glycerol and fatty acids (FAs), which are signaling precursors in physiology and disease. Notably, monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) also hydrolyzes 2-arachidonoylglycerol, which is a potent ligand within the endocannabinoid system, into arachidonic acid - a precursor for prostaglandin synthesis; thus representing a pivotal substrates provider in multiple organs for several intersecting biological pathways ranging from FA metabolism to inflammation, pain and appetite. MGL inhibition has been shown protective in limiting several liver diseases as FAs may drive hepatocyte injury, fibrogenesis and de- activate immune cells, however the complexity of MGL network system still needs further and deeper understanding. The present review will focus on MGL function and FA partitioning in the horizons of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tardelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan and Sanford I Weill Cornell Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1040, Austria
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Leuti A, Fazio D, Fava M, Piccoli A, Oddi S, Maccarrone M. Bioactive lipids, inflammation and chronic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:133-169. [PMID: 32628989 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous bioactive lipids are part of a complex network that modulates a plethora of cellular and molecular processes involved in health and disease, of which inflammation represents one of the most prominent examples. Inflammation serves as a well-conserved defence mechanism, triggered in the event of chemical, mechanical or microbial damage, that is meant to eradicate the source of damage and restore tissue function. However, excessive inflammatory signals, or impairment of pro-resolving/anti-inflammatory pathways leads to chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of chronic pathologies. All main classes of endogenous bioactive lipids - namely eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, lysoglycerophopsholipids and endocannabinoids - have been consistently involved in the chronic inflammation that characterises pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, as well as autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. This review gathers the current knowledge concerning the involvement of endogenous bioactive lipids in the pathogenic processes of chronic inflammatory pathologies.
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37
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Rehman A, Baloch NUA, Morrow JP, Pacher P, Haskó G. Targeting of G-protein coupled receptors in sepsis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107529. [PMID: 32197794 PMCID: PMC7388546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Third International Consensus Definitions (Sepsis-3) define sepsis as life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can progress to septic shock-an even more lethal condition associated with profound circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities. Septic shock remains a leading cause of death in intensive care units and carries a mortality of almost 25%. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of sepsis, therapeutic interventions have not translated into tangible differences in the overall outcome for patients. Clinical trials of antagonists of various pro-inflammatory mediators in sepsis have been largely unsuccessful in the past. Given the diverse physiologic roles played by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), modulation of GPCR signaling for the treatment of sepsis has also been explored. Traditional pharmacologic approaches have mainly focused on ligands targeting the extracellular domains of GPCR. However, novel techniques aimed at modulating GPCR intracellularly through aptamers, pepducins and intrabodies have opened a fresh avenue of therapeutic possibilities. In this review, we summarize the diverse roles played by various subfamilies of GPCR in the pathogenesis of sepsis and identify potential targets for pharmacotherapy through these novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Noor Ul-Ain Baloch
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.
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Harayama T, Shimizu T. Roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids, from mediators to membranes. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1150-1160. [PMID: 32487545 PMCID: PMC7397749 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r120000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PUFAs, such as AA and DHA, are recognized as important biomolecules, but understanding their precise roles and modes of action remains challenging. PUFAs are precursors for a plethora of signaling lipids, for which knowledge about synthetic pathways and receptors has accumulated. However, due to their extreme diversity and the ambiguity concerning the identity of their cognate receptors, the roles of PUFA-derived signaling lipids require more investigation. In addition, PUFA functions cannot be explained just as lipid mediator precursors because they are also critical for the regulation of membrane biophysical properties. The presence of PUFAs in membrane lipids also affects the functions of transmembrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins. Although the roles of PUFAs as membrane lipid building blocks were difficult to analyze, the discovery of lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs), which are critical for their incorporation, advanced our understanding. Recent studies unveiled how LPLATs affect PUFA levels in membrane lipids, and their genetic manipulation became an excellent strategy to study the roles of PUFA-containing lipids. In this review, we will provide an overview of metabolic pathways regulating PUFAs as lipid mediator precursors and membrane components and update recent progress about their functions. Some issues to be solved for future research will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Biochemistry and National Centre of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan and Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Trojnar E, Erdelyi K, Matyas C, Zhao S, Paloczi J, Mukhopadhyay P, Varga ZV, Hasko G, Pacher P. Cannabinoid-2 receptor activation ameliorates hepatorenal syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:540-550. [PMID: 31770583 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY RATIONALE Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a life-threatening complication of end-stage liver disease characterized by the rapid decline of kidney function. Herein, we explored the therapeutic potential of targeting the cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2-R) utilizing a commonly used mouse model of liver fibrosis and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). METHODS Gene expression analysis, histological evaluation, determination of serum levels of renal injury-biomarkers were used to characterize the BDL-induced organ injury; laser speckle analysis to measure microcirculation in the kidneys. KEY RESULTS We found that liver injury triggered marked inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidneys of BDL-operated mice. We detected pronounced histopathological alterations with tubular injury paralleled with increased inflammation, oxidative/nitrative stress and fibrotic remodeling both in hepatic and renal tissues as well as endothelial activation and markedly impaired renal microcirculation. This was accompanied by increased CB2-R expression in both the liver and the kidney tissues of diseased animals. A selective CB2-R agonist, HU-910, markedly decreased numerous markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis both in the liver and in the kidneys. HU-910 also attenuated markers of kidney injury and improved the impaired renal microcirculation in BDL-operated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that oxidative stress, inflammation and microvascular dysfunction are key events in the pathogenesis of BDL-associated renal failure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that targeting the CB2-R by selective agonists may represent a promising new avenue to treat HRS by attenuating tissue and vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis and consequent microcirculatory dysfunction in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Trojnar
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 5625 Fishers Lane, 20852, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Katalin Erdelyi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 5625 Fishers Lane, 20852, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Csaba Matyas
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 5625 Fishers Lane, 20852, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Suxian Zhao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 5625 Fishers Lane, 20852, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 5625 Fishers Lane, 20852, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 5625 Fishers Lane, 20852, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 5625 Fishers Lane, 20852, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Gyorgy Hasko
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 5625 Fishers Lane, 20852, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Tardelli M, Bruschi FV, Fuchs CD, Claudel T, Auer N, Kunczer V, Baumgartner M, A.H.O. Ronda O, Verkade HJ, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Habib A, Zimmermann R, Lotersztajn S, Trauner M. Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition Protects From Liver Injury in Mouse Models of Sclerosing Cholangitis. Hepatology 2020; 71:1750-1765. [PMID: 31505038 PMCID: PMC7317927 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is the last enzymatic step in triglyceride degradation, hydrolyzing monoglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids (FAs) and converting 2-arachidonoylglycerol into arachidonic acid, thus providing ligands for nuclear receptors as key regulators of hepatic bile acid (BA)/lipid metabolism and inflammation. We aimed to explore the role of MGL in the development of cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in mouse models of sclerosing cholangitis, a disease so far lacking effective pharmacological therapy. APPROACH AND RESULTS To this aim we analyzed the effects of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding to induce sclerosing cholangitis in wild-type (WT) and knockout (MGL-/- ) mice and tested pharmacological inhibition with JZL184 in the multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2-/- ) mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis. Cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis were assessed by serum biochemistry, liver histology, gene expression, and western blot characterization of BA and FA synthesis/transport. Moreover, intestinal FAs and fecal microbiome were analyzed. Transfection and silencing were performed in Caco2 cells. MGL-/- mice were protected from DDC-induced biliary fibrosis and inflammation with reduced serum liver enzymes and increased FA/BA metabolism and β-oxidation. Notably, pharmacological (JZL184) inhibition of MGL ameliorated cholestatic injury in DDC-fed WT mice and protected Mdr2-/- mice from spontaneous liver injury, with improved liver enzymes, inflammation, and biliary fibrosis. In vitro experiments confirmed that silencing of MGL decreases prostaglandin E2 accumulation in the intestine and up-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma activity, thus reducing inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study unravels MGL as a metabolic target, demonstrating that MGL inhibition may be considered as potential therapy for sclerosing cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tardelli
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Francesca V. Bruschi
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Claudia D. Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Nicole Auer
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Victoria Kunczer
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Maximilian Baumgartner
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Onne A.H.O. Ronda
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic DiseasesDepartments of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Henk Jan Verkade
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic DiseasesDepartments of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsUniversity Hospital GrazGrazAustria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Aida Habib
- Université de ParisCentre de Recherche sur l'InflammationINSERMUMR1149CNRSERL 8252ParisFrance
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsAmerican University of BeirutBeirutLebanon
| | | | - Sophie Lotersztajn
- Université de ParisCentre de Recherche sur l'InflammationINSERMUMR1149CNRSERL 8252ParisFrance
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Rivera P, Vargas A, Pastor A, Boronat A, López-Gambero AJ, Sánchez-Marín L, Medina-Vera D, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, de la Torre R, Agirregoitia E, Lucena MI, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Decara J, Suárez J. Differential hepatoprotective role of the cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 receptors in paracetamol-induced liver injury. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3309-3326. [PMID: 32167157 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protective mechanisms of the endogenous cannabinoid system against drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are actively being investigated regarding the differential regulatory role of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors in liver fibrogenesis and inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-related signalling receptors and enzymatic machinery, and inflammatory/fibrogenic factors were investigated in the liver of a mouse model of hepatotoxicity induced by acute and repeated overdoses (750 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) of paracetamol (acetaminophen), previously treated with selective CB1 (ACEA) and CB2 (JWH015) agonists (10 mg·kg-1 ), or lacking CB1 and CB2 receptors. KEY RESULTS Acute paracetamol increased the expression of CB2 , ABHD6 and COX-2, while repeated paracetamol increased that of CB1 and COX-2 and decreased that of DAGLβ. Both acute paracetamol and repeated paracetamol decreased the liver content of acylglycerols (2-AG, 2-LG and 2-OG). Human liver samples from a patient suffering APAP hepatotoxicity confirmed CB1 and CB2 increments. Acute paracetamol-exposed CB2 KO mice had higher expression of the fibrogenic αSMA and the cytokine IL-6 and lower apoptotic cleaved caspase 3. CB1 deficiency enhanced the repeated APAP-induced increases in αSMA and cleaved caspase 3 and blocked those of CYP2E1, TNF-α, the chemokine CCL2 and the circulating γ-glutamyltransferase (γGT). Although JWH015 reduced the expression of αSMA and TNF-α in acute paracetamol, ACEA increased the expression of cleaved caspase 3 and CCL2 in repeated paracetamol. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The differential role of CB1 versus CB2 receptors on inflammatory/fibrogenic factors related to paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity should be considered for designing alternative therapies against DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antoni Pastor
- Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Boronat
- Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús López-Gambero
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-Marín
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Dina Medina-Vera
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,UGC Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Farmacología Integrada y Neurociencia de Sistemas, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Agirregoitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - María Isabel Lucena
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Matyas C, Erdelyi K, Trojnar E, Zhao S, Varga ZV, Paloczi J, Mukhopadhyay P, Nemeth BT, Haskó G, Cinar R, Rodrigues RM, Ahmed YA, Gao B, Pacher P. Interplay of Liver-Heart Inflammatory Axis and Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Signaling in an Experimental Model of Hepatic Cardiomyopathy. Hepatology 2020; 71:1391-1407. [PMID: 31469200 PMCID: PMC7048661 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic cardiomyopathy, a special type of heart failure, develops in up to 50% of patients with cirrhosis and is a major determinant of survival. However, there is no reliable model of hepatic cardiomyopathy in mice. We aimed to characterize the detailed hemodynamics of mice with bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis, by monitoring echocardiography and intracardiac pressure-volume relationships and myocardial structural alterations. Treatment of mice with a selective cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2 -R) agonist, known to attenuate inflammation and fibrosis, was used to explore the impact of liver inflammation and fibrosis on cardiac function. APPROACH AND RESULTS BDL induced massive inflammation (increased leukocyte infiltration, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines), oxidative stress, microvascular dysfunction, and fibrosis in the liver. These pathological changes were accompanied by impaired diastolic, systolic, and macrovascular functions; cardiac inflammation (increased macrophage inflammatory protein 1, interleukin-1, P-selectin, cluster of differentiation 45-positive cells); and oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases). CB2 -R up-regulation was observed in both livers and hearts of mice exposed to BDL. CB2 -R activation markedly improved hepatic inflammation, impaired microcirculation, and fibrosis. CB2 -R activation also decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and improved cardiac dysfunction, myocardial inflammation, and oxidative stress, underlining the importance of inflammatory mediators in the pathology of hepatic cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS We propose BDL-induced cardiomyopathy in mice as a model for hepatic/cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. This cardiomyopathy, similar to cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in humans, is characterized by systemic hypotension and impaired macrovascular and microvascular function accompanied by both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Our results indicate that the liver-heart inflammatory axis has a pivotal pathophysiological role in the development of hepatic cardiomyopathy. Thus, controlling liver and/or myocardial inflammation (e.g., with selective CB2 -R agonists) may delay or prevent the development of cardiomyopathy in severe liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matyas
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katalin Erdelyi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eszter Trojnar
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suxian Zhao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan V. Varga
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA,ZVV’s present affiliation: HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Balazs T. Nemeth
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robim M. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yeni Ait Ahmed
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhang YX, Jiang ZY, Han SL, Li LY, Qiao F, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Inhibition of intestinal lipases alleviates the adverse effects caused by high-fat diet in Nile tilapia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:111-123. [PMID: 31520202 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal lipases are fat-digesting enzymes, which play vital roles in lipid absorption in the intestine. To study the regulation of intestinal lipase activity in systemic lipid metabolism in fish, especially in the metabolic diseases caused by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, we inhibited intestinal lipases in Nile tilapia to investigate the physiological consequences. In the present study, Nile tilapia were firstly fed with HFD (12% fat) for 6 weeks to establish a fatty fish model. Afterwards, Orlistat as a potent intestinal lipase inhibitor was added into the HFD for the following 5-week feeding trial, with two dietary doses (Orlistat16 group, 16 mg/kg body weight; Orlistat32 group, 32 mg/kg body weight). After the trial, both doses of Orlistat treatment significantly reduced intestinal lipase activity, fat absorption, hepatic lipid accumulation, and gene expression of lipogenesis, whereas increased gene expression of lipid catabolism. Moreover, intestinal lipase inhibition increased immune enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, and gene expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas lowered gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Besides, Orlistat could also improve the structure of the intestine and increase expression of intestinal tight-coupling protein. Taken together, intestinal lipase inhibition alleviated the adverse effects caused by HFD in Nile tilapia. Thus, intestinal lipases played key roles in absorbing dietary lipid and could be a promising target in regulating systemic lipid metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xue Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Yue Jiang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Lan Han
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inactivation by Using URB602 Mitigates Myocardial Damage in a Rat Model of Cardiac Arrest. Crit Care Med 2019; 47:e144-e151. [PMID: 30431495 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Monoacylglycerol lipase participates in organ protection by regulating the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. This study investigated whether blocking monoacylglycerol lipase protects against postresuscitation myocardial injury and improves survival in a rat model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. DESIGN Prospective randomized laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rat (n = 96). INTERVENTIONS Rats underwent 8-minute asphyxia-based cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Surviving rats were randomly divided into cardiopulmonary resuscitation + URB602 group, cardiopulmonary resuscitation group, and sham group. One minute after successful resuscitation, rats in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation + URB602 group received a single dose of URB602 (5 mg/kg), a small-molecule monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, whereas rats in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation group received an equivalent volume of vehicle solution. The sham rats underwent all of the procedures performed on rats in the cardiopulmonary resuscitation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation + URB602 groups minus cardiac arrest and asphyxia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Survival was recorded 168 hours after the return of spontaneous circulation (n = 22 in each group). Compared with vehicle treatment (31.8%), URB602 treatment markedly improved survival (63.6%) 168 hours after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Next, we used additional surviving rats to evaluate myocardial and mitochondrial injury 6 hours after return of spontaneous circulation, and we found that URB602 significantly reduced myocardial injury and prevented myocardial mitochondrial damage. In addition, URB602 attenuated the dysregulation of endocannabinoid and eicosanoid metabolism 6 hours after return of spontaneous circulation and prevented the acceleration of mitochondrial permeability transition 15 minutes after return of spontaneous circulation. CONCLUSIONS Monoacylglycerol lipase blockade may reduce myocardial and mitochondrial injury and significantly improve the resuscitation effect after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Zeng J, Li X, Cheng Y, Ke B, Wang R. Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2 reduces lung ischemia reperfusion injury through PI3K/Akt pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:4096-4105. [PMID: 31933805 PMCID: PMC6949786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor-2 activation plays a protective role against ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) in various organs, and exerts a protective effect against paraquat-induced acute lung injury, while the role of CB2 in lung IRI remains unclear. Hence, the present study was designed to explore the role of CB2 in lung IRI, and whether the PI3K pathway was involved. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to lung ischemia by clamping the left hilum for 1 hour, followed by 2 hours' reperfusion. Mice were pretreated with vehicle, CB2 agonist JWH133, or antagonist AM630 followed by JWH133. Arterial blood and left lung tissues were collected to detect the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, lung pathologic scoring, pro-inflammatory cytokines, MDA, and SOD. Secondly, mice were pretreated with vehicle, JWH133, or both PI3K-inhibitor LY294002 and JWH133. Arterial blood and left lung tissues were collected for the above studies and protein expression of CB2 receptor, p-AKT, and AKT. After mice were pretreated with JWH133, IR-induced lung edema and lung histopathologic changes were significantly attenuated. Pretreatment with JWH133 improved PaO2/FiO2 ratio, decreased lung TNF-α, IL-6, MDA levels and MPO activities, and increased SOD activity. By contrast, the protective effect of JWH133 was blocked by pretreatment with CB2 antagonist AM630. Similarly, pretreatment with PI3K-inhibitor weakened the protection induced by JWH133, and downregulated the expression of p-AKT without altering CB2 expression. The study suggested that activation of CB2 receptor plays a protective role against IR-induced lung injury through reducing inflammation in mice. The PI3K/Akt pathway might be involved in the protective effect of CB2 receptors in lung IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuehan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rurong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Turcotte C, Dumais É, Archambault AS, Martin C, Blanchet MR, Bissonnette É, Boulet LP, Laviolette M, Di Marzo V, Flamand N. Human leukocytes differentially express endocannabinoid-glycerol lipases and hydrolyze 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and its metabolites from the 15-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1337-1347. [PMID: 31556464 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0919-049rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) is an endocannabinoid with anti-inflammatory properties. Blocking 2-AG hydrolysis to enhance CB2 signaling has proven effective in mouse models of inflammation. However, the expression of 2-AG lipases has never been thoroughly investigated in human leukocytes. Herein, we investigated the expression of seven 2-AG hydrolases by human blood leukocytes and alveolar macrophages (AMs) and found the following protein expression pattern: monoacylglycerol (MAG lipase; eosinophils, AMs, monocytes), carboxylesterase (CES1; monocytes, AMs), palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT1; AMs), α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD6; mainly AMs), ABHD12 (all), ABHD16A (all), and LYPLA2 (lysophospholipase 2; monocytes, lymphocytes, AMs). We next found that all leukocytes could hydrolyze 2-AG and its metabolites derived from cyclooxygenase-2 (prostaglandin E2 -glycerol [PGE2 -G]) and the 15-lipoxygenase (15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoyl-glycerol [15-HETE-G]). Neutrophils and eosinophils were consistently better at hydrolyzing 2-AG and its metabolites than monocytes and lymphocytes. Moreover, the efficacy of leukocytes to hydrolyze 2-AG and its metabolites was 2-AG ≥ 15-HETE-G >> PGE2 -G for each leukocyte. Using the inhibitors methylarachidonoyl-fluorophosphonate (MAFP), 4-nitrophenyl-4-(dibenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (JZL184), Palmostatin B, 4'-carbamoylbiphenyl-4-yl methyl(3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzyl)carbamate, N-methyl-N-[[3-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]-4'-(aminocarbonyl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl ester carbamic acid (WWL70), 4'-[[[methyl[[3-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]amino]carbonyl]oxy]-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester (WWL113), tetrahydrolipstatin, and ML349, we could not pinpoint a specific hydrolase responsible for the hydrolysis of 2-AG, PGE2 -G, and 15-HETE-G by these leukocytes. Furthermore, JZL184, a selective MAG lipase inhibitor, blocked the hydrolysis of 2-AG, PGE2 -G, and 15-HETE-G by neutrophils and the hydrolysis of PGE2 -G and 15-HETE-G by lymphocytes, two cell types with limited/no MAG lipase. Using an activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probe to label hydrolases in leukocytes, we found that they express many MAFP-sensitive hydrolases and an unknown JZL184-sensitive hydrolase of ∼52 kDa. Altogether, our results indicate that human leukocytes are experts at hydrolyzing 2-AG and its metabolites via multiple lipases and probably via a yet-to-be characterized 52 kDa hydrolase. Blocking 2-AG hydrolysis in humans will likely abrogate the ability of human leukocytes to degrade 2-AG and its metabolites and increase their anti-inflammatory effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Élizabeth Dumais
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Élyse Bissonnette
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Louis-Philippe Boulet
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Québec City Heat and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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Jonscher R, Belkind-Gerson J. Concise Review: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Postnatal Injury-Induced Enteric Neurogenesis. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1136-1143. [PMID: 31145813 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although still controversial, there is increasing agreement that postnatal neurogenesis occurs in the enteric nervous system (ENS) in response to injury. Following acute colitis, there is significant cell death of enteric neurons and evidence suggests that subsequent neural regeneration follows. An enteric neural stem/progenitor cell population with neurogenic potential has been identified in culture; in vivo, compensatory neurogenesis is driven by enteric glia and may also include de-differentiated Schwann cells. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the enteric microenvironment due to injury-associated increases in glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [HT]), products from the gut microbiome, and possibly endocannabinoids may lead to the transdifferentiation of mature enteric glia and may reprogram recruited Schwann cells. Targeting neurogenic pathways presents a promising avenue toward the development of new and innovative treatments for acquired damage to the ENS. In this review, we discuss potential sources of newly generated adult enteric neurons, the involvement of GDNF, 5-HT, endocannabinoids, and lipopolysaccharide, as well as therapeutic applications of this evolving work. Stem Cells 2019;37:1136-1143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raleigh Jonscher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Neurogastroenterology Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Song Y, Shan B, Li H, Feng B, Peng H, Jin C, Xu P, Zeng Q, Liao Z, Mu P, Su D. Safety investigation of Pulsatilla chinensis saponins from chronic metabonomic study of serum biomedical changes in oral treated rat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:435-445. [PMID: 30703498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is widely used for the treatment of schistosomiasis, inflammatory, bacterial infections. In recent years, P chinensis has been reported to exhibit antitumor activities. However, the mechanisms underlying its toxic effects remain largely unresolved. This paper is designed to investigate the damage of long-term oral P. chinensis saponins (PRS) and to explore its potential damage mechanisms by serum metabonomics approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS The serum samples from control and PRS treated rats were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) in positive ionization mode and negative ionization mode. Liver function index of ALT, AST and ALP, blood biochemistry and biomarkers were examined to identify specific changes of injury. Acquired data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for differentiating the control and PRS treated groups. Then, serum metabolic profiling was analyzed and pathway analysis performed on the biomarkers reversed after PRS treated and further integration of metabolic networks. RESULTS The results suggested that serum liver function indexes of ALT had significantly changed and stage increased. AST, ALP detection content show volatility changes. Changes in the 15 biomarkers found in the serum, such as acetaminophen glucuronide, 9 E, 11 E-linoleic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, monoacylglycerides, sphingomyelin (SM), 7-ketodeoxycholic acid and 12-keto-deoxycholic acid, which were closely related to changes in liver injury. It could be seen clearly that with the change of the dosing time, the biomarkers in the serum have undergone obvious, regular and progressive changes through the score plot and corresponding loading plot. The underlying regulations of PRS-perturbed metabolic pathways were discussed according to the identified metabolites. CONCLUSION The present study proves the potential of UPLC-QTOF-MS based metabonomics in mapping metabolic response. Long-term oral administration of P. chinensis saponins can cause chronic liver injury, and its safety needs further attention. It is of great significance in safeguarding human health to explore the damage mechanism of Pulsatilla chinensis saponins on liver by serum metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Song
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Baixi Shan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Hanyun Li
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Bingwei Feng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Hong Peng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Chen Jin
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Zhou Liao
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Pengqian Mu
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Office Room 502, 5/F, Bldg 1, 518 North FU quan Road, IBP Changning District, Shanghai 200335, PR China
| | - Dan Su
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, PR China.
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Tardelli M, Bruschi FV, Claudel T, Fuchs CD, Auer N, Kunczer V, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Habib A, Grabner GF, Zimmermann R, Lotersztajn S, Trauner M. Lack of monoacylglycerol lipase prevents hepatic steatosis by favoring lipid storage in adipose tissue and intestinal malabsorption. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1284-1292. [PMID: 31048404 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of monoacylglycerols. To examine the role of MGL in hepatic steatosis, WT and MGL KO (MGL-/-) mice were challenged with a Western diet (WD) over 12 weeks. Lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis were assessed by serum biochemistry, histology, and gene-expression profiling of liver and adipose depots. Intestinal fat absorption was measured by gas chromatography. Primary adipocyte and 3T3-L1 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blot. Human hepatocytes were treated with MGL inhibitor JZL184. The absence of MGL protected mice from hepatic steatosis by repressing key lipogenic enzymes in liver (Srebp1c, Pparγ2, and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1), while promoting FA oxidation. Liver inflammation was diminished in MGL-/- mice fed a WD, as evidenced by diminished epidermal growth factor-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 (F4/80) staining and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 gene expression, whereas fibrosis remained unchanged. Absence of MGL promoted fat storage in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) with increased lipogenesis and unchanged lipolysis, diminished inflammation in gWAT, and subcutaneous AT. Intestinal fat malabsorption prevented ectopic lipid accumulation in livers of MGL-/- mice fed a WD. In vitro experiments demonstrated increased adipocyte size/lipid content driven by PPARγ. In conclusion, our data uncover that MGL deletion improves some aspects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by promoting lipid storage in gWAT and fat malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tardelli
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesca V Bruschi
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia D Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Auer
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Kunczer
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aida Habib
- INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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50
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Mahmoud HM, Osman M, Elshabrawy O, Abdallah HMI, Khairallah A. AM-1241 CB2 Receptor Agonist Attenuates Inflammation, Apoptosis and Stimulate Progenitor Cells in Bile Duct Ligated Rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:925-936. [PMID: 30976335 PMCID: PMC6454175 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) plays a pleiotropic role in the innate immunity and is considered a crucial mediator of liver disease. Cannabinoid CB2 receptor activation has been reported to attenuate liver fibrosis in CCl4 exposed mice and also plays a potential role in liver regeneration in a mouse model of I/R and protection against alcohol-induced liver injury. AIM: In this study, we investigated the impact of CB2 receptors on the antifibrotic and regenerative process associated with cholestatic liver injury. METHODS: Twenty-six rats had bile duct ligation co-treated with silymarin and AM1241 for 3 consecutive weeks. Serum hepatotoxicity markers were determined, and histopathological evaluation was performed. RESULTS: Following bile duct ligation (BDL) for 3 weeks, there was increased aminotransferase levels, marked inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte apoptosis with induced oxidative stress, as reflected by increased lipid peroxidation. Conversely, following treatment with the CB2 agonist, AM-1241, BDL rats displayed a reduction in liver injury and attenuation of fibrosis as reflected by expression of hydroxyproline and α-smooth muscle actin. AM1241 treatment also significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation end-products, p53-dependent apoptosis and also attenuated inflammatory process by stimulating IL-10 production. Moreover, AM1241 treated rats were associated with significant expression of hepatic progenitor/oval cell markers. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study points out that CB2 receptors reduce liver injury and promote liver regeneration via distinct mechanisms including IL-10 dependent inhibition of inflammation, reduction of p53-reliant apoptosis and through stimulation of oval/progenitor cells. These results suggest that CB2 agonists display potent hepatoregenrative properties, in addition to their antifibrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham M Mahmoud
- Cairo University Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Osman
- Cairo University Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed Khairallah
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 11211, Egypt
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