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Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu D, Bai G. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and product application of Platycodon grandiflorum: A review. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:327-343. [PMID: 39072195 PMCID: PMC11283231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Its historical use as an antitussive and expectorant has been extensively documented. Researchers, to date, have identified 219 chemical constituents in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC, encompassing 89 saponins, 11 flavonoids, 21 polysaccharides, 14 phenolic acids, six polyacetylenes, five sterols, 34 fatty acids, 17 amino acids, and 22 trace elements. Jiegeng exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including antitussive and anti-phlegm properties, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory effects, immune regulation, antioxidant properties, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, Jiegeng shows potential in protecting the heart and liver. Beyond its medicinal benefits, Jiegeng is highly esteemed in culinary applications, and its global demand is on the rise. Its utilization has expanded beyond medicine and food to encompass daily necessities, cosmetics, agricultural supplies, and other fields. Currently, there are 18 272 patents related to P. grandiflorum. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest research published over the past 20 years, providing a robust foundation for further exploration of the medicinal and health benefits of P. grandiflorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Dailin Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Gang Bai
- Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
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Ding L, Cai XY, Yang RN, Zha LP, Gui SY, Liu JS, Wang JT, Yu Y. Two new N-containing heterocyclic compounds from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorus. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38684028 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2347453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Two unusual N-containing heterocyclic compounds, Plagranlines B-C, were isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorus. Plagranline B (1) was consisted of neolignane and monomeric quinoline constituent units and plagranline C (2) possessed pyridinone ring that was not commonly discovered in natural product. Their planar structures were elucidated based on analysis of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopy data, and their absolute configurations were determined by quantum chemical calculations, including GIAO 13C NMR (DP4+) calculation and ECD calculation. In addition, extensive activity screening including glycosidases, oestrogen-like, and NO inhibitory assays were performed, compounds 1 and 2 possessed the weak activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xin-Yin Cai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Ren-Nai Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
| | - Liang-Ping Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
- Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research &, Hefei, PR China
| | - Shuang-Ying Gui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
- Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research &, Hefei, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine State, Hefei, PR China
| | - Ju-Tao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
- Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research &, Hefei, PR China
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine State, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine State, Hefei, PR China
- Functional Activity and Resource Utilization on Edible and Medicinal Fungi Joint Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, PR China
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Jung J, Cho YJ, Jeong M, Lee S, Kim JH, Kim J, Kim N, Lee J, Park JHY, Lee KW, Lee S. Optimization of extraction condition for platycodin D from Platycodon grandiflorum root and verification of its biological activity. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6425-6434. [PMID: 37823168 PMCID: PMC10563676 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, major components of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) extract, have been implicated in a wide range of biological effects. In particular, platycodin D (PD) is a well-known main bioactive compound of Platycosides. Despite the biological significance of PD, optimization of extract condition for PD from PG root has not been well investigated. Here, we established the optimum extraction condition as ethanol concentration of 0%, temperature of 50°C, and extraction time of 11 h to obtain PD-rich P. grandiflorum extract (PGE) by using response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The 5.63 mg/g of PD was extracted from the PG root in optimum condition, and this result was close to the predicted PD content. To analyze the biological activity of PGE related to mucin production, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of PGE on PMA-induced hyperexpression of MUC5AC as well as ERK activation, a signal mediator of MUC5AC expression. Moreover, we showed that PGE had expectorant activity in mice. These results indicated that PGE had sufficient functions as a potential mucoregulator and expectorant for treating diverse airway diseases. Additionally, we confirmed that PGE had antioxidant activity and inhibited LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, and IL-6. Taken together, PGE derived from novel optimizing conditions showed various biological effects, suggesting that PGE could be directly applied to the food industry as food material having therapeutic and preventive potential for human airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Jung
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yeon Jin Cho
- Bio‐MAX Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Minju Jeong
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seung‐Su Lee
- BOBSNU Co., Ltd. Seoul Techno Holdings, Inc. Subsidiary CompanySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologySungshin Women's UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jong‐Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyKorea National University of TransportationJeungpyeongRepublic of Korea
| | - Nara Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | | | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Bio‐MAX Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence TechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life sciencesSeoul National University
| | - Sung‐Young Lee
- Bio‐MAX Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Ren R, Zhang Q, Yan G, Yin D, Zhang M, Yang Y. Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharides deeply participate in the anti-chronic bronchitis effects of platycodon grandiflorus decoction, a representative of “the lung and intestine are related”. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:927384. [PMID: 36160385 PMCID: PMC9489837 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.927384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. (PG) root is one of the most commonly used medicine-food materials for respiratory discomfort in Asia, usually in the form of a decoction or leaching solution. As everyone knows, both of decoction and leaching solution is a polyphase dispersion system, containing low-molecular-weight water-soluble active ingredients and hydrophilic macromolecules. This study aimed to discuss the synergistic effect of Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharide (PGP) and platycodin D (PD) in PG decoction against chronic bronchitis (CB) and the mechanism underlying. A series of PGP, PD, and PGD + PD suspensions were administrated to CB model rats, on the levels of whole animal and in situ intestinal segment with or without mesenteric lymphatic vessels ligation. It exhibited that PGP exhibited synergistic effects with PD, on improving the histopathological abnormity, mucus secretion excess, and immunological imbalance in lung of CB model rat, closely associated with its modulations on the mucosal immunity status in small intestine. The polysaccharide macromolecules in PG decoction or leaching solution should be responsible for the modulation of pulmonary immune state, possibly through the common mucosal immune between small intestine and lung. These results might be a new perspective that illustrates the classical theory of “the lung and intestine are related” in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rongrong Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Guiming Yan
- School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Dengke Yin, ; Ye Yang,
| | - Mingyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Dengke Yin, ; Ye Yang,
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Protective Effects of Platycodin D3 on Airway Remodeling and Inflammation via Modulating MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Asthma Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1612829. [PMID: 35990822 PMCID: PMC9385299 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1612829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Asthma is a disease with airway hyperresponsive and airway inflammation. Platycodin D is a triterpenoid saponin extracted from Platycodon grandiflorus root, which has various pharmacological activities. The study mainly explored the effects of platycodin D3 (PD3) in airway remodeling and inflammation of asthma. Methods The ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma mice were given PD3 (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) in different groups. The asthma mice administrated with dexamethasone (DXM) were enrolled as the positive control group, and the normal control mice and asthma model mice separately received the same volume of saline. Mouse airway lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and total airway resistance (RL) were measured by the EMKA animal lung function analysis system. The inflammation factor levels were estimated by ELISA. Histopathological changes were tested by HE and PAS staining. The protein and phosphorylation levels of NF-κBp65, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK1/2 were detected by Western blot. Results In asthmatic mice, PD3 enhanced the airway Cdyn and decreased RL to improve the airway hyperreactivity and alleviated the pathological injury of lung tissues. In addition, PD3 could reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells in BALF and suppress the levels of eotaxin, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, and IgE. Furthermore, PD3 treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κBp65, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK1/2 proteins in asthma mice. Conclusion PD3 treatment alleviated the airway remodeling and inflammation in asthmatic mice, which might be related to downregulating the phosphorylated proteins in the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Shen J, Zhu Y, Zhou B, Kong L, Jin Y, Zhang D, Cao Z, Ji J, Li J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a water-in-oil microemulsion of platycodin D. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000497. [PMID: 33844326 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is the active metabolite of Platycodon grandiflorum. The main purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion formulation of PD (PD-ME). The PD-ME was successfully prepared by the water titration method at K m = 2, to draw the pseudoternary phase diagrams. Physical characterization including the particle size, pH, refractive index, average viscosity, and polydispersity index (PDI) was performed. The in vivo characteristics were evaluated by intestinal permeability and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimized microemulsion formulation consisted of 100 mg/ml PD aqueous solution, soybean phospholipids, ethanol, and oleic acid (27:39:19:15, w/w). The average viscosity, pH, droplet size, PDI, and zeta potential of the PD-ME were 78.65 ± 0.13 cPa•s, 5.70 ± 0.05, 30.46 ± 0.20 nm, 0.33 ± 0.00, and -3.13 mV, respectively. The drug concentration of the PD-ME was 26.3 ± 0.6 mg/ml. The PD-ME showed significantly higher apparent permeability coefficients than PD (p < .01). The pharmacokinetic studies showed that the PD-ME had significantly higher values of T 1/2 (2.26-fold), AUC0-24h (area under the curve; 1.65-fold), and MRT0-24h (1.58-fold) than PD (p < .01). It can be seen that W/O ME presents a strategy with great promise for enhancing the intestinal permeability and better oral absorption of drugs with high polarity and poor permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuexia Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingxue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Yangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiling Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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Kim TY, Jeon S, Jang Y, Gotina L, Won J, Ju YH, Kim S, Jang MW, Won W, Park MG, Pae AN, Han S, Kim S, Lee CJ. Platycodin D, a natural component of Platycodon grandiflorum, prevents both lysosome- and TMPRSS2-driven SARS-CoV-2 infection by hindering membrane fusion. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:956-972. [PMID: 34035463 PMCID: PMC8143993 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now the greatest threat to global public health. Herbal medicines and their derived natural products have drawn much attention in the treatment of COVID-19, but the detailed mechanisms by which natural products inhibit SARS-CoV-2 have not been elucidated. Here, we show that platycodin D (PD), a triterpenoid saponin abundant in Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), a dietary and medicinal herb commonly used in East Asia, effectively blocks the two main SARS-CoV-2 infection routes via lysosome- and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)-driven entry. Mechanistically, PD prevents host entry of SARS-CoV-2 by redistributing membrane cholesterol to prevent membrane fusion, which can be reinstated by treatment with a PD-encapsulating agent. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of PD are recapitulated by the pharmacological inhibition or gene silencing of NPC1, which is mutated in patients with Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) displaying disrupted membrane cholesterol distribution. Finally, readily available local foods or herbal medicines containing PG root show similar inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study proposes that PD is a potent natural product for preventing or treating COVID-19 and that briefly disrupting the distribution of membrane cholesterol is a potential novel therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Young Kim
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangeun Jeon
- grid.418549.50000 0004 0494 4850Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Jang
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Lizaveta Gotina
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungha Won
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea ,grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ha Ju
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264IBS School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264Neuroscience Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunpil Kim
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Wendy Jang
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Won
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Gordon Park
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea ,grid.412786.e0000 0004 1791 8264Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyu Han
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- grid.418549.50000 0004 0494 4850Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126 Republic of Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
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Kim TY, Jeon S, Jang Y, Gotina L, Won J, Ju YH, Kim S, Jang MW, Won W, Park MG, Pae AN, Han S, Kim S, Lee CJ. Platycodin D, a natural component of Platycodon grandiflorum, prevents both lysosome- and TMPRSS2-driven SARS-CoV-2 infection by hindering membrane fusion. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:956-972. [PMID: 34035463 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.22.423909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now the greatest threat to global public health. Herbal medicines and their derived natural products have drawn much attention in the treatment of COVID-19, but the detailed mechanisms by which natural products inhibit SARS-CoV-2 have not been elucidated. Here, we show that platycodin D (PD), a triterpenoid saponin abundant in Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), a dietary and medicinal herb commonly used in East Asia, effectively blocks the two main SARS-CoV-2 infection routes via lysosome- and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)-driven entry. Mechanistically, PD prevents host entry of SARS-CoV-2 by redistributing membrane cholesterol to prevent membrane fusion, which can be reinstated by treatment with a PD-encapsulating agent. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of PD are recapitulated by the pharmacological inhibition or gene silencing of NPC1, which is mutated in patients with Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) displaying disrupted membrane cholesterol distribution. Finally, readily available local foods or herbal medicines containing PG root show similar inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study proposes that PD is a potent natural product for preventing or treating COVID-19 and that briefly disrupting the distribution of membrane cholesterol is a potential novel therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Young Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangeun Jeon
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Lizaveta Gotina
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungha Won
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ha Ju
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunpil Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Wendy Jang
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Won
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Gordon Park
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Cognitive Glioscience Group, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Cha SB, Li Y, Bae JS, Song SW, Lee IC, Kim JC. Evaluation of 13-week subchronic toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. root extract in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113621. [PMID: 33246125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodi radix is widely used in traditional herbal medicine for bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. However, data on safety of Platycodi radix are insufficient. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate the potential subchronic toxicity of Platycodi radix water extract through a 13-week repeated oral dose experiment in Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male and 40 female rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: three treatment groups receiving 300, 1000, and 3000 mg/kg/day of Platycodi radix water extract and a vehicle control group receiving sterile distilled water for 13 weeks. RESULTS Repeated oral administration of the Platycodi radix water extract to rats resulted in an increased incidence of centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver, diffuse follicular cell hypertrophy in the thyroid gland, and squamous hyperplasia of the limiting ridge in the stomach at dose levels of ≥500 mg/kg/day of both genders. However, these findings are considered be adaptive non-adverse changes because these findings were observed without organ weight change or clinical pathology alterations. No treatment-related effects on clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, and organ weights were observed at any dose tested. CONCLUSION Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the Platycodi radix water extract was considered to be ≥ 3000 mg/kg/day in rats, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Cha
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinghua Li
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Arita R, Ono R, Saito N, Takayama S, Namiki T, Ito T, Ishii T. Kakkonto, shosaikoto,
Platycodon grandiflorum
root, and gypsum (a Japanese original combination drug known as saikatsugekito): Pharmacological review of its activity against viral infections and respiratory inflammatory conditions and a discussion of its applications to
COVID
‐19. TRADITIONAL & KAMPO MEDICINE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7675610 DOI: 10.1002/tkm2.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim Traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine has been used to treat viral infectious diseases. In particular, saikatsugekito (a combination drug of kakkonto, shosaikoto, Platicodon glandiflorum root, and gypsum) has been reported to be useful during the past influenza pandemic. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread worldwide, causing the novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) to emerge as a pandemic. In this article, we conducted a literature review on the pharmacological activities of the components present in saikatsugekito against viral infection and respiratory inflammation. Methods We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library for English articles, as well as Ichushi and J‐stage for Japanese articles. Articles published until January 1, 2000 were retrieved using the keywords ‘kakkonto’, ‘shosaikoto’, ‘Platycodon’, and ‘gypsum’. We then extracted articles on basic research investigating viral infections, inflammation, cytokine, the immune response, and lung tissue damage. Results We extracted 28 eligible articles. Kampo medicines have antiviral activities by interfering with the attachment, internalization, replication, progeny virion release, and cell‐to‐cell spreading of single‐strand RNA viruses. They also enhance the immunomodulating activities of the host, including cytokine production, regulation of multiple immune cells, and protection from lung tissue injury. Furthermore, Kampo medicine has been found to regulate body temperature and airway mucin release. Conclusion The results demonstrated that Kampo medicine has therapeutic activities against single‐strand RNA virus infections and respiratory inflammation, and may also have activities against SARS‐CoV‐2. Further research is required to investigate the activity of Kampo medicines, such as saikatsugekito, against SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Arita
- Department of Kampo Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
| | - Rie Ono
- Department of Kampo Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
| | - Natsumi Saito
- Department of Kampo Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
| | - Shin Takayama
- Department of Kampo Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
| | - Takao Namiki
- Department of Japanese‐Oriental (Kampo) Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | | | - Tadashi Ishii
- Department of Kampo Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine Tohoku University Hospital Sendai Japan
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan
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11
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The Effect of Different Water Extracts from Platycodon grandiflorum on Selected Factors Associated with Pathogenesis of Chronic Bronchitis in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215020. [PMID: 33138217 PMCID: PMC7662589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the activity of extracts from Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (PG) in a model of chronic bronchitis in rats. The research was carried out on three water extracts: E1 – from roots of field cultivated PG; E2 – from biotransformed roots of PG; E3 – from callus of PG. The extracts differed in saponins and inulin levels—the highest was measured in E3 and the lowest in E1. Identification of secondary metabolites was performed using two complementary LC-MS systems. Chronic bronchitis was induced by sodium metabisulfite (a source of SO2). Animals were treated with extracts for three weeks (100 mg/kg, intragastrically) and endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factors (TGF-β1, -β2, -β3), and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) levels were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas C reactive protein (CRP) level was measured in serum. Moreover, mRNA expression were assessed in bronchi and lungs. In SO2-exposed rats, an elevation of the CRP, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, VEGF, and mucin was found, but the extracts’ administration mostly reversed this phenomenon, leading to control values. The results showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts from PG.
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12
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Silveira D, Prieto-Garcia JM, Boylan F, Estrada O, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Jamal CM, Magalhães PO, Pereira EO, Tomczyk M, Heinrich M. COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:581840. [PMID: 33071794 PMCID: PMC7542597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations for the self-management of SARS-Cov-2 disease (COVID-19) include self-isolation, rest, hydration, and the use of NSAID in case of high fever only. It is expected that many patients will add other symptomatic/adjuvant treatments, such as herbal medicines. AIMS To provide a benefits/risks assessment of selected herbal medicines traditionally indicated for "respiratory diseases" within the current frame of the COVID-19 pandemic as an adjuvant treatment. METHOD The plant selection was primarily based on species listed by the WHO and EMA, but some other herbal remedies were considered due to their widespread use in respiratory conditions. Preclinical and clinical data on their efficacy and safety were collected from authoritative sources. The target population were adults with early and mild flu symptoms without underlying conditions. These were evaluated according to a modified PrOACT-URL method with paracetamol, ibuprofen, and codeine as reference drugs. The benefits/risks balance of the treatments was classified as positive, promising, negative, and unknown. RESULTS A total of 39 herbal medicines were identified as very likely to appeal to the COVID-19 patient. According to our method, the benefits/risks assessment of the herbal medicines was found to be positive in 5 cases (Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix, and Sambucus nigra), promising in 12 cases (Allium sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Eucalyptus globulus essential oil, Justicia pectoralis, Magnolia officinalis, Mikania glomerata, Pelargonium sidoides, Pimpinella anisum, Salix sp, Zingiber officinale), and unknown for the rest. On the same grounds, only ibuprofen resulted promising, but we could not find compelling evidence to endorse the use of paracetamol and/or codeine. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that several herbal medicines have safety margins superior to those of reference drugs and enough levels of evidence to start a clinical discussion about their potential use as adjuvants in the treatment of early/mild common flu in otherwise healthy adults within the context of COVID-19. While these herbal medicines will not cure or prevent the flu, they may both improve general patient well-being and offer them an opportunity to personalize the therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dâmaris Silveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jose Maria Prieto-Garcia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Boylan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Omar Estrada
- Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | - Edson Oliveira Pereira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Michal Tomczyk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Kim SR, Park EJ, Dusabimana T, Je J, Jeong K, Yun SP, Kim HJ, Cho KM, Kim H, Park SW. Platycodon grandiflorus Fermented Extracts Attenuate Endotoxin-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092802. [PMID: 32933130 PMCID: PMC7551015 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin-induced acute liver injury is mediated by an excessive inflammatory response, hepatocellular oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Traditional medicinal plants have been used to treat various disorders. Platycodon grandifloras (PG) has been shown to be beneficial in relieving cough and asthma and to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic activities. The pharmacological action of PG is mainly due to saponins, flavonoids, phenolic, and other compounds. However, raw PG exhibits some side effects at high doses. Here, we extracted raw PG with varying fermentation methods and examined its anti-inflammatory effect and associated signaling kinases in Raw264.7 cells. Then, we investigated the effect of fermented black PG (FBPG) on endotoxin-induced liver injury. Mice were administered FBPG orally at 1 h before the lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine (LPS/GalN) injection and sacrificed after 5 h. Black PG (BPG) and FBPG showed a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and extracellular nitric oxide (NO); p-38 and ERK signaling was involved in reducing inducible NO synthase in Raw264.7 cells. Consistently, FBPG attenuates LPS/GalN-induced liver injury; plasma ALT and AST, hepatic necrosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation were all reduced. In conclusion, PG extracts, particularly FBPG, play anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic roles, alleviating endotoxin-induced acute liver injury. Processing raw PG into FBPG extract may be clinically useful by improving the pharmacologically active ingredients and reducing the required dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ra Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Eun Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Theodomir Dusabimana
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jihyun Je
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Kyuho Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Kye Man Cho
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea;
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (S.R.K.); (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
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Li X, Jin F, Lee HJ, Lee CJ. Recent Advances in the Development of Novel Drug Candidates for Regulating the Secretion of Pulmonary Mucus. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:293-301. [PMID: 32133827 PMCID: PMC7327140 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersecretion of pulmonary mucus is a major pathophysiological feature in allergic and inflammatory respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Overproduction and/or oversecretion of mucus cause the airway obstruction and the colonization of pathogenic microbes. Developing a novel pharmacological agent to regulate the production and/or secretion of pulmonary mucus can be a useful strategy for the effective management of pathologic hypersecretion of mucus observed in COPD and asthma. Thus, in the present review, we tried to give an overview of the conventional pharmacotherapy for mucus-hypersecretory diseases and recent research results on searching for the novel candidate agents for controlling of pulmonary mucus hypersecretion, aiming to shed light on the potential efficacious pharmacotherapy of mucus-hypersecretory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengri Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Smith Liberal Arts College and Department of Addiction Science, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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15
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Ji MY, Bo A, Yang M, Xu JF, Jiang LL, Zhou BC, Li MH. The Pharmacological Effects and Health Benefits of Platycodon grandiflorus-A Medicine Food Homology Species. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020142. [PMID: 32023858 PMCID: PMC7073691 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus is a widely used edible, traditional Chinese medicinal herb. It is rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other compounds. It contains a large number of fatty acids such as linoleic acid (up to 63.24%), a variety of amino acids, vitamins, and multiple essential trace elements. P. grandiflorus has several biological applications, such as in hypotension, lipid reduction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, relieving cough and phlegm, promoting cholic acid secretion, and as an antioxidant. Further, P. grandiflorus is often used in the development of cold mixed vegetables, canned vegetables, preserved fruit, salted vegetables, and cosmetics in northeast China, South Korea, Japan, and Korea. In this paper, the active chemical components and the health benefits of P. grandiflorus have been reviewed, providing new ideas for the further development of nutraceutical products to prevent and manage chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Ji
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Agula Bo
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Min Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Jin-Fan Xu
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Lin-Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
| | - Bao-Chang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, Jiangxi, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-472-716-7795
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Liu Y, Hong Z, Qian J, Wang Y, Wang S. Protective effect of Jie-Geng-Tang against Staphylococcus aureus induced acute lung injury in mice and discovery of its effective constituents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112076. [PMID: 31295516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jie-Geng-Tang (JGT), a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription, consists of Platycodonis Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. According to traditional medicinal theory, JGT exerts various effects, including apocenosis, detoxifying, moisturizing the lung and relieving sore throat. It is often used to treat throat inflammation and lung diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the protective effect of JGT on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and to identify the compounds in the prescription that may be responsible for antibacterial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protective effect of JGT was assessed using S. aureus-induced ALI mice (i.g., 2.7 g/kg/day). Bacterial burden, pathological morphology, cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, KC, and MIP-2 were evaluated in the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 24 h post-infection, respectively. Twenty three compounds in the prescription were evaluated for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in vitro by means of microbroth dilution method against S. aureus. The antibacterial effects in vitro of licochalcone A and isoliquiritigenin were also investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In vivo antibacterial activities of licochalcone A and isoliquiritigenin were evaluated by survival rates, bacterial burden, and pathological morphology of lung tissues on S. aureus-induced ALI in mice (i.p., 160 mg/kg/day). RESULTS Pretreatment with JGT significantly improved the pathological morphology of lung tissues on S. aureus-induced ALI in mice, accompanied with the reduced bacterial burden in the lungs and inhibited expression of inflammatory cytokine levels at 24 h post-infection. Five compounds, namely licochalcone A, licoisoflavone B, glyasperin A, isoliquiritigenin, and licochalcone B from Jie-Geng-Tang displayed good antibacterial activities against S. aureus (MIC < 128 μg/mL). Furthermore, applications of licochalcone A and isoliquiritigenin resulted in the increased survival rates, reduced bacterial burden in the lungs, and improved pathological morphology of lung tissues in S. aureus infected mice. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that Jie-Geng-Tang presented protective role of acute lung injury, which supported its traditional use for the treatment of lung diseases. Licochalcone A, isoliquiritigenin, licoisoflavone B, glyasperin A, and licochalcone B might contribute to the antibacterial activity of JGT on S. aureus-induced acute lung injury. The anti-S. aureus activity of licoisoflavone B, glyasperin A, and licochalcone B in vitro, as well as the anti-S. aureus activity of licochalcone A in vivo, were first reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhoushan Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhoushan, China
| | - Zhuping Hong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Samsuzzaman M, Uddin MS, Shah MA, Mathew B. Natural inhibitors on airway mucin: Molecular insight into the therapeutic potential targeting MUC5AC expression and production. Life Sci 2019; 231:116485. [PMID: 31116959 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Airway mucin overproduction is the hallmark risk factor of asthma, which is associated with the reduction of lung function. An aberrant mucin expression is responsible for airway obstruction due to its high viscous characteristics. Among the mucins discovered, MUC5AC is the prime mucin of airway epithelia. Nowadays, mucins induced asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a great concern all over the world. This review focuses on the effects of natural compounds that can be beneficial to explore new drugs to halt MUC5AC secretion and production in airway epithelial, and also their underlying molecular mechanisms based on recent studies. Several researchers are seeking natural sources to identify a new potent MUC5AC inhibitory agent for clinical applications, because of countable limitations of existing synthetic drugs. Currently, flavonoids, glycoside and steroids like natural compounds have acquired great attention due to their anti-inflammatory and mucoregulatory effects. Most importantly, many natural compounds have shown their potential effects as the modulator of mucin expression, secretion, and production. Therefore, targeting airway MUC5AC expression and production represents an auspicious area of research for the development of drugs against various respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Samsuzzaman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, South Korea; Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
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Wu Z, Ding H, Yang C, Guo S, Dai X, Shi X. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study on Platycodin’s Solubilization Enhancing Effect Towards Five Drug Components. Chem Res Chin Univ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-018-8250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Park M, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim CE. A Systems-Level Analysis of Mechanisms of Platycodon grandiflorum Based on A Network Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E2841. [PMID: 30388815 PMCID: PMC6278259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is widely used in Asia for its various beneficial effects. Although many studies were conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of PG, it is still unclear how the combinations of multiple ingredients work together to exert its therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive review of the systems-level mechanisms of PG by adopting network pharmacological analysis. We constructed a compound⁻target⁻disease network for PG using experimentally validated and machine-leaning-based prediction results. Each target of the network was analyzed based on previously known pharmacological activities of PG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of targets were related to cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulation. In pathway enrichment analyses of targets, the terms related to cancer showed the most significant enrichment and formed distinct clusters. Degree matrix analysis for target⁻disease associations of PG suggested the therapeutic potential of PG in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. We expect that network pharmacological approaches will provide an understanding of the systems-level mechanisms of medicinal herbs and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musun Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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Ahn HJ, You HJ, Park MS, Johnston TV, Ku S, Ji GE. Biocatalysis of Platycoside E and Platycodin D3 Using Fungal Extracellular β-Glucosidase Responsible for Rapid Platycodin D Production. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092671. [PMID: 30205574 PMCID: PMC6163259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodi radix (i.e., Platycodon grandiflorum root) products (e.g., tea, cosmetics, and herbal supplements) are popular in East Asian nutraceutical markets due to their reported health benefits and positive consumer perceptions. Platycosides are the key drivers of Platycodi radixes' biofunctional effects; their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical activities are primarily related to the number and varieties of sugar side-chains. Among the various platycosides, platycodin D is a major saponin that demonstrates various nutraceutical activities. Therefore, the development of a novel technology to increase the total platycodin D content in Platycodi radix extract is important, not only for consumers' health benefits but also producers' commercial applications and manufacturing cost reduction. It has been reported that hydrolysis of platycoside sugar moieties significantly modifies the compound's biofunctionality. Platycodi radix extract naturally contains two major platycodin D precursors (platycoside E and platycodin D3) which can be enzymatically converted to platycodin D via β-d-glucosidase hydrolysis. Despite evidence that platycodin D precursors can be changed to platycodin D in the Platycodi radix plant, there is little research on increasing platycodin D concentrations during processing. In this work, platycodin D levels in Platycodi radix extracts were significantly increased via extracellular Aspergillus usamii β-d-glucosidase (n = 3, p < 0.001). To increase the extracellular β-d-glucosidase activity, A. usamii was cultivated in a culture media containing cellobiose as its major carbon source. The optimal pH and temperature of the fungal β-d-glucosidase were 6.0 and 40.0 °C, respectively. Extracellular A. usamii β-d-glucosidase successfully converted more than 99.9% (w/v, n = 3, p < 0.001) of platycoside E and platycodin D3 into platycodin D within 2 h under optimal conditions. The maximum level of platycodin D was 0.4 mM. Following the biotransformation process, the platycodin D was recovered using preparatory High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and applied to in vitro assays to evaluate its quality. Platycodin D separated from the Platycodi radix immediately following the bioconversion process showed significant anti-inflammatory effects from the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage inflammatory responses with decreased nitrite and IL-6 production (n = 3, p < 0.001). Taken together, these results provide evidence that biocatalysis of Platycodi radix extracts with A. usamii may be used as an efficient method of platycodin D-enriched extract production and novel Platycodi radix products may thereby be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Myung Su Park
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University, Anyang 14001, Korea.
| | - Tony V Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd., Hongcheon 25117, Korea.
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Attiq A, Jalil J, Husain K, Ahmad W. Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:976. [PMID: 30245627 PMCID: PMC6137277 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decade Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs of choice for treating numerous inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. The NSAIDs produces anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme, responsible for the conversation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Likewise, cyclooxegenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2) selectively inhibit the COX-2 enzyme and produces significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic activity without producing COX-1 associated gastrointestinal and renal side effects. In last two decades numerous selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) have been developed and approved for various inflammatory conditions. However, data from clinical trials have suggested that the prolong use of COX-2 inhibitors are also associated with life threatening cardiovascular side effects including ischemic heart failure and myocardial infection. In these scenario secondary metabolites from natural product offers a great hope for the development of novel anti-inflammatory compounds. Although majority of the natural product based compounds exhibit more selectively toward COX-1. However, the data suggest that slight structural modification can be helpful in developing COX-2 selective secondary metabolites with comparative efficacy and limited side effects. This review is an effort to highlight the secondary metabolites from terrestrial and marine source with significant COX-2 and COX-2 mediated PGE2 inhibitory activity, since it is anticipated that isolates with ability to inhibit COX-2 mediated PGE2 production would be useful in suppressing the inflammation and its classical sign and symptoms. Moreover, this review has highlighted the potential lead compounds including berberine, kaurenoic acid, α-cyperone, curcumin, and zedoarondiol for further development with the help of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and their current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Attiq
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairana Husain
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
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Effects of Platycodin D on Reflux Esophagitis due to Modulation of Antioxidant Defense Systems. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7918034. [PMID: 29770154 PMCID: PMC5892306 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7918034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims The effects of platycodin D (PD) pretreatment were examined in reflux esophagitis (RE) induced rats. Methods Sham, control, and omeprazole (OMP) group were pretreated with distilled water or OMP as a reference, respectively, and PD pretreated groups were given 3 different PD doses once a day for 7 days. One hour after last pretreatment, RE was induced by ligation of the forestomach and pylorus. At 8 h after operation, all animals were sacrificed. Results PD showed significant dose-dependent reduction of gastric secretion, myeloperoxidase activity, and RE lesion areas of esophagus and stomach mucosa. There was a reduction of lipid peroxidation in 2 doses of PD groups and elevation of antioxidant enzyme activity in all PD groups. Gastric hexose and sialic acid were significantly increased in PD groups, while collagen was reduced. Plasma histamine levels were significantly reduced in all PD groups, but not in the OMP group. Total invasive lesion sizes of esophagus and gastric fundus were significantly decreased in all PD groups. Thicknesses in esophagus of all PD groups were significantly decreased and thicknesses of funds were significantly increased except lowest PD dose. Conclusions Therapeutic effects of PD on the esophageal and gastric lesions were shown in RE induced rats dose-dependently. The PD pretreatment had significant antioxidant effects with regulation of histamine levels. This study provides useful information regarding the effectiveness of the drug for RE and further novel drug discovery using natural herbal products.
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Kim YA, Oh SH, Lee GH, Hoa PT, Jin SW, Chung YC, Lee YC, Jeong HG. Platycodon grandiflorum-derived saponin attenuates the eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:150-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sheng Y, Liu G, Wang M, Lv Z, Du P. A selenium polysaccharide from Platycodon grandiflorum rescues PC12 cell death caused by H2O2 via inhibiting oxidative stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:393-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Liu M, Zhao G, Cao S, Zhang Y, Li X, Lin X. Development of Certain Protein Kinase Inhibitors with the Components from Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:523. [PMID: 28119606 PMCID: PMC5220067 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been used in China for more than two thousand years, and some of them have been confirmed to be effective in cancer treatment. Protein kinases play critical roles in control of cell growth, proliferation, migration, survival, and angiogenesis and mediate their biological effects through their catalytic activity. In recent years, numerous protein kinase inhibitors have been developed and are being used clinically. Anticancer TCMs represent a large class of bioactive substances, and some of them display anticancer activity via inhibiting protein kinases to affect the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinases, pechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), P38, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathways. In the present article, we comprehensively reviewed several components isolated from anticancer TCMs that exhibited significantly inhibitory activity toward a range of protein kinases. These components, which belong to diverse structural classes, are reviewed herein, based upon the kinases that they inhibit. The prospects and problems in development of the anticancer TCMs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
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Chen Q, Yang WW, Shen P, Cao QR, Lee BJ, Cui JH. pH-dependent release of platycodin mitigates its gastrointestinal mucosa irritation after oral administration in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:811-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ma CH, Gao ZJ, Zhang JJ, Zhang W, Shao JH, Hai MR, Chen JW, Yang SC, Zhang GH. Candidate Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Triterpenoid Saponins in Platycodon grandiflorum Identified by Transcriptome Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:673. [PMID: 27242873 PMCID: PMC4871891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platycodon grandiflorum is the only species in the genus Platycodon of the family Campanulaceae, which has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant for its lung-heat-clearing, antitussive, and expectorant properties in China, Japanese, and Korean. Oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins were the main chemical components of P. grandiflorum and platycodin D was the abundant and main bioactive component, but little is known about their biosynthesis in plants. Hence, P. grandiflorum is an ideal medicinal plant for studying the biosynthesis of Oleanane-type saponins. In addition, the genomic information of this important herbal plant is unavailable. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 58,580,566 clean reads were obtained, which were assembled into 34,053 unigenes, with an average length of 936 bp and N50 of 1,661 bp by analyzing the transcriptome data of P. grandiflorum. Among these 34,053 unigenes, 22,409 unigenes (65.80%) were annotated based on the information available from public databases, including Nr, NCBI, Swiss-Prot, KOG, and KEGG. Furthermore, 21 candidate cytochrome P450 genes and 17 candidate UDP-glycosyltransferase genes most likely involved in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis pathway were discovered from the transcriptome sequencing of P. grandiflorum. In addition, 10,626 SSRs were identified based on the transcriptome data, which would provide abundant candidates of molecular markers for genetic diversity and genetic map for this medicinal plant. CONCLUSION The genomic data obtained from P. grandiflorum, especially the identification of putative genes involved in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis pathway, will facilitate our understanding of the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Ma
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Zheng-Jie Gao
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Jia-Jin Zhang
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Life Science and Technology College, Honghe UniversityMengzi, China
| | - Jian-Hui Shao
- National Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Biodiversity Applied Technology, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Mei-Rong Hai
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Yang
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- Yunnan Research Center on Good Agricultural Practice for Dominant Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
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Shan J, Zou J, Xie T, Kang A, Zhou W, Deng H, Mao Y, Di L, Wang S. Pharmacokinetics, intestinal absorption and microbial metabolism of single platycodin D in comparison to Platycodi radix extract. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:750-5. [PMID: 26600720 PMCID: PMC4621644 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.165576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Platycodi radix, the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC, has been widely used as food and herb medicine for treating cough, cold and other respiratory ailments, and platycodin D (PD) is one of the most important compounds in Platycodi Radix. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics, intestinal absorption and microbial metabolism of PD in monomer with that in Platycodi radix extract (PRE). Materials and Methods: In the pharmacokinetic study, the concentrations of PD in rat plasma were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by data analysis software (DAS). Besides, in vitro Caco-2 cells and fecal lysate were performed to investigate the intestinal absorption and metabolism, respectively. Results: The results from pharmacokinetics showed that the area under the curve, the peak concentration the time to reach peak concentration and mean residence time of PD in PRE were enhanced significantly compared with that in single PD. Caco-2 cells transport study indicated that the absorption of PD both in monomer and in PRE were poor owning that the permeability of PD were <1/106 cm/s. The hydrolysis degree of PD in PRE was significantly lower than that in monomer PD in fecal lysate, which might be illustrated by the other ingredients in PRE influenced the hydrolysis of PD via gut microbiota. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the difference of microbial metabolism, not apparent absorption in intestine for PD between in monomer and in PRE contributed to their pharmacokinetic difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, China ; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiashuang Zou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, China
| | - An Kang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, China
| | - Haishan Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, China
| | - Yancao Mao
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liuqing Di
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, China ; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shouchuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, China
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li M, Liu Y. Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:147-61. [PMID: 25666431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others. CONCLUSIONS In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
| | - Yanze Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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Li W, Liu Y, Wang Z, Han Y, Tian YH, Zhang GS, Sun YS, Wang YP. Platycodin D isolated from the aerial parts of Platycodon grandiflorum protects alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Food Funct 2015; 6:1418-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is the main active saponin of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) and is reported to exhibit multiple biological effects, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and anti-obesity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Ye Han
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
| | - Yu-Hong Tian
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Gui-Shan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun 132109
- China
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An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:154-60. [PMID: 24636069 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of platycodin D (PD) in rat plasma, and to acquire the main pharmacokinetic parameters of PD after oral administration of pure PD or of Platycodi Radix extract (PRE) containing PD. METHOD Plasma samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction using an Oasis® HLB SPE cartridge. Madecassoside was used as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ODS column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (30 : 70, V/V) containing 0.1 mmol·L(-1) ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min(-1). The detection was performed on a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source with a chromatographic run time of 3.0 min. The detection was operated by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions of m/z 1 223.6→469.2 for PD and of m/z 973.6→469.2 for madecassoside (IS), respectively. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear from 5 to 2 000 ng·mL(-1) (r(2) >0.99) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 ng·mL(-1). The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were below 15% and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was from -15% to +15% at three quality control (QC) levels. Plasma concentrations of PD were determined for 24 h after i.v. administration of PD, and oral administration of PD and PRE, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of PD in rats was found to be (0.48 ± 0.19)% when administered PD, and to be (1.81 ± 0.89)% when administered PRE. CONCLUSION The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of PD in rats after administration of PD and Platycodi Radix extract.
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Yu JS, Ho CH, Hsu YC, Wang JJ, Hsieh CL. Traditional Chinese medicine treatments for upper respiratory tract infections/common colds in Taiwan. Eur J Integr Med 2014; 6:538-544. [PMID: 32288884 PMCID: PMC7102745 DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat upper respiratory tract infections/common colds (URTIs) in Asian countries for over 2000 years. However, Chinese medicine doctors (CMDs) follow the traditional treatment rules to select or administer these diverse Chinese medicine formulae. The main purpose of our study was to explore data on the frequency of medication and medication habits by CMDs for the treatment of URTIs with Chinese herbs and Chinese medicine formulae. METHODS The TCM treatments for patients consulting with an URTIs were analyzed from the National Health Insurance Research Database using the appropriate codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnoses for Taiwan in 2009. A data mining and association rules, were used to analyze co-prescriptions of TCM for patients with URTIs. RESULTS For 472,005 patients who sought the treatment of URTIs, a total of 46,805 patients with URTIs received TCM treatments, of these 29,052 patients sought both TCM and Western medication treatments. Of the URTIs patients who had received a TCM treatment, 79% presented with an acute common cold, 9% had influenza, and 9% had acute upper respiratory infections. Furthermore, 53.89% of the sample were aged between 20 and 49 years, and 62.84% were women, 3.56% of the patients used Yin-Qiao-San and 2.76% used Jie-Geng. Yin-Qiao-San and Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang were the most commonly combinations of prescriptions for patients with URTIs. CONCLUSIONS The patients experiencing URTIs were more likely to request TCM treatment if their symptoms were mild and they were women. The Chinese medicine doctors treating URTIs generally followed TCM theory. A coding system for TCM diagnostic classifications could improve evaluations of TCM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sheng Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Ho
- Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chin Hsu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Ryu J, Lee HJ, Park SH, Kim J, Lee D, Lee SK, Kim YS, Hong JH, Seok JH, Lee CJ. Effects of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum on airway mucin hypersecretion in vivo and platycodin D(3) and deapi-platycodin on production and secretion of airway mucin in vitro. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:529-533. [PMID: 24290472 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether aqueous extract of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. de Candolle (APG), platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin significantly affect the production and secretion of airway mucin using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Effect of APG was checked on hypersecretion of pulmonary mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis in rats. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with platycodinD(3) or deapi-platycodin for 30min and then stimulated with PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) for 24h. The MUC5AC mucin production and secretion were measured by ELISA. The results were as follows: (1) APG stimulated the secretion of airway mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis rat model; (2) platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin inhibited the production of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively; (3) however, platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin did not inhibit but stimulated the secretion of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively. This result suggests that aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum A. de Candolle and the two natural products derived from it, platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin, can regulate the production and secretion of airway mucin and, at least in part, explains the traditional use of aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum A. de Candolle as expectorants in diverse inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea.
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Ishimaru N, Maeno T, Suzuki M, Maeno T. Rapid effects of Kikyo-to on sore throat pain associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 11:51-4. [PMID: 24356393 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2013-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kikyo-to is used empirically for relieving sore throat pain associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in Japan. However, few studies have demonstrated its clinical effect. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Kikyo-to on sore throat pain associated with acute URTI. METHODS Patients with sore throat pain who were diagnosed with URTI in General Medicine Department Office, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital from January to March 2012 were enrolled. Patients received 2.5 g of Kikyo-to diluted in a cup of hot water. The primary outcome was the change in sore throat score on the visual analog scale (VAS) 10 min after Kikyo-to administration. Secondary outcomes were change in sore throat score on VAS after 30 min and impact of sore throat pain on daily life (none, mild, moderate, and severe) after 10 and 30 min. RESULTS Forty patients were eligible. Mean VAS score was 48.2±18.2 before treatment and reduced significantly to 35.4±18.1 after 10 min and 30.7±19.3 after 30 min (p<0.001 in both periods). The proportion of patients with moderate or more impact of sore throat pain on daily life was 67.5% and was reduced significantly to 37.5% after 10 min and 30% after 30 min (p<0.001 in both periods). The patients reported no side effects. CONCLUSIONS Kikyo-to relieves sore throat pain associated with acute URTI.
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Lu Z, Wang L, Zhou R, Qiu Y, Yang L, Zhang C, Cai M, Mi M, Xu H. Evaluation of the spermicidal and contraceptive activity of Platycodin D, a Saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82068. [PMID: 24303079 PMCID: PMC3841115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extract of Platycodon grandiflorum has been reported to have effective spermicidal activity. This study was designed to evaluate the spermicidal and contraceptive activity, as well as the safety, of Platycodin D (PD), a major saponin in Platycodon grandiflorum. METHODS Using the computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) test criteria, the sperm-immobilizing activity of PD was studied using highly motile human sperm. The sperm viability was assessed by fluorescent staining using SYBR-14 (living sperm) and propidium iodide (dead sperm). The sperm membrane integrity was assessed by evaluating the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) and examinations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vivo contraceptive efficacy was evaluated in rats using post-intrauterine PD application. The comet assay was employed to determine whether PD caused DNA damage in the sperm. Vaginal biopsies were also performed to determine whether the PD gel induced vaginal inflammation. RESULTS A dose-dependent effect of PD on the sperm motility and viability was observed. The maximum spermicidal effect was observed with a 0.25 mM concentration of PD. More than 70% of the PD-treated sperm lost their HOS responsiveness at a concentration of 0.20 mM PD, indicating that PD caused injury to the sperm plasma membrane. TEM and SEM revealed significant damage to both the head and tail membranes of the sperm. PD decreased the fertility to zero in rats, was non-DNA damaging and was not harmful to the vaginal tissue in the rats. CONCLUSION PD has significant spermicidal activity that should be explored in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Lu
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Leiguang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Qiu
- Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Liuna Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chanyu Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Cai
- Institute of Chongqing National Population and Family Planning Science, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mantian Mi
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Chun J, Kim YS. Platycodin D inhibits migration, invasion, and growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells via suppression of EGFR-mediated Akt and MAPK pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:212-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Jeong SI, Yu HH. Quality Characteristics of Sikhe Prepared with the Roots Powder of Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum A. DE. Candolle). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.5.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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He M, Li Y, Yan J, Cao D, Liang Y. Analysis of Essential Oils and Fatty Acids from Platycodi Radix using Chemometric Methods and Retention Indices. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:318-30. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fu XJ, Liu HB, Wang P, Guan HS. A Study on the Antioxidant Activity and Tissues Selective Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation by Saponins from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 37:967-75. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x09007375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platycodi Radix is the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC and has been used as a traditional medicine in China. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, Platycodi Radix (PR) possesses the character of lung meridian tropism (Guijing) and has selective effects on the lung and respiratory system. The aim of this study was to confirm the antioxidant effects of saponins from Platycodi Radix (PRS), with emphasis on its selective inhibition of lipid peroxidation in different tissues. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was determined by a H2O2/Fe2+ system; a modified thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay was used to measure the lipid peroxide in rats' tissues. These antioxidant activities were compared to ascorbic acid (Vc). The results showed that PRS had antioxidant activities in various antioxidant systems. And the inhibition capability of lipid peroxidation of PRS and Vc were excellent, but differed greatly in different tissues. These results suggested that PRS had antioxidant effects and selective inhibition of lipid peroxidation. It indicated that the mechanism of Platycodi Radix to treat some diseases might be related to its antioxidant activity, especially its tissue selective effects. However, further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yu Shan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong-Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yu Shan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yu Shan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hua-Shi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yu Shan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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Li W, Sun YS, Wang Z, Zheng YN. ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF SAPONINS FROM PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUM BY SEMI-PREPARATIVE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND LC/ESI-MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.604110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Yin-shi Sun
- b College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , P.R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Yi-nan Zheng
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
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Jung E, Hwang W, Kim S, Kim YS, Kim YS, Lee J, Park D. Depigmenting action of platycodin D depends on the cAMP/Rho-dependent signalling pathway. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:986-91. [PMID: 21995379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction and accumulation of melanin in the skin could lead to a pigmentary disorders, such as melasma, freckle, postinflammatory melanoderma and solar lentigo. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of platycodin D (PD) on melanogenesis and its action mechanisms. In this study, we found that PD significantly inhibited melanin synthesis at low concentrations. These effects were further demonstrated by the PD-induced inhibition of cAMP production, phosphorylation of the cAMP-response element-binding protein and expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and its downstream genes, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins-1 and Dct/tyrosinase-related proteins-2, suggesting that PD inhibits melanogenesis through the downregulation of cAMP signalling. Furthermore, PD induced significant morphological changes in melanocytes, namely, the retraction of dendrites. A small GTPase assays revealed that PD stimulated an increase in GTP-bound Rho content, one of downstream molecules of cAMP, but not in Rac or CDC42 content. Moreover, a Rho inhibitor (C3 exoenzyme) and a Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632) attenuated the dendrite retraction induced by PD. Taken together, these findings indicate that PD inhibits melanogenesis by inhibiting the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway and also suppresses melanocyte dendricity through activation of the Rho signal that is mediated by PD-induced reduction in cAMP production. Therefore, these results suggest that PD exerts its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis and melanocyte dendricity via suppression of cAMP signalling and may be introduced as an inhibitor of hyperpigmentation caused by UV irradiation or pigmented skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Seongnam City, Gyunggi Do, Korea Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Kwon HJ, Park CS. Development and Quality Characteristics of Bellflower Root Jeonggwa Added Omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) during Storage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Platycoside N: a new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Molecules 2010; 15:8702-8. [PMID: 21119565 PMCID: PMC6259122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15128702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin, named platycoside N (1), together with six known saponins, was isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, comprehensive spectroscopic data analyses and comparison with the spectral data of the known compounds, its structure was elucidated as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside. The six known compounds were platycodin D (2), deapioplatycodin D (3), platycodin D3 (4), deapio- platycodin D3 (5), platycoside E (6) and deapioplatycoside E (7).
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Park SH, Sim YB, Lim SS, Kim JK, Lee JK, Suh HW. Antinociception effect and mechanisms of campanula punctata extract in the mouse. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:285-9. [PMID: 21165326 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.5.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of Campanula punctata extract were examined in ICR mice. The Campanula punctata contain a large dose of saponin. Campanula punctata extract administered orally (200 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, Campanula punctata extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P (0.7 µg) was diminished by Campanula punctata extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine (α(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by Campanula punctata extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by Campanula punctata extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that Campanula punctata extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of Campanula punctata extract may be mediated by α(2)-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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Ha IJ, Ha YW, Kang M, Lee J, Park D, Kim YS. Enzymatic transformation of platycosides and one-step separation of platycodin D by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1916-22. [PMID: 20533341 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platycosides, the saponins found in the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Platycodi Radix), are typically composed of oleanane triterpenes with two side chains. In platycosides, platycodin D, a glucose unit at C-3, is a major component, which has several pharmacological activities. Because of the high demand for this compound, we attempted to enzymatically convert platycodin D(3) and platycoside E, having two and three glucose units at C-3, respectively, into platycodin D. In this study, we tested the ability of several glycosidases to transform platycosides, or more specifically, the ability to transform platycoside E and platycodin D(3) into platycodin D. To obtain pure platycodin D on a preparative scale, high-speed countercurrent chromatography with a solvent system of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (1.2:1:2, v/v/v) was used for the separation of the enzymatically transformed product. Approximately 39.4 mg of platycodin D (99.8% purity) was obtained from 200 mg of the product in a one-step separation. The results strongly support the advantage of enzymatic transformation of the platycosides for the efficient enrichment of platycodin D in the complicated extract of the medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jin Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Lee HJ, Lee SY, Jeon BK, Lee JW, Kim YS, Lee MN, Lee CJ. Effect of Platycodin D on Airway MUC5AC Mucin Production and Gene Expression Induced by Growth Factor and Proinflammatory Factor. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Hu Q, Pan R, Wang L, Peng B, Tang J, Liu X. Platycodon grandiflorum induces apoptosis in SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells through mitochondrial-dependent pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2010; 38:373-86. [PMID: 20387232 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., a Chinese food and medicine, has been used as expectorant traditionally. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Platycodon grandiflorum extract (PGE) on SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to monitor cell numbers, Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining, RT-PCR and Western blot were used to examine cell apoptosis, caspases activation. Bcl-2 and Bax expressions and mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Our result showed that PGE-induced apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9, down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol. The data indicate that PGE may have anti-tumor effect mainly via caspase-3 and caspase-9 dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ha YW, Na YC, Ha IJ, Kim DH, Kim YS. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based structural analysis of new platycoside metabolites transformed by human intestinal bacteria. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim SH, Lee SM, Park HW, Cho SH, Min KU, Kim YY, Chang YS. Chinese bellflower root anaphylaxis: IgE-binding components and cross-reactivity with mugwort and birch. Korean J Intern Med 2009; 24:279-82. [PMID: 19721867 PMCID: PMC2732790 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.3.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 56-year-old man who had suffered from seasonal rhinitis in spring and autumn experienced recurrent generalized urticaria and an oral burning sensation after eating several cooked herbs for 3 months. A skin-prick test showed positive responses to various pollens, celery, Chinese bellflower, and arrowroot. The Chinese bellflower-specific IgE ELISA OD value was 1.547. Oral challenge with unprocessed raw Chinese bellflower root provoked oral burning sensation, eyelid swelling, generalized urticaria, and hypotension. In an ELISA inhibition test, IgE binding to Chinese bellflower was significantly inhibited by Chinese bellflower, mugwort, and birch pollen extract. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot assay revealed nine IgE-binding components, and common protein bands were detected in the range of 40~55 kDa (Chinese bellflower-mugwort-birch) and 14 kDa (Chinese bellflower-birch). Chinese bellflower root can cause anaphylaxis and may have cross-reactivity with mugwort and birch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung-Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Up Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Ha YW, Kim YS. Preparative isolation of six major saponins from Platycodi Radix by high-speed counter-current chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2009; 20:207-13. [PMID: 19259943 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platycosides, the primary constituents of Platycodi Radix, are known to have numerous and varied biological activities, exerting anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, anti-tumour, anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemia effects. However, effective methods for isolating and purifying platycosides from Platycodi Radix are not currently available. OBJECTIVE To develop an efficient method for the preparative separation of six platycosides from Platycodi Radix by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) coupled with an evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) system. METHODOLOGY Preparative separation was performed by water extraction using reversed-phase C(18) column chromatography on an HSCCC-ELSD system. A two-phase solvent system comprised hexane-n-butanol-water (1:40:20, v/v) and (1:10:5, v/v) was employed. Two other key parameters, revolution speed of the separation column and flow-rate of the mobile phase, were also investigated for optimum HSCCC performance. Each peak fraction obtained from separation of the platycosides was collected according to the ELSD elution profile and determined by HPLC. RESULTS Using the described method, six platycosides, all with purities of over 94%, could be isolated from 300 mg of the platycoside-enriched fraction. Their structures were characterized by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR. CONCLUSION Six of the main bioactive platycosides in Platycodi Radix could be isolated and purified systematically by HSCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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