1
|
Maestas MM, Bui MH, Millman JR. Recent progress in modeling and treating diabetes using stem cell-derived islets. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024; 13:949-958. [PMID: 39159002 PMCID: PMC11465181 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived islets (SC-islets) offer the potential to be an unlimited source of cells for disease modeling and the treatment of diabetes. SC-islets can be genetically modified, treated with chemical compounds, or differentiated from patient derived stem cells to model diabetes. These models provide insights into disease pathogenesis and vulnerabilities that may be targeted to provide treatment. SC-islets themselves are also being investigated as a cell therapy for diabetes. However, the transplantation process is imperfect; side effects from immunosuppressant use have reduced SC-islet therapeutic potential. Alternative methods to this include encapsulation, use of immunomodulating molecules, and genetic modification of SC-islets. This review covers recent advances using SC-islets to understand different diabetes pathologies and as a cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlie M Maestas
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Maggie H Bui
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Turner DA, Martinez Arias A. Three-dimensional stem cell models of mammalian gastrulation. Bioessays 2024:e2400123. [PMID: 39194406 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Gastrulation is a key milestone in the development of an organism. It is a period of cell proliferation and coordinated cellular rearrangement, that creates an outline of the body plan. Our current understanding of mammalian gastrulation has been improved by embryo culture, but there are still many open questions that are difficult to address because of the intrauterine development of the embryos and the low number of specimens. In the case of humans, there are additional difficulties associated with technical and ethical challenges. Over the last few years, pluripotent stem cell models are being developed that have the potential to become useful tools to understand the mammalian gastrulation. Here we review these models with a special emphasis on gastruloids and provide a survey of the methods to produce them robustly, their uses, relationship to embryos, and their prospects as well as their limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Turner
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zong Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Shi X, Zhao Z, Sun Y. Recent Progress in Generation of Inner Ear Organoid. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2400223. [PMID: 39051423 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Inner ear organoids play a crucial role in hearing research. In comparison to other animal models and 2D cell culture systems, inner ear organoids offer significant advantages for studying the mechanisms of inner ear development and exploring novel approaches to disease treatment. Inner ear organoids derived from human cells are more closely resemble normal human organs in development and function. The 3D culture system of the inner ear organoid enhances cell-cell interactions and mimics the internal environment. In this review, the progress and limitations of organoid culture methods derived from tissue-specific progenitors and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are summarized, which may offer new insights into generating organoids that closely resemble the inner ear in terms of morphology and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, 95053, USA
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ashok A, Kalthur G, Kumar A. Degradation meets development: Implications in β-cell development and diabetes. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:759-776. [PMID: 38499517 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic development is orchestrated by timely synthesis and degradation of stage-specific transcription factors (TFs). The transition from one stage to another stage is dependent on the precise expression of the developmentally relevant TFs. Persistent expression of particular TF would impede the exit from the progenitor stage to the matured cell type. Intracellular protein degradation-mediated protein turnover contributes to a major extent to the turnover of these TFs and thereby dictates the development of different tissues. Since even subtle changes in the crucial cellular pathways would dramatically impact pancreatic β-cell performance, it is generally acknowledged that the biological activity of these pathways is tightly regulated by protein synthesis and degradation process. Intracellular protein degradation is executed majorly by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and Lysosomal degradation pathway. As more than 90% of the TFs are targeted to proteasomal degradation, this review aims to examine the crucial role of UPS in normal pancreatic β-cell development and how dysfunction of these pathways manifests in metabolic syndromes such as diabetes. Such understanding would facilitate designing a faithful approach to obtain a therapeutic quality of β-cells from stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Ashok
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anujith Kumar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Terzi Cizmecioglu N. Roles and Regulation of H3K4 Methylation During Mammalian Early Embryogenesis and Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38231346 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
From generation of germ cells, fertilization, and throughout early mammalian embryonic development, the chromatin undergoes significant alterations to enable precise regulation of gene expression and genome use. Methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) correlates with active regions of the genome, and it has emerged as a dynamic mark throughout this timeline. The pattern and the level of H3K4 methylation are regulated by methyltransferases and demethylases. These enzymes, as well as their protein partners, play important roles in early embryonic development and show phenotypes in embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. The various roles of H3K4 methylation are interpreted by dedicated chromatin reader proteins, linking this modification to broader molecular and cellular phenotypes. In this review, we discuss the regulation of different levels of H3K4 methylation, their distinct accumulation pattern, and downstream molecular roles with an early embryogenesis perspective.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim MH, Thanuthanakhun N, Kino-oka M. Stable and efficient generation of functional iPSC-derived neural progenitor cell rosettes through regulation of collective cell-cell behavior. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1269108. [PMID: 38268936 PMCID: PMC10806250 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1269108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the potential of stem cells to differentiate into several cell types has shown promise in regenerative medicine, low differentiation efficiency and poor reproducibility significantly limit their practical application. We developed an effective and robust differentiation strategy for the efficient and robust generation of neural progenitor cell rosettes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) incorporating botulinum hemagglutinin (HA). Treatment with HA suppressed the spontaneous differentiation of iPSCs cultured under undirected differentiation conditions, resulting in the preservation of their pluripotency. Moreover, treatment with HA during neural progenitor differentiation combined with dual SMAD inhibition generated a highly homogeneous population of PAX6-and SOX1-expressing neural progenitor cells with 8.4-fold higher yields of neural progenitor cells than untreated control cultures. These neural progenitor cells formed radially organized rosettes surrounding the central lumen. This differentiation method enhanced the generation of functional iPSC-derived neural progenitor cell rosettes throughout the culture vessel, suggesting that the regulation of collective cell-cell behavior using HA plays a morphogenetically important role in rosette formation and maturation. These findings show the significance of HA in the suppression of spontaneous differentiation through spatial homogeneity. The study proposes a novel methodology for the efficient derivation of functional iPSC-derived neural progenitor cell rosettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Kino-oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Base for Cell Manufacturability, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Şişli HB, Şenkal Turhan S, Bulut E, Şahin F, Doğan A. The Role of Aplnr Signaling in the Developmental Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300217. [PMID: 37840394 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are invaluable resources for personalized medicine. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received great attention as therapeutic tools due to being a safe, ethical, and accessible option with immunomodulatory and controlled differentiation properties. Apelin receptor (Aplnr) signaling is reported to be involved in biological events, including gastrulation, mesoderm migration, proliferation of MSCs. However, the knowledge about the exact role and mechanism of Aplnr signaling during mesoderm and MSCs differentiation is still primitive. The current study aims to unveil the role of Aplnr signaling during mesoderm and MSC differentiation from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) through peptide/small molecule activation, overexpression, knock down or CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knock out of the pathway components. Morphological changes, gene and protein expression analysis, including antibody array, LC/MS, mRNA/miRNA sequencing, reveal that Aplnr signaling promotes mesoderm commitment possibly via EGFR and TGF-beta signaling pathways and enhances migration of cells during mesoderm differentiation. Moreover, Aplnr signaling positively regulates MSCs differentiation from hPSCs and increases MSC characteristics and differentiation capacity by regulating pathways, such as EGFR, TGFβ, Wnt, PDGF, and FGF. Osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic differentiations are significantly enhanced with Aplnr signaling activity. This study generates an important foundation to generate high potential MSCs from PSCs to be used in personalized cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal Turhan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Bulut
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Faculty of Engineering, Genetics and Bioengineering Department, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, 34755, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Devendran A, Liu C. Subtype and Lineage-Mediated Protocol for Standardizing Activin/Nodal and BMP Signaling for hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2803:13-33. [PMID: 38676882 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3846-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The adept and systematic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to diverse lineage-prone cell types involves crucial step-by-step process that mimics the vital strategic commitment phase that is usually observed during the process of embryo development. The development of precise tissue-specific cell types from these stem cells indeed plays an important role in the advancement of imminent stem cell-based therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the usage of hiPSC-derived cell types for subsequent cardiovascular disease modeling, drug screening, and therapeutic drug development undeniably entails an in-depth understanding of each and every step to proficiently stimulate these stem cells into desired cardiomyogenic lineage. Thus, to accomplish this definitive and decisive fate, it is essential to efficiently induce the mesoderm or pre-cardiac mesoderm, succeeded by the division of cells into cardiovascular and ultimately ensuing with the cardiomyogenic lineage outcome. This usually commences from the earliest phases of pluripotent cell induction. In this chapter, we discuss our robust and reproducible step-wise protocol that will describe the subtype controlled, precise lineage targeted standardization of activin/nodal, and BMP signaling molecules/cytokines, for the efficient differentiation of ventricular cardiomyocytes from hiPSCs via the embryoid body method. In addition, we also describe techniques to dissociate hiPSCs, hiPSC-derived early cardiomyocytes for mesoderm and pre-cardiac mesoderm assessment, and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes for early and mature markers assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anichavezhi Devendran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clifford Liu
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turner DA, Nichols J. Modifying gastruloids to dissect mechanisms of tissue-specific induction. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 83:102130. [PMID: 37897953 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
How functional organisms arise from a single cell is a fundamental question in biology with direct relevance to understanding developmental defects and diseases. Dissecting developmental processes provides the basic, critical framework for understanding disease progression and treatment. Bottom-up approaches to recapitulate formation of various components of the embryo have been effective to probe symmetry-breaking, self-organisation, tissue patterning and morphogenesis. However, these studies have been mostly concerned with axial patterning, which is essentially longitudinal. Can these models generate the appendicular axes? If so, how far can self-organisation take these? Will experimentally induced organisers be required? This short review explores these questions, highlighting how minimal models are essential for understanding patterning and morphogenetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Turner
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, UK.
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Q, Li J, Wang P, He X, Hong M, Liu F. A Comparative Study of Endoderm Differentiation Between Activin A and Small Molecules. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:667-675. [PMID: 38056491 DOI: 10.1055/a-2182-8936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules such as ROCK inhibitors (Fasudil) and inducer of definitive endoderm 1 (IDE1) can promote differentiation of definitive endoderm, but their effects remain controversial. Therefore, we attempted to verify the effect of these small molecules on promoting definitive endoderm differentiation and found that Fasudil or IDE1 alone could not achieve a similar effect as activin A. On the contrary, CHIR99021 could efficiently promote definitive endoderm differentiation. Nearly 43.4% of experimental cells were SRY-box transcription factor 17 (SOX17)-positive under the synergistic effect of IDE1 and CHIR99021, but its ability to differentiate towards definitive endoderm was still insufficient. Transcriptional analysis and comparison of IDE1 and CHIR99021 synergistic groups (IC) and activin A and CHIR99021 synergistic groups (AC) showed significantly down-regulated definitive endoderm markers in the IC group compared with those in the AC group and the differences between the two groups were mainly due to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP4) and fibroblast growth factor 17 (FGF17). Further single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed lower expression of BMP4 in SOX17-positive populations, while mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) protein translation signal and FGF17 in the AC group were higher than that in the IC group. Western blot analysis showed a significant difference in levels of p-SMAD2/3 between AC and IC groups, which suggests that regulating p-SMAD2/3 may provide a reference to improve the differentiation of definitive endoderm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqun He
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhao Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518106, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sultana Z, Dorel M, Klinger B, Sieber A, Dunkel I, Blüthgen N, Schulz EG. Modeling unveils sex differences of signaling networks in mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Syst Biol 2023; 19:e11510. [PMID: 37735975 PMCID: PMC10632733 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
For a short period during early development of mammalian embryos, both X chromosomes in females are active, before dosage compensation is ensured through X-chromosome inactivation. In female mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), which carry two active X chromosomes, increased X-dosage affects cell signaling and impairs differentiation. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. To dissect X-dosage effects on the signaling network in mESCs, we combine systematic perturbation experiments with mathematical modeling. We quantify the response to a variety of inhibitors and growth factors for cells with one (XO) or two X chromosomes (XX). We then build models of the signaling networks in XX and XO cells through a semi-quantitative modeling approach based on modular response analysis. We identify a novel negative feedback in the PI3K/AKT pathway through GSK3. Moreover, the presence of a single active X makes mESCs more sensitive to the differentiation-promoting Activin A signal and leads to a stronger RAF1-mediated negative feedback in the FGF-triggered MAPK pathway. The differential response to these differentiation-promoting pathways can explain the impaired differentiation propensity of female mESCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Sultana
- Systems Epigenetics, Otto‐Warburg‐LaboratoriesMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Mathurin Dorel
- Computational Modelling in Medicine, Institute of PathologyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bertram Klinger
- Computational Modelling in Medicine, Institute of PathologyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Anja Sieber
- Computational Modelling in Medicine, Institute of PathologyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Ilona Dunkel
- Systems Epigenetics, Otto‐Warburg‐LaboratoriesMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Nils Blüthgen
- Computational Modelling in Medicine, Institute of PathologyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Edda G Schulz
- Systems Epigenetics, Otto‐Warburg‐LaboratoriesMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Terzi Çizmecioğlu N. ARID4B loss leads to activated STAT1-dependent interferon pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells and during meso/endodermal differentiation. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2023; 24:187-196. [PMID: 37675520 PMCID: PMC10493817 DOI: 10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2023.2023-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Proper deactivation of the pluripotency network and activation of a lineage-specific gene expression program are critical for mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) differentiation. This is achieved by the coordinated action of transcription and chromatin factors. Our previous work identified ARID4B as a critical chromatin factor for mesoderm and endoderm differentiation. As part of a histone deacetylase complex, ARID4B plays a role in transcriptional suppression of its direct targets. Here, we investigated the mechanism of ARID4B function in mESC differentiation by focusing on genes and pathways that are upregulated in its absence. Material and Methods We analyzed transcriptomic results of wild-type and arid4bΔ endoderm or mesoderm differentiated cells through integrative genomics viewer and ingenuity pathway analysis. We performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for selected genes. To understand pathway activation, we performed Western blot for candidate proteins during the time-course of differentiation. We also analyzed H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and H3K27Ac ChIP-seq results to understand changes in the chromatin environment. Results Interferon-related genes were activated in arid4bΔ mESCs and endoderm or mesoderm directed cells. Consistent with this, higher phosphorylated STAT1 levels were found in arid4bΔ mESCs while a related phosphorylated STAT3 was unchanged. Finally, we observed a significant increase in H3K4me3 around interferon-related distal gene regulatory regions with a combination of either upregulation of H3K27Ac level or downregulation of H3K27me3 level. Conclusion These results provide evidence that ARID4B is involved in the suppression of interferon-related genes in mESCs and during meso/endoderm differentiation through modulation, mainly of H3K4me3. This regulation might be important for successful mESC differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Terzi Çizmecioğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chi C, Knight WE, Riching AS, Zhang Z, Tatavosian R, Zhuang Y, Moldovan R, Rachubinski AL, Gao D, Xu H, Espinosa JM, Song K. Interferon hyperactivity impairs cardiogenesis in Down syndrome via downregulation of canonical Wnt signaling. iScience 2023; 26:107012. [PMID: 37360690 PMCID: PMC10285545 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are frequent in children with Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using a human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based model and the Dp(16)1Yey/+ (Dp16) mouse model of DS, we identified downregulation of canonical Wnt signaling downstream of increased dosage of interferon (IFN) receptors (IFNRs) genes on chromosome 21 as a causative factor of cardiogenic dysregulation in DS. We differentiated human iPSCs derived from individuals with DS and CHDs, and healthy euploid controls into cardiac cells. We observed that T21 upregulates IFN signaling, downregulates the canonical WNT pathway, and impairs cardiac differentiation. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological normalization of IFN signaling restored canonical WNT signaling and rescued defects in cardiogenesis in DS in vitro and in vivo. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms underlying abnormal cardiogenesis in DS, ultimately aiding the development of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congwu Chi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Walter E. Knight
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew S. Riching
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Roubina Tatavosian
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yonghua Zhuang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Radu Moldovan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angela L. Rachubinski
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University; Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kunhua Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Repina NA, Johnson HJ, Bao X, Zimmermann JA, Joy DA, Bi SZ, Kane RS, Schaffer DV. Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling models cell-intrinsic embryogenic patterning using 2D human pluripotent stem cell culture. Development 2023; 150:dev201386. [PMID: 37401411 PMCID: PMC10399980 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
In embryonic stem cell (ESC) models for early development, spatially and temporally varying patterns of signaling and cell types emerge spontaneously. However, mechanistic insight into this dynamic self-organization is limited by a lack of methods for spatiotemporal control of signaling, and the relevance of signal dynamics and cell-to-cell variability to pattern emergence remains unknown. Here, we combine optogenetic stimulation, imaging and transcriptomic approaches to study self-organization of human ESCs (hESC) in two-dimensional (2D) culture. Morphogen dynamics were controlled via optogenetic activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling (optoWnt), which drove broad transcriptional changes and mesendoderm differentiation at high efficiency (>99% cells). When activated within cell subpopulations, optoWnt induced cell self-organization into distinct epithelial and mesenchymal domains, mediated by changes in cell migration, an epithelial to mesenchymal-like transition and TGFβ signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such optogenetic control of cell subpopulations can be used to uncover signaling feedback mechanisms between neighboring cell types. These findings reveal that cell-to-cell variability in Wnt signaling is sufficient to generate tissue-scale patterning and establish a hESC model system for investigating feedback mechanisms relevant to early human embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Repina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hunter J. Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joshua A. Zimmermann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David A. Joy
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shirley Z. Bi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kidwai FK, Canalis E, Robey PG. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology in bone biology. Bone 2023; 172:116760. [PMID: 37028583 PMCID: PMC10228209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Technologies on the development and differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are rapidly improving, and have been applied to create cell types relevant to the bone field. Differentiation protocols to form bona fide bone-forming cells from iPSCs are available, and can be used to probe details of differentiation and function in depth. When applied to iPSCs bearing disease-causing mutations, the pathogenetic mechanisms of diseases of the skeleton can be elucidated, along with the development of novel therapeutics. These cells can also be used for development of cell therapies for cell and tissue replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad K Kidwai
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Center for Skeletal Research, Orthopedic Surgery and Medicine, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-4037, United States of America
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Steimle JD, Kim C, Rowton M, Nadadur RD, Wang Z, Stocker M, Hoffmann AD, Hanson E, Kweon J, Sinha T, Choi K, Black BL, Cunningham JM, Moskowitz IP, Ikegami K. ETV2 primes hematoendothelial gene enhancers prior to hematoendothelial fate commitment. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112665. [PMID: 37330911 PMCID: PMC10592526 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying distinct specification, commitment, and differentiation phases of cell fate determination remain undefined due to difficulties capturing these processes. Here, we interrogate the activity of ETV2, a transcription factor necessary and sufficient for hematoendothelial differentiation, within isolated fate intermediates. We observe transcriptional upregulation of Etv2 and opening of ETV2-binding sites, indicating new ETV2 binding, in a common cardiac-hematoendothelial progenitor population. Accessible ETV2-binding sites are active at the Etv2 locus but not at other hematoendothelial regulator genes. Hematoendothelial commitment coincides with the activation of a small repertoire of previously accessible ETV2-binding sites at hematoendothelial regulators. Hematoendothelial differentiation accompanies activation of a large repertoire of new ETV2-binding sites and upregulation of hematopoietic and endothelial gene regulatory networks. This work distinguishes specification, commitment, and sublineage differentiation phases of ETV2-dependent transcription and suggests that the shift from ETV2 binding to ETV2-bound enhancer activation, not ETV2 binding to target enhancers, drives hematoendothelial fate commitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Steimle
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chul Kim
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Megan Rowton
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rangarajan D Nadadur
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhezhen Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Stocker
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrew D Hoffmann
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Erika Hanson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Junghun Kweon
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tanvi Sinha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John M Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ivan P Moskowitz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Kohta Ikegami
- Division of Molecular and Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van der Veer BK, Chen L, Custers C, Athanasouli P, Schroiff M, Cornelis R, Chui JSH, Finnell R, Lluis F, Koh K. Dual functions of TET1 in germ layer lineage bifurcation distinguished by genomic context and dependence on 5-methylcytosine oxidation. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5469-5498. [PMID: 37021585 PMCID: PMC10287924 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation begins when the epiblast forms the primitive streak or becomes definitive ectoderm. During this lineage bifurcation, the DNA dioxygenase TET1 has bipartite functions in transcriptional activation and repression, but the mechanisms remain unclear. By converting mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into neuroprogenitors, we defined how Tet1-/- cells switch from neuroectoderm fate to form mesoderm and endoderm. We identified the Wnt repressor Tcf7l1 as a TET1 target that suppresses Wnt/β-catenin and Nodal signalling. ESCs expressing catalytic dead TET1 retain neural potential but activate Nodal and subsequently Wnt/β-catenin pathways to generate also mesoderm and endoderm. At CpG-poor distal enhancers, TET1 maintains accessible chromatin at neuroectodermal loci independently of DNA demethylation. At CpG-rich promoters, DNA demethylation by TET1 affects the expression of bivalent genes. In ESCs, a non-catalytic TET1 cooperation with Polycomb represses primitive streak genes; post-lineage priming, the interaction becomes antagonistic at neuronal genes, when TET1's catalytic activity is further involved by repressing Wnt signalling. The convergence of repressive DNA and histone methylation does not inhibit neural induction in Tet1-deficient cells, but some DNA hypermethylated loci persist at genes with brain-specific functions. Our results reveal versatile switching of non-catalytic and catalytic TET1 activities based on genomic context, lineage and developmental stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard K van der Veer
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Epigenetics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lehua Chen
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Epigenetics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Colin Custers
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Epigenetics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paraskevi Athanasouli
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell Signaling, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mariana Schroiff
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Epigenetics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Riet Cornelis
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Epigenetics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Sai-Hong Chui
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell Signaling, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frederic Lluis
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell Signaling, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kian Peng Koh
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Epigenetics, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alber AB, Marquez HA, Ma L, Kwong G, Thapa BR, Villacorta-Martin C, Lindstrom-Vautrin J, Bawa P, Wang F, Luo Y, Ikonomou L, Shi W, Kotton DN. Directed differentiation of mouse pluripotent stem cells into functional lung-specific mesenchyme. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3488. [PMID: 37311756 PMCID: PMC10264380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While the generation of many lineages from pluripotent stem cells has resulted in basic discoveries and clinical trials, the derivation of tissue-specific mesenchyme via directed differentiation has markedly lagged. The derivation of lung-specific mesenchyme is particularly important since this tissue plays crucial roles in lung development and disease. Here we generate a mouse induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line carrying a lung-specific mesenchymal reporter/lineage tracer. We identify the pathways (RA and Shh) necessary to specify lung mesenchyme and find that mouse iPSC-derived lung mesenchyme (iLM) expresses key molecular and functional features of primary developing lung mesenchyme. iLM recombined with engineered lung epithelial progenitors self-organizes into 3D organoids with juxtaposed layers of epithelium and mesenchyme. Co-culture increases yield of lung epithelial progenitors and impacts epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation programs, suggesting functional crosstalk. Our iPSC-derived population thus provides an inexhaustible source of cells for studying lung development, modeling diseases, and developing therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Alber
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Hector A Marquez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - George Kwong
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Bibek R Thapa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Feiya Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Yongfeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ietto G, Iori V, Gritti M, Inversini D, Costantino A, Izunza Barba S, Jiang ZG, Carcano G, Dalla Gasperina D, Pettinato G. Multicellular Liver Organoids: Generation and Importance of Diverse Specialized Cellular Components. Cells 2023; 12:1429. [PMID: 37408262 PMCID: PMC10217024 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40,000 patients in the United States are estimated to suffer from end-stage liver disease and acute hepatic failure, for which liver transplantation is the only available therapy. Human primary hepatocytes (HPH) have not been employed as a therapeutic tool due to the difficulty in growing and expanding them in vitro, their sensitivity to cold temperatures, and tendency to dedifferentiate following two-dimensional culture. The differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into liver organoids (LO) has emerged as a potential alternative to orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT). However, several factors limit the efficiency of liver differentiation from hiPSCs, including a low proportion of differentiated cells capable of reaching a mature phenotype, the poor reproducibility of existing differentiation protocols, and insufficient long-term viability in vitro and in vivo. This review will analyze various methodologies being developed to improve hepatic differentiation from hiPSCs into liver organoids, paying particular attention to the use of endothelial cells as supportive cells for their further maturation. Here, we demonstrate why differentiated liver organoids can be used as a research tool for drug testing and disease modeling, or employed as a bridge for liver transplantation following liver failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ietto
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Iori
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Mattia Gritti
- Department of General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Inversini
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Angelita Costantino
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sofia Izunza Barba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Z. Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giulio Carcano
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Dalla Gasperina
- Department of Medicine and Innovation Technology (DiMIT), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST-Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pettinato
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun S, Wijanarko K, Liani O, Strumila K, Ng ES, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. Lymphoid cell development from fetal hematopoietic progenitors and human pluripotent stem cells. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:154-170. [PMID: 36939073 PMCID: PMC10952469 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid cells encompass the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells and Natural killer T cells (NKT), and innate immune cells (ILCs), including Natural Killer (NK) cells. During adult life, these lineages are thought to derive from the differentiation of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) residing in the bone marrow. However, during embryogenesis and fetal development, the ontogeny of lymphoid cells is both complex and multifaceted, with a large body of evidence suggesting that lymphoid lineages arise from progenitor cell populations antedating the emergence of HSCs. Recently, the application of single cell RNA-sequencing technologies and pluripotent stem cell-based developmental models has provided new insights into lymphoid ontogeny during embryogenesis. Indeed, PSC differentiation platforms have enabled de novo generation of lymphoid immune cells independently of HSCs, supporting conclusions drawn from the study of hematopoiesis in vivo. Here, we examine lymphoid development from non-HSC progenitor cells and technological advances in the differentiation of human lymphoid cells from pluripotent stem cells for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Sun
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kevin Wijanarko
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Oniko Liani
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kathleen Strumila
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Elizabeth S. Ng
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew G. Elefanty
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Edouard G. Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu Y, Yang S, Xue G. The role of long non-coding RNA in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Front Genet 2023; 14:1153899. [PMID: 37007957 PMCID: PMC10050724 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by segmental expansion of the abdominal aorta and a high mortality rate. The characteristics of AAA suggest that apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, the production of reactive oxygen species, and inflammation are potential pathways for the formation and development of AAA. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is becoming a new and essential regulator of gene expression. Researchers and physicians are focusing on these lncRNAs to use them as clinical biomarkers and new treatment targets for AAAs. LncRNA studies are beginning to emerge, suggesting that they may play a significant but yet unidentified role in vascular physiology and disease. This review examines the role of lncRNA and their target genes in AAA to increase our understanding of the disease’s onset and progression, which is crucial for developing potential AAA therapies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zeevaert K, Goetzke R, Elsafi Mabrouk MH, Schmidt M, Maaßen C, Henneke AC, He C, Gillner A, Zenke M, Wagner W. YAP1 is essential for self-organized differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 146:213308. [PMID: 36774716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) form aggregates that recapitulate aspects of the self-organization in early embryogenesis. Within few days, cells undergo a transition from epithelial-like structures to organized three-dimensional embryoid bodies (EBs) with upregulation of germ layer-specific genes. However, it is largely unclear, which signaling cascades regulate self-organized differentiation. The Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway and essential mechanotransducer. YAP1 has been suggested to play a crucial role for early embryo development, but the relevance for early germ layer commitment of human iPSCs remains to be elucidated. To gain insights into the function of YAP1 in early cell-fate decisions, we generated YAP1 knockout (YAP-/-) iPSC lines with CRISPR/Cas9 technology and analyzed transcriptomic and epigenetic modifications. YAP-/- iPSCs showed increased expression of several YAP1 targets and of NODAL, an important regulator of cell differentiation. Furthermore, YAP1 deficiency evoked global DNA methylation changes. Directed differentiation of adherent iPSC colonies towards endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm could be induced, albeit endodermal and ectodermal differentiation showed transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in YAP-/- lines. Notably, in undirected self-organized YAP-/- EBs germ layer specification was clearly impaired. This phenotype was rescued via lentiviral overexpression of YAP1 and also by NODAL inhibitors. Our results demonstrate that YAP1 plays an important role during early germ layer specification of iPSCs, particularly for the undirected self-organization of EBs, and this is at least partly attributed to activation of the NODAL signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira Zeevaert
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Roman Goetzke
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; PL BioScience, Technology Centre Aachen, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed H Elsafi Mabrouk
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marco Schmidt
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Catharina Maaßen
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Henneke
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Chao He
- Chair for Laser Technology LLT, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arnold Gillner
- Chair for Laser Technology LLT, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wong YF, Kumar Y, Proks M, Herrera JAR, Rothová MM, Monteiro RS, Pozzi S, Jennings RE, Hanley NA, Bickmore WA, Brickman JM. Expansion of ventral foregut is linked to changes in the enhancer landscape for organ-specific differentiation. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:481-492. [PMID: 36690849 PMCID: PMC10014581 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is fundamental for almost all stages of development and differentiation that require an increase in cell number. Although cell cycle phase has been associated with differentiation, the actual process of proliferation has not been considered as having a specific role. Here we exploit human embryonic stem cell-derived endodermal progenitors that we find are an in vitro model for the ventral foregut. These cells exhibit expansion-dependent increases in differentiation efficiency to pancreatic progenitors that are linked to organ-specific enhancer priming at the level of chromatin accessibility and the decommissioning of lineage-inappropriate enhancers. Our findings suggest that cell proliferation in embryonic development is about more than tissue expansion; it is required to ensure equilibration of gene regulatory networks allowing cells to become primed for future differentiation. Expansion of lineage-specific intermediates may therefore be an important step in achieving high-fidelity in vitro differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fung Wong
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yatendra Kumar
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Proks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose Alejandro Romero Herrera
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Health Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michaela Mrugala Rothová
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rita S Monteiro
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Pozzi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel E Jennings
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Joshua M Brickman
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The mechanism and therapy of aortic aneurysms. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:55. [PMID: 36737432 PMCID: PMC9898314 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm is a chronic aortic disease affected by many factors. Although it is generally asymptomatic, it poses a significant threat to human life due to a high risk of rupture. Because of its strong concealment, it is difficult to diagnose the disease in the early stage. At present, there are no effective drugs for the treatment of aneurysms. Surgical intervention and endovascular treatment are the only therapies. Although current studies have discovered that inflammatory responses as well as the production and activation of various proteases promote aortic aneurysm, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Researchers are further exploring the pathogenesis of aneurysms to find new targets for diagnosis and treatment. To better understand aortic aneurysm, this review elaborates on the discovery history of aortic aneurysm, main classification and clinical manifestations, related molecular mechanisms, clinical cohort studies and animal models, with the ultimate goal of providing insights into the treatment of this devastating disease. The underlying problem with aneurysm disease is weakening of the aortic wall, leading to progressive dilation. If not treated in time, the aortic aneurysm eventually ruptures. An aortic aneurysm is a local enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the aortic wall. The disease is usually asymptomatic but leads to high mortality due to the risk of artery rupture.
Collapse
|
25
|
Srivastava P, Romanazzo S, Kopecky C, Nemec S, Ireland J, Molley TG, Lin K, Jayathilaka PB, Pandzic E, Yeola A, Chandrakanthan V, Pimanda J, Kilian K. Defined Microenvironments Trigger In Vitro Gastrulation in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203614. [PMID: 36519269 PMCID: PMC9929265 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation is a stage in embryo development where three germ layers arise to dictate the human body plan. In vitro models of gastrulation have been demonstrated by treating pluripotent stem cells with soluble morphogens to trigger differentiation. However, in vivo gastrulation is a multistage process coordinated through feedback between soluble gradients and biophysical forces, with the multipotent epiblast transforming to the primitive streak followed by germ layer segregation. Here, the authors show how constraining pluripotent stem cells to hydrogel islands triggers morphogenesis that mirrors the stages preceding in vivo gastrulation, without the need for exogenous supplements. Within hours of initial seeding, cells display a contractile phenotype at the boundary, which leads to enhanced proliferation, yes-associated protein (YAP) translocation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and emergence of SRY-box transcription factor 17 (SOX17)+ T/BRACHYURY+ cells. Molecular profiling and pathway analysis reveals a role for mechanotransduction-coupled wingless-type (WNT) signaling in orchestrating differentiation, which bears similarities to processes observed in whole organism models of development. After two days, the colonies form multilayered aggregates, which can be removed for further growth and differentiation. This approach demonstrates how materials alone can initiate gastrulation, thereby providing in vitro models of development and a tool to support organoid bioengineering efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Srivastava
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Sara Romanazzo
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Chantal Kopecky
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Stephanie Nemec
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Jake Ireland
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Thomas G. Molley
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Kang Lin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Pavithra B. Jayathilaka
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Elvis Pandzic
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy FacilityMark Wainwright Analytical CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Avani Yeola
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Vashe Chandrakanthan
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - John Pimanda
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
- Department of HaematologyPrince of Wales HospitalRandwickNSW2031Australia
| | - Kristopher Kilian
- School of ChemistryAustralian Centre for NanoMedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Adult Cancer ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research CentreUNSW SydneySydneyNSW2052Australia
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Satake T, Komura S, Aoki H, Hirakawa A, Imai Y, Akiyama H. Induction of iPSC-derived Prg4-positive cells with characteristics of superficial zone chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synovial cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:30. [PMID: 35870887 PMCID: PMC9308249 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-022-00431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lubricin, a proteoglycan encoded by the PRG4 gene, is synthesised by superficial zone (SFZ) chondrocytes and synovial cells. It reduces friction between joints and allows smooth sliding of tendons. Although lubricin has been shown to be effective against osteoarthritis and synovitis in animals, its clinical application remains untested. In this study, we aimed to induce lubricin-expressing cells from pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and applied them locally via cell transplantation. Methods To generate iPSCs, OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and L-MYC were transduced into fibroblasts derived from Prg4-mRFP1 transgenic mice. We established a protocol for the differentiation of iPSC-derived Prg4-mRFP1-positive cells and characterised their mRNA expression profile. Finally, we injected Prg4-mRFP1-positive cells into the paratenon, surrounding the Achilles tendons and knee joints of severe combined immunodeficient mice and assessed lubricin expression. Result Wnt3a, activin A, TGF-β1, and bFGF were applied to induce the differentiation of iPSC-derived Prg4-mRFP1-positive cells. Markers related to SFZ chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLSs) were expressed during differentiation. RNA-sequencing indicated that iPSC-derived Prg4-mRFP1-positive cells manifested expression profiles typical of SFZ chondrocytes and FLSs. Transplanted iPSC-derived Prg4-mRFP1-positive cells survived around the Achilles tendons and in knee joints. Conclusions The present study describes a protocol for the differentiation of iPSC-derived Prg4-positive cells with characteristics of SFZ chondrocytes and FLSs. Transplantation of lubricin-expressing cells offers promise as a therapy against arthritis and synovitis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mammalian gastrulation: signalling activity and transcriptional regulation of cell lineage differentiation and germ layer formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1619-1631. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of signalling input and downstream transcriptional activity is the key molecular attribute driving the differentiation of germ layer tissue and the specification of cell lineages within each germ layer during gastrulation. This review delves into the current understanding of signalling and transcriptional control of lineage development in the germ layers of mouse embryo and non-human primate embryos during gastrulation and highlights the inter-species conservation and divergence of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of germ layer development in the human embryo.
Collapse
|
28
|
Medina-Cano D, Corrigan EK, Glenn RA, Islam MT, Lin Y, Kim J, Cho H, Vierbuchen T. Rapid and robust directed differentiation of mouse epiblast stem cells into definitive endoderm and forebrain organoids. Development 2022; 149:dev200561. [PMID: 35899604 PMCID: PMC10655922 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a powerful model system for deconstructing embryonic development. Although mice are the most advanced mammalian model system for genetic studies of embryonic development, state-of-the-art protocols for directed differentiation of mouse PSCs into defined lineages require additional steps and generates target cell types with lower purity than analogous protocols for human PSCs, limiting their application as models for mechanistic studies of development. Here, we examine the potential of mouse epiblast stem cells cultured in media containing Wnt pathway inhibitors as a starting point for directed differentiation. As a proof of concept, we focused our efforts on two specific cell/tissue types that have proven difficult to generate efficiently and reproducibly from mouse embryonic stem cells: definitive endoderm and neural organoids. We present new protocols for rapid generation of nearly pure definitive endoderm and forebrain-patterned neural organoids that model the development of prethalamic and hippocampal neurons. These differentiation models present new possibilities for combining mouse genetic tools with in vitro differentiation to characterize molecular and cellular mechanisms of embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Cano
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily K. Corrigan
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rachel A. Glenn
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammed T. Islam
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juliet Kim
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Vierbuchen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hein RFC, Conchola AS, Fine AS, Xiao Z, Frum T, Brastrom LK, Akinwale MA, Childs CJ, Tsai YH, Holloway EM, Huang S, Mahoney J, Heemskerk I, Spence JR. Stable iPSC-derived NKX2-1+ lung bud tip progenitor organoids give rise to airway and alveolar cell types. Development 2022; 149:dev200693. [PMID: 36039869 PMCID: PMC9534489 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bud tip progenitors (BTPs) in the developing lung give rise to all epithelial cell types found in the airways and alveoli. This work aimed to develop an iPSC organoid model enriched with NKX2-1+ BTP-like cells. Building on previous studies, we optimized a directed differentiation paradigm to generate spheroids with more robust NKX2-1 expression. Spheroids were expanded into organoids that possessed NKX2-1+/CPM+ BTP-like cells, which increased in number over time. Single cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed a high degree of transcriptional similarity between induced BTPs (iBTPs) and in vivo BTPs. Using FACS, iBTPs were purified and expanded as induced bud tip progenitor organoids (iBTOs), which maintained an enriched population of bud tip progenitors. When iBTOs were directed to differentiate into airway or alveolar cell types using well-established methods, they gave rise to organoids composed of organized airway or alveolar epithelium, respectively. Collectively, iBTOs are transcriptionally and functionally similar to in vivo BTPs, providing an important model for studying human lung development and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee F. C. Hein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ansley S. Conchola
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexis S. Fine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lindy K. Brastrom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mayowa A. Akinwale
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charlie J. Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily M. Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John Mahoney
- Therapeutics Lab, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roodgar M, Suchy FP, Nguyen LH, Bajpai VK, Sinha R, Vilches-Moure JG, Van Bortle K, Bhadury J, Metwally A, Jiang L, Jian R, Chiang R, Oikonomopoulos A, Wu JC, Weissman IL, Mankowski JL, Holmes S, Loh KM, Nakauchi H, VandeVoort CA, Snyder MP. Chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs: Improved culture and generation of primate cross-species embryos. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111264. [PMID: 36044843 PMCID: PMC10075238 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As our closest living relatives, non-human primates uniquely enable explorations of human health, disease, development, and evolution. Considerable effort has thus been devoted to generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from multiple non-human primate species. Here, we establish improved culture methods for chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) iPSCs. Such iPSCs spontaneously differentiate in conventional culture conditions, but can be readily propagated by inhibiting endogenous WNT signaling. As a unique functional test of these iPSCs, we injected them into the pre-implantation embryos of another non-human species, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Ectopic expression of gene BCL2 enhances the survival and proliferation of chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque iPSCs within the pre-implantation embryo, although the identity and long-term contribution of the transplanted cells warrants further investigation. In summary, we disclose transcriptomic and proteomic data, cell lines, and cell culture resources that may be broadly enabling for non-human primate iPSCs research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Roodgar
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Fabian P Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lan H Nguyen
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jose G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Van Bortle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joydeep Bhadury
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Metwally
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruiqi Jian
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rosaria Chiang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angelos Oikonomopoulos
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Catherine A VandeVoort
- California National Primate Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu G, Yang G, Zhao G, Guo C, Zeng Y, Xue Y, Zeng F. Spatial transcriptomic profiling to identify mesoderm progenitors with precision genomic screening and functional confirmation. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13298. [PMID: 35906841 PMCID: PMC9528766 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mesoderm, derived from a new layer between epiblast and hypoblast during gastrulation, can differentiate into various tissues, including muscles, bones, kidneys, blood, and the urogenital system. However, systematic elucidation of mesoderm characteristics and specific markers remains a challenge. This study aims to screen and identify candidate genes important for mesoderm development. Materials and Methods Cells originating from the three germ layers were obtained by laser capture microdissection, followed by microcellular RNA sequencing. Mesoderm‐specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by using a combination of three bioinformatics pipelines. Candidate mesoderm‐specific genes expression were verified by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry. Functional analyses were verified by ESCs‐EBs differentiation and colony‐forming units (CFUs) assay. Results A total of 1962 differentially expressed mesoderm genes were found, out of which 50 were candidate mesoderm‐specific DEGs which mainly participate in somite development, formation of the primary germ layer, segmentation, mesoderm development, and pattern specification process by GO analysis. Representative genes Cdh2, Cdh11, Jag1, T, Fn‐1, and Pcdh7 were specifically expressed in mesoderm among the three germ layers. Pcdh7 as membrane‐associated gene has hematopoietic‐relevant functions identified by ESCs‐EBs differentiation and CFUs assay. Conclusions Spatial transcriptomic profiling with multi‐method analysis and confirmation revealed candidate mesoderm progenitors. This approach appears to be efficient and reliable and can be extended to screen and validate candidate genes in various cellular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanheng Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guijun Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanliang Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitao Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Histo-Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Histo-Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kowalski TW, Lord VO, Sgarioni E, Gomes JDA, Mariath LM, Recamonde-Mendoza M, Vianna FSL. Transcriptome meta-analysis of valproic acid exposure in human embryonic stem cells. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 60:76-88. [PMID: 35635998 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used antiepileptic drug not recommended in pregnancy because it is teratogenic. Many assays have assessed the impact of the VPA exposure on the transcriptome of human embryonic stem-cells (hESC), but the molecular perturbations that VPA exerts in neurodevelopment are not completely understood. This study aimed to perform a transcriptome meta-analysis of VPA-exposed hESC to elucidate the main biological mechanisms altered by VPA effects on the gene expression. Publicly available microarray and RNA-seq transcriptomes were selected in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Samples were processed according to the standard pipelines for each technology in the Galaxy server and R. Meta-analysis was performed using the Fisher-P method. Overrepresented genes were obtained by evaluating ontologies, pathways, and phenotypes' databases. The meta-analysis performed in seven datasets resulted in 61 perturbed genes, 54 upregulated. Ontology and pathway enrichments suggested neurodevelopment and neuroinflammatory effects; phenotype overrepresentation included epilepsy-related genes, such as SCN1A and GABRB2. The NDNF gene upregulation was also identified; this gene is involved in neuron migration and survival during development. Sub-network analysis proposed TGFβ and BMP pathways activation. These results suggest VPA exerts effects in epilepsy-related genes even in embryonic cells. Neurodevelopmental genes, such as NDNF were upregulated and VPA might also disturb several development pathways. These mechanisms might help to explain the spectrum of VPA-induced congenital anomalies and the molecular effects on neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro Universitário CESUCA, Cachoeirinha, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius Oliveira Lord
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro Universitário CESUCA, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Sgarioni
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia do Amaral Gomes
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Monteavaro Mariath
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Recamonde-Mendoza
- Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Medical Population Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bruschi M, Sahu N, Singla M, Grandi F, Agarwal P, Chu C, Bhutani N. A Quick and Efficient Method for the Generation of Immunomodulatory Mesenchymal Stromal Cell from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:433-446. [PMID: 34693750 PMCID: PMC9131357 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been widely investigated for their regenerative capacity, anti-inflammatory properties and beneficial immunomodulatory effects across multiple clinical indications. Nevertheless, their widespread clinical utilization is limited by the variability in MSC quality, impacted by donor age, metabolism, and disease. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated from readily accessible donor tissues, are a promising source of stable and rejuvenated MSC but differentiation methods generally require prolonged culture and result in low frequencies of stable MSCs. To overcome this limitation, we have optimized a quick and efficient method for hiPSC differentiation into footprint-free MSCs (human induced MSCs [hiMSCs]) in this study. This method capitalizes on the synergistic action of growth factors Wnt3a and Activin A with bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4), leading to an enrichment of MSC after only 4 days of treatment. These hiMSCs demonstrate a significant upregulation of mesenchymal stromal markers (CD105+, CD90+, CD73, and cadherin 11) compared with bone marrow-derived MSCs (bmMSCs), with reduced expression of the pluripotency genes (octamer-binding transcription factor [Oct-4], cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene [c-Myc], Klf4, and Nanog homebox [Nanog]) compared with hiPSC. Moreover, they show improved proliferation capacity in culture without inducing any teratoma formation in vivo. Osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis assays confirmed the ability of hiMSCs to differentiate into the three different lineages. Secretome analyses showed cytokine profiles compared with bmMSCs. Encapsulated hiMSCs in alginate beads cocultured with osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage explants showed robust immunomodulation, with stimulation of cell growth and proteoglycan production in OA cartilage. Our quick and efficient protocol for derivation of hiMSC from hiPSC, and their encapsulation in microbeads, therefore, presents a reliable and reproducible method to boost the clinical applications of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bruschi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Neety Sahu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mamta Singla
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fiorella Grandi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pranay Agarwal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Constance Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, PAVAHCS, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Nidhi Bhutani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Coda DM, Patel H, Gori I, Gaarenstroom TE, Song OR, Howell M, Hill CS. A network of transcription factors governs the dynamics of NODAL/Activin transcriptional responses. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259972. [PMID: 35302162 PMCID: PMC9080556 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SMAD2, an effector of the NODAL/Activin signalling pathway, regulates developmental processes by sensing distinct chromatin states and interacting with different transcriptional partners. However, the network of factors that controls SMAD2 chromatin binding and shapes its transcriptional programme over time is poorly characterised. Here, we combine ATAC-seq with computational footprinting to identify temporal changes in chromatin accessibility and transcription factor activity upon NODAL/Activin signalling. We show that SMAD2 binding induces chromatin opening genome wide. We discover footprints for FOXI3, FOXO3 and ZIC3 at the SMAD2-bound enhancers of the early response genes, Pmepa1 and Wnt3, respectively, and demonstrate their functionality. Finally, we determine a mechanism by which NODAL/Activin signalling induces delayed gene expression, by uncovering a self-enabling transcriptional cascade whereby activated SMADs, together with ZIC3, induce the expression of Wnt3. The resultant activated WNT pathway then acts together with the NODAL/Activin pathway to regulate expression of delayed target genes in prolonged NODAL/Activin signalling conditions. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide M. Coda
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ilaria Gori
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tessa E. Gaarenstroom
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- High Throughput Screening Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- High Throughput Screening Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Caroline S. Hill
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Knowles H, Santucci N, Studdert J, Goh HN, Kaufman-Francis K, Salehin N, Tam PPL, Osteil P. Differential impact of TGFβ/SMAD signaling activity elicited by Activin A and Nodal on endoderm differentiation of epiblast stem cells. Genesis 2022; 60:e23466. [PMID: 35104045 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Allocation of cells to an endodermal fate in the gastrulating embryo is driven by Nodal signaling and consequent activation of TGFβ pathway. In vitro methodologies striving to recapitulate the process of endoderm differentiation, however, use TGFβ family member Activin in place of Nodal. This is despite Activin not known to have an in vivo role in endoderm differentiation. In this study, five epiblast stem cell lines were subjected to directed differentiation using both Activin A and Nodal to induce endodermal fate. A reporter line harboring endoderm markers FoxA2 and Sox17 was further analyzed for TGFβ pathway activation and WNT response. We demonstrated that Activin A-treated cells remain more primitive streak-like when compared to Nodal-treated cells that have a molecular profile suggestive of more advanced differentiation. Activin A elicited a robust TGFβ/SMAD activity, enhanced WNT signaling activity and promoted the generation of DE precursors. Nodal treatment resulted in lower TGFβ/SMAD activity, and a weaker, sustained WNT response, and ultimately failed to upregulate endoderm markers. This is despite signaling response resembling more closely the activity seen in vivo. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the downstream activities of Activin A and Nodal signaling in directing in vitro endoderm differentiation of primed-state epiblast stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Knowles
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Santucci
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Studdert
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hwee Ngee Goh
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keren Kaufman-Francis
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nazmus Salehin
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pierre Osteil
- Embryology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Swiss Cancer Research Institute (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pour M, Kumar AS, Farag N, Bolondi A, Kretzmer H, Walther M, Wittler L, Meissner A, Nachman I. Emergence and patterning dynamics of mouse-definitive endoderm. iScience 2022; 25:103556. [PMID: 34988400 PMCID: PMC8693470 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The segregation of definitive endoderm (DE) from bipotent mesendoderm progenitors leads to the formation of two distinct germ layers. Dissecting DE commitment and onset has been challenging as it occurs within a narrow spatiotemporal window in the embryo. Here, we employ a dual Bra/Sox17 reporter cell line to study DE onset dynamics. We find Sox17 expression initiates in vivo in isolated cells within a temporally restricted window. In 2D and 3D in vitro models, DE cells emerge from mesendoderm progenitors at a temporally regular, but spatially stochastic pattern, which is subsequently arranged by self-sorting of Sox17 + cells. A subpopulation of Bra-high cells commits to a Sox17+ fate independent of external Wnt signal. Self-sorting coincides with upregulation of E-cadherin but is not necessary for DE differentiation or proliferation. Our in vivo and in vitro results highlight basic rules governing DE onset and patterning through the commonalities and differences between these systems. Sox17 onsets in a few isolated cells within Bra-expressing population Sox17 onset followed by expansion and self-sorting Final number of Sox17+ cells does not depend on self-sorting or cell movement The DE segregation pattern is similar in in vivo and in 2D, 3D in vitro systems
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Pour
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Abhishek Sampath Kumar
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Naama Farag
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Adriano Bolondi
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helene Kretzmer
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Walther
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iftach Nachman
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Russo L, Sladitschek HL, Neveu PA. Multi-layered regulation of neuroectoderm differentiation by retinoic acid in a primitive streak-like context. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:231-244. [PMID: 35063128 PMCID: PMC8828549 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the primitive streak (PS) and the subsequent induction of neuroectoderm are hallmarks of gastrulation. Combining an in vitro reconstitution of this process based on mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) with a collection of knockouts in reporter mESC lines, we identified retinoic acid (RA) as a critical mediator of early neural induction triggered by TGFβ or Wnt signaling inhibition. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis captured the temporal unfolding of cell type diversification, up to the emergence of somite and neural fates. In the absence of the RA-synthesizing enzyme Aldh1a2, a sensitive RA reporter revealed a hitherto unidentified residual RA signaling that specified neural fate. Genetic evidence showed that the RA-degrading enzyme Cyp26a1 protected PS-like cells from neural induction, even in the absence of TGFβ and Wnt antagonists. Overall, we characterized a multi-layered control of RA levels that regulates early neural differentiation in an in vitro PS-like system. In vitro reconstitution of neural induction by primitive streak-like cells Retinoic acid mediates neural induction triggered by TGFβ or Wnt signaling inhibition A sensitive activity reporter reveals Aldh1a2-independent retinoic acid signaling Cyp26a1 protects primitive streak-like cells from neural induction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Russo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Joint PhD Degree from EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna L Sladitschek
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre A Neveu
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bejoy J, Qian ES, Woodard LE. Accelerated protocol for the differentiation of podocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100898. [PMID: 34746862 PMCID: PMC8551929 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several kidney diseases including congenital nephrotic syndrome, Alport syndrome, and diabetic nephropathy are linked to podocyte dysfunction. Human podocytopathies may be modeled in either primary or immortalized podocyte cell lines. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived podocytes are a source of human podocytes, but the existing protocols have variable efficiency and expensive media components. We developed an accelerated, feeder-free protocol for deriving functional, mature podocytes from hiPSCs in only 12 days, saving time and money compared with other approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eddie Spencer Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren Elizabeth Woodard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Assessment of the Hematopoietic Differentiation Potential of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in 2D and 3D Culture Systems. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112858. [PMID: 34831080 PMCID: PMC8616232 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro methods for hematopoietic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are a matter of priority for the in-depth research into the mechanisms of early embryogenesis. So-far, published results regarding the generation of hematopoietic cells come from studies using either 2D or 3D culture formats, hence, it is difficult to discern their particular contribution to the development of the concept of a unique in vitro model in close resemblance to in vivo hematopoiesis. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess using the same culture conditions and the same time course, the potential of each of these two formats to support differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to primitive hematopoiesis without exogenous activation of Wnt signaling. METHODS We used in parallel 2D and 3D formats, the same culture environment and assay methods (flow cytometry, IF, qPCR) to investigate stages of commitment and specification of mesodermal, and hemogenic endothelial cells to CD34 hematopoietic cells and evaluated their clonogenic capacity in a CFU system. RESULTS We show an adequate formation of mesoderm, an efficient commitment to hemogenic endothelium, a higher number of CD34 hematopoietic cells, and colony-forming capacity potential only in the 3D format-supported differentiation. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the 3D but not the 2D format ensures the induction and realization by endogenous mechanisms of human pluripotent stem cells' intrinsic differentiation program to primitive hematopoietic cells. We propose that the 3D format provides an adequate level of upregulation of the endogenous Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hosseini V, Kalantary-Charvadeh A, Hajikarami M, Fayyazpour P, Rahbarghazi R, Totonchi M, Darabi M. A small molecule modulating monounsaturated fatty acids and Wnt signaling confers maintenance to induced pluripotent stem cells against endodermal differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:550. [PMID: 34674740 PMCID: PMC8532309 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) is required for de novo synthesis of fatty acids. Through the fatty acid acylation process, this enzyme orchestrates post-translational modifications to proteins involved in cell development and differentiation. In this study, we used biochemical methods, immunostaining, and covalent labeling to evaluate whether a small molecule modulating unsaturated fatty acids can influence the early endodermal differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Methods The hiPSCs were cultured in an endoderm-inducing medium containing activin A and defined fetal bovine serum in the presence of an SCD1 inhibitor at different time points. The cell cycles and the yields of the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) were assessed using flow cytometry. The expression of endoderm and pluripotency markers and the expressions of Wnt signaling pathway proteins were assessed using western blotting and RT-PCR. Total protein acylation was evaluated using a click chemistry reaction. Results When SCD1 was inhibited on the first day, the population of cells with endodermal features decreased at the end of differentiation. Moreover, early SCD1 inhibition preserved the properties of hiPSCs, preventing their shift toward mesodermal or ectodermal lineage. Also, first-day-only treatment of cells with the SCD1 inhibitor decreased β-catenin gene expression and the intensity of fluorescent emission in the click chemistry assay. The cells were effectively rescued from these effects by cotreatment with oleate. Late treatment with the inhibitor in the two subsequent days of endoderm induction did not have any significant effects on endoderm-specific markers or fluorescent intensity. Reproducible results were also obtained with human embryonic stem cells. Conclusion The small molecule SCD1 inhibitor attenuates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, conferring the maintenance of hiPSCs by opposing the initiation of endoderm differentiation. The immediate requirement for SCD1 activity in the endoderm commitment of pluripotent stem cells may be of importance in disorders of endoderm-derived organs and dysregulated metabolism. The schematic representation of the study design and main results. Activin A induces endoderm features through Smad2/3/4 and increases the expression of SCD1. SCD1 can produce MUFAs and subsequently modify the Wnt molecules. MUFA acylated/activated Wnts are secreted to interact with corresponding receptors on the target cells. β-catenin accumulates in the cytoplasm and is translocated into the nucleus after the interaction of Wnt with the receptor. Then, β-catenin increases the expression of the endoderm markers Sox17 and CXCR4.![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02617-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166615573, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 516615731, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ashkan Kalantary-Charvadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hajikarami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Fayyazpour
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 516615731, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 516615731, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ogoke O, Guiggey D, Mon T, Shamul C, Ross S, Rao S, Parashurama N. Spatiotemporal imaging and analysis of mouse and human liver bud morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:662-686. [PMID: 34665487 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of liver organogenesis has served as a paradigm for organ formation. However, there remains a lack of understanding regarding early mouse and human liver bud morphogenesis and early liver volumetric growth. Elucidating dynamic changes in liver volumes is critical for understanding organ development, implementing toxicological studies, and for modeling hPSC-derived liver organoid growth. New visualization, analysis, and experimental techniques are desperately needed. RESULTS Here, we combine observational data with digital resources, new 3D imaging approaches, retrospective analysis of liver volume data, mathematical modeling, and experiments with hPSC-derived liver organoids. Mouse and human liver organogenesis, characterized by exponential growth, demonstrate distinct spatial features and growth curves over time, which we mathematically modeled using Gompertz models. Visualization of liver-epithelial and septum transversum mesenchyme (STM) interactions suggests extended interactions, which together with new spatial features may be responsible for extensive exponential growth. These STM interactions are modeled with a novel in vitro human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatic organoid system that exhibits cell migration. CONCLUSIONS Our methods enhance our understanding of liver organogenesis, with new 3D visualization, analysis, mathematical modeling, and in vitro models with hPSCs. Our approach highlights mouse and human differences and provides potential hypothesis for further investigation in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Guiggey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tala Mon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Claire Shamul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Shatoni Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Saroja Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA.,Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue Engineering (CGTE), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Directed Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to Mesoderm, Endoderm, and Neuroectoderm Lineages. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2520:295-307. [PMID: 34611822 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The self-renewal and pluripotency features of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) make them a great tool to study early mammalian development. Various signaling pathways that shape early mammalian development can be mimicked for in vitro mESC differentiation toward primitive lineages first and more specialized cell types later. Since the precise nature of the molecular mechanisms and the crosstalk between these signaling pathways is yet to be fully understood, there is a high level of variability in the efficiency and synchronicity among available differentiation protocols. Commitment of mESCs toward mesoderm, endoderm, or neuroectoderm lineages happens over only a few days and is highly efficient. Here, we provide protocols for the directed differentiation of mESCs toward these lineages in vitro.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gritti N, Lim JL, Anlaş K, Pandya M, Aalderink G, Martínez-Ara G, Trivedi V. MOrgAna: accessible quantitative analysis of organoids with machine learning. Development 2021; 148:dev199611. [PMID: 34494114 PMCID: PMC8451065 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the application of organoids to developmental biology, biomedical and translational studies. Organoids are large structures with high phenotypic complexity and are imaged on a wide range of platforms, from simple benchtop stereoscopes to high-content confocal-based imaging systems. The large volumes of images, resulting from hundreds of organoids cultured at once, are becoming increasingly difficult to inspect and interpret. Hence, there is a pressing demand for a coding-free, intuitive and scalable solution that analyses such image data in an automated yet rapid manner. Here, we present MOrgAna, a Python-based software that implements machine learning to segment images, quantify and visualize morphological and fluorescence information of organoids across hundreds of images, each with one object, within minutes. Although the MOrgAna interface is developed for users with little to no programming experience, its modular structure makes it a customizable package for advanced users. We showcase the versatility of MOrgAna on several in vitro systems, each imaged with a different microscope, thus demonstrating the wide applicability of the software to diverse organoid types and biomedical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gritti
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jia Le Lim
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Kerim Anlaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Mallica Pandya
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | | | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Steventon B, Busby L, Arias AM. Establishment of the vertebrate body plan: Rethinking gastrulation through stem cell models of early embryogenesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2405-2418. [PMID: 34520764 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A striking property of vertebrate embryos is the emergence of a conserved body plan across a wide range of organisms through the process of gastrulation. As the body plan unfolds, gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and multicellular interactions (cell regulatory networks, CRNs) combine to generate a conserved set of morphogenetic events that lead to the phylotypic stage. Interrogation of these multilevel interactions requires manipulation of the mechanical environment, which is difficult in vivo. We review recent studies of stem cell models of early embryogenesis from different species showing that, independent of species origin, cells in culture form similar structures. The main difference between embryos and in vitro models is the boundary conditions of the multicellular ensembles. We discuss these observations and suggest that the mechanical and geometric boundary conditions of different embryos before gastrulation hide a morphogenetic ground state that is revealed in the stem-cell-based models of embryo development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Busby
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Alfonso Martinez Arias
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader, 88 ICREA, Pag Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Harikumar A, Lim PSL, Nissim-Rafinia M, Park JE, Sze SK, Meshorer E. Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Is Regulated by SET through Interactions with p53 and β-Catenin. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 15:1260-1274. [PMID: 33296674 PMCID: PMC7724474 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional histone chaperone, SET, is essential for embryonic development in the mouse. Previously, we identified SET as a factor that is rapidly downregulated during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation, suggesting a possible role in the maintenance of pluripotency. Here, we explore SET's function in early differentiation. Using immunoprecipitation coupled with protein quantitation by LC-MS/MS, we uncover factors and complexes, including P53 and β-catenin, by which SET regulates lineage specification. Knockdown for P53 in SET-knockout (KO) ESCs partially rescues lineage marker misregulation during differentiation. Paradoxically, SET-KO ESCs show increased expression of several Wnt target genes despite reduced levels of active β-catenin. Further analysis of RNA sequencing datasets hints at a co-regulatory relationship between SET and TCF proteins, terminal effectors of Wnt signaling. Overall, we discover a role for both P53 and β-catenin in SET-regulated early differentiation and raise a hypothesis for SET function at the β-catenin-TCF regulatory axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arigela Harikumar
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Patrick S L Lim
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Malka Nissim-Rafinia
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Jung Eun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wei M, Chen Y, Zhao C, Zheng L, Wu B, Chen C, Li X, Bao S. Establishment of Mouse Primed Stem Cells by Combination of Activin and LIF Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:713503. [PMID: 34422831 PMCID: PMC8375391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.713503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are established from pre- and post-implantation embryos and represent the naive and primed state, respectively. Herein we used mouse leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which supports ESCs self-renewal and Activin A (Act A), which is the main factor in maintaining EpiSCs in post-implantation epiblast cultures, to derive a primed stem cell line named ALSCs. Like EpiSCs, ALSCs express key pluripotent genes Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog; one X chromosome was inactivated; and the cells failed to contribute to chimera formation in vivo. Notably, compared to EpiSCs, ALSCs efficiently reversed to ESCs (rESCs) on activation of Wnt signaling. Moreover, we also discovered that culturing EpiSCs in AL medium for several passages favored Wnt signaling-driven naive pluripotency. Our results show that ALSCs is a primed state stem cell and represents a simple model to study the control of pluripotency fate and conversion from the primed to the naive state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Institute of Animal Genetic Research of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Institute of Animal Genetic Research of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Institute of Animal Genetic Research of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Li Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Institute of Animal Genetic Research of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Baojiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Institute of Animal Genetic Research of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Institute of Animal Genetic Research of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xihe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Institute of Animal Genetic Research of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic Animal, Hohhot, China
| | - Siqin Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,Institute of Animal Genetic Research of Mongolia Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fidanza A, Forrester LM. Progress in the production of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from human pluripotent stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 13:100050. [PMID: 34405125 PMCID: PMC8350141 DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2021.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies are currently used to treat many haematological diseases. These treatments range from the long-term reconstitution of the entire haematopoietic system using the most potent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to the short-term rescue with mature functional end cells such as oxygen-carrying red blood cells and cells of the immune system that can fight infection and repair tissue. Limitations in supply and the risk of transmitting infection has prompted the design of protocols to produce some of these cell types from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Although it has proven challenging to generate the most potent HSCs directly from hPSCs, significant progress has been made in the development of differentiation protocols that can successfully produce haematopoietic progenitor cells and most of the mature cell lineages. We review the key steps used in the production of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from hPSCs and the cell surface markers and reporter strategies that have been used to define specific transitions. Most studies have relied on the use of known markers that define HSPC production in vivo but more recently single cell RNA sequencing has allowed a less biased approach to their characterisation. Transcriptional profiling has identified new markers for naïve and committed hPSC-derived HSPC populations and trajectory analyses has provided novel insights into their lineage potential. Direct comparison of in vitro- and in vivo-derived RNA single cell sequencing datasets has highlights similarities and differences between the two systems and this deeper understanding will be key to the design and the tracking of improved and more efficient differentiation protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Fidanza
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Lesley M Forrester
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Cardiac congenital disabilities are the most common organ malformations, but we still do not understand how they arise in the human embryo. Moreover, although cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death globally, the development of new therapies is lagging compared with other fields. One major bottleneck hindering progress is the lack of self-organizing human cardiac models that recapitulate key aspects of human heart development, physiology and disease. Current in vitro cardiac three-dimensional systems are either engineered constructs or spherical aggregates of cardiomyocytes and other cell types. Although tissue engineering enables the modeling of some electro-mechanical properties, it falls short of mimicking heart development, morphogenetic defects and many clinically relevant aspects of cardiomyopathies. Here, we review different approaches and recent efforts to overcome these challenges in the field using a new generation of self-organizing embryonic and cardiac organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hofbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan M Jahnel
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sasha Mendjan
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Siehler J, Blöchinger AK, Meier M, Lickert H. Engineering islets from stem cells for advanced therapies of diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:920-940. [PMID: 34376833 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects more than 460 million people worldwide. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells, whereas type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by a hostile metabolic environment that leads to β-cell exhaustion and dysfunction. Currently, first-line medications treat the symptomatic insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia, but do not prevent the progressive decline of β-cell mass and function. Thus, advanced therapies need to be developed that either protect or regenerate endogenous β-cell mass early in disease progression or replace lost β-cells with stem cell-derived β-like cells or engineered islet-like clusters. In this Review, we discuss the state of the art of stem cell differentiation and islet engineering, reflect on current and future challenges in the area and highlight the potential for cell replacement therapies, disease modelling and drug development using these cells. These efforts in stem cell and regenerative medicine will lay the foundations for future biomedical breakthroughs and potentially curative treatments for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Azevedo Portilho N, Scarfò R, Bertesago E, Ismailoglu I, Kyba M, Kobayashi M, Ditadi A, Yoshimoto M. B1 lymphocytes develop independently of Notch signaling during mouse embryonic development. Development 2021; 148:271231. [PMID: 34370006 PMCID: PMC8380455 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
B1 lymphocytes are a small but unique component of the innate immune-like cells. However, their ontogenic origin is still a matter of debate. Although it is widely accepted that B1 cells originate early in fetal life, whether or not they arise from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is still unclear. In order to shed light on the B1 cell origin, we set out to determine whether their lineage specification is dependent on Notch signaling, which is essential for the HSC generation and, therefore, all derivatives lineages. Using mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to recapitulate murine embryonic development, we have studied the requirement for Notch signaling during the earliest B-cell lymphopoiesis and found that Rbpj-deficient mESCs are able to generate B1 cells. Their Notch independence was confirmed in ex vivo experiments using Rbpj-deficient embryos. In addition, we found that upregulation of Notch signaling induced the emergence of B2 lymphoid cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that control of Notch signaling dose is crucial for different B-cell lineage specification from endothelial cells and provides pivotal information for their in vitro generation from PSCs for therapeutic applications. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Summary: During development, the first B lymphocytes are produced in the absence of Notch signaling and, thus, independently from HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Azevedo Portilho
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rebecca Scarfò
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Elisa Bertesago
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Ismail Ismailoglu
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Genetics and Development Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michihiro Kobayashi
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea Ditadi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|