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Wang J, Lou Y, Wang S, Zhang Z, You J, Zhu Y, Yao Y, Hao Y, Liu P, Xu LX. IFNγ at the early stage induced after cryo-thermal therapy maintains CD4 + Th1-prone differentiation, leading to long-term antitumor immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345046. [PMID: 38827732 PMCID: PMC11140566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, more and more research illustrated the importance of inducing CD4+ T helper type (Th)-1 dominant immunity for the success of tumor immunotherapy. Our prior studies revealed the crucial role of CD4+ Th1 cells in orchestrating systemic and durable antitumor immunity, which contributes to the satisfactory outcomes of the novel cryo-thermal therapy in the B16F10 tumor model. However, the mechanism for maintaining the cryo-thermal therapy-mediated durable CD4+ Th1-dominant response remains uncovered. Additionally, cryo-thermal-induced early-stage CD4+ Th1-dominant T cell response showed a correlation with the favorable prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRCLM). We hypothesized that CD4+ Th1-dominant differentiation induced during the early stage post cryo-thermal therapy would affect the balance of CD4+ subsets at the late phase. Methods To understand the role of interferon (IFN)-γ, the major effector of Th1 subsets, in maintaining long-term CD4+ Th1-prone polarization, B16F10 melanoma model was established in this study and a monoclonal antibody was used at the early stage post cryo-thermal therapy for interferon (IFN)-γ signaling blockade, and the influence on the phenotypic and functional change of immune cells was evaluated. Results IFNγ at the early stage after cryo-thermal therapy maintained long-lasting CD4+ Th1-prone immunity by directly controlling Th17, Tfh, and Tregs polarization, leading to the hyperactivation of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represented by abundant interleukin (IL)-1β generation, and thereby further amplifying Th1 response. Discussion Our finding emphasized the key role of early-phase IFNγ abundance post cryo-thermal therapy, which could be a biomarker for better prognosis after cryo-thermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisa X. Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Casanova JL, MacMicking JD, Nathan CF. Interferon- γ and infectious diseases: Lessons and prospects. Science 2024; 384:eadl2016. [PMID: 38635718 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to claim many lives. Prevention of morbidity and mortality from these diseases would benefit not just from new medicines and vaccines but also from a better understanding of what constitutes protective immunity. Among the major immune signals that mobilize host defense against infection is interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a protein secreted by lymphocytes. Forty years ago, IFN-γ was identified as a macrophage-activating factor, and, in recent years, there has been a resurgent interest in IFN-γ biology and its role in human defense. Here we assess the current understanding of IFN-γ, revisit its designation as an "interferon," and weigh its prospects as a therapeutic against globally pervasive microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John D MacMicking
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Xu X, Hong Y, Fan H, Guo Z. Nucleic Acid Materials-Mediated Innate Immune Activation for Cancer Immunotherapy. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400111. [PMID: 38622787 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Abnormally localized nucleic acids (NAs) are considered as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in innate immunity. They are recognized by NAs-specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of associated signaling pathways and subsequent production of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which further trigger the adaptive immunity. Notably, NAs-mediated innate immune activation is highly dependent on the conformation changes, especially the aggregation of PRRs. Evidence indicates that the characteristics of NAs including their length, concentration and even spatial structure play essential roles in inducing the aggregation of PRRs. Therefore, nucleic acid materials (NAMs) with high valency of NAs and high-order structures hold great potential for activating innate and adaptive immunity, making them promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, a variety of NAMs have been developed and have demonstrated significant efficacy in achieving satisfactory anti-tumor immunity in multiple mouse models, exhibiting huge potential for clinical application in cancer treatment. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms of NAMs-mediated innate immune response, and summarize their applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuxuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huanhuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Baig MS, Barmpoutsi S, Bharti S, Weigert A, Hirani N, Atre R, Khabiya R, Sharma R, Sarup S, Savai R. Adaptor molecules mediate negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory pathways: a closer look. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355012. [PMID: 38482001 PMCID: PMC10933033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in initiating, maintaining, and terminating inflammation. For that, macrophages respond to various external stimuli in changing environments through signaling pathways that are tightly regulated and interconnected. This process involves, among others, autoregulatory loops that activate and deactivate macrophages through various cytokines, stimulants, and other chemical mediators. Adaptor proteins play an indispensable role in facilitating various inflammatory signals. These proteins are dynamic and flexible modulators of immune cell signaling and act as molecular bridges between cell surface receptors and intracellular effector molecules. They are involved in regulating physiological inflammation and also contribute significantly to the development of chronic inflammatory processes. This is at least partly due to their involvement in the activation and deactivation of macrophages, leading to changes in the macrophages' activation/phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the 20 adaptor molecules and proteins that act as negative regulators of inflammation in macrophages and effectively suppress inflammatory signaling pathways. We emphasize the functional role of adaptors in signal transduction in macrophages and their influence on the phenotypic transition of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1-like states to anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes. This endeavor mainly aims at highlighting and orchestrating the intricate dynamics of adaptor molecules by elucidating the associated key roles along with respective domains and opening avenues for therapeutic and investigative purposes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza S. Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Spyridoula Barmpoutsi
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shreya Bharti
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nik Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Atre
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rakhi Khabiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Shivmuni Sarup
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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5
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Ma J, Chen J, Cui J, Liu W, Qu Y, Lu X, Wang A, Huang B, Wang X. A molluscan IRF interacts with IKKα/β family protein and modulates NF-κB and MAPK activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128319. [PMID: 38000607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family proteins are key transcription factors involved in vital physiological processes such as immune defense. However, the function of IRF in invertebrates, especially in marine shellfish is not clear. In this study, a new IRF gene (CfIRF2) was identified in the Zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri, and its immune function was analyzed. CfIRF2 has an open reading frame of 1107 bp encoding 368 amino acids. The N-terminus of CfIRF2 consists of a typical IRF domain, with conserved amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis suggested close evolutionary relationship with shellfish IRF1 subfamily proteins. Expression pattern analysis showed that CfIRF2 mRNA was expressed in all tissues, with the highest expression in the hepatopancreas and gills. CfIRF2 gene expression was substantially enhanced by a pathogenic virus (such as acute viral necrosis virus) and poly(I:C) challenge. Co-immunoprecipitation assay identified CfIRF2 interaction with the IKKα/β family protein CfIKK1 of C. farreri, demonstrating a unique signal transduction mechanism in marine mollusks. Moreover, CfIRF2 interacted with itself to form homologous dimers. Overexpression of CfIRF2 in HEK293T cells activated reporter genes containing interferon stimulated response elements and NF-κB genes in a dose-dependent manner and promoted the phosphorylation of protein kinases (JNK, Erk1/2, and P38). Our results provide insights into the functions of IRF in mollusks innate immunity and also provide valuable information for enriching comparative immunological theory for the prevention of diseases in scallop farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilv Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiwen Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jie Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yifan Qu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiuqi Lu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Anhao Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Baoyu Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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6
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Bax CE, Diaz D, Li Y, Vazquez T, Patel J, Grinnell M, Ravishankar A, Maddukuri S, Keyes E, Yan D, Bashir M, Werth VP. Herbal supplement Spirulina stimulates inflammatory cytokine production in patients with dermatomyositis in vitro. iScience 2023; 26:108355. [PMID: 38026219 PMCID: PMC10665953 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina, an herbal supplement and popular ingredient in health foods, is a potent stimulant of the immune system. Spirulina use is temporally associated with the onset or exacerbation of Dermatomyositis (DM), an autoimmune connective tissue disease that frequently affects the skin and muscle. In this study, we investigated the effect of Spirulina on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in DM and Healthy Controls (HCs), showing that Spirulina stimulates Interferon β (IFNβ), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and Interferon γ (IFNγ) production of DM PBMCs primarily via Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) activation using ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) and flow cytometry. We show that classical monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells are stimulated by Spirulina and are activated via TLR4. Skin from patients with Spirulina-associated DM exhibits an inflammatory milieu similar to that of idiopathic DM but with a stronger correlation of TLR4 and IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Bax
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - DeAnna Diaz
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yubin Li
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Vazquez
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison Grinnell
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adarsh Ravishankar
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Spandana Maddukuri
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Keyes
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daisy Yan
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Muhammad Bashir
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Song X, Zhang T, Xing B, Wang J, Zhai X, Wang X, Miao R, Li T, Wei L. Role of Cherry Valley duck IRF1 mediated signal pathway in host anti-duck Tembusu virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 265:110666. [PMID: 37979488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
China is the country with the largest amount of duck breeding as well as duck meat and egg production. In recent years, the emergence and spread of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) has become one of the important factors in reducing the amount of duck slaughter, which seriously endangers the duck breeding industry in our country. In-depth research on the mechanism of duck innate immunity facilitates the exploration of new models for the treatment of DTMUV infection. IRF1 can induce the expression of many antiviral immune factors in the animal organism and play an important role in the innate immune response. In this study, we used interfering RNA to knock down the IRF1 gene in DEF cells and then the cells were infected with DTMUV. We found that knockdown of IRF1 promoted DTMUV replication at an early stage and caused downregulation of the expression of several major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), interleukins (IL), interferons (IFN), antiviral proteins, and MHC molecules by assay, showing that the duIRF1-mediated signaling pathway plays an extremely important role in DTMUV-induced host innate immunity. In addition, we constructed the recombinant expression plasmid pET32a(+)-duIRF1-His, and finally prepared the polyclonal antibody of duIRF1 with good specificity, hoping to provide a detection means for research on the mechanism of IRF1 in innate immunity in our laboratory and in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Song
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China; School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250024, China
| | - Bin Xing
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Jinchao Wang
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Xinyu Zhai
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Runchun Miao
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Tianxu Li
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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Summers JA, Jones KL. Single Cell Transcriptomics Identifies Distinct Choroid Cell Populations Involved in Visually Guided Eye Growth. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1245891. [PMID: 38390290 PMCID: PMC10883300 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1245891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Postnatal ocular growth is regulated by a vision-dependent mechanism, termed emmetropization, which acts to minimize refractive error through coordinated growth of the ocular tissues. Many studies suggest that the ocular choroid participates in the emmetropization process via the production of scleral growth regulators that control ocular elongation and refractive development. To elucidate the role of the choroid in emmetropization, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the cell populations in the chick choroid and compare gene expression changes in these cell populations during conditions in which the eye is undergoing emmetropization. UMAP clustering analysis identified 24 distinct cell clusters in all chick choroids. 7 clusters were identified as fibroblast subpopulations; 5 clusters represented different populations of endothelial cells; 4 clusters were CD45+ macrophages, T cells and B cells; 3 clusters were Schwann cell subpopulations; and 2 clusters were identified as melanocytes. Additionally, single populations of RBCs, plasma cells and neuronal cells were identified. Significant changes in gene expression between control and treated choroids were identified in 17 cell clusters, representing 95% of total choroidal cells. The majority of significant gene expression changes were relatively small (< 2 fold). The highest changes in gene expression were identified in a rare cell population (0.11% - 0.49% of total choroidal cells). This cell population expressed high levels of neuron-specific genes as well as several opsin genes suggestive of a rare neuronal cell population that is potentially light sensitive. Our results, for the first time, provide a comprehensive profile of the major choroidal cell types and their gene expression changes during the process of emmetropization as well as insights into the canonical pathways and upstream regulators that coordinate postnatal ocular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A Summers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, United States
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Bioinformatic Solutions LLC, Sheridan, Wyoming, 82801, United States
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Thongboontho R, Petcharat K, Munkong N, Khonthun C, Boondech A, Phromnoi K, Thim-uam A. Effects of Pogonatherum paniceum (Lamk) Hack extract on anti-mitochondrial DNA mediated inflammation by attenuating Tlr9 expression in LPS-induced macrophages. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:827-843. [PMID: 37780212 PMCID: PMC10522809 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.5.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Mitochondrial DNA leakage leads to inflammatory responses via endosome activation. This study aims to evaluate whether the perennial grass water extract (Pogonatherum panicum) ameliorate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leakage. MATERIALS/METHODS The major bioactive constituents of P. paniceum (PPW) were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography, after which their antioxidant activities were assessed. In addition, RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, resulting in mitochondrial damage. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to examine the gene expression and cytokines. RESULTS Our results showed that PPW extract-treated activated cells significantly decrease reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide levels by reducing the p22phox and iNOS expression and lowering cytokine-encoding genes, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, PG-E2 and IFN-γ relative to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. Furthermore, we observed that LPS enhanced the mtDNA leaked into the cytoplasm, increasing the transcription of Tlr9 and signaling both MyD88/Irf7-dependent interferon and MyD88/NF-κb p65-dependent inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression but which was alleviated in the presence of PPW extract. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that PPW extract has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by facilitating mtDNA leakage and lowering the Tlr9 expression and signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungthip Thongboontho
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka 56000, Thailand
| | - Kanoktip Petcharat
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka 56000, Thailand
| | - Narongsuk Munkong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Mae Ka 56000, Thailand
| | - Chakkraphong Khonthun
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka 56000, Thailand
| | - Atirada Boondech
- Biology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kamphaeng Phet Rajabhat University, Nakhon Chum 65000, Thailand
| | - Kanokkarn Phromnoi
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka 56000, Thailand
| | - Arthid Thim-uam
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka 56000, Thailand
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Hirayama A, Tanaka K, Tsutsumi H, Nakanishi T, Yamashita S, Mizusaki S, Ishii Y, Ota K, Yoneshima Y, Iwama E, Okamoto I. Regulation of PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer by interleukin-1β. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192861. [PMID: 37441079 PMCID: PMC10333574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a biomarker for prediction of the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in various cancer types. The role of cytokines in regulation of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells has not been fully characterized, however. Here we show that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a key role in regulation of PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods We performed comprehensive screening of cytokine gene expression in NSCLC tissue using available single-cell RNA-Sequence data. Then we examined the role of IL-1β in vitro to elucidate its induction of PD-L1 on NSCLC cells. Results The IL-1β gene is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment, particularly in macrophages. The combination of IL-1β and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) induced a synergistic increase in PD-L1 expression in NSCLC cell lines. IL-1β and IFN-γ also cooperatively activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and promoted the binding of downstream transcription factors to the PD-L1 gene promoter. Furthermore, inhibitors of MAPK signaling blocked upregulation of PD-L1 by IL-1β and IFN-γ. Discussion Our study reports high levels of IL-1β in the tumor microenvironment may cooperate with IFN-γ to induce maximal PD-L1 expression in tumor cells via activation of MAPK signaling, with the IL-1β-MAPK axis being a promising therapeutic target for attenuation of PD-L1-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity.
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11
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Zuo Z, Kania AK, Patterson DG, Hicks SL, Maurer J, Gupta M, Boss JM, Scharer CD. CRISPR/Cas9 editing reveals IRF8 regulated gene signatures restraining plasmablast differentiation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17527. [PMID: 37416674 PMCID: PMC10320122 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is involved in maintaining B cell identity. However, how IRF8 regulates T cell independent B cell responses are not fully characterized. Here, an in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 system was optimized to generate Irf8-deficient murine B cells and used to determine the role of IRF8 in B cells responding to LPS stimulation. Irf8-deficient B cells more readily formed CD138+ plasmablasts in response to LPS with the principal dysregulation occurring at the activated B cell stage. Transcriptional profiling revealed an upregulation of plasma cell associated genes prematurely in activated B cells and a failure to repress the gene expression programs of IRF1 and IRF7 in Irf8-deficient cells. These data expand on the known roles of IRF8 in regulating B cell identity by preventing premature plasma cell formation and highlight how IRF8 helps evolve TLR responses away from the initial activation towards those driving humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Current Address: Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Anna K. Kania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dillon G. Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sakeenah L. Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeffrey Maurer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Summers JA, Jones KL. Single Cell Transcriptomics Identifies Distinct Choroid Cell Populations Involved in Visually Guided Eye Growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542876. [PMID: 37398381 PMCID: PMC10312561 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal ocular growth is regulated by a vision-dependent mechanism, termed emmetropization, which acts to minimize refractive error through coordinated growth of the ocular tissues. Many studies suggest that the ocular choroid participates in the emmetropization process via the production of scleral growth regulators that control ocular elongation and refractive development. To elucidate the role of the choroid in emmetropization, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the cell populations in the chick choroid and compare gene expression changes in these cell populations during conditions in which the eye is undergoing emmetropization. UMAP clustering analysis identified 24 distinct cell clusters in all chick choroids. 7 clusters were identified as fibroblast subpopulations; 5 clusters represented different populations of endothelial cells; 4 clusters were CD45+ macrophages, T cells and B cells; 3 clusters were Schwann cell subpopulations; and 2 clusters were identified as melanocytes. Additionally, single populations of RBCs, plasma cells and neuronal cells were identified. Significant changes in gene expression between control and treated choroids were identified in 17 cell clusters, representing 95% of total choroidal cells. The majority of significant gene expression changes were relatively small (< 2 fold). The highest changes in gene expression were identified in a rare cell population (0.11% - 0.49% of total choroidal cells). This cell population expressed high levels of neuron-specific genes as well as several opsin genes suggestive of a rare neuronal cell population that is potentially light sensitive. Our results, for the first time, provide a comprehensive profile of the major choroidal cell types and their gene expression changes during the process of emmetropization as well as insights into the canonical pathways and upstream regulators that coordinate postnatal ocular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A Summers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, United States
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Bioinformatic Solutions LLC, Sheridan, Wyoming, 82801, United States
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13
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Adipose tissue macrophages and their role in obesity-associated insulin resistance: an overview of the complex dynamics at play. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232519. [PMID: 36718668 PMCID: PMC10011338 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a major global health concern, is characterized by serious imbalance between energy intake and expenditure leading to excess accumulation of fat in adipose tissue (AT). A state of chronic low-grade AT inflammation is prevalent during obesity. The adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) with astounding heterogeneity and complex regulation play a decisive role in mediating obesity-induced insulin resistance. Adipose-derived macrophages were broadly classified as proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 subtypes but recent reports have proclaimed several novel and intermediate profiles, which are crucial in understanding the dynamics of macrophage phenotypes during development of obesity. Lipid-laden hypertrophic adipocytes release various chemotactic signals that aggravate macrophage infiltration into AT skewing toward mostly proinflammatory status. The ratio of M1-like to M2-like macrophages is increased substantially resulting in copious secretion of proinflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, fetuin-A (FetA), etc. further worsening insulin resistance. Several AT-derived factors could influence ATM content and activation. Apart from being detrimental, ATM exerts beneficial effects during obesity. Recent studies have highlighted the prime role of AT-resident macrophage subpopulations in not only effective clearance of excess fat and dying adipocytes but also in controlling vascular integrity, adipocyte secretions, and fibrosis within obese AT. The role of ATM subpopulations as friend or foe is determined by an intricate interplay of such factors arising within hyperlipidemic microenvironment of obese AT. The present review article highlights some of the key research advances in ATM function and regulation, and appreciates the complex dynamics of ATM in the pathophysiologic scenario of obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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14
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Qiao C, Liu Z, Qie S. The Implications of Microglial Regulation in Neuroplasticity-Dependent Stroke Recovery. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030571. [PMID: 36979506 PMCID: PMC10046452 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes varying degrees of neurological deficits, leading to corresponding dysfunctions. There are different therapeutic principles for each stage of pathological development. Neuroprotection is the main treatment in the acute phase, and functional recovery becomes primary in the subacute and chronic phases. Neuroplasticity is considered the basis of functional restoration and neurological rehabilitation after stroke, including the remodeling of dendrites and dendritic spines, axonal sprouting, myelin regeneration, synapse shaping, and neurogenesis. Spatiotemporal development affects the spontaneous rewiring of neural circuits and brain networks. Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain that contribute to homeostasis under physiological conditions. Microglia are activated immediately after stroke, and phenotypic polarization changes and phagocytic function are crucial for regulating focal and global brain inflammation and neurological recovery. We have previously shown that the development of neuroplasticity is spatiotemporally consistent with microglial activation, suggesting that microglia may have a profound impact on neuroplasticity after stroke and may be a key therapeutic target for post-stroke rehabilitation. In this review, we explore the impact of neuroplasticity on post-stroke restoration as well as the functions and mechanisms of microglial activation, polarization, and phagocytosis. This is followed by a summary of microglia-targeted rehabilitative interventions that influence neuroplasticity and promote stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Qiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China
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15
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Russ E, Mikhalkevich N, Iordanskiy S. Expression of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Group K (HERV-K) HML-2 Correlates with Immune Activation of Macrophages and Type I Interferon Response. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0443822. [PMID: 36861980 PMCID: PMC10100713 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) comprise about 8.3% of the human genome and are capable of producing RNA molecules that can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors, leading to the activation of innate immune response pathways. The HERV-K (HML-2) subgroup is the youngest HERV clade with the highest degree of coding competence. Its expression is associated with inflammation-related diseases. However, the precise HML-2 loci, stimuli, and signaling pathways involved in these associations are not well understood or defined. To elucidate HML-2 expression on a locus-specific level, we used the retroelement sequencing tools TEcount and Telescope to analyze publicly available transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing data sets of macrophages treated with a wide range of agonists. We found that macrophage polarization significantly correlates with modulation of the expression of specific HML-2 proviral loci. Further analysis demonstrated that the provirus HERV-K102, located in an intergenic region of locus 1q22, constituted the majority of the HML-2 derived transcripts following pro-inflammatory (M1) polarization and was upregulated explicitly in response to interferon gamma (IFN-γ) signaling. We found that signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and interferon regulatory factor 1 interact with a solo long terminal repeat (LTR) located upstream of HERV-K102, termed LTR12F, following IFN-γ signaling. Using reporter constructs, we demonstrated that LTR12F is critical for HERV-K102 upregulation by IFN-γ. In THP1-derived macrophages, knockdown of HML-2 or knockout of MAVS, an adaptor of RNA-sensing pathways, significantly downregulated genes containing interferon-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in their promoters, suggesting an intermediate role of HERV-K102 in the switch from IFN-γ signaling to the activation of type I interferon expression and, therefore, in a positive feedback loop to enhance pro-inflammatory signaling. IMPORTANCE The human endogenous retrovirus group K subgroup, HML-2, is known to be elevated in a long list of inflammation-associated diseases. However, a clear mechanism for HML-2 upregulation in response to inflammation has not been defined. In this study, we identify a provirus of the HML-2 subgroup, HERV-K102, which is significantly upregulated and constitutes the majority of the HML-2 derived transcripts in response to pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages. Moreover, we identify the mechanism of HERV-K102 upregulation and demonstrate that HML-2 expression enhances interferon-stimulated response element activation. We also demonstrate that this provirus is elevated in vivo and correlates with interferon gamma signaling activity in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. This study provides key insights into the HML-2 subgroup and suggests that it may participate in enhancing pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages and probably other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Russ
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natallia Mikhalkevich
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergey Iordanskiy
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Pereira M, Gazzinelli RT. Regulation of innate immune signaling by IRAK proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133354. [PMID: 36865541 PMCID: PMC9972678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) families are of paramount importance in coordinating the early immune response to pathogens. Signaling via most TLRs and IL-1Rs is mediated by the protein myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88). This signaling adaptor forms the scaffold of the myddosome, a molecular platform that employs IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) proteins as main players for transducing signals. These kinases are essential in controlling gene transcription by regulating myddosome assembly, stability, activity and disassembly. Additionally, IRAKs play key roles in other biologically relevant responses such as inflammasome formation and immunometabolism. Here, we summarize some of the key aspects of IRAK biology in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Pereira
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Milton Pereira, ; Ricardo T. Gazzinelli,
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States,Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil,*Correspondence: Milton Pereira, ; Ricardo T. Gazzinelli,
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17
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Li F, Liu W, Chen J, Huang B, Zheng Y, Ma J, Cai S, Li L, Liu F, Wang X, Wei L, Liu Y, Zhang M, Han Y, Zhang X, Wang X. CfIRF8-like interacts with the TBK1/IKKε family protein and regulates host antiviral innate immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108497. [PMID: 36539167 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, a class of transcription factors with key functions, are important in host innate immune defense and stress response. However, further research is required to determine the functions of IRFs in invertebrates. In this study, the coding sequence of an IRF gene was obtained from the Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) and named CfIRF8-like. The open reading frame of CfIRF8-like was 1371 bp long and encoded 456 amino acids. Protein domain prediction revealed a typical IRF domain in the N-terminus of the CfIRF8-like protein and a typical IRF3 domain in the C-terminus. Multiple sequence alignment confirmed the conservation of the amino acid sequences of these two functional protein domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CfIRF8-like clustered with mollusk IRF8 proteins and then clustered with vertebrate IRF3, IRF4, and IRF5 subfamily proteins. Quantitative real-time PCR detected CfIRF8-like mRNA in all tested scallop tissues, with the highest expression in the gills. Simultaneously, the expression of CfIRF8-like transcripts in gills was significantly induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid challenge. The results of protein interaction experiments showed that CfIRF8-like could directly bind the TBK1/IKKε family protein of scallop (CfIKK2) via its N-terminal IRF domain, revealing the presence of an ancient functional TBK1/IKKε-IRF signaling axis in scallops. Finally, dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that the overexpression of CfIRF8-like in human embryonic kidney 293T cells could specifically activate the interferon β promoter of mammals and the interferon-stimulated response element promoter in dose-dependent manners. The findings of this preliminary analysis of the signal transduction and immune functions of scallop CfIRF8-like protein lay a foundation for an in-depth understanding of the innate immune function of invertebrate IRFs and the development of comparative immunology. The experimental results also provide theoretical support for the breeding of scallop disease-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshu Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiwen Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Baoyu Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
| | - Yanxin Zheng
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jilv Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shuai Cai
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Lingling Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China; Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Fengchen Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Meiwei Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yijing Han
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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18
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Tian M, Wang K, Liang Y, Chai J, Wu J, Zhang H, Huang X, Chen X, Xu X. The first Brevinin-1 antimicrobial peptide with LPS-neutralizing and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1102576. [PMID: 36937273 PMCID: PMC10020232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide is one important component of the first protective barrier of organisms. They not only have potent antimicrobial activity which can protect the body from the invading pathogens, but also participate in the immune regulation of the body. In this study, a Brevinin-1 peptide named by Brevinin-1GHd was identified from Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, and the similarity of mature peptide sequence among Brevinin-1GHd, Brevinin-1HL and Brevinin-1GHa supported the close species relationship between H. rugulosus, Hylarana latouchii and Hylarana guertheri. Moreover, the secondary structure of Brevinin-1GHd was found to possess α-helical characteristics and high thermal stability. In addition, Brevinin-1GHd could bind to LPS with a Kd value of 6.49 ± 5.40 mM and suppress the release of TNF-α, NO, IL-6 and IL-1β by inactivation of MAPK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS. Furtherly, Brevinin-1GHd had a significant inhibitory effect on acute edema development in the right paw of mice injected by carrageenan. Thus, the significant LPS-neutralizing and anti-inflammatory activities of Brevinin-1GHd were demonstrated in this study, which made it become the first Brevinin-1 family peptide with anti-inflammatory activity reported so far, and the biological activity of Brevinin-1GHd made it promising to be a novel therapeutic drug for infectious inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Chai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiena Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyun Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Xin Chen,
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqing Xu,
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Scallop interferon regulatory factor 1 interacts with myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 and is crucial for antiviral innate immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1250-1263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liang C, Tang Y, Gao X, Lei N, Luo Y, Chen P, Duan S, Cao Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Depression Exacerbates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via IRF5-Mediated Macrophage Polarization. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 68:1269-1279. [PMID: 36088512 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and concurrent depression are predisposed to severer disease activity and a worse prognosis. Macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype may contribute to the exacerbation of IBD with comorbid depression. Moreover, interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. The aim of this study was to explore the role of IRF5 in macrophage polarization in the impact of depression upon colitis. METHODS Depressive-like behavior was induced by repeated forced swim stress. Colon length, disease activity index (DAI), colon morphology, histology, ultrastructure of epithelial barrier, lamina propria macrophage polarization, and expression of IRF5 were compared between DSS colitis rats with and without depressive-like behavior. IRF5 shRNA was constructed to affect the rat peritoneal macrophages polarization in vitro. After IRF5 shRNA lentivirus was introduced into colon by enema, the colitis severity, lamina propria macrophage polarization, and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 of colon tissues were measured. RESULTS The study found severer colonic inflammation in depressed versus non-depressed DSS-colitis rats. Depressed DSS-colitis rats exhibited smaller subepithelial macrophages size and reduced intracellular granule diversity compared with nondepressed DSS-colitis rats. Increased polarization toward the M1 phenotype, elevated expression of IRF5, and co-expression of IRF5 with CD86 were found in depressed versus nondepressed DSS-colitis rats. Lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference with IRF5 expression switched rat peritoneal macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype, downregulated TNF-α, IL-1β expression to a greater extent in depressed versus nondepressed colitis rats. CONCLUSIONS IRF5-mediated macrophage polarization may likely underlie the deterioration of DSS-induced colitis caused by depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pingrun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shihao Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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21
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Avian IRF1 and IRF7 Play Overlapping and Distinct Roles in Regulating IFN-Dependent and -Independent Antiviral Responses to Duck Tembusu Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071506. [PMID: 35891486 PMCID: PMC9315619 DOI: 10.3390/v14071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian interferon regulatory factors 1 and 7 (IRF1 and IRF7) play important roles in the host’s innate immunity against viral infection. Our previous study revealed that duck tembusu virus (DTMUV) infection of chicken fibroblasts (DF1) and duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs) induced the expression of a variety of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including VIPERIN, IFIT5, CMPK2, IRF1, and IRF7. IRF1 was further shown to play a significant role in regulating the up-expression of VIPERIN, IFIT5, and CMPK2 and inhibiting DTMUV replication. In this study, we confirm, through overexpression and knockout approaches, that both IRF1 and IRF7 inhibit DTMUV replication, mainly via regulation of type I IFN expression, as well as the induction of IRF1, VIPERIN, IFIT5, CMPK2, and MX1. In addition, IRF1 directly promoted the expression of VIPERIN and CMPK2 in an IFN-independent manner when IRF7 and type I IFN signaling were undermined. We also found that non-structural protein 2B (NS2B) of DTMUV was able to inhibit the induction of IFN-β mRNA triggered by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection or poly(I:C) treatment, revealing a strategy employed by DTMUV to evade host’s immunosurveillance. This study demonstrates that avian IRF7 and IRF1 play distinct roles in the regulation of type I IFN response during DTMUV infection.
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22
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Tawaratsumida K, Redecke V, Wu R, Kuriakose J, Bouchard JJ, Mittag T, Lohman BK, Mishra A, High AA, Häcker H. A phospho-tyrosine-based signaling module using SPOP, CSK, and LYN controls TLR-induced IRF activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq0084. [PMID: 35857476 PMCID: PMC9269885 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen- and host-derived factors and control immune responses via the adaptor protein MyD88 and members of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. IRFs orchestrate key effector functions, including cytokine release, cell differentiation, and, under certain circumstances, inflammation pathology. Here, we show that IRF activity is generically controlled by the Src kinase family member LYN, which phosphorylates all TLR-induced IRFs at a conserved tyrosine residue, resulting in K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of IRFs. We further show that LYN activity is controlled by the upstream kinase C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), whose activity, in turn, is controlled by the adaptor protein SPOP, which serves as molecular bridge to recruit CSK into the TLR signaling complex and to activate CSK catalytic activity. Consistently, deletion of SPOP or CSK results in increased LYN activity, LYN-directed IRF degradation, and inhibition of IRF transcriptional activity. Together, the data reveal a key regulatory mechanism for IRF family members controlling TLR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tawaratsumida
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vanessa Redecke
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ruiqiong Wu
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeeba Kuriakose
- Children’s GMP, LLC., St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jill J. Bouchard
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tanja Mittag
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Brian K. Lohman
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ashutosh Mishra
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anthony A. High
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hans Häcker
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Tang X, Yang M, Liu J, Zheng L, Xu D, Chi C, Lv Z, Liu H. Identification, functional characterization and expression pattern of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in Nibea albiflora. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:380-390. [PMID: 35477097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), composed of an N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal Toll/interleukin (IL)-IR homology domain, is a key connector protein in the TLR signal transduction pathway. In this study a novel isoform of MyD88 in Nibea albiflora (named as NaMyD88) was identified and functionally characterized (GenBank accession no. MN384261.1). Its complete cDNA sequence was 1672 bp and contained an open reading frame of 879 bp encoding 292 amino acid residues, which was similar to its teleost fish counterparts in the length. The theoretical molecular mass was 33.63 kDa and the isoelectric point was 5.24. BLASTp analysis suggested that the deduced amino acids sequence of NaMyD88 shared high identity to the known MyD88, for instance, 94.77% identity with Collichthys lucidus. Sequence analysis showed that NaMyD88 protein was consistent with MyD88 protein of other species at three conserved domains, N-terminal DD, short middle domain and C-terminal TIR, and the TIR domain contained three highly conserved motifs: Box1, Box2, and Box3. NaMyD88 and red fluorescent protein (Dsred) were fused and expressed in the cytoplasm of the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC cells). The NaTLR9-TIR-EGFP fusion protein, which was obtained in our previous studies, showed green fluorescence and mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. After co-transfection, NaMyD88-Dsred and NaTLR9-TIR-EGFP obviously overlapped and displayed orange-yellow color. The results showed that the homologous MyD88-Dsred could interact with NaTLR9-TIR-EGFP. Based on this result pcMV-NaMyD88-TIR-Myc plasmids and the pcDNA3.1-NaTLR9-TIR-flag were constructed and co-transfected into 293T cells for the immunoprecipitation test. According to Western blot, the protein eluted by Flag-beads could be detected by anti-Flag-tag antibody and anti-Myc tag antibody respectively, while the protein without NaTLR9-TIR could not be found, which further proved that TLR and MyD88 could interact each other. The prokaryotic plasmid of MyD88-TIR domain was constructed, expressed in BL21 (DE3) and purified by Ni-NAT super flow resin conforming to the expected molecular weight of 27 kDa with the corresponding active sites for its conferring protein-protein interaction functions. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that NaMyD88 could be expressed in intestine, stomach, liver, kidney, gill, heart and spleen, with the highest in the kidney, and it was up-regulated after being infected with Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid - Poly (I:C) and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, which showed that NaMyD88 was involved in the immune response of N.albiflora. These data afforded a basis for understanding the role of NaMyD88 in the TLR signaling pathway of N.albiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Tang
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Meijun Yang
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Libing Zheng
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, 316100, PR China
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
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The Modulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 via Caspase-1-Mediated Alveolar Macrophage Pyroptosis in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:1002582. [PMID: 35462787 PMCID: PMC9033353 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1002582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To examine the role of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and to explore the potential molecular mechanism in ventilator-induced lung injury. Methods Wild-type C57BL/6 mice and IRF-1 gene knockout mice/caspase-1 knockout mice were mechanically ventilated with a high tidal volume to establish a ventilator-related lung injury model. The supernatant of the alveolar lavage solution and the lung tissues of these mice were collected. The degree of lung injury was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The protein and mRNA expression levels of IRF-1, caspase-1 (p10), and interleukin (IL)-1β (p17) in lung tissues were measured by western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Pyroptosis of alveolar macrophages was detected by flow cytometry and western blotting for active caspase-1 and cleaved GSDMD. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α, and high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB-1) in alveolar lavage fluid. Results IRF-1 expression and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in lung tissues of wild-type mice were significantly upregulated after mechanical ventilation with a high tidal volume. The degree of ventilator-related lung injury in IRF-1 gene knockout mice and caspase-1 knockout mice was significantly improved compared to that in wild-type mice, and the levels of GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and HMGB-1 in alveolar lavage solution were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The expression levels of caspase-1 (p10), cleaved GSDMD, and IL-1β (p17) proteins in lung tissues of IRF-1 knockout mice with ventilator-related lung injury were significantly lower than those of wild-type mice, and the level of pyroptosis of macrophages in alveolar lavage solution was significantly reduced. Conclusions IRF-1 may aggravate ventilator-induced lung injury by regulating the activation of caspase-1 and the focal death of alveolar macrophages.
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Cooperative effects of RIG-I-like receptor signaling and IRF1 on DNA damage-induced cell death. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:364. [PMID: 35436994 PMCID: PMC9016077 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Properly responding to DNA damage is vital for eukaryotic cells, including the induction of DNA repair, growth arrest and, as a last resort to prevent neoplastic transformation, cell death. Besides being crucial for ensuring homeostasis, the same pathways and mechanisms are at the basis of chemoradiotherapy in cancer treatment, which involves therapeutic induction of DNA damage by chemical or physical (radiological) measures. Apart from typical DNA damage response mediators, the relevance of cell-intrinsic antiviral signaling pathways in response to DNA breaks has recently emerged. Originally known for combatting viruses via expression of antiviral factors including interferons (IFNs) and establishing of an antiviral state, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) were found to be critical for adequate induction of cell death upon the introduction of DNA double-strand breaks. We here show that presence of IRF3 is crucial in this process, most likely through direct activation of pro-apoptotic factors rather than transcriptional induction of canonical downstream components, such as IFNs. Investigating genes reported to be involved in both DNA damage response and antiviral signaling, we demonstrate that IRF1 is an obligatory factor for DNA damage-induced cell death. Interestingly, its regulation does not require activation of RLR signaling, but rather sensing of DNA double-strand breaks by ATM and ATR. Hence, even though independently regulated, both RLR signaling and IRF1 are essential for full-fledged induction/execution of DNA damage-mediated cell death programs. Our results not only support more broadly developing IRF1 as a biomarker predictive for the effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy, but also suggest investigating a combined pharmacological stimulation of RLR and IRF1 signaling as a potential adjuvant regimen in tumor therapy.
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Wang C, Wang T, Duan L, Chen H, Hu R, Wang X, Jia Y, Chu Z, Liu H, Wang X, Zhang S, Xiao S, Wang J, Dang R, Yang Z. Evasion of Host Antiviral Innate Immunity by Paramyxovirus Accessory Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790191. [PMID: 35173691 PMCID: PMC8841848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For efficient replication, viruses have developed multiple strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity. Paramyxoviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses that comprises diverse human and animal pathogens which jeopardize global public health and the economy. The accessory proteins expressed from the P gene by RNA editing or overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) are major viral immune evasion factors antagonizing type I interferon (IFN-I) production and other antiviral innate immune responses. However, the antagonistic mechanisms against antiviral innate immunity by accessory proteins differ among viruses. Here, we summarize the current understandings of immune evasion mechanisms by paramyxovirus accessory proteins, specifically how accessory proteins directly or indirectly target the adaptors in the antiviral innate immune signaling pathway to facilitate virus replication. Additionally, some cellular responses, which are also involved in viral replication, will be briefly summarized.
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Zhou H, Tang YD, Zheng C. Revisiting IRF1-mediated antiviral innate immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 64:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Shishkina GT, Gulyaeva NV, Lanshakov DA, Kalinina TS, Onufriev MV, Moiseeva YV, Sukhareva EV, Babenko VN, Dygalo NN. Identifying the Involvement of Pro-Inflammatory Signal in Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes after Experimental Ischemia: Transcriptome-Wide Analysis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1840. [PMID: 34944656 PMCID: PMC8698395 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cerebral ischemia induces distant inflammation in the hippocampus; however, molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon remain obscure. Here, hippocampal gene expression profiles were compared in two experimental paradigms in rats: middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and intracerebral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The main finding is that 10 genes (Clec5a, CD14, Fgr, Hck, Anxa1, Lgals3, Irf1, Lbp, Ptx3, Serping1) may represent key molecular links underlying acute activation of immune cells in the hippocampus in response to experimental ischemia. Functional annotation clustering revealed that these genes built the same clusters related to innate immunity/immunity/innate immune response in all MCAO differentially expressed genes and responded to the direct pro-inflammatory stimulus group. The gene ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses also indicate that LPS-responding genes were the most abundant among the genes related to "positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process", "cell adhesion", "TNF signaling pathway", and "phagosome" as compared with non-responding ones. In contrast, positive and negative "regulation of cell proliferation" and "HIF-1 signaling pathway" mostly enriched with genes that did not respond to LPS. These results contribute to understanding genomic mechanisms of the impact of immune/inflammatory activation on expression of hippocampal genes after focal brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina T. Shishkina
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Natalia V. Gulyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.G.); (M.V.O.); (Y.V.M.)
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A. Lanshakov
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Tatyana S. Kalinina
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Mikhail V. Onufriev
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.G.); (M.V.O.); (Y.V.M.)
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, 115419 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Moiseeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.G.); (M.V.O.); (Y.V.M.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Sukhareva
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Vladimir N. Babenko
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
| | - Nikolay N. Dygalo
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (D.A.L.); (T.S.K.); (E.V.S.); (V.N.B.); (N.N.D.)
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Kashfi K, Kannikal J, Nath N. Macrophage Reprogramming and Cancer Therapeutics: Role of iNOS-Derived NO. Cells 2021; 10:3194. [PMID: 34831416 PMCID: PMC8624911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide and its production by iNOS is an established mechanism critical to tumor promotion or suppression. Macrophages have important roles in immunity, development, and progression of cancer and have a controversial role in pro- and antitumoral effects. The tumor microenvironment consists of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), among other cell types that influence the fate of the growing tumor. Depending on the microenvironment and various cues, macrophages polarize into a continuum represented by the M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype or the anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype; these two are predominant, while there are subsets and intermediates. Manipulating their plasticity through programming or reprogramming of M2-like to M1-like phenotypes presents the opportunity to maximize tumoricidal defenses. The dual role of iNOS-derived NO also influences TAM activity by repolarization to tumoricidal M1-type phenotype. Regulatory pathways and immunomodulation achieve this through miRNA that may inhibit the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the classical physiology of macrophages and polarization, iNOS activities, and evidence towards TAM reprogramming with current information in glioblastoma and melanoma models, and the immunomodulatory and therapeutic options using iNOS or NO-dependent strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jasmine Kannikal
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA;
| | - Niharika Nath
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA;
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Vilmundarson RO, Duong A, Soheili F, Chen HH, Stewart AFR. IRF2BP2 3'UTR Polymorphism Increases Coronary Artery Calcification in Men. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:687645. [PMID: 34760935 PMCID: PMC8573268 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2) suppresses the innate inflammatory response of macrophages. A 9-nucleotide deletion (rs3045215) in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of human IRF2BP2 mRNA confers risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Ottawa Heart Genomics Study (OHGS). Here, we sought to identify regulatory mechanisms that may contribute to this risk. We tested how lipopolysaccharides (LPS) affects IRF2BP2 expression in human THP-1 macrophages and primary aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMC) genotyped for the deletion allele. Both cell types are implicated in coronary atherosclerosis. We also examined how the deletion affects interaction with RNA binding proteins (RBPs) to regulate IRF2BP2 expression. LPS altered allele-specific binding of RBPs in RNA gel shift assays with the THP-1 macrophage protein extracts. The RBP ELAVL1 suppressed the expression of a luciferase reporter carrying the 3'UTR of IRF2BP2 with the deletion allele. Other RBPs AUF1 or KHSRP did not confer such allele specific regulation. Since it is co-inherited with a risk variant for osteoporosis, a condition tied to arterial calcification, we examined the association of the deletion allele with coronary artery calcification in individuals who had undergone computed tomography angiography in the OHGS. In 323 individuals with a minimal burden of atherosclerosis (<30% coronary stenosis) and 138 CAD cases (>50% stenosis), Mendelian randomization revealed that the rs3045215 deletion allele significantly increased coronary artery calcification in men with minimal coronary stenosis. Thus, not only does the rs3045215 deletion allele predict atherosclerosis, but it also predisposes to early-onset calcification in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnar O Vilmundarson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Translational Genomics, John and Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - An Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Translational Genomics, John and Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Fariborz Soheili
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Translational Genomics, John and Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hsiao-Huei Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre F R Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Translational Genomics, John and Jennifer Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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TLR Signaling in Brain Immunity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 276:213-237. [PMID: 34761292 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a group of transmembrane proteins with crucial roles in pathogen recognition, immune responses, and signal transduction. This family represented the first line of immune homeostasis in an evolutionarily conserved manner. Extensive researches in the past two decades had emphasized their structural and functional characteristics under both healthy and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of TLR signaling in the central nervous system (CNS), which had been viewed as a previously "immune-privileged" but now "immune-specialized" area, with major implications for further investigation of pathological nature as well as potential therapeutic manipulation of TLR signaling in various neurological disorders.
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Willemsen J, Neuhoff MT, Hoyler T, Noir E, Tessier C, Sarret S, Thorsen TN, Littlewood-Evans A, Zhang J, Hasan M, Rush JS, Guerini D, Siegel RM. TNF leads to mtDNA release and cGAS/STING-dependent interferon responses that support inflammatory arthritis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109977. [PMID: 34758308 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key driver of several inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, in which affected tissues show an interferon-stimulated gene signature. Here, we demonstrate that TNF triggers a type-I interferon response that is dependent on the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. We show that TNF inhibits PINK1-mediated mitophagy and leads to altered mitochondrial function and to an increase in cytosolic mtDNA levels. Using cGAS-chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we demonstrate that cytosolic mtDNA binds to cGAS after TNF treatment. Furthermore, TNF induces a cGAS-STING-dependent transcriptional response that mimics that of macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Finally, in an inflammatory arthritis mouse model, cGAS deficiency blocked interferon responses and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and joint swelling. These findings elucidate a molecular mechanism linking TNF to type-I interferon signaling and suggest a potential benefit for therapeutic targeting of cGAS/STING in TNF-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joschka Willemsen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
| | - Marie-Therese Neuhoff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hoyler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Emma Noir
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Tessier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Sarret
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Tara N Thorsen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | | | - Juan Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Maroof Hasan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - James S Rush
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Danilo Guerini
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel 4002, Switzerland
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Meng C, Chen Z, Mai J, Shi Q, Tian S, Hinkle L, Li J, Zhang Z, Ramirez M, Zhang L, Xu Y, Zhang J, Pan P, Chen S, Li H, Shen H. Virus-Mimic mRNA Vaccine for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2100144. [PMID: 34901386 PMCID: PMC8646380 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An effective therapeutic cancer vaccine should be empowered with the capacity to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, the authors describe a mRNA virus-mimicking vaccine platform that is comprised of a phospholipid bilayer encapsulated with a protein-nucleotide core consisting of antigen-encoding mRNA molecules, unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides and positively charged proteins. In cell culture, VLVP potently stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to express inflammatory cytokines that facilitated dendritic cell (DC) maturation and promoted antigen processing and presentation. In tumor-bearing mice, VLVP treatment stimulated proliferation of antigen-specific CD8+T cells in the lymphatic organs and T cell infiltration into the tumor bed, resulting in potent anti-tumor immunity. Cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) analysis revealed that VLVP treatment stimulated a 5-fold increase in tumor-associated CD8+DCs and a 4-fold increase in tumorinfiltrated CD8+T cells, with concurrent decreases in tumor-associated bone marrow-derived suppressor cells and arginase 1- expressing suppressive DCs. Finally, CpG oligonucleotide is an essential adjuvant for vaccine activity. Inclusion of CpG not only maximized vaccine activity but also prevented PD-1 expression in T cells, serving the dual roles as a potent adjuvant and a checkpoint blockade agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Meng
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan410000China
- Present address:
Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310009China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan410000China
| | - Junhua Mai
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Shaohui Tian
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan410000China
| | - Louis Hinkle
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunan410000China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Maricela Ramirez
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Center for Immunotherapy ResearchHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Yitian Xu
- Center for Immunotherapy ResearchHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Center for Immunotherapy ResearchHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Ping‐Ying Pan
- Center for Immunotherapy ResearchHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNY10065USA
| | - Shu‐Hsia Chen
- Center for Immunotherapy ResearchHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNY10065USA
| | - Hangwen Li
- StemiRNA Therapeutics IncShanghai201206China
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of NanomedicineHouston Methodist Academic InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNY10065USA
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Hausmann A, Felmy B, Kunz L, Kroon S, Berthold DL, Ganz G, Sandu I, Nakamura T, Zangger NS, Zhang Y, Dolowschiak T, Fattinger SA, Furter M, Müller-Hauser AA, Barthel M, Vlantis K, Wachsmuth L, Kisielow J, Tortola L, Heide D, Heikenwälder M, Oxenius A, Kopf M, Schroeder T, Pasparakis M, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Intercrypt sentinel macrophages tune antibacterial NF-κB responses in gut epithelial cells via TNF. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210862. [PMID: 34529751 PMCID: PMC8480669 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) NF-κB signaling regulates the balance between mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. It is not fully understood which signals tune this balance and how bacterial exposure elicits the process. Pure LPS induces epithelial NF-κB activation in vivo. However, we found that in mice, IECs do not respond directly to LPS. Instead, tissue-resident lamina propria intercrypt macrophages sense LPS via TLR4 and rapidly secrete TNF to elicit epithelial NF-κB signaling in their immediate neighborhood. This response pattern is relevant also during oral enteropathogen infection. The macrophage-TNF-IEC axis avoids responses to luminal microbiota LPS but enables crypt- or tissue-scale epithelial NF-κB responses in proportion to the microbial threat. Thereby, intercrypt macrophages fulfill important sentinel functions as first responders to Gram-negative microbes breaching the epithelial barrier. The tunability of this crypt response allows the induction of defense mechanisms at an appropriate scale according to the localization and intensity of microbial triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boas Felmy
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Kunz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sanne Kroon
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorothée Lisa Berthold
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giverny Ganz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Sébastien Zangger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamas Dolowschiak
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Alexander Fattinger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Furter
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Angelika Müller-Hauser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manja Barthel
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katerina Vlantis
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laurens Wachsmuth
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danijela Heide
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mikael Erik Sellin
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Oleszycka E, Rodgers AM, Xu L, Moynagh PN. Dendritic Cell-Specific Role for Pellino2 as a Mediator of TLR9 Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2325-2336. [PMID: 34588221 PMCID: PMC8525870 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination regulates immune signaling, and multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases have been studied in the context of their role in immunity. Despite this progress, the physiological roles of the Pellino E3 ubiquitin ligases, especially Pellino2, in immune regulation remain largely unknown. Accordingly, this study aimed to elucidate the role of Pellino2 in murine dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we reveal a critical role of Pellino2 in regulation of the proinflammatory response following TLR9 stimulation. Pellino2-deficient murine DCs show impaired secretion of IL-6 and IL-12. Loss of Pellino2 does not affect TLR9-induced activation of NF-κB or MAPKs, pathways that drive expression of IL-6 and IL-12. Furthermore, DCs from Pellino2-deficient mice show impaired production of type I IFN following endosomal TLR9 activation, and it partly mediates a feed-forward loop of IFN-β that promotes IL-12 production in DCs. We also observe that Pellino2 in murine DCs is downregulated following TLR9 stimulation, and its overexpression induces upregulation of both IFN-β and IL-12, demonstrating the sufficiency of Pellino2 in driving these responses. This suggests that Pellino2 is critical for executing TLR9 signaling, with its expression being tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammatory response. Overall, this study highlights a (to our knowledge) novel role for Pellino2 in regulating DC functions and further supports important roles for Pellino proteins in mediating and controlling immunity. Pellino2 mediates TLR9-induced cytokine production in dendritic cells. Pellino2 does not play a role in TLR9 signaling in macrophages. Pellino2 is a limiting factor for TLR9 signaling in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Oleszycka
- Department of Biology, The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland; and
| | - Aoife M Rodgers
- Department of Biology, The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland; and
| | - Linan Xu
- Department of Biology, The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland; and
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- Department of Biology, The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland; and .,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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The Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin 6 Auto-paracrine Signaling Loop Controls Mycobacterium avium Infection via Induction of IRF1/IRG1 in Human Primary Macrophages. mBio 2021; 12:e0212121. [PMID: 34607464 PMCID: PMC8546851 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02121-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages sense and respond to pathogens by induction of antimicrobial and inflammatory programs to alert other immune cells and eliminate the infectious threat. We have previously identified the transcription factor IRF1 to be consistently activated in macrophages during Mycobacterium avium infection, but its precise role during infection is not clear. Here, we show that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) autocrine/paracrine signaling contributes to controlling the intracellular growth of M. avium in human primary macrophages through activation of IRF1 nuclear translocation and expression of IRG1, a mitochondrial enzyme that produces the antimicrobial metabolite itaconate. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of IRF1 or IRG1 increased the mycobacterial load, whereas exogenously provided itaconate was bacteriostatic at high concentrations. While the overall level of endogenous itaconate was low in M. avium-infected macrophages, the repositioning of mitochondria to M. avium phagosomes suggests a mechanism by which itaconate can be delivered directly to M. avium phagosomes in sufficient quantities to inhibit growth. Using mRNA hybridization, we further show that uninfected bystander cells actively contribute to the resolution of infection by producing IL-6 and TNF-α, which, via paracrine signaling, activate IRF1/IRG1 and strengthen the antimicrobial activity of infected macrophages. This mechanism contributes to the understanding of why patients on anti-inflammatory treatment, e.g., with tocilizumab or infliximab, can be more susceptible to mycobacterial disease.
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Utrero-Rico A, González-Cuadrado C, Chivite-Lacaba M, Cabrera-Marante O, Laguna-Goya R, Almendro-Vazquez P, Díaz-Pedroche C, Ruiz-Ruigómez M, Lalueza A, Folgueira MD, Vázquez E, Quintas A, Berges-Buxeda MJ, Martín-Rodriguez M, Dopazo A, Serrano-Hernández A, Aguado JM, Paz-Artal E. Alterations in Circulating Monocytes Predict COVID-19 Severity and Include Chromatin Modifications Still Detectable Six Months after Recovery. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1253. [PMID: 34572439 PMCID: PMC8471575 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An early analysis of circulating monocytes may be critical for predicting COVID-19 course and its sequelae. In 131 untreated, acute COVID-19 patients at emergency room arrival, monocytes showed decreased surface molecule expression, including low HLA-DR, in association with an inflammatory cytokine status and limited anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response. Most of these alterations had normalized in post-COVID-19 patients 6 months after discharge. Acute COVID-19 monocytes transcriptome showed upregulation of anti-inflammatory tissue repair genes such as BCL6, AREG and IL-10 and increased accessibility of chromatin. Some of these transcriptomic and epigenetic features still remained in post-COVID-19 monocytes. Importantly, a poorer expression of surface molecules and low IRF1 gene transcription in circulating monocytes at admission defined a COVID-19 patient group with impaired SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response and increased risk of requiring intensive care or dying. An early analysis of monocytes may be useful for COVID-19 patient stratification and for designing innate immunity-focused therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Utrero-Rico
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
| | - Cecilia González-Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
| | - Marta Chivite-Lacaba
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
| | - Oscar Cabrera-Marante
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Almendro-Vazquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
| | - Carmen Díaz-Pedroche
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Ruigómez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Lalueza
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Folgueira
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Vázquez
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.V.); (A.Q.); (A.D.)
| | - Ana Quintas
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.V.); (A.Q.); (A.D.)
| | - Marcos J. Berges-Buxeda
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
| | - Moisés Martín-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.V.); (A.Q.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonio Serrano-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.C.-L.); (O.C.-M.); (R.L.-G.); (P.A.-V.); (C.D.-P.); (M.R.-R.); (A.L.); (M.D.F.); (M.J.B.-B.); (M.M.-R.); (A.S.-H.); (J.M.A.); (E.P.-A.)
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Vázquez-Jiménez A, Avila-Ponce De León UE, Matadamas-Guzman M, Muciño-Olmos EA, Martínez-López YE, Escobedo-Tapia T, Resendis-Antonio O. On Deep Landscape Exploration of COVID-19 Patients Cells and Severity Markers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705646. [PMID: 34603282 PMCID: PMC8481922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a disease with a spectrum of clinical responses ranging from moderate to critical. To study and control its effects, a large number of researchers are focused on two substantial aims. On the one hand, the discovery of diverse biomarkers to classify and potentially anticipate the disease severity of patients. These biomarkers could serve as a medical criterion to prioritize attention to those patients with higher prone to severe responses. On the other hand, understanding how the immune system orchestrates its responses in this spectrum of disease severities is a fundamental issue required to design new and optimized therapeutic strategies. In this work, using single-cell RNAseq of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of nine patients with COVID-19 and three healthy controls, we contribute to both aspects. First, we presented computational supervised machine-learning models with high accuracy in classifying the disease severity (moderate and severe) in patients with COVID-19 starting from single-cell data from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Second, we identified regulatory mechanisms from the heterogeneous cell populations in the lungs microenvironment that correlated with different clinical responses. Given the results, patients with moderate COVID-19 symptoms showed an activation/inactivation profile for their analyzed cells leading to a sequential and innocuous immune response. In comparison, severe patients might be promoting cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory responses in a systemic fashion involving epithelial and immune cells without the possibility to develop viral clearance and immune memory. Consequently, we present an in-depth landscape analysis of how transcriptional factors and pathways from these heterogeneous populations can regulate their expression to promote or restrain an effective immune response directly linked to the patients prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Vázquez-Jiménez
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ugo Enrique Avila-Ponce De León
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Meztli Matadamas-Guzman
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erick Andrés Muciño-Olmos
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yoscelina E. Martínez-López
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thelma Escobedo-Tapia
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
- Coordinación de la Investigación Científica - Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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Carroll JA, Race B, Williams K, Striebel JF, Chesebro B. Innate immune responses after stimulation with Toll-like receptor agonists in ex vivo microglial cultures and an in vivo model using mice with reduced microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:194. [PMID: 34488805 PMCID: PMC8419892 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Past experiments studying innate immunity in the central nervous system (CNS) utilized microglia obtained from neonatal mouse brain, which differ developmentally from adult microglia. These differences might impact our current understanding of the role of microglia in CNS development, function, and disease. Methods Cytokine protein secretion was compared in ex vivo P3 and adult microglial cultures after exposure to agonists for three different toll-like receptors (TLR4, lipopolysaccharide [LPS]; TLR7, imiquimod [IMQ]; and TLR9, CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide [CpG-ODN] 1585). In addition, changes in inflammatory gene expression in ex vivo adult microglia in response to the TLR agonists was assessed. Furthermore, in vivo experiments evaluated changes in gene expression associated with inflammation and TLR signaling in brains of mice with or without treatment with PLX5622 to reduce microglia. Results Ex vivo adult and P3 microglia increased cytokine secretion when exposed to TLR4 agonist LPS and to TLR7 agonist IMQ. However, adult microglia decreased expression of numerous genes after exposure to TLR 9 agonist CpG-ODN 1585. In contrast, in vivo studies indicated a core group of inflammatory and TLR signaling genes increased when each of the TLR agonists was introduced into the CNS. Reducing microglia in the brain led to decreased expression of various inflammatory and TLR signaling genes. Mice with reduced microglia showed extreme impairment in upregulation of genes after exposure to TLR7 agonist IMQ. Conclusions Cultured adult microglia were more reactive than P3 microglia to LPS or IMQ exposure. In vivo results indicated microglial influences on neuroinflammation were agonist specific, with responses to TLR7 agonist IMQ more dysregulated in mice with reduced microglia. Thus, TLR7-mediated innate immune responses in the CNS appeared more dependent on the presence of microglia. Furthermore, partial responses to TLR4 and TLR9 agonists in mice with reduced microglia suggested other cell types in the CNS can compensate for their absence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02240-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Katie Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - James F Striebel
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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40
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Lentini G, Famà A, De Gaetano GV, Galbo R, Coppolino F, Venza M, Teti G, Beninati C. Role of Endosomal TLRs in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1448-1455. [PMID: 34362834 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the receptors involved in innate immune recognition of Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, is essential to develop alternative strategies to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. In the current study, we examine the role of endosomal TLRs, which sense the presence of prokaryotic-type nucleic acids, in anti-staphylococcal host defenses using infection models involving genetically defective mice. Single deficiencies in TLR7, 9, or 13 resulted in mild or no decrease in host defenses. However, the simultaneous absence of TLR7, 9, and 13 resulted in markedly increased susceptibility to cutaneous and systemic S. aureus infection concomitantly with decreased production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, neutrophil recruitment to infection sites, and reduced production of reactive oxygen species. This phenotype was significantly more severe than that of mice lacking TLR2, which senses the presence of staphylococcal lipoproteins. Notably, the combined absence of TLR7, 9, and 13 resulted in complete abrogation of IL-12 p70 and IFN-β responses to staphylococcal stimulation in macrophages. Taken together, our data highlight the presence of a highly integrated endosomal detection system, whereby TLR7, 9, and 13 cooperate in sensing the presence of staphylococcal nucleic acids. We demonstrate that the combined absence of these receptors cannot be compensated for by cell surface-associated TLRs, such as TLR2, or cytosolic receptors. These data may be useful to devise strategies aimed at stimulating innate immune receptors to treat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Mario Venza
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; and
| | | | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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41
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Ardighieri L, Missale F, Bugatti M, Gatta LB, Pezzali I, Monti M, Gottardi S, Zanotti L, Bignotti E, Ravaggi A, Tognon G, Odicino F, Calza S, Missolo-Koussou Y, Ries CH, Helft J, Vermi W. Infiltration by CXCL10 Secreting Macrophages Is Associated With Antitumor Immunity and Response to Therapy in Ovarian Cancer Subtypes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690201. [PMID: 34220848 PMCID: PMC8253056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian carcinomas (OCs) are poorly immunogenic and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have offered a modest benefit. In this study, high CD3+ T-cells and CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) densities identify a subgroup of immune infiltrated high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) with better outcomes and superior response to platinum-based therapies. On the contrary, in most clear cell carcinomas (CCCs) showing poor prognosis and refractory to platinum, a high TAM density is associated with low T cell frequency. Immune infiltrated HGSC are characterized by the 30-genes signature (OC-IS30) covering immune activation and IFNγ polarization and predicting good prognosis (n = 312, TCGA). Immune infiltrated HGSC contain CXCL10 producing M1-type TAM (IRF1+pSTAT1Y701+) in close proximity to T-cells. A fraction of these M1-type TAM also co-expresses TREM2. M1-polarized TAM were barely detectable in T-cell poor CCC, but identifiable across various immunogenic human cancers. Single cell RNA sequencing data confirm the existence of a tumor-infiltrating CXCL10+IRF1+STAT1+ M1-type TAM overexpressing antigen processing and presentation gene programs. Overall, this study highlights the clinical relevance of the CXCL10+IRF1+STAT1+ macrophage subset as biomarker for intratumoral T-cell activation and therefore offers a new tool to select patients more likely to respond to T-cell or macrophage-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ardighieri
- Unit of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Unit of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benerini Gatta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Irene Pezzali
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matilde Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Zanotti
- 'Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia- University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- 'Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia- University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- 'Angelo Nocivelli" Institute of Molecular Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia- University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Germana Tognon
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Odicino
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Unit of Biostatistics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Big & Open Data Innovation Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Yoann Missolo-Koussou
- PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932 & SiRIC, Center for Cancers Immunotherapy, Translational Immunotherapy Team, Paris, France
| | | | - Julie Helft
- PSL University, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932 & SiRIC, Center for Cancers Immunotherapy, Translational Immunotherapy Team, Paris, France
| | - William Vermi
- Unit of Pathology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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42
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He S, Wang X, Liu Z, Zhang W, Fang J, Xue J, Bao H. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mouse Endometrial Inflammation via TLR2-Mediated NF-kB and MAPK Pathway. Inflammation 2021; 44:835-845. [PMID: 33738649 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HYA) on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mouse endometrial inflammation and to explore its molecular mechanism. We established a mouse endometritis model by intrauterine injection of S. aureus and intrauterine injection of HYA for treatment. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot were used to detect protein expression in uterine tissue, and qPCR was used to measure mRNA expression. HYA could significantly weak uterine pathological changes caused by S. aureus and reduce MPO activity, CD45, CD3, and ED-1 protein expression in uterine tissues of S. aureus-infected mice. Similarly, HYA also significantly decreased S. aureus induced the increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in uterine tissue. In vivo, we found that knockdown of TLR2 was very important could significantly reduce S. aureus induced the elevated expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in mEECs. Importantly, in terine tissues of S. aureus-infected mice, HYA significantly decreased the ratio of p-p65/p65, p-IKBα/IKBα, p-p38/p38, p-Erk/Erk, and p-JNK/JNK expression. HYA displays anti-inflammatory effects on S. aureus mouse endometrial inflammation, and this effect might be related to HYA which could block TLR2-mediated NF-kB and MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunzhi He
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai City, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinrong Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai City, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhenteng Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai City, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai City, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianye Fang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai City, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingwen Xue
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai City, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongchu Bao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai City, 264000, Shandong Province, China.
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Bichiou H, Bouabid C, Rabhi I, Guizani-Tabbane L. Transcription Factors Interplay Orchestrates the Immune-Metabolic Response of Leishmania Infected Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660415. [PMID: 33898331 PMCID: PMC8058464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of heterogenous diseases considered as an important public health problem in several countries. This neglected disease is caused by over 20 parasite species of the protozoa belonging to the Leishmania genus and is spread by the bite of a female phlebotomine sandfly. Depending on the parasite specie and the immune status of the patient, leishmaniasis can present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, Leishmania colonize phagocytic cells, mainly the macrophages that orchestrate the host immune response and determine the fate of the infection. Once inside macrophages, Leishmania triggers different signaling pathways that regulate the immune and metabolic response of the host cells. Various transcription factors regulate such immune-metabolic responses and the associated leishmanicidal and inflammatory reaction against the invading parasite. In this review, we will highlight the most important transcription factors involved in these responses, their interactions and their impact on the establishment and the progression of the immune response along with their effect on the physiopathology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Bichiou
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Bouabid
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabhi
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Biotechnology Department, Higher Institute of Biotechnology at Sidi-Thabet (ISBST), Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet- University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules (PMBB), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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44
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Acidereli H, Turut FA, Cevik O. Acetylation of interferon regulatory factor-5 suppresses androgen receptor and downregulates expression of Sox2. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:667-678. [PMID: 33780016 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor and has essential cellular mechanisms as a tumour suppressor gene. IRF5 protein function is irregular in various human cancers, and its role in prostate cancer is also unknown. This study presents the first evidence that IRF5 expression is controlled with androgen receptor (AR) signalling interaction and stem cell factors (Nanog, Oct4, Sox2) in prostate cancer. Human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145 and LNCaP) were transfected plasmids and assessed for cellular localization of IRF5 and AR interaction with IF-staining. Co-immunoprecipitation and ChIP assay were used to detect the IRF5 and AR protein-protein interaction and IRF5 stem cell factors protein-gene interaction. The target relation between IRF5, AR, CREB, p300, ISRE, ARE and NF-кB was tested by luciferase assay. IRF5 was low expressed in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells and tissues. The analysis of human prostate cancer clinical samples supports the interaction of IRF5 and AR in a pathological role, as IRF5 expression is down-regulated in the tumours' advanced stages. Tumour suppression mechanism of IRF5 and SOX2 levels in cells reduces and causes AR acetylation. Those affect the prostate cancer mechanism by modifying the cellular response in the signal pathway. IRF5 can be promising for treating androgen-dependent prostate cancers and is a therapeutic protein for new drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Acidereli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Aysun Turut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cevik
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09010, Turkey
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45
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Briard B, Malireddi RKS, Kanneganti TD. Role of inflammasomes/pyroptosis and PANoptosis during fungal infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009358. [PMID: 33735255 PMCID: PMC7971547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Briard
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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46
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Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Induce HIV-1 Latency in Macrophages through Altered Transcription Factor Recruitment to the LTR. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02141-20. [PMID: 33472928 PMCID: PMC8092691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02141-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are infected by HIV-1 in vivo and contribute to both viral spread and pathogenesis. Recent human and animal studies suggest that HIV-1-infected macrophages serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during anti-retroviral therapy. The ability of macrophages to serve as persistent viral reservoirs is likely influenced by the local tissue microenvironment, including interactions with pathogenic and commensal microbes. Here we show that the sexually transmitted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and the gut-associated microbe Escherichia coli (E. coli), which encode ligands for both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, repressed HIV-1 replication in macrophages and thereby induced a state reminiscent of viral latency. This repression was mediated by signaling through TLR4 and the adaptor protein TRIF and was associated with increased production of type I interferons. Inhibiting TLR4 signaling, blocking type 1 interferon, or knocking-down TRIF reversed LPS- and GC-mediated repression of HIV-1. Finally, the repression of HIV-1 in macrophages was associated with the recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) to the interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) downstream of the 5' HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Our data indicate that IRF8 is responsible for repression of HIV-1 replication in macrophages in response to TRIF-dependent signaling during GC and E. coli co-infection. These findings highlight the potential role of macrophages as HIV-1 reservoirs as well as the role of the tissue microenvironment and co-infections as modulators of HIV-1 persistence.IMPORTANCE The major barrier toward the eradication of HIV-1 infection is the presence of a small reservoir of latently infected cells, which include CD4+ T cells and macrophages that escape immune-mediated clearance and the effects of anti-retroviral therapy. There remain crucial gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to transcriptionally silent or latent HIV-1 infection of macrophages. The significance of our research is in identifying microenvironmental factors, such as commensal and pathogenic microbes, that can contribute to the establishment and maintenance of latent HIV-1 infection in macrophages. It is hoped that identifying key processes contributing to HIV-1 persistence in macrophages may ultimately lead to novel therapeutics to eliminate latent HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo.
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47
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Bonavita R, Laukkanen MO. Common Signal Transduction Molecules Activated by Bacterial Entry into a Host Cell and by Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:486-503. [PMID: 32600071 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significance: An increasing number of pathogens are acquiring resistance to antibiotics. Efficient antimicrobial drug regimens are important even for the most advanced therapies, which range from cutting-edge invasive clinical protocols, such as robotic surgeries, to the treatment of harmless bacterial diseases and to minor scratches to the skin. Therefore, there is an urgent need to survey alternative antimicrobial drugs that can reinforce or replace existing antibiotics. Recent Advances: Bacterial proteins that are critical for energy metabolism, promising novel anticancer thiourea derivatives, and the use of synthetic molecules that increase the sensitivity of currently used antibiotics are among the recently discovered antimicrobial drugs. Critical Issues: In the development of new drugs, serious consideration should be given to the previous bacterial evolutionary selection caused by antibiotics, by the high proliferation rate of bacteria, and by the simple prokaryotic structure of bacteria. Future Directions: The survey of drug targets has mainly focused on bacterial proteins, although host signaling molecules involved in the treatment of various pathologies may have unknown antimicrobial characteristics. Recent data have suggested that small molecule inhibitors might enhance the effect of antibiotics, for example, by limiting bacterial entry into host cells. Phagocytosis, the mechanism by which host cells internalize pathogens through β-actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, induces calcium signaling, small GTPase activation, and phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serine/threonine-specific protein kinase B pathway. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 486-503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bonavita
- Experimental Institute of Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, IEOS CNR, Naples, Italy
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48
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Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and produces inflammatory cytokines that direct downstream immune responses. The inappropriate localization of DNA within the cell cytosol or endosomal compartments indicates that a cell may either be infected by a DNA virus or bacterium, or has problems with its own nuclear integrity. This DNA is sensed by certain receptors that mediate cytokine production and, in some cases, initiate an inflammatory and lytic form of cell death called pyroptosis. Dysregulation of these DNA-sensing pathways is thought to contribute to autoimmune diseases and the development of cancer. In this review, we will discuss the DNA sensors Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and interferon gamma-inducible 16 (IFI16), their ligands, and their physiological significance. We will also examine the less-well-understood DEAH- and DEAD-box helicases DHX9, DHX36, DDX41, and RNA polymerase III, each of which may play an important role in DNA-mediated innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Briard
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David E Place
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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49
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Phosphorylation of Microglial IRF5 and IRF4 by IRAK4 Regulates Inflammatory Responses to Ischemia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020276. [PMID: 33573200 PMCID: PMC7912637 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) 5 and 4 play a determinant role in regulating microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to cerebral ischemia. How microglial IRF5 and IRF4 signaling are activated has been elusive. We hypothesized that interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) phosphorylates and activates IRF5 and IRF4 in ischemic microglia. We aimed to explore the upstream signals of the two IRFs, and to determine how the IRAK4-IRF signaling regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators, and impacts neuropathology. Methods: Spontaneously Immortalized Murine (SIM)-A9 microglial cell line, primary microglia and neurons from C57BL/6 WT mice were cultured and exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), followed by stimulation with LPS or IL-4. An IRAK4 inhibitor (ND2158) was used to examine IRAK4′s effects on the phosphorylation of IRF5/IRF4 and the impacts on neuronal morphology by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)/Western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence assays. Results: We confirmed that IRAK4 formed a Myddosome with MyD88/IRF5/IRF4, and phosphorylated both IRFs, which subsequently translocated into the nucleus. Inhibition of IRAK4 phosphorylation quenched microglial pro-inflammatory response primarily, and increased neuronal viability and neurite lengths after ischemia. Conclusions: IRAK4 signaling is critical for microglial inflammatory responses and a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory diseases including cerebral ischemia.
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50
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Feng H, Zhang YB, Gui JF, Lemon SM, Yamane D. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and anti-pathogen innate immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009220. [PMID: 33476326 PMCID: PMC7819612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The eponymous member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, IRF1, was originally identified as a nuclear factor that binds and activates the promoters of type I interferon genes. However, subsequent studies using genetic knockouts or RNAi-mediated depletion of IRF1 provide a much broader view, linking IRF1 to a wide range of functions in protection against invading pathogens. Conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, IRF1 has been shown in recent years to mediate constitutive as well as inducible host defenses against a variety of viruses. Fine-tuning of these ancient IRF1-mediated host defenses, and countering strategies by pathogens to disarm IRF1, play crucial roles in pathogenesis and determining the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SML); (DY)
| | - Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Diseases and Infection, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SML); (DY)
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