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Paul I, Roy A, Chakrabarti D, Nandi C, Ray S. Mutations in LIFR rewire the JAK/STAT signaling pathway: A study unveiling mechanistic details of Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome. Comput Biol Med 2024; 179:108797. [PMID: 38968765 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by diminutive size, curvature of the elongated bones, bent fingers, episodes of heightened body temperature, respiratory distress or periods of breath-holding, and challenges with feeding, especially causes fatality in infants. SWS is an outcome of potential missense mutations in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor gene reflected as numerous amino acid mutations at protein level. Employing in silico tools and techniques like mutational screening with Pred_MutHTP, I-Mutant2.0, PANTHER.db, PolyPhen, to classify mutations as deleterious/destabilizing, in conjunction with experimental data analysis, P136A and S279P emerged as 'effect'-causing mutations. Pre-existing knowledge suggests, SWS progression is effectuated conformationally altered and dysfunctional LIFR, unable to bind to LIF and further form the LIF/LIFR/gp130 signalling complex. To gain functional insights into the effect of the said mutations on the wild type protein, an all-atom, explicit, solvent molecular dynamics simulation was performed following docking approaches. Consequently, referring to the RMSD, RMSF, protein dynamic network analysis, energy landscape plots and domain motion analysis, it was revealed that unbound LIFR_WT was more prone to LIF binding as usual whereas the mutants exhibited considerable domain closure to inhibit LIF binding. We conducted binding affinity analysis via MM/GBSA and dissociation constant estimation after LIFR-LIF docking and found the WT_complex to be more stable and compact as a whole when compared to the flexible mutant complexes thus being associated with SWS. Our study offers a route for understanding molecular level implications upon LIFR mutations which opens an avenue for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Paul
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
| | - Alankar Roy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Chandreyee Nandi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India
| | - Sujay Ray
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, India.
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2
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Yamada K, Huang ZQ, Reily C, Green TJ, Suzuki H, Novak J, Suzuki Y. LIF/JAK2/STAT1 Signaling Enhances Production of Galactose-Deficient IgA1 by IgA1-Producing Cell Lines Derived From Tonsils of Patients With IgA Nephropathy. Kidney Int Rep 2024; 9:423-435. [PMID: 38344714 PMCID: PMC10851019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Tonsillectomy has been beneficial to some patients with IgAN, possibly due to the removal of tonsillar cytokine-activated cells producing Gd-IgA1. To test this hypothesis, we used immortalized IgA1-producing cell lines derived from tonsils of patients with IgAN or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and assessed the effect of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or oncostatin M (OSM) on Gd-IgA1 production. Methods Gd-IgA1 production was measured by lectin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; JAK-STAT signaling in cultured cells was assessed by immunoblotting of cell lysates; and validated by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) knock-down and small-molecule inhibitors. Results IgAN-derived cells produced more Gd-IgA1 than the cells from patients with OSA, and exhibited elevated Gd-IgA1 production in response to LIF, but not OSM. This effect was associated with dysregulated STAT1 phosphorylation, as confirmed by STAT1 siRNA knock-down. JAK2 inhibitor, AZD1480 exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of the LIF-induced Gd-IgA1 overproduction. Unexpectedly, high concentrations of AZD1480, but only in the presence of LIF, reduced Gd-IgA1 production in the cells derived from patients with IgAN to that of the control cells from patients with OSA. Based on modeling LIF-LIFR-gp130-JAK2 receptor complex, we postulate that LIF binding to LIFR may sequester gp130 and/or JAK2 from other pathways; and when combined with JAK2 inhibition, enables full blockade of the aberrant O-glycosylation pathways in IgAN. Conclusion In summary, IgAN cells exhibit LIF-mediated overproduction of Gd-IgA1 due to abnormal signaling. JAK2 inhibitors can counter these LIF-induced effects and block Gd-IgA1 synthesis in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhi-Qiang Huang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Colin Reily
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Metcalfe RD, Hanssen E, Fung KY, Aizel K, Kosasih CC, Zlatic CO, Doughty L, Morton CJ, Leis AP, Parker MW, Gooley PR, Putoczki TL, Griffin MDW. Structures of the interleukin 11 signalling complex reveal gp130 dynamics and the inhibitory mechanism of a cytokine variant. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7543. [PMID: 37985757 PMCID: PMC10662374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-)11, an IL-6 family cytokine, has pivotal roles in autoimmune diseases, fibrotic complications, and solid cancers. Despite intense therapeutic targeting efforts, structural understanding of IL-11 signalling and mechanistic insights into current inhibitors are lacking. Here we present cryo-EM and crystal structures of the human IL-11 signalling complex, including the complex containing the complete extracellular domains of the shared IL-6 family β-receptor, gp130. We show that complex formation requires conformational reorganisation of IL-11 and that the membrane-proximal domains of gp130 are dynamic. We demonstrate that the cytokine mutant, IL-11 Mutein, competitively inhibits signalling in human cell lines. Structural shifts in IL-11 Mutein underlie inhibition by altering cytokine binding interactions at all three receptor-engaging sites and abrogating the final gp130 binding step. Our results reveal the structural basis of IL-11 signalling, define the molecular mechanisms of an inhibitor, and advance understanding of gp130-containing receptor complexes, with potential applications in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley D Metcalfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ka Yee Fung
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kaheina Aizel
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Clara C Kosasih
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Courtney O Zlatic
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Larissa Doughty
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Craig J Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew P Leis
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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4
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Rafii P, Seibel C, Weitz HT, Ettich J, Minafra AR, Petzsch P, Lang A, Floss DM, Behnke K, Köhrer K, Moll JM, Scheller J. Cytokimera GIL-11 rescued IL-6R deficient mice from partial hepatectomy-induced death by signaling via non-natural gp130:LIFR:IL-11R complexes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:418. [PMID: 37061565 PMCID: PMC10105715 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
All except one cytokine of the Interleukin (IL-)6 family share glycoprotein (gp) 130 as the common β receptor chain. Whereas Interleukin (IL-)11 signal via the non-signaling IL-11 receptor (IL-11R) and gp130 homodimers, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) recruits gp130:LIF receptor (LIFR) heterodimers. Using IL-11 as a framework, we exchange the gp130-binding site III of IL-11 with the LIFR binding site III of LIF. The resulting synthetic cytokimera GIL-11 efficiently recruits the non-natural receptor signaling complex consisting of gp130, IL-11R and LIFR resulting in signal transduction and proliferation of factor-depending Ba/F3 cells. Besides LIF and IL-11, GIL-11 does not activate receptor complexes consisting of gp130:LIFR or gp130:IL-11R, respectively. Human GIL-11 shows cross-reactivity to mouse and rescued IL-6R-/- mice following partial hepatectomy, demonstrating gp130:IL-11R:LIFR signaling efficiently induced liver regeneration. With the development of the cytokimera GIL-11, we devise the functional assembly of the non-natural cytokine receptor complex of gp130:IL-11R:LIFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyan Rafii
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Seibel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hendrik T Weitz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Ettich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Rita Minafra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristina Behnke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens M Moll
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Zhou Y, Stevis PE, Cao J, Saotome K, Wu J, Glatman Zaretsky A, Haxhinasto S, Yancopoulos GD, Murphy AJ, Sleeman MW, Olson WC, Franklin MC. Structural insights into the assembly of gp130 family cytokine signaling complexes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade4395. [PMID: 36930708 PMCID: PMC10022904 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family cytokines signal through gp130 receptor homodimerization or heterodimerization with a second signaling receptor and play crucial roles in various cellular processes. We determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of five signaling complexes of this family, containing full receptor ectodomains bound to their respective ligands ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1), leukemia inhibitory factor, IL-27, and IL-6. Our structures collectively reveal similarities and differences in the assembly of these complexes. The acute bends at both signaling receptors in all complexes bring the membrane-proximal domains to a ~30 angstrom range but with distinct distances and orientations. We also reveal how CLCF1 engages its secretion chaperone cytokine receptor-like factor 1. Our data provide valuable insights for therapeutically targeting gp130-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Corresponding author. (Y.Z.); (M.C.F.)
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6
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Ben Boubaker R, Tiss A, Henrion D, Chabbert M. Homology Modeling in the Twilight Zone: Improved Accuracy by Sequence Space Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2627:1-23. [PMID: 36959439 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2974-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the relationship between sequence and structure similarities during the evolution of a protein family has revealed a limit of sequence divergence for which structural conservation can be confidently assumed and homology modeling is reliable. Below this limit, the twilight zone corresponds to sequence divergence for which homology modeling becomes increasingly difficult and requires specific methods. Either with conventional threading methods or with recent deep learning methods, such as AlphaFold, the challenge relies on the identification of a template that shares not only a common ancestor (homology) but also a conserved structure with the query. As both homology and structural conservation are transitive properties, mining of sequence databases followed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the query sequence space can reveal intermediary sequences to infer homology and structural conservation between the query and the template. Here, as a case study, we studied the plethodontid receptivity factor isoform 1 (PRF1) from Plethodon jordani, a member of a pheromone protein family present only in lungless salamanders and weakly related to cytokines of the IL6 family. A variety of conventional threading methods led to the cytokine CNTF as a template. Sequence mining, followed by phylogenetic and MDS analysis, provided missing links between PRF1 and CNTF and allowed reliable homology modeling. In addition, we compared automated models obtained from web servers to a customized model to show how modeling can be improved by expert information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ben Boubaker
- UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Asma Tiss
- UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marie Chabbert
- UMR CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.
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7
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Di Giorgio C, Lupia A, Marchianò S, Bordoni M, Bellini R, Massa C, Urbani G, Roselli R, Moraca F, Sepe V, Catalanotti B, Morretta E, Monti MC, Biagioli M, Distrutti E, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Repositioning Mifepristone as a Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:3482. [PMID: 36359879 PMCID: PMC9657739 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality and is projected to become the second-most common cause of cancer mortality in the next decade. While gene-wide association studies and next generation sequencing analyses have identified molecular patterns and transcriptome profiles with prognostic relevance, therapeutic opportunities remain limited. Among the genes that are upregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC), the leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine belonging to IL-6 family, has emerged as potential therapeutic candidate. LIF is aberrantly secreted by tumour cells and promotes tumour progression in pancreatic and other solid tumours through aberrant activation of the LIF receptor (LIFR) and downstream signalling that involves the JAK1/STAT3 pathway. Since there are no LIFR antagonists available for clinical use, we developed an in silico strategy to identify potential LIFR antagonists and drug repositioning with regard to LIFR antagonists. The results of these studies allowed the identification of mifepristone, a progesterone/glucocorticoid antagonist, clinically used in medical abortion, as a potent LIFR antagonist. Computational studies revealed that mifepristone binding partially overlapped the LIFR binding site. LIF and LIFR are expressed by human PDAC tissues and PDAC cell lines, including MIA-PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells. Exposure of these cell lines to mifepristone reverses cell proliferation, migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition induced by LIF in a concentration-dependent manner. Mifepristone inhibits LIFR signalling and reverses STAT3 phosphorylation induced by LIF. Together, these data support the repositioning of mifepristone as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Di Giorgio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lupia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Campus Salvatore Venuta, Net4Science Srl, University “Magna Græcia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Bordoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachele Bellini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmen Massa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Campus Salvatore Venuta, Net4Science Srl, University “Magna Græcia”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elva Morretta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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8
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Jin Y, Fyfe PK, Gardner S, Wilmes S, Bubeck D, Moraga I. Structural insights into the assembly and activation of the
IL
‐27 signaling complex. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55450. [PMID: 35920255 PMCID: PMC9535766 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 27 (IL‐27) is a heterodimeric cytokine that elicits potent immunosuppressive responses. Comprised of EBI3 and p28 subunits, IL‐27 binds GP130 and IL‐27Rα receptor chains to activate the JAK/STAT signaling cascade. However, how these receptors recognize IL‐27 and form a complex capable of phosphorylating JAK proteins remains unclear. Here, we used cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) and AlphaFold modeling to solve the structure of the IL‐27 receptor recognition complex. Our data show how IL‐27 serves as a bridge connecting IL‐27Rα (domains 1–2) with GP130 (domains 1–3) to initiate signaling. While both receptors contact the p28 component of the heterodimeric cytokine, EBI3 stabilizes the complex by binding a positively charged surface of IL‐27Rα and Domain 1 of GP130. We find that assembly of the IL‐27 receptor recognition complex is distinct from both IL‐12 and IL‐6 cytokine families and provides a mechanistic blueprint for tuning IL‐27 pleiotropic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Jin
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building Imperial College London London UK
| | - Paul K Fyfe
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Scott Gardner
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building Imperial College London London UK
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Doryen Bubeck
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building Imperial College London London UK
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee UK
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9
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Person T, King RG, Rizk DV, Novak J, Green TJ, Reily C. Cytokines and Production of Aberrantly O-Glycosylated IgA1, the Main Autoantigen in IgA Nephropathy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:301-315. [PMID: 35793525 PMCID: PMC9536348 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, with no disease-specific treatment and up to 40% of patients progressing to kidney failure. IgA nephropathy (IgAN), characterized by IgA1-containing immunodeposits in the glomeruli, is considered to be an autoimmune disease in which the kidneys are injured as innocent bystanders. Glomerular immunodeposits are thought to originate from the circulating immune complexes that contain aberrantly O-glycosylated IgA1, the main autoantigen in IgAN, bound by IgG autoantibodies. A common clinical manifestation associated with IgAN includes synpharyngitic hematuria at disease onset or during disease activity. This observation suggests a connection of disease pathogenesis with an activated mucosal immune system of the upper-respiratory and/or gastrointestinal tract and IgA1 glycosylation. In fact, some cytokines can enhance production of aberrantly O-glycosylated IgA1. This process involves abnormal cytokine signaling in IgA1-producing cells from patients with IgAN. In this article, we present our view of pathogenesis of IgAN and review how some cytokines can contribute to the disease process by enhancing production of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1. We also review current clinical trials of IgAN based on cytokine-targeting therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Person
- Department of Microbiology and Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - R. Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology and Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Dana V. Rizk
- Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology and Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology and Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Colin Reily
- Department of Microbiology and Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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10
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de Souza PPC, Henning P, Lerner UH. Stimulation of Osteoclast Formation by Oncostatin M and the Role of WNT16 as a Negative Feedback Regulator. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063287. [PMID: 35328707 PMCID: PMC8953253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), which belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines, is the most potent and effective stimulator of osteoclast formation in this family, as assessed by different in vitro assays. Osteoclastogenesis induced by the IL-6 type of cytokines is mediated by the induction and paracrine stimulation of the osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL), expressed on osteoblast cell membranes and targeting the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B (RANK) on osteoclast progenitor cells. The potent effect of OSM on osteoclastogenesis is due to an unusually robust induction of RANKL in osteoblasts through the OSM receptor (OSMR), mediated by a JAK-STAT/MAPK signaling pathway and by unique recruitment of the adapter protein Shc1 to the OSMR. Gene deletion of Osmr in mice results in decreased numbers of osteoclasts and enhanced trabecular bone caused by increased trabecular thickness, indicating that OSM may play a role in physiological regulation of bone remodeling. However, increased amounts of OSM, either through administration of recombinant protein or of adenoviral vectors expressing Osm, results in enhanced bone mass due to increased bone formation without any clear sign of increased osteoclast numbers, a finding which can be reconciled by cell culture experiments demonstrating that OSM can induce osteoblast differentiation and stimulate mineralization of bone nodules in such cultures. Thus, in vitro studies and gene deletion experiments show that OSM is a stimulator of osteoclast formation, whereas administration of OSM to mice shows that OSM is not a strong stimulator of osteoclastogenesis in vivo when administered to adult animals. These observations could be explained by our recent finding showing that OSM is a potent stimulator of the osteoclastogenesis inhibitor WNT16, acting in a negative feedback loop to reduce OSM-induced osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P. C. de Souza
- The Innovation in Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil;
| | - Petra Henning
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ulf H. Lerner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-(0)70-651-91-03
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11
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Scheller J, Berg A, Moll JM, Floss DM, Jungesblut C. Current status and relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-6-/IL-12-type cytokine receptors. Cytokine 2021; 148:155550. [PMID: 34217594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines control immune related events and are critically involved in a plethora of patho-physiological processes including autoimmunity and cancer development. In rare cases, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in cytokine receptors eventually cause detrimental ligand-independent, constitutive activation of signal transduction. Most SNPs have, however, no or only marginal influences on gene expression, protein stability, localization and function and thereby only slightly affecting pathogenesis probability. The SNP database (dbSNP) is an archive for a broad collection of polymorphisms in which SNPs are categorized and marked with a locus accession number "reference SNP" (rs). Here, we engineered an algorithm to directly align dbSNP information to DNA and protein sequence information to clearly illustrate a genetic SNP landscape exemplified for all tall cytokine receptors of the IL-6/IL-12 family, including IL-23R, IL-12Rβ1, IL-12Rβ2, gp130, LIFR, OSMR and WSX-1. This information was complemented by a comprehensive literature summary and structural insights of relevant disease-causing SNPs in cytokine/cytokine receptor interfaces. In summary, we present a general strategy with potential to apply to other cytokine receptor networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Anna Berg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens M Moll
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Hunter SA, McIntosh BJ, Shi Y, Sperberg RAP, Funatogawa C, Labanieh L, Soon E, Wastyk HC, Mehta N, Carter C, Hunter T, Cochran JR. An engineered ligand trap inhibits leukemia inhibitory factor as pancreatic cancer treatment strategy. Commun Biol 2021; 4:452. [PMID: 33846527 PMCID: PMC8041770 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine secreted by stromal myofibroblasts and tumor cells, has recently been highlighted to promote tumor progression in pancreatic and other cancers through KRAS-driven cell signaling. We engineered a high affinity soluble human LIF receptor (LIFR) decoy that sequesters human LIF and inhibits its signaling as a therapeutic strategy. This engineered 'ligand trap', fused to an antibody Fc-domain, has ~50-fold increased affinity (~20 pM) and improved LIF inhibition compared to wild-type LIFR-Fc, potently blocks LIF-mediated effects in pancreatic cancer cells, and slows the growth of pancreatic cancer xenograft tumors. These results, and the lack of apparent toxicity observed in animal models, further highlights ligand traps as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Hunter
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brianna J McIntosh
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erin Soon
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah C Wastyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nishant Mehta
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Carter
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Du Q, Qian Y, Xue W. Cross-reactivity of two human IL-6 family cytokines OSM and LIF explored by protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129907. [PMID: 33845142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncostatin M (OSM) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) are two important pro-inflammatory cytokines of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family. The two cytokines mediated signaling was recently found to be closely associated with cancer and chronic inflammation, which represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of many solid tumors and inflammatory disease. As the most closely related members, cross-reactivity of them may result in undesired activation of off-target cells, leading to toxicity or lack of efficacy of the therapeutic effects. However, the mechanism of the cross-reactivity of OSM and LIF is not well understood. METHODS In this work, protein-protein docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with explicit solvent and post endpoints binding free energy (BFE) analysis were carried out to further understand the structural and energetic principles of interactions between the two cytokines and the shared receptor LIFR. RESULTS For the first time, the simulation given a computational model of OSM-LIFR interaction, and provided significant insights into the mechanism of OSM and LIF cross-react with LIFR. The identified common features shared by OSM and LIF bind to LIFR involving 10 "conserved" residues (90% similarity) distributed at the binding site III comprised of AB loop, BC loop and D helix. In addition, 11 shared residues were identified in LIFR contribute 77.85% and 84.63% energies for OSM and LIF binding, which play a critical role in the formation of the two cytokine-receptor complexes. Moreover, the "nonconserved" residues at the same position of cytokines such as Asp41 in OSM and Pro51 in LIF as well as the three residues (Glu338, Asn201 and Glu260) in LIFR were also discovered. CONCLUSIONS These important information may facilitate the rational design of novel chemical or biological agents with less toxicity and improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Du
- Depart of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yan Qian
- Depart of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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14
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Functional and structural analysis of cytokine-selective IL6ST defects that cause recessive hyper-IgE syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:585-598. [PMID: 33771552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic variants in IL6ST, encoding GP130, cause a recessive form of hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) characterized by high IgE level, eosinophilia, defective acute phase response, susceptibility to bacterial infections, and skeletal abnormalities due to cytokine-selective loss of function in GP130, with defective IL-6 and IL-11 and variable oncostatin M (OSM) and IL-27 levels but sparing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to understand the functional and structural impact of recessive HIES-associated IL6ST variants. METHODS We investigated a patient with HIES by using exome, genome, and RNA sequencing. Functional assays assessed IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, OSM, LIF, CT-1, CLC, and CNTF signaling. Molecular dynamics simulations and structural modeling of GP130 cytokine receptor complexes were performed. RESULTS We identified a patient with compound heterozygous novel missense variants in IL6ST (p.Ala517Pro and the exon-skipping null variant p.Gly484_Pro518delinsArg). The p.Ala517Pro variant resulted in a more profound IL-6- and IL-11-dominated signaling defect than did the previously identified recessive HIES IL6ST variants p.Asn404Tyr and p.Pro498Leu. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the p.Ala517Pro and p.Asn404Tyr variants result in increased flexibility of the extracellular membrane-proximal domains of GP130. We propose a structural model that explains the cytokine selectivity of pathogenic IL6ST variants that result in recessive HIES. The variants destabilized the conformation of the hexameric cytokine receptor complexes, whereas the trimeric LIF-GP130-LIFR complex remained stable through an additional membrane-proximal interaction. Deletion of this membrane-proximal interaction site in GP130 consequently caused additional defective LIF signaling and Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome. CONCLUSION Our data provide a structural basis to understand clinical phenotypes in patients with IL6ST variants.
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15
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Glassman CR, Mathiharan YK, Jude KM, Su L, Panova O, Lupardus PJ, Spangler JB, Ely LK, Thomas C, Skiniotis G, Garcia KC. Structural basis for IL-12 and IL-23 receptor sharing reveals a gateway for shaping actions on T versus NK cells. Cell 2021; 184:983-999.e24. [PMID: 33606986 PMCID: PMC7899134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 are heterodimeric cytokines that are produced by antigen-presenting cells to regulate the activation and differentiation of lymphocytes, and they share IL-12Rβ1 as a receptor signaling subunit. We present a crystal structure of the quaternary IL-23 (IL-23p19/p40)/IL-23R/IL-12Rβ1 complex, together with cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) maps of the complete IL-12 (IL-12p35/p40)/IL-12Rβ2/IL-12Rβ1 and IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) complexes, which reveal "non-canonical" topologies where IL-12Rβ1 directly engages the common p40 subunit. We targeted the shared IL-12Rβ1/p40 interface to design a panel of IL-12 partial agonists that preserved interferon gamma (IFNγ) induction by CD8+ T cells but impaired cytokine production from natural killer (NK) cells in vitro. These cell-biased properties were recapitulated in vivo, where IL-12 partial agonists elicited anti-tumor immunity to MC-38 murine adenocarcinoma absent the NK-cell-mediated toxicity seen with wild-type IL-12. Thus, the structural mechanism of receptor sharing used by IL-12 family cytokines provides a protein interface blueprint for tuning this cytokine axis for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Glassman
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yamuna Kalyani Mathiharan
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leon Su
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ouliana Panova
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick J Lupardus
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lauren K Ely
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christoph Thomas
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Ritter K, Rousseau J, Hölscher C. The Role of gp130 Cytokines in Tuberculosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2695. [PMID: 33334075 PMCID: PMC7765486 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection substantially depend on a delicate balance within cytokine networks. Thus, immunosuppressive therapy by cytokine blockers, as successfully used in the management of various chronic inflammatory diseases, is often connected with an increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. Hence, identification of alternative therapeutics which allow the treatment of inflammatory diseases without compromising anti-mycobacterial immunity remains an important issue. On the other hand, in the context of novel therapeutic approaches for the management of TB, host-directed adjunct therapies, which combine administration of antibiotics with immunomodulatory drugs, play an increasingly important role, particularly to reduce the duration of treatment. In both respects, cytokines/cytokine receptors related to the common receptor subunit gp130 may serve as promising target candidates. Within the gp130 cytokine family, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11 and IL-27 are most explored in the context of TB. This review summarizes the differential roles of these cytokines in protection and immunopathology during Mtb infection and discusses potential therapeutic implementations with respect to the aforementioned approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany; (K.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany; (K.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany; (K.R.); (J.R.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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17
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Metcalfe RD, Putoczki TL, Griffin MDW. Structural Understanding of Interleukin 6 Family Cytokine Signaling and Targeted Therapies: Focus on Interleukin 11. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1424. [PMID: 32765502 PMCID: PMC7378365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small signaling proteins that have central roles in inflammation and cell survival. In the half-century since the discovery of the first cytokines, the interferons, over fifty cytokines have been identified. Amongst these is interleukin (IL)-6, the first and prototypical member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, nearly all of which utilize the common signaling receptor, gp130. In the last decade, there have been numerous advances in our understanding of the structural mechanisms of IL-6 family signaling, particularly for IL-6 itself. However, our understanding of the detailed structural mechanisms underlying signaling by most IL-6 family members remains limited. With the emergence of new roles for IL-6 family cytokines in disease and, in particular, roles of IL-11 in cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and cancer, there is an emerging need to develop therapeutics that can progress to clinical use. Here we outline our current knowledge of the structural mechanism of signaling by the IL-6 family of cytokines. We discuss how this knowledge allows us to understand the mechanism of action of currently available inhibitors targeting IL-6 family cytokine signaling, and most importantly how it allows for improved opportunities to pharmacologically disrupt cytokine signaling. We focus specifically on the need to develop and understand inhibitors that disrupt IL-11 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley D Metcalfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Ghanei Z, Mehri N, Jamshidizad A, Joupari MD, Shamsara M. Immunization against leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor suppresses tumor formation of breast cancer initiating cells in BALB/c mouse. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11465. [PMID: 32651426 PMCID: PMC7351713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising approach for specific targeting of cancer cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) regulates several features of cancers and cancer stem cells (CSCs) through binding to LIF receptor (LIFR). In this study, we investigated the consensus of LIF and LIFR immunization on the growth of mouse mammary tumors. For this purpose, mouse LIF and LIFR were designed as truncated proteins, expressed in E. coli and then injected to mice as individual and mixed antigens. The results showed the production of neutralizing antibodies and secretion of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 in response to immunization. In continue, the immunized mice were subjected for tumor formation challenge by inoculation of the breast CSCs derived from MC4-L2 cells. Development of the breast tumors was observed in all the control mice, while the tumors appeared in 75% of animals in the LIF group. LIFR injection, individually or in combination with LIF, strongly inhibited the tumor growth to only 25% of the mice. Moreover, a delay in tumor appearance was observed in the immunized mice compared to the controls. Immunostaining of the tumor sections confirmed the expression of LIF and LIFR. In conclusion, LIF and LIFR might be effective targets for immunotherapy of the tumors that express these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghanei
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Mehri
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Jamshidizad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Daliri Joupari
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Thilakasiri P, Huynh J, Poh AR, Tan CW, Nero TL, Tran K, Parslow AC, Afshar-Sterle S, Baloyan D, Hannan NJ, Buchert M, Scott AM, Griffin MD, Hollande F, Parker MW, Putoczki TL, Ernst M, Chand AL. Repurposing the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene to suppress gastrointestinal cancer growth. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 11:emmm.201809539. [PMID: 30885958 PMCID: PMC6460354 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive signaling through gp130, the shared receptor for the interleukin (IL)6 family of cytokines, is a common hallmark in solid malignancies and promotes their progression. Here, we established the in vivo utility of bazedoxifene, a steroid analog clinically approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, to suppress gp130‐dependent tumor growth of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Bazedoxifene administration reduced gastric tumor burden in gp130Y757F mice, where tumors arise exclusively through excessive gp130/STAT3 signaling in response to the IL6 family cytokine IL11. Likewise, in mouse models of sporadic colon and intestinal cancers, which arise from oncogenic mutations in the tumor suppressor gene Apc and the associated β‐catenin/canonical WNT pathway, bazedoxifene treatment reduces tumor burden. Consistent with the proposed orthogonal tumor‐promoting activity of IL11‐dependent gp130/STAT3 signaling, tumors of bazedoxifene‐treated Apc‐mutant mice retain excessive nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin and aberrant WNT pathway activation. Likewise, bazedoxifene treatment of human colon cancer cells harboring mutant APC did not reduce aberrant canonical WNT signaling, but suppressed IL11‐dependent STAT3 signaling. Our findings provide compelling proof of concept to support the repurposing of bazedoxifene for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers in which IL11 plays a tumor‐promoting role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Thilakasiri
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Jennifer Huynh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Ashleigh R Poh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Tracy L Nero
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kelly Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Adam C Parslow
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Shoukat Afshar-Sterle
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - David Baloyan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew Mark Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael Dw Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Frederic Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Ashwini L Chand
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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20
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Du Q, Qian Y, Xue W. Molecular Simulation of Oncostatin M and Receptor (OSM-OSMR) Interaction as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:29. [PMID: 32195265 PMCID: PMC7064634 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics targeting cytokines such as the oncostatin M (OSM)-mediated inflammation represent a potential strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite the investigation of the specific role of the interactions between OSM and the receptor (OSMR) in IBD pathogenesis, the 3D structure of the OSM–OSMR complex remains elusive. In this work, the interaction mode between OSM and OSMR at atomic level was predicted by computational simulation approach. The interaction domain of the OSMR was built with the homology modeling method. The near-native structure of the OSM–OSMR complex was obtained by docking, and long-time scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an explicit solvent was further performed to sample the conformations when OSM binds to the OSMR. After getting the equilibrated states of the simulation system, per-residue energy contribution was calculated to characterize the important residues for the OSM–OSMR complex formation. Based on these important residues, eight residues (OSM: Arg100, Leu103, Phe160, and Gln161; OSMR: Tyr214, Ser223, Asp262, and Trp267) were identified as the “hot spots” through computational alanine mutagenesis analysis and verified by additional MD simulation of R100A (one of the identified “hotspots”) mutant. Moreover, six cavities were detected at the OSM–OSMR interface through the FTMap analysis, and they were suggested as important binding sites. The predicted 3D structure of the OSM–OSMR complex and the identified “hot spots” constituting the core of the binding interface provide helpful information in understanding the OSM–OSMR interactions, and the detected sites serve as promising targets in designing small molecules to block the interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Noh K, Park JC, Han JS, Lee SJ. From Bound Cells Comes a Sound Mind: The Role of Neuronal Growth Regulator 1 in Psychiatric Disorders. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:1-10. [PMID: 32122104 PMCID: PMC7075657 DOI: 10.5607/en.2020.29.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell adhesion is important for maintenance of brain structure and function. Abnormal neuronal cell adhesion and loss of its connectivity are considered a main cause of psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are involved in neuronal cell adhesions and thereby affect brain functions such as learning and memory, cognitive functions, and psychiatric functions. Compared with other CAMs, neuronal growth regulator 1 (Negr1) has a distinct functioning mechanism in terms of its cross-talk with cytokine receptor signaling. Negr1 is a member of the immunoglobulin LON (IgLON) family of proteins and is involved in neuronal outgrowth, dendritic arborization, and synapse formation. In humans, Negr1 is a risk gene for obesity based on a genome-wide association study. More recently, accumulating evidence supports that it also plays a critical role in psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the role of Negr1 in MDD, focusing on its regulatory mechanism. We also provide evidence of putative involvement of Negr1 in other psychiatric disorders based on the novel behavioral phenotypes of Negr1 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungchul Noh
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jung-Cheol Park
- Department of Biological Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea
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22
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Min K, An DR, Yoon HJ, Rana N, Park JS, Kim J, Lee M, Hesek D, Ryu S, Kim BM, Mobashery S, Suh SW, Lee HH. Peptidoglycan reshaping by a noncanonical peptidase for helical cell shape in Campylobacter jejuni. Nat Commun 2020; 11:458. [PMID: 31974386 PMCID: PMC6978369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the peptidoglycan is crucial in maintaining viability of bacteria and in defining bacterial cell shapes, both of which are important for existence in the ecological niche that the organism occupies. Here, eight crystal structures for a member of the cell-shape-determining class of Campylobacter jejuni, the peptidoglycan peptidase 3 (Pgp3), are reported. Characterization of the turnover chemistry of Pgp3 reveals cell wall d,d-endopeptidase and d,d-carboxypeptidase activities. Catalysis is accompanied by large conformational changes upon peptidoglycan binding, whereby a loop regulates access to the active site. Furthermore, prior hydrolysis of the crosslinked peptide stem from the saccharide backbone of the peptidoglycan on one side is a pre-requisite for its recognition and turnover by Pgp3. These analyses reveal the noncanonical nature of the transformations at the core of the events that define the morphological shape for C. jejuni as an intestinal pathogen. Peptidoglycans (PG) define bacterial cell shapes. Here, the authors provide mechanistic insights into the peptidoglycan peptidase 3 (Pgp3) from the spiral shaped human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni by determining its crystal structure alone and in complex with synthetic cell-wall PG derivatives, and they further show that the enzyme has both d,d-endopeptidase and d,d-carboxypeptidase activities
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjin Min
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Doo Ri An
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Hazardous Substances Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Incheon, 22133, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Neha Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Ji Su Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - B Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Se Won Suh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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23
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Islam MR, Choi S, Muthamilselvan T, Shin K, Hwang I. In Vivo Removal of N-Terminal Fusion Domains From Recombinant Target Proteins Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:440. [PMID: 32328082 PMCID: PMC7160244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants show great potential for producing recombinant proteins in a cost-effective manner. Many strategies have therefore been employed to express high levels of recombinant proteins in plants. Although foreign domains are fused to target proteins for high expression or as an affinity tag for purification, the retention of foreign domains on a target protein may be undesirable, especially for biomedical purposes. Thus, their removal is often crucial at a certain time point after translation. Here, we developed a new strategy to produce target proteins without foreign domains. This involved in vivo removal of foreign domains fused to the N-terminus by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) domain/SUMO-specific protease system. This strategy was tested successfully by generating a recombinant gene, BiP:p38:bdSUMO : His:hLIF, that produced human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) fused to p38, a coat protein of the Turnip crinkle virus; the inclusion of p38 increased levels of protein expression. The recombinant protein was expressed at high levels in the leaf tissue of Nicotiana benthamiana. Coexpression of bdSENP1, a SUMO-specific protease, proteolytically released His:hLIF from the full-length recombinant protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of N. benthamiana leaf cells. His:hLIF was purified from leaf extracts via Ni2+-NTA affinity purification resulting in a yield of 32.49 mg/kg, and the N-terminal 5-residues were verified by amino acid sequencing. Plant-produced His:hLIF was able to maintain the pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. This technique thus provides a novel method of removing foreign domains from a target protein in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Reyazul Islam
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Seoyoung Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South, Korea
| | - Thangarasu Muthamilselvan
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kunyoo Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South, Korea
- *Correspondence: Inhwan Hwang,
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24
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Vazquez JM, Sulak M, Chigurupati S, Lynch VJ. A Zombie LIF Gene in Elephants Is Upregulated by TP53 to Induce Apoptosis in Response to DNA Damage. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1765-1776. [PMID: 30110634 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-bodied organisms have more cells that can potentially turn cancerous than small-bodied organisms, imposing an increased risk of developing cancer. This expectation predicts a positive correlation between body size and cancer risk; however, there is no correlation between body size and cancer risk across species ("Peto's paradox"). Here, we show that elephants and their extinct relatives (proboscideans) may have resolved Peto's paradox in part through refunctionalizing a leukemia inhibitory factor pseudogene (LIF6) with pro-apoptotic functions. LIF6 is transcriptionally upregulated by TP53 in response to DNA damage and translocates to the mitochondria where it induces apoptosis. Phylogenetic analyses of living and extinct proboscidean LIF6 genes indicates that its TP53 response element evolved coincident with the evolution of large body sizes in the proboscidean stem lineage. These results suggest that refunctionalizing of a pro-apoptotic LIF pseudogene may have been permissive (although not sufficient) for the evolution of large body sizes in proboscideans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Vazquez
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Sulak
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Vincent J Lynch
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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25
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Real SAS, Parveen F, Rehman AU, Shaik R, Deo SVS, Husain SA. Mutation, methylation and expression analysis of LIFR gene in Indian breast cancer patients. Mutat Res 2019; 816-818:111677. [PMID: 31557600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2019.111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
LIFR functions as a tumor suppressor and metastatic suppressor of breast cancer. The present study investigates the status of LIFR gene in Indian breast cancer patients. A total of 137 breast cancer tissue and 137 adjacent normal tissue which served as controls were analyzed for mutation by automated DNA sequencing, methylation through methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and its corresponding expression at mRNA and protein level using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry respectively in Indian breast cancer patients. All the molecular findings were statistically correlated with clinopathological parameters of the patients to identify its association. LIFR mRNA expression was found to be 2.534 ± 3.52 fold downregulated with subsequent absence of protein in 67.15% cases (92/137). The absence of LIFR protein coincided with 80.95% (85/105) methylated cases thereby showing a very strong correlation among the LIFR promoter methylation and LIFR protein expression (p = 0.0001). We also observed G2968C nucleotide change in 6/137 cases of exon 20 of LIFR gene resulting in Glu990Gln mutation. Correlation of LIFR promoter methylation with geographic location and age at menopause and LIFR mutation with age at menarche, age at first live birth, molecular subtypes of breast cancer, and lymph node status remained significant even after bonferroni correction (p ≤ 0.0027). All these data suggests the relevance of these associations in relation to Indian breast cancer patients. The loss of LIFR protein was frequently found in Indian breast cancer patients, and aberrant promoter methylation showed a significant correlation with its downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farah Parveen
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Asad Ur Rehman
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - S V S Deo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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26
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Negr1 controls adult hippocampal neurogenesis and affective behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1189-1205. [PMID: 30651602 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies on major depressive disorder have implicated neuronal growth regulator 1 (Negr1), a GPI-anchored cell adhesion molecule in the immunoglobulin LON family. Although Negr1 has been shown to regulate neurite outgrowth and synapse formation, the mechanism through which this protein affects mood disorders is still largely unknown. In this research, we characterized Negr1-deficient (negr1-/-) mice to elucidate the function of Negr1 in anxiety and depression. We found that anxiety- and depression-like behaviors increased in negr1-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. In addition, negr1-/- mice had decreased adult hippocampal neurogenesis compared to wild-type mice. Concurrently, both LTP and mEPSC in the dentate gyrus (DG) region were severely compromised in negr1-/- mice. In our effort to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we found that lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) expression was decreased in the hippocampus of negr1-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Heterologous Lcn2 expression in the hippocampal DG of negr1-/- mice rescued anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and restored neurogenesis and mEPSC frequency to their normal levels in these mice. Furthermore, we discovered that Negr1 interacts with leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and modulates LIF-induced Lcn2 expression. Taken together, our data uncovered a novel mechanism of mood regulation by Negr1 involving an interaction between Negr1 and LIFR along with Lcn2 expression.
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27
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Morris R, Kershaw NJ, Babon JJ. The molecular details of cytokine signaling via the JAK/STAT pathway. Protein Sci 2019; 27:1984-2009. [PMID: 30267440 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 cytokines signal via the JAK/STAT pathway to orchestrate hematopoiesis, induce inflammation and control the immune response. Cytokines are secreted glycoproteins that act as intercellular messengers, inducing proliferation, differentiation, growth, or apoptosis of their target cells. They act by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells and switching on a phosphotyrosine-based intracellular signaling cascade initiated by kinases then propagated and effected by SH2 domain-containing transcription factors. As cytokine signaling is proliferative and often inflammatory, it is tightly regulated in terms of both amplitude and duration. Here we review molecular details of the cytokine-induced signaling cascade and describe the architectures of the proteins involved, including the receptors, kinases, and transcription factors that initiate and propagate signaling and the regulatory proteins that control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Morris
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, 3050, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia J Kershaw
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, 3050, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, 3050, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Viswanadhapalli S, Luo Y, Sareddy GR, Santhamma B, Zhou M, Li M, Ma S, Sonavane R, Pratap UP, Altwegg KA, Li X, Chang A, Chávez-Riveros A, Dileep KV, Zhang KYJ, Pan X, Murali R, Bajda M, Raj GV, Brenner AJ, Manthati V, Rao MK, Tekmal RR, Nair HB, Nickisch KJ, Vadlamudi RK. EC359: A First-in-Class Small-Molecule Inhibitor for Targeting Oncogenic LIFR Signaling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1341-1354. [PMID: 31142661 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and its ligand LIF play a critical role in cancer progression, metastasis, stem cell maintenance, and therapy resistance. Here, we describe a rationally designed first-in-class inhibitor of LIFR, EC359, which directly interacts with LIFR to effectively block LIF/LIFR interactions. EC359 treatment exhibits antiproliferative effects, reduces invasiveness and stemness, and promotes apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. The activity of EC359 is dependent on LIF and LIFR expression, and treatment with EC359 attenuated the activation of LIF/LIFR-driven pathways, including STAT3, mTOR, and AKT. Concomitantly, EC359 was also effective in blocking signaling by other LIFR ligands (CTF1, CNTF, and OSM) that interact at LIF/LIFR interface. EC359 significantly reduced tumor progression in TNBC xenografts and patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and reduced proliferation in patient-derived primary TNBC explants. EC359 exhibits distinct pharmacologic advantages, including oral bioavailability, and in vivo stability. Collectively, these data support EC359 as a novel targeted therapeutic that inhibits LIFR oncogenic signaling.See related commentary by Shi et al., p. 1337.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiliao Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, China
| | - Gangadhara R Sareddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, China
| | - Mengxing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Shihong Ma
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Uday P Pratap
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kristin A Altwegg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Kalarickal V Dileep
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Xinlei Pan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Marek Bajda
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Andrew J Brenner
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Hematology & Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Manjeet K Rao
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rajeshwar R Tekmal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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29
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Prokaryotic Expression and Purification of Recombinant Human Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; Analysis of the Ability to Maintain Pluripotency in Embryonic Stem Cells. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.64813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Adrian-Segarra JM, Schindler N, Gajawada P, Lörchner H, Braun T, Pöling J. The AB loop and D-helix in binding site III of human Oncostatin M (OSM) are required for OSM receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7017-7029. [PMID: 29511087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) are closely related members of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine family. Both cytokines share a common origin and structure, and both interact through a specific region, termed binding site III, to activate a dimeric receptor complex formed by glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and LIF receptor (LIFR) in humans. However, only OSM activates the OSM receptor (OSMR)-gp130 complex. The molecular features that enable OSM to specifically activate the OSMR are currently unknown. To define specific sequence motifs within OSM that are critical for initiating signaling via OSMR, here we generated chimeric OSM-LIF cytokines and performed alanine-scanning experiments. Replacement of the OSM AB loop within OSM's binding site III with that of LIF abrogated OSMR activation, measured as STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr-705, but did not compromise LIFR activation. Correspondingly, substitution of the AB loop and D-helix in LIF with their OSM counterparts was sufficient for OSMR activation. The alanine-scanning experiments revealed that residues Tyr-34, Gln-38, Gly-39, and Leu-45 (in the AB loop) and Pro-153 (in the D-helix) had specific roles in activating OSMR but not LIFR signaling, whereas Leu-40 and Cys-49 (in the AB loop), and Phe-160 and Lys-163 (in the D-helix) were required for activation of both receptors. Because most of the key amino acid residues identified here are conserved between LIF and OSM, we concluded that comparatively minor differences in a few amino acid residues within binding site III account for the differential biological effects of OSM and LIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Adrian-Segarra
- From the Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Natalie Schindler
- From the Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Praveen Gajawada
- From the Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Holger Lörchner
- From the Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- From the Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Pöling
- From the Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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31
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Hershkovitz-Rokah O, Geva P, Salmon-Divon M, Shpilberg O, Liberman-Aronov S. Network analysis of microRNAs, genes and their regulation in diffuse and follicular B-cell lymphomas. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7928-7941. [PMID: 29487703 PMCID: PMC5814270 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are short non-coding regulatory RNAs that control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play an important role in cancer development and progression, acting either as oncogenes or as tumor suppressors. Identification of aberrantly expressed miRs in patients with hematological malignancies as compared to healthy individuals has suggested that these molecules may serve as novel clinical diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. We conducted a systematic literature review of articles published between 2007 and 2017 and re-analyzed experimentally-validated human miR expression signatures in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) from various biological sources (tumor tissue, peripheral blood, bone marrow and cell lines). A unique miR expression pattern was observed for each disease. Compared to healthy individuals, 61 miRs were aberrantly expressed in DLBCL and 85 in FL; 20-30% of aberrantly expressed miRs overlapped between the two lymphoma subtypes. Analysis of integrative positive and negative miRNA-mRNA relationships using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) system revealed 970 miR-mRNA pairs for DLBCL and 90 for FL. Through gene ontology analysis, we found potential regulatory pathways that are deregulated in DLBCL and FL due to improper expression of miR target genes. By comparing the expression level of the aberrantly expressed miRs in DLBCL to their expression levels in other malignancies, we identified seven miRs that are aberrantly expressed in DLBCL tumor tissues (miR-15a, miR-16, miR-17, miR-106, miR-21, miR-155 and miR-34a-5p). This specific expression pattern may be a potential diagnostic tool for DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Hershkovitz-Rokah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Translational Research Laboratory, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institude of Hematology, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Polina Geva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Ofer Shpilberg
- Translational Research Laboratory, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institude of Hematology, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pre-Medicine Department, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Stella Liberman-Aronov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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32
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33
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Craven TW, Cho MK, Traaseth NJ, Bonneau R, Kirshenbaum K. A Miniature Protein Stabilized by a Cation-π Interaction Network. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1543-50. [PMID: 26812069 PMCID: PMC4867217 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design of folded miniature proteins is predicated on establishing noncovalent interactions that direct the self-assembly of discrete thermostable tertiary structures. In this work, we describe how a network of cation-π interactions present in proteins containing "WSXWS motifs" can be emulated to stabilize the core of a miniature protein. This 19-residue protein sequence recapitulates a set of interdigitated arginine and tryptophan residues that stabilize a distinctive β-strand:loop:PPII-helix topology. Validation of the compact fold determined by NMR was carried out by mutagenesis of the cation-π network and by comparison to the corresponding disulfide-bridged structure. These results support the involvement of a coordinated set of cation-π interactions that stabilize the tertiary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W. Craven
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Pl., New York, NY
| | - Min-Kyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY
| | - Nathaniel J. Traaseth
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Pl., New York, NY
- Department of Computer Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY
- Simons Center for Data Analysis, New York, NY
| | - Kent Kirshenbaum
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY
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Sarin H. Pressuromodulation at the cell membrane as the basis for small molecule hormone and peptide regulation of cellular and nuclear function. J Transl Med 2015; 13:372. [PMID: 26610602 PMCID: PMC4660824 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on recent knowledge that the specificity of the biological interactions of small molecule hydrophiles and lipophiles across microvascular and epithelial barriers, and with cells, can be predicted on the basis of their conserved biophysical properties, and the knowledge that biological peptides are cell membrane impermeant, it has been further discussed herein that cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are primarily regulated by small molecule hormone and peptide/factor interactions at the cell membrane (CM) receptors. The means of regulating cellular, and thus, nuclear function, are the various forms of CM Pressuromodulation that exist, which include Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) or Direct CM Receptor-Mediated Stabilizing Shift Pressuromodulation (Single, Dual or Tri) cum External Cationomodulation (≥3+ → 1+); which are with respect to acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecule hormones, growth factors or cytokines, and also include Indirect CM- or CM Receptor-Mediated Pressuromodulation, sub-classified as Indirect 1ary CM-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Perturbomodulation), Indirect 2ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Tri or Quad Receptor Internal Pseudo-Cationomodulation: SS 1+), Indirect 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Single or Dual Receptor Endocytic External Cationomodulation: 2+) or Indirect (Pseudo) 3ary CM Receptor-Mediated Shift Pressuromodulation (Receptor Endocytic Hydroxylocarbonyloetheroylomodulation: 0), which are with respect to sub-acute CM receptor-stabilizing effects of small biomolecules, growth factors or cytokines. As a generalization, all forms of CM pressuromodulation decrease CM and nuclear membrane (NM) compliance (whole cell compliance), due to pressuromodulation of the intracellular microtubule network and increases the exocytosis of pre-synthesized vesicular endogolgi peptides and small molecules as well as nuclear-to-rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins to the CM, with the potential to simultaneously increase the NM-associated chromatin DNA transcription of higher molecular weight protein forms, secretory and CM-destined, mitochondrial and nuclear, including the highest molecular weight nuclear proteins, Ki67 (359 kDa) and Separase (230 kDa), with the latter leading to mitogenesis and cell division; while, in the case of growth factors or cytokines with external cationomodulation capability, CM Receptor External Cationomodulation of CM receptors (≥3+ → 1+) results in cationic extracellular interaction (≥3+) with extracellular matrix heparan sulfates (≥3+ → 1+) concomitant with lamellopodesis and cell migration. It can be surmised that the modulation of cellular, and nuclear, function is mostly a reactive process, governed, primarily, by small molecule hormone and peptide interactions at the cell membrane, with CM receptors and the CM itself. These insights taken together, provide valuable translationally applicable knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, WV, USA.
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Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is the most pleiotropic member of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. It utilises a receptor that consists of the LIF receptor β and gp130 and this receptor complex is also used by ciliary neurotrophic growth factor (CNTF), oncostatin M, cardiotrophin1 (CT1) and cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC). Despite common signal transduction mechanisms (JAK/STAT, MAPK and PI3K) LIF can have paradoxically opposite effects in different cell types including stimulating or inhibiting each of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. While LIF can act on a wide range of cell types, LIF knockout mice have revealed that many of these actions are not apparent during ordinary development and that they may be the result of induced LIF expression during tissue damage or injury. Nevertheless LIF does appear to have non-redundant actions in maternal receptivity to blastocyst implantation, placental formation and in the development of the nervous system. LIF has also found practical use in the maintenance of self-renewal and totipotency of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos A Nicola
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Pde, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Melbourne 3050, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Pde, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Melbourne 3050, VIC, Australia
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Waters M, Brooks A. JAK2 activation by growth hormone and other cytokines. Biochem J 2015; 466:1-11. [PMID: 25656053 PMCID: PMC4325515 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and structurally related cytokines regulate a great number of physiological and pathological processes. They do this by coupling their single transmembrane domain (TMD) receptors to cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, either as homodimers or heterodimers. Recent studies have revealed that many of these receptors exist as constitutive dimers rather than being dimerized as a consequence of ligand binding, which has necessitated a new paradigm for describing their activation process. In the present study, we describe a model for activation of the tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) by the GH receptor homodimer based on biochemical data and molecular dynamics simulations. Binding of the bivalent ligand reorientates and rotates the receptor subunits, resulting in a transition from a form with parallel TMDs to one where the TMDs separate at the point of entry into the cytoplasm. This movement slides the pseudokinase inhibitory domain of one JAK kinase away from the kinase domain of the other JAK within the receptor dimer-JAK complex, allowing the two kinase domains to interact and trans-activate. This results in phosphorylation and activation of STATs and other signalling pathways linked to this receptor which then regulate postnatal growth, metabolism and stem cell activation. We believe that this model will apply to most if not all members of the class I cytokine receptor family, and will be useful in the design of small antagonists and agonists of therapeutic value.
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Key Words
- class i cytokine receptors
- cytokine receptor signalling
- growth hormone
- growth hormone receptor
- janus kinase 2 (jak2)
- srk family kinases
- cntf, ciliary neurotropic factor
- crh, cytokine receptor homology
- ct-1, cardiotropin-1
- ecd, extracellular domain
- epo, erythropoietin
- fniii, fibronectin iii-like
- gh, growth hormone
- gm-csf, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- jak, janus kinase
- jm, juxtamembrane
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- osm, oncostatin-m
- pk, pseudokinase
- tmd, transmembrane domain
- tpo, thrombopoietin
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Waters
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Institute, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Brooks
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland Institute, QLD 4072, Australia
- †The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, QLD 4072, Australia
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Spangler JB, Moraga I, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC. Insights into cytokine-receptor interactions from cytokine engineering. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:139-67. [PMID: 25493332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often mitigated by toxicity or lack of efficacy, either of which results from cytokine receptor pleiotropy and/or undesired activation of off-target cells. As our understanding of the structural principles of cytokine-receptor interactions has advanced, mechanism-based manipulation of cytokine signaling through protein engineering has become an increasingly feasible and powerful approach. Modified cytokines, both agonists and antagonists, have been engineered with narrowed target cell specificities, and they have also yielded important mechanistic insights into cytokine biology and signaling. Here we review the theory and practice of cytokine engineering and rationalize the mechanisms of several engineered cytokines in the context of structure. We discuss specific examples of how structure-based cytokine engineering has opened new opportunities for cytokines as drugs, with a focus on the immunotherapeutic cytokines interferon, interleukin-2, and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; , , ,
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Peelman F, Zabeau L, Moharana K, Savvides SN, Tavernier J. 20 years of leptin: insights into signaling assemblies of the leptin receptor. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:T9-23. [PMID: 25063754 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin plays a central role in the control of body weight and energy homeostasis, but is a pleiotropic cytokine with activities on many peripheral cell types. In this review, we discuss the interaction of leptin with its receptor, and focus on the structural and mechanistic aspects of the extracellular aspects of leptin receptor (LR) activation. We provide an extensive overview of all structural information that has been obtained for leptin and its receptor via X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, homology modeling, and mutagenesis studies. The available knowledge is integrated into putative models toward a recapitulation of the LR activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Peelman
- Department of Medical Protein ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumUnit for Structural BiologyLaboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Zabeau
- Department of Medical Protein ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumUnit for Structural BiologyLaboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kedar Moharana
- Department of Medical Protein ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumUnit for Structural BiologyLaboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Department of Medical Protein ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumUnit for Structural BiologyLaboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical Protein ResearchFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumUnit for Structural BiologyLaboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering (L-ProBE), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Moharana K, Zabeau L, Peelman F, Ringler P, Stahlberg H, Tavernier J, Savvides S. Structural and Mechanistic Paradigm of Leptin Receptor Activation Revealed by Complexes with Wild-Type and Antagonist Leptins. Structure 2014; 22:866-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Bobby R, Robustelli P, Kralicek AV, Mobli M, King GF, Grötzinger J, Dingley AJ. Functional implications of large backbone amplitude motions of the glycoprotein 130-binding epitope of interleukin-6. FEBS J 2014; 281:2471-83. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romel Bobby
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; New Zealand
| | - Paul Robustelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics; Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - Andrew V. Kralicek
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | | | - Andrew J. Dingley
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Auckland; New Zealand
- ICS-6 (Strukturbiochemie); Forschungszentrum Jülich; Germany
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41
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Jung AS, Koo BK, Chong SH, Kim K, Choi DK, Thi Vu TT, Nguyen MT, Jeong B, Ryu HB, Kim I, Jang YJ, Robinson RC, Choe H. Soluble expression of human leukemia inhibitory factor with protein disulfide isomerase in Escherichia coli and its simple purification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83781. [PMID: 24358310 PMCID: PMC3865251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) is a multifunctional cytokine that is essential for maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. hLIF may be also be useful in aiding fertility through its effects on increasing the implantation rate of fertilized eggs. Thus these applications in biomedical research and clinical medicine create a high demand for bioactive hLIF. However, production of active hLIF is problematic since eukaryotic cells demonstrate limited expression and prokaryotic cells produce insoluble protein. Here, we have adopted a hybrid protein disulfide isomerase design to increase the solubility of hLIF in Escherichia coli. Low temperature expression of hLIF fused to the b'a' domain of protein disulfide isomerase (PDIb'a') increased the soluble expression in comparison to controls. A simple purification protocol for bioactive hLIF was established that includes removal of the PDIb'a' domain by cleavage by TEV protease. The resulting hLIF, which contains one extra glycine residue at the N-terminus, was highly pure and demonstrated endotoxin levels below 0.05 EU/μg. The presence of an intramolecular disulfide bond was identified using mass spectroscopy. This purified hLIF effectively maintained the pluripotency of a murine embryonic stem cell line. Thus we have developed an effective method to produce a pure bioactive version of hLIF in E. coli for use in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Song Jung
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bon-Kyung Koo
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Ha Chong
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyunhoo Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Thu Trang Thi Vu
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minh Tan Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Boram Jeong
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Bong Ryu
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Injune Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeon Jin Jang
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robert Charles Robinson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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42
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Nicola NA. A (selective) history of Australian involvement in cytokine biology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:179-87. [PMID: 23548178 PMCID: PMC3713160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on contributions to cytokine biology made by Australians in Australia. It is clearly biased by my own experiences and selective recollections especially related to the colony-stimulating factors in which Australian involvement has been pre-eminent from discovery to clinical use. Nevertheless Australian scientists have also made profound contributions to other areas of cytokine and growth factor biology (including interferons, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and epidermal, insulin-like and vascular endothelial growth factors) that are briefly described in this review as well as other chapters in this volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos A Nicola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Pde, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
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Mancour LV, Daghestani HN, Dutta S, Westfield GH, Schilling J, Oleskie AN, Herbstman JF, Chou SZ, Skiniotis G. Ligand-induced architecture of the leptin receptor signaling complex. Mol Cell 2012; 48:655-61. [PMID: 23063524 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the crucial impact of leptin signaling on metabolism and body weight, little is known about the structure of the liganded leptin receptor (LEP-R) complex. Here, we applied single-particle electron microscopy (EM) to characterize the architecture of the extracellular region of LEP-R alone and in complex with leptin. We show that unliganded LEP-R displays significant flexibility in a hinge region within the cytokine homology region 2 (CHR2) that is connected to rigid membrane-proximal FnIII domains. Leptin binds to CHR2 in order to restrict the flexible hinge and the disposition of the FnIII "legs." Through a separate interaction, leptin engages the Ig-like domain of a second liganded LEP-R, resulting in the formation of a quaternary signaling complex. We propose that the membrane proximal domain rigidification in the context of a liganded cytokine receptor dimer is a key mechanism for the transactivation of Janus kinases (Jaks) bound at the intracellular receptor region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya V Mancour
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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44
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Schwache D, Müller-Newen G. Receptor fusion proteins for the inhibition of cytokines. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:428-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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45
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Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a soluble interleukin-6 family cytokine that regulates a number of physiologic functions, including normal skeletal remodeling. LIF signals through the cytokine co-receptor glycoprotein-130 in complex with its cytokine-specific receptor [LIF receptor (LIFR)] to activate signaling cascades in cells of the skeletal system, including stromal cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, adipocytes, and synovial fibroblasts. LIF action on skeletal cells is cell-type specific, and frequently dependent on the state of cell differentiation. This review describes the expression patterns of LIF and LIFR in bone, their regulation by physiological and inflammatory agents, as well as cell-specific influences of LIF on osteoblast, osteoclast, chondrocyte, and adipocyte differentiation. The actions of LIF in normal skeletal growth and maintenance, in pathological states (e.g. autocrine tumor cell signaling and growth in bone) and inflammatory conditions (e.g. arthritis) will be discussed, as well as the signaling pathways activated by LIF and their importance in bone formation and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia.
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46
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Collison LW, Delgoffe GM, Guy CS, Vignali KM, Chaturvedi V, Fairweather D, Satoskar AR, Garcia KC, Hunter CA, Drake CG, Murray PJ, Vignali DAA. The composition and signaling of the IL-35 receptor are unconventional. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:290-9. [PMID: 22306691 PMCID: PMC3529151 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 35 (IL-35) belongs to the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines but has a distinct functional profile. IL-35 suppresses T cell proliferation and converts naive T cells into IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cells (iTr35 cells). Here we found that IL-35 signaled through a unique heterodimer of receptor chains IL-12Rβ2 and gp130 or homodimers of each chain. Conventional T cells were sensitive to IL-35-mediated suppression in the absence of one receptor chain but not both receptor chains, whereas signaling through both chains was required for IL-35 expression and conversion into iTr35 cells. Signaling through the IL-35 receptor required the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT4, which formed a unique heterodimer that bound to distinct sites in the promoters of the genes encoding the IL-12 subunits p35 and Ebi3. This unconventional mode of signaling, distinct from that of other members of the IL-12 family, may broaden the spectrum and specificity of IL-35-mediated suppression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokine Receptor gp130/immunology
- Interleukins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-12/immunology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- STAT4 Transcription Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren W Collison
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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47
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Jones LL, Vignali DAA. Molecular interactions within the IL-6/IL-12 cytokine/receptor superfamily. Immunol Res 2012; 51:5-14. [PMID: 21553332 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Production of cytokines by immune cells in response to stimuli and the binding of cytokines to specific receptors on target cells is a central feature of the immune response. The IL-12 cytokine family is particularly influential in determining the fate of T cells and is characterized by the sharing of cytokine and receptor subunits. A thorough understanding of the molecular interactions within this family will be a key to the development of therapeutic inhibitors or enhancers of IL-12 family function. While the current structural and molecular data for IL-12 family members is limited, there is ample information on the structurally related IL-6 cytokine family. This review will summarize the current structural and mutagenesis data within the IL-12 family and will attempt to utilize similarities between the IL-6 and IL-12 families to understand molecular interactions between IL-12 family subunits and with receptor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay L Jones
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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48
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Lemons AR, Naz RK. Birth control vaccine targeting leukemia inhibitory factor. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 79:97-106. [PMID: 22139866 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The population explosion and unintended pregnancies resulting in elective abortions continue to impose major public health issues. This calls for a better method of contraception. Immunocontraception has been proposed as a valuable alternative that can fulfill most, if not all, of the properties of an ideal contraceptive. There are several targets that are being explored for contraceptive vaccine development. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a member of interleukin-6 family, is required for embryo development and successful blastocyst implantation in several mammalian species. The present study was conducted to examine if LIF can be a target for the development of a birth control vaccine. Three sequences from LIF and two sequences from LIF-receptor (LIF-R) that span the regions involved in ligand-receptor binding were delineated, and peptides were synthesized based upon these sequences. Antibodies raised against these five peptides reduced LIF bioactivity in an in vitro culture assay using BA/F3 mLIF-R-mpg130 cells. Vaccines were prepared by conjugating these peptides to various carrier proteins. Immunization of female mice with these peptide vaccines induced a long-lasting, circulating as well as local antibody response in various parts of the genital tract, and resulted in a significant (P ≤ 0.05) inhibition in fertility in all the three trials; the LIF-R peptide vaccines proved to be a better vaccine target. The data indicate that LIF/LIF-R is an excellent target for the development of a birth control vaccine. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that examined LIF/LIF-R as a target for immunocontraception. The findings of this study can be easily translated to humans since LIF/LIF-R is also important for implantation and pregnancy in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Lemons
- Reproductive Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
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Alterations in the expression of leukemia inhibitory factor following exercise: comparisons between wild-type and mdx muscles. PLOS CURRENTS 2011; 3:RRN1277. [PMID: 22183053 PMCID: PMC3222879 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine, belonging to the interleukin-6 family of cytokines, that has been suggested to have positive effects on myogenesis following injury and to minimise dystrophic pathology in mdx mice. Previous reports have suggested that Lif mRNA is up-regulated in the limb and diaphragm muscles of mdx mice, in human cases of dystrophy and acutely following exercise. This study examined expression of Lif mRNA in the quadriceps muscles of mdx and wild-type mice that were either sedentary or allowed to exercise voluntarily for two weeks. RESULTS Exercise caused a decrease in Lif mRNA expression in wild-type muscle, but this was not the case in mdx muscle. Lif mRNA levels in sedentary mdx mice were similar to those in exercised wild type muscles, and in mdx mice there was no further decrease in levels following exercise. Similar down-regulation of Lif mRNA was observed in the tibialis anterior and diaphragm muscles of mdx mice at three and six weeks of age respectively, compared with wild-type controls. Transcripts for the LIF receptor (Lifr) were also down-regulated in these mdx muscles, suggesting LIF activity may be minimised in dystrophic muscle. However fluorescent immunohistochemical labeling of LIF did not correlate with transcript expression data, as LIF immunoreactivity could not be detected in wild-type muscle, where mRNA expression was high, but was present in dystrophic muscle where mRNA expression was low. This study also described the translocation of membrane proteins, including LIFR, to the nuclei of syncytial muscle cells during differentiation and fusion. In addition this study demonstrates that survival of donor myoblasts injected into dystrophic muscle was enhanced by co-administration of recombinant LIF. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence to support a role for LIF in normal muscle biology in response to exercise. Although expression levels of Lif transcript in mdx muscles were not consistent with previous studies, the detection of LIF protein in mdx muscle but not wild-type muscle supports a role for LIF in dystrophy. This study also provides evidence of the differential localisation of the LIFR, and the potential for anti-inflammatory actions of LIF that promote survival of transplanted myoblasts in dystrophic muscle.*corresponding author: Jason White, Muscular Dystrophy Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; email: jasondw@unimelb.edu.au.
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Structural insights into the extracellular assembly of the hematopoietic Flt3 signaling complex. Blood 2011; 118:60-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-329532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The class III receptor tyrosine kinase (RTKIII) Fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (Flt3) and its cytokine ligand (FL) play central roles in hematopoiesis and the immune system, by establishing signaling cascades crucial for the development and homeostasis of hematopoietic progenitors and antigen-presenting dendritic cells. However, Flt3 is also one of the most frequently mutated receptors in hematologic malignancies and is currently a major prognostic factor and clinical target for acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we report the structural basis for the Flt3 ligand-receptor complex and unveil an unanticipated extracellular assembly unlike any other RTKIII/V complex characterized to date. FL induces dimerization of Flt3 via a remarkably compact binding epitope localized at the tip of extracellular domain 3 of Flt3, and it invokes a ternary complex devoid of homotypic receptor interactions. Comparisons of Flt3 with homologous receptors and available mutagenesis data for FL have allowed us to rationalize the unique features of the Flt3 extracellular assembly. Furthermore, thermodynamic dissection of complex formation points to a pronounced enthalpically driven binding event coupled to an entropic penalty. Together, our data suggest that the high-affinity Flt3:FL complex is driven in part by a single preformed binding epitope on FL reminiscent of a “lock-and-key” binding mode, thereby setting the stage for antagonist design.
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