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Fujii S, Wada H, Kobayashi K. Orchestration of Photosynthesis-Associated Gene Expression and Galactolipid Biosynthesis during Chloroplast Differentiation in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1014-1028. [PMID: 38668647 PMCID: PMC11209550 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The chloroplast thylakoid membrane is composed of membrane lipids and photosynthetic protein complexes, and the orchestration of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis and photosynthesis-associated protein accumulation is considered important for thylakoid development. Galactolipids consist of ∼80% of the thylakoid lipids, and their biosynthesis is fundamental for chloroplast development. We previously reported that the suppression of galactolipid biosynthesis decreased the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear-encoded genes (PhAPGs) and photosynthesis-associated plastid-encoded genes (PhAPGs). However, the mechanism for coordinative regulation between galactolipid biosynthesis in plastids and the expression of PhANGs and PhAPGs remains largely unknown. To elucidate this mechanism, we investigated the gene expression patterns in galactolipid-deficient Arabidopsis seedlings during the de-etiolation process. We found that galactolipids are crucial for inducing both the transcript accumulation of PhANGs and PhAPGs and the accumulation of plastid-encoded photosynthesis-associated proteins in developing chloroplasts. Genetic analysis indicates the contribution of the GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1)-mediated plastid-to-nucleus signaling pathway to PhANG regulation in response to galactolipid levels. Previous studies suggested that the accumulation of GUN1 reflects the state of protein homeostasis in plastids and alters the PhANG expression level. Thus, we propose a model that galactolipid biosynthesis determines the protein homeostasis in plastids in the initial phase of de-etiolation and optimizes GUN1-dependent signaling to regulate the PhANG expression. This mechanism might contribute to orchestrating the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins for the biogenesis of functional chloroplasts in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Fujii
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561 Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Science and Global Education, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
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2
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Yao Y, Zhang H, Guo R, Fan J, Liu S, Liao J, Huang Y, Wang Z. Physiological, Cytological, and Transcriptomic Analysis of Magnesium Protoporphyrin IX Methyltransferase Mutant Reveal Complex Genetic Regulatory Network Linking Chlorophyll Synthesis and Chloroplast Development in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3785. [PMID: 37960141 PMCID: PMC10649015 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional defects in key genes for chlorophyll synthesis usually cause abnormal chloroplast development, but the genetic regulatory network for these key genes in regulating chloroplast development is still unclear. Magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase (ChlM) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of chlorophyll synthesis. Physiological analysis showed that the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were significantly decreased in the chlm mutant. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the chloroplasts of the chlm mutant were not well developed, with poor, loose, and indistinct thylakoid membranes. Hormone content analysis found that jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and auxin accumulated in the mutant. A comparative transcriptome profiling identified 1534 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between chlm and the wild type, including 876 up-regulated genes and 658 down-regulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that these DEGs were highly involved in chlorophyll metabolism, chloroplast development, and photosynthesis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis found that protein translation played an essential role in the ChlM gene-regulated process. Specifically, 62 and 6 DEGs were annotated to regulate chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism, respectively; 278 DEGs were predicted to be involved in regulating chloroplast development; 59 DEGs were found to regulate hormone regulatory pathways; 192 DEGs were annotated to regulate signal pathways; and 49 DEGs were putatively identified as transcription factors. Dozens of these genes have been well studied and reported to play essential roles in chlorophyll accumulation or chloroplast development, providing direct evidence for the reliability of the role of the identified DEGs. These findings suggest that chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development are actively regulated by the ChlM gene. And it is suggested that hormones, signal pathways, and transcription regulation were all involved in these regulation processes. The accuracy of transcriptome data was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. This study reveals a complex genetic regulatory network of the ChlM gene regulating chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development. The ChlM gene's role in retrograde signaling was discussed. Jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, or their derivatives in a certain unknown state were proposed as retrograde signaling molecules in one of the signaling pathways from the chloroplast to nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jiangmin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jianglin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yingjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhaohai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Responding to Climate Change (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Nanchang 330045, China
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3
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Youssef WA, Feil R, Saint-Sorny M, Johnson X, Lunn JE, Grimm B, Brzezowski P. Singlet oxygen-induced signalling depends on the metabolic status of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell. Commun Biol 2023; 6:529. [PMID: 37193883 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a mutant screen, we identified trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase 1 (TSPP1) as a functional enzyme dephosphorylating trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) to trehalose in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The tspp1 knock-out results in reprogramming of the cell metabolism via altered transcriptome. As a secondary effect, tspp1 also shows impairment in 1O2-induced chloroplast retrograde signalling. From transcriptomic analysis and metabolite profiling, we conclude that accumulation or deficiency of certain metabolites directly affect 1O2-signalling. 1O2-inducible GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 5 (GPX5) gene expression is suppressed by increased content of fumarate and 2-oxoglutarate, intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in mitochondria and dicarboxylate metabolism in the cytosol, but also myo-inositol, involved in inositol phosphate metabolism and phosphatidylinositol signalling system. Application of another TCA cycle intermediate, aconitate, recovers 1O2-signalling and GPX5 expression in otherwise aconitate-deficient tspp1. Genes encoding known essential components of chloroplast-to-nucleus 1O2-signalling, PSBP2, MBS, and SAK1, show decreased transcript levels in tspp1, which also can be rescued by exogenous application of aconitate. We demonstrate that chloroplast retrograde signalling involving 1O2 depends on mitochondrial and cytosolic processes and that the metabolic status of the cell determines the response to 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waeil Al Youssef
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maureen Saint-Sorny
- Photosynthesis and Environment Team, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- Photosynthesis and Environment Team, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Brzezowski
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Zhang C, Ma C, Zhu L, Yao M. Simultaneous determination of protoporphyrin IX and magnesium protoporphyrin IX in Arabidopsis thaliana and Camellia sinensis using UPLC-MS/MS. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:34. [PMID: 36998023 PMCID: PMC10061815 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Insertion of Mg2+ into protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) to produce magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-PPIX) was the first step toward chlorophyll biosynthesis, which not only imparts plants green pigmentation but underpins photosynthesis. Plants that blocked the conversion of PPIX to Mg-PPIX displayed yellowish or albino-lethal phenotypes. However, the lack of systematic study of the detection method and the metabolic difference between species have caused the research on chloroplast retrograde signaling controversial for a long time. RESULTS An advanced and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS strategy for determining PPIX and Mg-PPIX was established in two metabolic different plants, Arabidopsis thaliana (Columbia-0) and Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Two metabolites could be extracted by 80% acetone (v/v) and 20% 0.1 M NH4OH (v/v) without hexane washing. Since the Mg-PPIX could be substantially de-metalized into PPIX in acidic conditions, analysis was carried out by UPLC-MS/MS with 0.1% ammonia (v/v) and 0.1% ammonium acetonitrile (v/v) as mobile phases using negative ion multiple reaction monitoring modes. Interestingly, it could be easier to monitor these two compounds in dehydrated samples rather than in fresh samples. Validation was performed in spiked samples and mean recoveries ranged from 70.5 to 916%, and the intra-day and inter-day variations were less than 7.5 and 10.9%, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.01 mg·kg- 1 and the limit of quantification was 0.05 mg·kg- 1. The contents of PPIX (1.67 ± 0.12 mg·kg- 1) and Mg-PPIX (3.37 ± 0.10 mg·kg- 1) in tea were significantly higher than in Arabidopsis (PPIX: 0.05 ± 0.02 mg·kg- 1; Mg-PPIX: 0.08 ± 0.01 mg·kg- 1) and they were only detected in the leaf. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes a universal and reliable method for determining PPIX and Mg-PPIX in two plants using UPLC-MS/MS. This procedure will facilitate studying chlorophyll metabolism and natural chlorophyll production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Chunlei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Mingzhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, Ren Y, Dong H, Duan E, Teng X, Zhao H, Chen R, Chen X, Lei J, Yang H, Tian Y, Chen L, Liu X, Liu S, Jiang L, Wang H, Wan J. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway regulates plastid-to-nucleus signaling by controlling plastid gene expression in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100411. [PMID: 35836377 PMCID: PMC9860167 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling coordinates nuclear gene expression with chloroplast developmental status and is essential for the photoautotrophic lifestyle of plants. Previous studies have established that tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TPB) and plastid gene expression (PGE) play essential roles in plastid retrograde signaling during early chloroplast biogenesis; however, their functional relationship remains unknown. In this study, we generated a series of rice TPB-related gun (genome uncoupled) mutants and systematically analyzed their effects on nuclear and plastid gene expression under normal conditions or when subjected to treatments with norflurazon (NF; a noncompetitive inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis) and/or lincomycin (Lin; a specific inhibitor of plastid translation). We show that under NF treatment, expression of plastid-encoded polymerase (PEP)-transcribed genes is significantly reduced in the wild type but is derepressed in the TPB-related gun mutants. We further demonstrate that the derepressed expression of PEP-transcribed genes may be caused by increased expression of the PEP core subunit and nuclear-encoded sigma factors and by elevated copy numbers of plastid genome per haploid genome. In addition, we show that expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) and PEP-transcribed genes is correlated in the rice TPB-related gun mutants, with or without NF or Lin treatment. A similar correlation between PhANGs and PGE is also observed in the Arabidopsis gun4 and gun5 mutants. Moreover, we show that increased expression of PEP-transcribed plastid genes is necessary for the gun phenotype in NF-treated TPB-related gun mutants. Further, we provide evidence that these TPB-related GUN genes act upstream of GUN1 in the regulation of retrograde signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the TPB-related GUN genes control retrograde plastid signaling by regulating the PGE-dependent retrograde signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Erchao Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Rongbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yunlu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China; National Key Facility for Crop Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China.
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Richter AS, Nägele T, Grimm B, Kaufmann K, Schroda M, Leister D, Kleine T. Retrograde signaling in plants: A critical review focusing on the GUN pathway and beyond. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100511. [PMID: 36575799 PMCID: PMC9860301 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately. Signaling during plastid biogenesis and responses of mature chloroplasts to environmental changes are designated "biogenic" and "operational" controls, respectively. A prominent example of the investigation of biogenic signaling is the screen for gun (genomes uncoupled) mutants. Although the first five gun mutants were identified 30 years ago, the functions of GUN proteins in retrograde signaling remain controversial, and that of GUN1 is hotly disputed. Here, we provide background information and critically discuss recently proposed concepts that address GUN-related signaling and some novel gun mutants. Moreover, considering heme as a candidate in retrograde signaling, we revisit the spatial organization of heme biosynthesis and export from plastids. Although this review focuses on GUN pathways, we also highlight recent progress in the identification and elucidation of chloroplast-derived signals that regulate the acclimation response in green algae and plants. Here, stress-induced accumulation of unfolded/misassembled chloroplast proteins evokes a chloroplast-specific unfolded protein response, which leads to changes in the expression levels of nucleus-encoded chaperones and proteases to restore plastid protein homeostasis. We also address the importance of chloroplast-derived signals for activation of flavonoid biosynthesis leading to production of anthocyanins during stress acclimation through sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 1. Finally, a framework for identification and quantification of intercompartmental signaling cascades at the proteomic and metabolomic levels is provided, and we discuss future directions of dissection of organelle-nucleus communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Richter
- Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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7
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Pagani MA, Gomez-Casati DF. Advances in Iron Retrograde Signaling Mechanisms and Uptake Regulation in Photosynthetic Organisms. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2665:121-145. [PMID: 37166598 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3183-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential metal for the growth and development of different organisms, including plants and algae. This metal participates in different biological processes, among which are cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Fe is found associated with heme groups and as part of inorganic Fe-S groups as cofactors of numerous cellular proteins. Although Fe is abundant in soils, it is often not bioavailable due to soil pH. For this reason, photosynthetic organisms have developed different strategies for the uptake, the sensing of Fe intracellular levels but also different mechanisms that maintain and regulate adequate concentrations of this metal in response to physiological needs. This work focuses on discussing recent advances in the characterization of the mechanisms of Fe homeostasis and Fe retrograde signaling in photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Pagani
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Diego F Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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8
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Liebers M, Cozzi C, Uecker F, Chambon L, Blanvillain R, Pfannschmidt T. Biogenic signals from plastids and their role in chloroplast development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7105-7125. [PMID: 36002302 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant seeds do not contain differentiated chloroplasts. Upon germination, the seedlings thus need to gain photoautotrophy before storage energies are depleted. This requires the coordinated expression of photosynthesis genes encoded in nuclear and plastid genomes. Chloroplast biogenesis needs to be additionally coordinated with the light regulation network that controls seedling development. This coordination is achieved by nucleus to plastid signals called anterograde and plastid to nucleus signals termed retrograde. Retrograde signals sent from plastids during initial chloroplast biogenesis are also called biogenic signals. They have been recognized as highly important for proper chloroplast biogenesis and for seedling development. The molecular nature, transport, targets, and signalling function of biogenic signals are, however, under debate. Several studies disproved the involvement of a number of key components that were at the base of initial models of retrograde signalling. New models now propose major roles for a functional feedback between plastid and cytosolic protein homeostasis in signalling plastid dysfunction as well as the action of dually localized nucleo-plastidic proteins that coordinate chloroplast biogenesis with light-dependent control of seedling development. This review provides a survey of the developments in this research field, summarizes the unsolved questions, highlights several recent advances, and discusses potential new working modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Liebers
- Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Botanik, Pflanzenphysiologie, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolina Cozzi
- Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Botanik, Pflanzenphysiologie, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Finia Uecker
- Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Botanik, Pflanzenphysiologie, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Louise Chambon
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, IRIG-LPCV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Robert Blanvillain
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, IRIG-LPCV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Pfannschmidt
- Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Botanik, Pflanzenphysiologie, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Jan M, Liu Z, Rochaix JD, Sun X. Retrograde and anterograde signaling in the crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:980237. [PMID: 36119624 PMCID: PMC9478734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic activity are closely coordinated through signaling chains from the nucleus to chloroplast, referred to as anterograde signaling, and from chloroplast to the nucleus, named retrograde signaling. The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor and communicates with other cell compartments during its biogenesis and in response to stress, notably with the nucleus through retrograde signaling to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and growth. Although several components involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-derived retrograde signals and in the regulation of the responsive nuclear genes have been identified, the plastid retrograde signaling network is still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, and on potential plastid signaling molecules. We also discuss the retrograde signaling-dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression within the frame of a multilayered network of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Jan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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10
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Fujii S, Kobayashi K, Lin YC, Liu YC, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Impacts of phosphatidylglycerol on plastid gene expression and light induction of nuclear photosynthetic genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2952-2970. [PMID: 35560187 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the only major phospholipid in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. PG is essential for photosynthesis, and loss of PG in Arabidopsis thaliana results in severe defects of growth and chloroplast development, with decreased chlorophyll accumulation, impaired thylakoid formation, and down-regulation of photosynthesis-associated genes encoded in nuclear and plastid genomes. However, how the absence of PG affects gene expression and plant growth remains unclear. To elucidate this mechanism, we investigated transcriptional profiles of a PG-deficient Arabidopsis mutant pgp1-2 under various light conditions. Microarray analysis demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive genes were up-regulated in pgp1-2. However, ROS production was not enhanced in the mutant even under strong light, indicating limited impacts of photooxidative stress on the defects of pgp1-2. Illumination to dark-adapted pgp1-2 triggered down-regulation of photosynthesis-associated nuclear-encoded genes (PhANGs), while plastid-encoded genes were constantly suppressed. Overexpression of GOLDEN2-LIKE1 (GLK1), a transcription factor gene regulating chloroplast development, in pgp1-2 up-regulated PhANGs but not plastid-encoded genes along with chlorophyll accumulation. Our data suggest a broad impact of PG biosynthesis on nuclear-encoded genes partially via GLK1 and a specific involvement of this lipid in plastid gene expression and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Fujii
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Asano K, Takahashi Y, Ueno M, Fukuda T, Otani M, Kitamoto S, Tomigahara Y. Lack of human relevance for rat developmental toxicity of flumioxazin is revealed by comparative heme synthesis assay using embryonic erythroid cells derived from human and rat pluripotent stem cells. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:125-138. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Asano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Manako Ueno
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Takako Fukuda
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Mitsuhiro Otani
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Sachiko Kitamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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12
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Park JH, Jung S. Alleviation of norflurazon-induced photobleaching by overexpression of Fe-chelatase in transgenic rice. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:258-266. [PMID: 34566459 PMCID: PMC8422257 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d21-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of Bradyrhizobium japonicum FeCh (BjFeCh) expression on the regulation of porphyrin biosynthesis and resistance to norflurazon (NF)-induced photobleaching in transgenic rice. In response to NF, transgenic lines F4 and F7 showed lesser declines in chlorophyll, carotenoid, F v/F m, ϕPSII, and light-harvesting chlorophyll (Lhc) a/b-binding proteins as compared to wild-type (WT) plants, resulting in the alleviation of NF-induced photobleaching. During photobleaching, levels of heme, protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-Proto IX (monomethylester), and protochlorophyllide decreased in WT and transgenic plants, with lesser decreases in transgenic plants. Most porphyrin biosynthetic genes were greatly downregulated in WT and transgenic plants following NF treatment, with higher transcript levels in transgenic plants. The expression of BjFeCh in transgenic rice may play a protective role in mitigating NF-induced photobleaching by maintaining levels of heme, chlorophyll intermediates, and Lhc proteins. This finding will contribute to understanding the resistance mechanism of NF-resistant crops and establishing a new strategy for weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Heum Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Sunyo Jung
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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13
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Wang YT, Yang CH, Huang KS, Shaw JF. Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081115. [PMID: 34439782 PMCID: PMC8392590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllides can be found in photosynthetic organisms. Generally, chlorophyllides have a-, b-, c-, d-, and f-type derivatives, and all chlorophyllides have a tetrapyrrole structure with a Mg ion at the center and a fifth isocyclic pentanone. Chlorophyllide a can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a, divinyl chlorophyllide a, or chlorophyll. In addition, chlorophyllide a can be transformed into chlorophyllide b, chlorophyllide d, or chlorophyllide f. Chlorophyllide c can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a or divinyl protochlorophyllide a. Chlorophyllides have been extensively used in food, medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, chlorophyllides exhibit many biological activities, such as anti-growth, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipathogenic, and antiproliferative activity. The photosensitivity of chlorophyllides that is applied in mercury electrodes and sensors were discussed. This article is the first detailed review dedicated specifically to chlorophyllides. Thus, this review aims to describe the definition of chlorophyllides, biosynthetic routes of chlorophyllides, purification of chlorophyllides, and applications of chlorophyllides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 106214, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
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14
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Eguchi A, Fukunaga S, Ogata K, Kushida M, Asano H, Cohen SM, Sukata T. Chimeric Mouse With Humanized Liver Is an Appropriate Animal Model to Investigate Mode of Action for Porphyria-Mediated Hepatocytotoxicity. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1243-1254. [PMID: 34238059 PMCID: PMC8521358 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211027474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrinogenic compounds are known to induce porphyria-mediated hepatocellular injury and subsequent regenerative proliferation in rodents, ultimately leading to hepatocellular tumor induction. However, an appropriate in vivo experimental model to evaluate an effect of porphyrinogenic compounds on human liver has not been fully established. Recently, the chimeric mouse with humanized liver (PXB mice) became widely used as a humanized model in which human hepatocytes are transplanted. In the present study, we examined the utility of PXB mice as an in vivo experimental model to evaluate the key events of the porphyria-mediated cytotoxicity mode of action (MOA) in humans. The treatment of PXB mice with 5-aminolevulinic acid, a representative porphyrinogenic compound, for 28 days caused protoporphyrin IX accumulation, followed by hepatocyte necrosis, increased mitosis, and an increase in replicative DNA synthesis in human hepatocytes, indicative of cellular injury and regenerative proliferation, similar to findings in patients with porphyria or experimental porphyria models and corresponding to the key events of the MOA for porphyria-mediated hepatocellular carcinogenesis. We conclude that the PXB mouse is a useful model to evaluate the key events of the porphyria-mediated cytotoxicity MOA in humans and suggest the utility of PXB mice for clarifying the human relevancy of findings in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Eguchi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoki Fukunaga
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Ogata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kushida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tokuo Sukata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Wu GZ, Bock R. GUN control in retrograde signaling: How GENOMES UNCOUPLED proteins adjust nuclear gene expression to plastid biogenesis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:457-474. [PMID: 33955483 PMCID: PMC8136882 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Communication between cellular compartments is vital for development and environmental adaptation. Signals emanating from organelles, so-called retrograde signals, coordinate nuclear gene expression with the developmental stage and/or the functional status of the organelle. Plastids (best known in their green photosynthesizing differentiated form, the chloroplasts) are the primary energy-producing compartment of plant cells, and the site for the biosynthesis of many metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, isoprenoids, tetrapyrroles, vitamins, and phytohormone precursors. Signals derived from plastids regulate the accumulation of a large set of nucleus-encoded proteins, many of which localize to plastids. A set of mutants defective in retrograde signaling (genomes uncoupled, or gun) was isolated over 25 years ago. While most GUN genes act in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, resolving the molecular function of GUN1, the proposed integrator of multiple retrograde signals, has turned out to be particularly challenging. Based on its amino acid sequence, GUN1 was initially predicted to be a plastid-localized nucleic acid-binding protein. Only recently, mechanistic information on the function of GUN1 has been obtained, pointing to a role in plastid protein homeostasis. This review article summarizes our current understanding of GUN-related retrograde signaling and provides a critical appraisal of the various proposed roles for GUNs and their respective pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhang Wu
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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16
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Gjindali A, Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN, Calzadilla PI. A Holistic Approach to Study Photosynthetic Acclimation Responses of Plants to Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668512. [PMID: 33936157 PMCID: PMC8079764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments receive light through sunflecks, the duration and distribution of these being highly variable across the day. Consequently, plants need to adjust their photosynthetic processes to avoid photoinhibition and maximize yield. Changes in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to sustained changes in the environment are referred to as photosynthetic acclimation, a process that involves changes in protein content and composition. Considering this definition, acclimation differs from regulation, which involves processes that alter the activity of individual proteins over short-time periods, without changing the abundance of those proteins. The interconnection and overlapping of the short- and long-term photosynthetic responses, which can occur simultaneously or/and sequentially over time, make the study of long-term acclimation to fluctuating light in plants challenging. In this review we identify short-term responses of plants to fluctuating light that could act as sensors and signals for acclimation responses, with the aim of understanding how plants integrate environmental fluctuations over time and tailor their responses accordingly. Mathematical modeling has the potential to integrate physiological processes over different timescales and to help disentangle short-term regulatory responses from long-term acclimation responses. We review existing mathematical modeling techniques for studying photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light and propose new methods for addressing the topic from a holistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Gjindali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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17
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Huang XQ, Wang LJ, Kong MJ, Huang N, Liu XY, Liang HY, Zhang JX, Lu S. At3g53630 encodes a GUN1-interacting protein under norflurazon treatment. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:371-378. [PMID: 33108535 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles, with more than 95% of their proteins encoded by the nuclear genome. The chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signals are critical for the nucleus to coordinate its gene expression for optimizing or repairing chloroplast functions in response to changing environments. In chloroplasts, the pentatricopeptide-repeat protein GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1) is a master switch that senses aberrant physiological states, such as the photooxidative stress induced by norflurazon (NF) treatment, and represses the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs). However, it is largely unknown how the retrograde signal is transmitted beyond GUN1. In this study, a protein GUN1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (GIP1), encoded by At3g53630, was identified to interact with GUN1 by different approaches. We demonstrated that GIP1 has both cytosol and chloroplast localizations, and its abundance in chloroplasts is enhanced by NF treatment with the presence of GUN1. Our results suggest that GIP1 and GUN1 may function antagonistically in the retrograde signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lin-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Meng-Juan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Na Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xin-Ya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Han-Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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18
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Shimizu T, Masuda T. The Role of Tetrapyrrole- and GUN1-Dependent Signaling on Chloroplast Biogenesis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020196. [PMID: 33494334 PMCID: PMC7911674 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplast biogenesis requires the coordinated expression of the chloroplast and nuclear genomes, which is achieved by communication between the developing chloroplasts and the nucleus. Signals emitted from the plastids, so-called retrograde signals, control nuclear gene expression depending on plastid development and functionality. Genetic analysis of this pathway identified a set of mutants defective in retrograde signaling and designated genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants. Subsequent research has pointed to a significant role of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in retrograde signaling. Meanwhile, the molecular functions of GUN1, the proposed integrator of multiple retrograde signals, have not been identified yet. However, based on the interactions of GUN1, some working hypotheses have been proposed. Interestingly, GUN1 contributes to important biological processes, including plastid protein homeostasis, through transcription, translation, and protein import. Furthermore, the interactions of GUN1 with tetrapyrroles and their biosynthetic enzymes have been revealed. This review focuses on our current understanding of the function of tetrapyrrole retrograde signaling on chloroplast biogenesis.
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19
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Kawamura S, Otani M, Miyamoto T, Abe J, Ihara R, Inawaka K, Fantel AG. Different effects of an N-phenylimide herbicide on heme biosynthesis between human and rat erythroid cells. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 99:27-38. [PMID: 33249232 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rat developmental toxicity including embryolethality and teratogenicity (mainly ventricular septal defects and wavy ribs) were produced by S-53482, an N-phenylimide herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) common to chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis. The sequence of key biological events in the mode of action has been elucidated as follows: inhibition of PPO interferes with normal heme synthesis, which causes loss of blood cells leading to fetal anemia, embryolethality and the development of malformations. In this study we investigated whether the rat is a relevant model for the assessment of the human hazard of the herbicide. To study effects on heme biosynthesis, human erythroleukemia, human cord blood, and rat erythroleukemia cells were treated with the herbicide during red cell differentiation. Protoporphyrin IX, a marker of PPO inhibition, and heme were determined. We investigated whether synchronous maturation of primitive erythropoiesis, which can contribute to massive losses of embryonic blood, occurs in rats. The population of primitive erythroblasts was observed on gestational days 11 through 14. Heme production was suppressed in rat erythroid cells. In contrast, heme reduction was not seen in both human erythroid cells when PPO was inhibited. Rats underwent synchronous maturation in primitive erythropoiesis. Our results combined with epidemiological findings that patients with deficient PPO are not anemic led us to conclude that human erythroblasts are resistant to the herbicide. It is suggested that the rat would be an inappropriate model for assessing the developmental toxicity of S-53482 in humans as rats are specifically sensitive to PPO inhibition by the herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Otani
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Taiki Miyamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Ryo Ihara
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kunifumi Inawaka
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugade-naka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Alan G Fantel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 366320, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, USA
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20
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Characterization and Fine Mapping of a Yellow-Virescent Gene Regulating Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Early Stage Chloroplast Development in Brassica napus. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3201-3211. [PMID: 32646913 PMCID: PMC7466985 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development are crucial to photosynthesis and plant growth, but their regulatory mechanism remains elusive in many crop species. We isolated a Brassica napus yellow-virescent leaf (yvl) mutant, which exhibited yellow-younger-leaf and virescent-older-leaf with decreased chlorophyll accumulation and delayed chloroplast development. We mapped yvl locus to a 70-kb interval between molecular markers yvl-O10 and InDel-O6 on chromosome A03 in BC2F2 population using whole genome re-sequencing and bulked segregant analysis. The mutant had a ‘C’ to ‘T’ substitution in the coding sequence of BnaA03.CHLH, which encodes putative H subunit of Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase (CHLH). The mutation resulted in an imperfect protein structure and reduced activity of CHLH. It also hampered the plastid encoded RNA polymerase which transcribes regulatory genes of photosystem II and I. Consequently, the chlorophyll a/b and carotenoid contents were reduced and the chloroplast ultrastructure was degraded in yvl mutant. These results explain that a single nucleotide mutation in BnaA03.CHLH impairs PEP activity to disrupt chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis in B. napus.
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21
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Mielecki J, Gawroński P, Karpiński S. Retrograde Signaling: Understanding the Communication between Organelles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6173. [PMID: 32859110 PMCID: PMC7503960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cell organelles and compartments communicate with each other has always been an important field of knowledge widely explored by many researchers. However, despite years of investigations, one point-and perhaps the only point that many agree on-is that our knowledge about cellular-signaling pathways still requires expanding. Chloroplasts and mitochondria (because of their primary functions in energy conversion) are important cellular sensors of environmental fluctuations and feedback they provide back to the nucleus is important for acclimatory responses. Under stressful conditions, it is important to manage cellular resources more efficiently in order to maintain a proper balance between development, growth and stress responses. For example, it can be achieved through regulation of nuclear and organellar gene expression. If plants are unable to adapt to stressful conditions, they will be unable to efficiently produce energy for growth and development-and ultimately die. In this review, we show the importance of retrograde signaling in stress responses, including the induction of cell death and in organelle biogenesis. The complexity of these pathways demonstrates how challenging it is to expand the existing knowledge. However, understanding this sophisticated communication may be important to develop new strategies of how to improve adaptability of plants in rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (P.G.)
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22
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Azarin K, Usatov A, Makarenko M, Kozel N, Kovalevich A, Dremuk I, Yemelyanova A, Logacheva M, Fedorenko A, Averina N. A point mutation in the photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 gene confers variegation in Helianthus annuus L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:373-389. [PMID: 32166486 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Even a point mutation in the psaA gene mediates chlorophyll deficiency. The role of the plastid signal may perform the redox state of the compounds on the acceptor-side of PSI. Two extranuclear variegated mutants of sunflower, Var1 and Var33, were investigated. The yellow sectors of both mutants were characterized by an extremely low chlorophyll and carotenoid content, as well as poorly developed, unstacked thylakoid membranes. A full-genome sequencing of the cpDNA revealed mutations in the psaA gene in both Var1 and Var33. The cpDNA from the yellow sectors of Var1 differs from those in the wild type by only a single, non-synonymous substitution (Gly734Glu) in the psaA gene, which encodes a subunit of photosystem (PS) I. In the cpDNA from the yellow sectors of Var33, the single-nucleotide insertion in the psaA gene was revealed, leading to frameshift at the 580 amino acid position. Analysis of the photosynthetic electron transport demonstrated an inhibition of the PSI and PSII activities in the yellow tissues of the mutant plants. It has been suggested that mutations in the psaA gene of both Var1 and Var33 led to the disruption of PSI. Due to the non-functional PSI, photosynthetic electron transport is blocked, which, in turn, leads to photodamage of PSII. These data are confirmed by immunoblotting analysis, which showed a significant reduction in PsbA in the yellow leaf sectors, but not PsaA. The expression of chloroplast and nuclear genes encoding the PSI subunits (psaA, psaB, and PSAN), the PSII subunits (psbA, psbB, and PSBW), the antenna proteins (LHCA1, LHCB1, and LHCB4), the ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase subunits (rbcL and RbcS), and enzymes of chlorophyll biosynthesis were down-regulated in the yellow leaf tissue. The extremely reduced transcriptional activity of the two protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis is noteworthy. The disruption of NADPH synthesis, due to the non-functional PSI, probably led to a significant reduction in NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in the yellow sectors of Var1 and Var33. A dramatic decrease in chlorophyllide was shown in the yellow sectors. A reduction in NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, along with photodegradation, has been suggested as a result of chlorophyll deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Azarin
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Maksim Makarenko
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Kozel
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Irina Dremuk
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anna Yemelyanova
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mariya Logacheva
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Nataliya Averina
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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23
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Okamoto H, Ducreux LJM, Allwood JW, Hedley PE, Wright A, Gururajan V, Terry MJ, Taylor MA. Light Regulation of Chlorophyll and Glycoalkaloid Biosynthesis During Tuber Greening of Potato S. tuberosum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:753. [PMID: 32760410 PMCID: PMC7372192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Potato, S. tuberosum, is one of the most important global crops, but has high levels of waste due to tuber greening under light, which is associated with the accumulation of neurotoxic glycoalkaloids. However, unlike the situation in de-etiolating seedlings, the mechanisms underlying tuber greening are not well understood. Here, we have investigated the effect of monochromatic blue, red, and far-red light on the regulation of chlorophyll and glycoalkaloid accumulation in potato tubers. Blue and red wavelengths were effective for induction and accumulation of chlorophyll, carotenoids and the two major potato glycoalkaloids, α-solanine and α-chaconine, whereas none of these accumulated in darkness or under far-red light. Key genes in chlorophyll biosynthesis (HEMA1, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme glutamyl-tRNA reductase, GSA, CHLH and GUN4) and six genes (HMG1, SQS, CAS1, SSR2, SGT1 and SGT2) required for glycoalkaloid synthesis were also induced under white, blue, and red light but not in darkness or under far-red light. These data suggest a role for both cryptochrome and phytochrome photoreceptors in chlorophyll and glycoalkaloid accumulation. The contribution of phytochrome was further supported by the observation that far-red light could inhibit white light-induced chlorophyll and glycoalkaloid accumulation and associated gene expression. Transcriptomic analysis of tubers exposed to white, blue, and red light showed that light induction of photosynthesis and tetrapyrrole-related genes grouped into three distinct groups with one group showing a generally progressive induction by light at both 6 h and 24 h, a second group showing induction at 6 h in all light treatments, but induction only by red and white light at 24 h and a third showing just a very moderate light induction at 6 h which was reduced to the dark control level at 24 h. All glycoalkaloid synthesis genes showed a group one profile consistent with what was seen for the most light regulated chlorophyll synthesis genes. Our data provide a molecular framework for developing new approaches to reducing waste due to potato greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Okamoto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - J. William Allwood
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Wright
- Branston Ltd., Lincoln, United Kingdom
- B-hive Innovations Ltd., Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Vidyanath Gururajan
- Branston Ltd., Lincoln, United Kingdom
- B-hive Innovations Ltd., Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Taylor
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
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24
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Richter AS, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Grimm B. The genomes uncoupled-dependent signalling pathway coordinates plastid biogenesis with the synthesis of anthocyanins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190403. [PMID: 32362259 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that plants perceive, integrate and communicate abiotic stress signals through chloroplasts. During the process of acclimation plastid-derived, retrograde signals control nuclear gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues leading to complex genetic and metabolic reprogramming to preserve cellular homeostasis under challenging environmental conditions. Upon stress-induced dysfunction of chloroplasts, GENOMES UNCOUPLED (GUN) proteins participate in the repression of PHOTOSYNTHESIS-ASSOCIATED NUCLEAR GENES (PHANGs). Here, we show that the retrograde signal emitted by, or communicated through, GUN-proteins is also essential to induce the accumulation of photoprotective anthocyanin pigments when chloroplast development is attenuated. Comparative whole transcriptome sequencing and genetic analysis reveal GUN1 and GUN5-dependent signals as a source for the regulation of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The signal transduction cascade includes well-known transcription factors for the control of anthocyanin biosynthesis, which are deregulated in gun mutants. We propose that regulation of PHANGs and genes contributing to anthocyanin biosynthesis are two, albeit oppositely, co-regulated processes during plastid biogenesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Richter
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.,Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Page MT, Garcia-Becerra T, Smith AG, Terry MJ. Overexpression of chloroplast-targeted ferrochelatase 1 results in a genomes uncoupled chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling phenotype. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190401. [PMID: 32362255 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast development requires communication between the progenitor plastids and the nucleus, where most of the genes encoding chloroplast proteins reside. Retrograde signals from the chloroplast to the nucleus control the expression of many of these genes, but the signalling pathway is poorly understood. Tetrapyrroles have been strongly implicated as mediators of this signal with the current hypothesis being that haem produced by the activity of ferrochelatase 1 (FC1) is required to promote nuclear gene expression. We have tested this hypothesis by overexpressing FC1 and specifically targeting it to either chloroplasts or mitochondria, two possible locations for this enzyme. Our results show that targeting of FC1 to chloroplasts results in increased expression of the nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes GUN4, CA1, HEMA1, LHCB2.1, CHLH after treatment with Norflurazon (NF) and that this increase correlates to FC1 gene expression and haem production measured by feedback inhibition of protochlorophyllide synthesis. Targeting FC1 to mitochondria did not enhance the expression of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes after NF treatment. The overexpression of FC1 also increased nuclear gene expression in the absence of NF treatment, demonstrating that this pathway is operational in the absence of a stress treatment. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that haem synthesis is a promotive chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signal. However, not all FC1 overexpression lines enhanced nuclear gene expression, suggesting there is still a lot we do not understand about the role of FC1 in this signalling pathway. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike T Page
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Tania Garcia-Becerra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Matthew J Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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26
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Abstract
Etiolated seedlings accumulate the chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediate protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and measuring Pchlide can be important for characterizing photomorphogenic mutants that may be affected in chloroplast development. In this chapter we outline a simple and sensitive method for quantifying Pchlide in extracts of Arabidopsis seedlings using fluorescence spectroscopy. This method can be easily adapted to study chloroplast development in a wide range of plant species.
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Xu D, Dhiman R, Garibay A, Mock HP, Leister D, Kleine T. Cellulose defects in the Arabidopsis secondary cell wall promote early chloroplast development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:156-170. [PMID: 31498930 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lincomycin (LIN)-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in chloroplasts prevents the greening of seedlings, represses the activity of photosynthesis-related genes in the nucleus, including LHCB1.2, and induces the phenylpropanoid pathway, resulting in the production of anthocyanins. In genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants, LHCB1.2 expression is maintained in the presence of LIN or other inhibitors of early chloroplast development. In a screen using concentrations of LIN lower than those employed to isolate gun mutants, we have identified happy on lincomycin (holi) mutants. Several holi mutants show an increased tolerance to LIN, exhibiting de-repressed LHCB1.2 expression and chlorophyll synthesis in seedlings. The mutations responsible were identified by whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping, and most were found to affect the phenylpropanoid pathway; however, LHCB1.2 expression does not appear to be directly regulated by phenylpropanoids, as indicated by the metabolic profiling of mutants. The most potent holi mutant is defective in a subunit of cellulose synthase encoded by IRREGULAR XYLEM 3, and comparative analysis of this and other cell-wall mutants establishes a link between secondary cell-wall integrity and early chloroplast development, possibly involving altered ABA metabolism or sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duorong Xu
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ravi Dhiman
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Adriana Garibay
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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28
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Rochaix JD. The Dynamics of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Algae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE: BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33397-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Abstract
The signaling pathway between chloroplasts and the nucleus (retrograde signaling) is important for the correct development of the photosynthetic apparatus of plant seedlings. The pathway is still not understood, but the majority of mutants with altered signaling (gun mutants) implicate the tetrapyrrole molecule heme in this process. In this article, we have demonstrated that the major retrograde signaling protein GUN1 can bind tetrapyrroles and regulate the flow through the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. The results support a role for tetrapyrroles in mediating retrograde signaling and open up the opportunity to develop a unifying hypothesis for this pathway that takes account of all identified gun mutants. The biogenesis of the photosynthetic apparatus in developing seedlings requires the assembly of proteins encoded on both nuclear and chloroplast genomes. To coordinate this process there needs to be communication between these organelles, but the retrograde signals by which the chloroplast communicates with the nucleus at this time are still essentially unknown. The Arabidopsis thaliana genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants, that show elevated nuclear gene expression after chloroplast damage, have formed the basis of our understanding of retrograde signaling. Of the 6 reported gun mutations, 5 are in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis proteins and this has led to the development of a model for chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling in which ferrochelatase 1 (FC1)-dependent heme synthesis generates a positive signal promoting expression of photosynthesis-related genes. However, the molecular consequences of the strongest of the gun mutants, gun1, are poorly understood, preventing the development of a unifying hypothesis for chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling. Here, we show that GUN1 directly binds to heme and other porphyrins, reduces flux through the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway to limit heme and protochlorophyllide synthesis, and can increase the chelatase activity of FC1. These results raise the possibility that the signaling role of GUN1 may be manifested through changes in tetrapyrrole metabolism, supporting a role for tetrapyrroles as mediators of a single biogenic chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling pathway.
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30
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Li J, Zhang F, Li Y, Yang W, Lin R. Chloroplast-Localized Protoporphyrinogen IX Oxidase1 Is Involved in the Mitotic Cell Cycle in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2436-2448. [PMID: 31350548 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase1 (PPO1) catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to form protoporphyrin IX in the plastid tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway and is also essential for plastid RNA editing in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Arabidopsis ppo1-1 mutation was previously shown to be seedling lethal; however, in this study, we showed that the heterozygous ppo1-1/+ mutant exhibited reproductive growth defects characterized by reduced silique length and seed set, as well as aborted pollen development. In this mutant, the second mitotic division was blocked during male gametogenesis, whereas female gametogenesis was impaired at the one-nucleate stage. Before perishing at the seedling stage, the homozygous ppo1-1 mutant displayed reduced hypocotyl and root length, increased levels of reactive oxygen species accumulation and elevated cell death, especially under light conditions. Wild-type seedlings treated with acifluorfen, a PPO1 inhibitor, showed similar phenotypes to the ppo1-1 mutants, and both plants possessed a high proportion of 2C nuclei and a low proportion of 8C nuclei compared with the untreated wild type. Genome-wide RNA-seq analysis showed that a number of genes, including cell cycle-related genes, were differentially regulated by PPO1. Consistently, PPO1 was highly expressed in the pollen, anther, pistil and root apical meristem cells actively undergoing cell division. Our study reveals a role for PPO1 involved in the mitotic cell cycle during gametogenesis and seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weicai Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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31
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Tran BQ, Tran LH, Kim SJ, Jung S. Altered regulation of porphyrin biosynthesis and protective responses to acifluorfen-induced photodynamic stress in transgenic rice expressing Bradyrhizobium japonicum Fe-chelatase. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:1-8. [PMID: 31400771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined the molecular regulation of porphyrin biosynthesis and protective responses in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) expressing Bradyrhizobium japonicum Fe-chelatase (BjFeCh) after treatment with acifluorfen (AF). During the photodynamic stress imposed by AF, transcript levels of BjFeCh in transgenic plants increased greatly; moreover, transcript levels of OsFeCh2 remained almost constant, whereas in wild type (WT) plants they were considerably down-regulated. In the heme branch, transgenic plants exhibited greater levels of OsFC and HO transcripts than WT plants in the untreated stems as well as in the AF-treated leaves and stems. Both WT and transgenic plants treated with AF substantially decreased transcript levels for all the genes in the chlorophyll branch, with less decline in transgenic plants. After AF treatment, ascorbate (Asc) content and the redox Asc state greatly decreased in leaves of WT plants; however, in transgenic plants both parameters remained constant in leaves and the Asc redox state increased by 20% in stems. In response to AF, the leaves of WT plants greatly up-regulated CatA, CatB, and GST compared to those of transgenic plants, whereas, in the stems, transgenic plants showed higher levels of CatA, CatC, APXb, BCH, and VDE. Photochemical quenching, qP, was considerably dropped by 31% and 18% in WT and transgenic plants, respectively in response to AF, whereas non-radiative energy dissipation through non-photochemical quenching increased by 77% and 38% in WT and transgenic plants, respectively. Transgenic plants treated with AF exhibited higher transcript levels of nucleus-encoded photosynthetic genes, Lhcb1 and Lhcb6, as well as levels of Lhcb6 protein compared to those of WT plants. Our study demonstrates that expression of BjFeCh in transgenic plants influences not only the regulation of porphyrin biosynthesis through maintaining higher levels of gene expression in the heme branch, but also the Asc redox function during photodynamic stress caused by AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Quoc Tran
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Lien Hong Tran
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyo Jung
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Marino G, Naranjo B, Wang J, Penzler JF, Kleine T, Leister D. Relationship of GUN1 to FUG1 in chloroplast protein homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:521-535. [PMID: 31002470 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
GUN1 integrates retrograde signals in chloroplasts but the underlying mechanism is elusive. FUG1, a chloroplast translation initiation factor, and GUN1 are co-expressed at the transcriptional level, and FUG1 co-immunoprecipitates with GUN1. We used mutants of GUN1 (gun1-103) and FUG1 (fug1-3) to analyse their functional relationship at the physiological and system-wide level, the latter including transcriptome and proteome analyses. Absence of GUN1 aggravates the effects of decreased FUG1 levels on chloroplast protein translation, resulting in transiently more pronounced phenotypes regarding photosynthesis, leaf colouration, growth and cold acclimation. The gun1-103 mutation also enhances variegation in the var2 mutant, increasing the fraction of white sectors, while fug1-3 suppresses the var2 phenotype. The transcriptomes of fug1-3 and gun1-103 plants are very similar, but absence of GUN1 alone has almost no effect on protein levels, whereas steady-state levels of chloroplast proteins are markedly decreased in fug1-3. In fug1 gun1 double mutants, effects on transcriptomes and particularly on proteomes are enhanced. Our results show that GUN1 function becomes critical when chloroplast proteostasis is perturbed by decreased rates of synthesis (fug1) or degradation (var2) of chloroplast proteins, or by low temperatures. The functions of FUG1 and GUN1 appear to be related, corroborating the view that GUN1 helps to maintain chloroplast protein homeostasis (proteostasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Marino
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Belen Naranjo
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jing Wang
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan-Ferdinand Penzler
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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33
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Farooq MA, Niazi AK, Akhtar J, Farooq M, Souri Z, Karimi N, Rengel Z. Acquiring control: The evolution of ROS-Induced oxidative stress and redox signaling pathways in plant stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:353-369. [PMID: 31207496 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) - the byproducts of aerobic metabolism - influence numerous aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act like a double-edged sword; they play multiple beneficial roles at low concentrations, whereas at high concentrations ROS and related redox-active compounds cause cellular damage through oxidative stress. To examine the dual role of ROS as harmful oxidants and/or crucial cellular signals, this review elaborates that (i) how plants sense and respond to ROS in various subcellular organelles and (ii) the dynamics of subsequent ROS-induced signaling processes. The recent understanding of crosstalk between various cellular compartments in mediating their redox state spatially and temporally is discussed. Emphasis on the beneficial effects of ROS in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating diverse cellular functions, and activating acclimation responses in plants exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses are described. The comprehensive view of cellular ROS dynamics covering the breadth and versatility of ROS will contribute to understanding the complexity of apparently contradictory ROS roles in plant physiological responses in less than optimum environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar Farooq
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Adnan Khan Niazi
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Akhtar
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Zahra Souri
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naser Karimi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zed Rengel
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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34
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Chloroplast Signaling Gates Thermotolerance in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1657-1665. [PMID: 29444421 PMCID: PMC5847188 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a key environmental variable influencing plant growth and survival. Protection against high temperature stress in eukaryotes is coordinated by heat shock factors (HSFs), transcription factors that activate the expression of protective chaperones such as HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 (HSP70); however, the pathway by which temperature is sensed and integrated with other environmental signals into adaptive responses is not well understood. Plants are exposed to considerable diurnal variation in temperature, and we have found that there is diurnal variation in thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, with maximal thermotolerance coinciding with higher HSP70 expression during the day. In a forward genetic screen, we identified a key role for the chloroplast in controlling this response, suggesting that light-induced chloroplast signaling plays a key role. Consistent with this, we are able to globally activate binding of HSFA1a to its targets by altering redox status in planta independently of a heat shock. There is a diurnal pattern of basal thermotolerance in Arabidopsis Thermotolerance correlates with diurnal expression patterns of heat-associated genes Chloroplast mutants have greater heat shock gene expression and thermotolerance A chloroplast generated light signal gates HSFA1 and heat shock gene expression
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Wu GZ, Meyer EH, Richter AS, Schuster M, Ling Q, Schöttler MA, Walther D, Zoschke R, Grimm B, Jarvis RP, Bock R. Control of retrograde signalling by protein import and cytosolic folding stress. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:525-538. [PMID: 31061535 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Communication between organelles and the nucleus is essential for fitness and survival. Retrograde signals are cues emitted from the organelles to regulate nuclear gene expression. GENOMES UNCOUPLED1 (GUN1), a protein of unknown function, has emerged as a central integrator, participating in multiple retrograde signalling pathways that collectively regulate the nuclear transcriptome. Here, we show that GUN1 regulates chloroplast protein import through interaction with the import-related chaperone cpHSC70-1. We demonstrated that overaccumulation of unimported precursor proteins (preproteins) in the cytosol causes a GUN phenotype in the wild-type background and enhances the GUN phenotype of the gun1 mutant. Furthermore, we identified the cytosolic HSP90 chaperone complex, induced by overaccumulated preproteins, as a central regulator of photosynthetic gene expression that determines the expression of the GUN phenotype. Taken together, our results suggest a model in which protein import capacity, folding stress and the cytosolic HSP90 complex control retrograde communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhang Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Etienne H Meyer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Plant Physiology, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maja Schuster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark A Schöttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Walther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reimo Zoschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany.
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Leister D. Piecing the Puzzle Together: The Central Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Hubs in Chloroplast Retrograde Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1206-1219. [PMID: 29092621 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox regulation are established components of chloroplast-nucleus retrograde signaling. Recent Advances: In recent years, a complex array of putative retrograde signaling molecules and novel signaling pathways have emerged, including various metabolites, chloroplast translation, mobile transcription factors, calcium, and links to the unfolded protein response. This critical mass of information now permits us to fit individual pieces into a larger picture and outline a few important stimuli and pathways. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we summarize how ROS and redox hubs directly (e.g., via hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) and indirectly (e.g., by triggering the production of signaling metabolites) regulate chloroplast retrograde signaling. Indeed, evidence is accumulating that most of the presumptive signaling metabolites so far identified are produced directly by ROS (such as β-cyclocitral) or indirectly by redox- or ROS-mediated regulation of key enzymes in metabolic pathways, ultimately leading to the accumulation of certain precursors (e.g., methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate) with signal function. Of the ROS generated in the chloroplast, only H2O2 is likely to leave the organelle, and recent results suggest that efficient and specific transfer of information via H2O2 occurs through physical association of chloroplasts with the nucleus. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The impact of ROS and redox regulation on chloroplast-nucleus communication is even greater than previously thought, and it can be expected that further instances of control of retrograde signaling by ROS/redox regulation will be revealed in future, perhaps including the basis for the enigmatic GUN response and translation-dependent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Kacprzak SM, Mochizuki N, Naranjo B, Xu D, Leister D, Kleine T, Okamoto H, Terry MJ. Plastid-to-Nucleus Retrograde Signalling during Chloroplast Biogenesis Does Not Require ABI4. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:18-23. [PMID: 30377235 PMCID: PMC6324232 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple abi4 alleles fail to show a deficiency in chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling indicating that, contrary to contemporary models, ABI4 is not a component of this signalling pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia M Kacprzak
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Belén Naranjo
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Duorong Xu
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Haruko Okamoto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Rea G, Antonacci A, Lambreva MD, Mattoo AK. Features of cues and processes during chloroplast-mediated retrograde signaling in the alga Chlamydomonas. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:193-206. [PMID: 29807591 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling is an intracellular communication process defined by cues generated in chloroplast and mitochondria which traverse membranes to their destination in the nucleus in order to regulate nuclear gene expression and protein synthesis. The coding and decoding of such organellar message(s) involve gene medleys and metabolic components about which more is known in higher plants than the unicellular organisms such as algae. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an oxygenic microalgal model for genetic and physiological studies. It harbors a single chloroplast and is amenable for generating mutants. The focus of this review is on studies that delineate retrograde signaling in Chlamydomonas vis a vis higher plants. Thus, communication networks between chloroplast and nucleus involving photosynthesis- and ROS-generated signals, functional tetrapyrrole biosynthesis intermediates, and Ca2+-signaling that modulate nuclear gene expression in this alga are discussed. Conceptually, different signaling components converge to regulate either the same or functionally-overlapping gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Rea
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29, 3 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29, 3 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Maya D Lambreva
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29, 3 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Autar K Mattoo
- The Henry A Wallace Agricultural Research Centre, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Comparative Analysis of MicroRNA Expression in Three Paulownia Species with Phytoplasma Infection. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Karpinska B, Alomrani SO, Foyer CH. Inhibitor-induced oxidation of the nucleus and cytosol in Arabidopsis thaliana: implications for organelle to nucleus retrograde signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0392. [PMID: 28808105 PMCID: PMC5566886 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Concepts of organelle-to-nucleus signalling pathways are largely based on genetic screens involving inhibitors of chloroplast and mitochondrial functions such as norflurazon, lincomycin (LINC), antimycin A (ANT) and salicylhydroxamic acid. These inhibitors favour enhanced cellular oxidation, but their precise effects on the cellular redox state are unknown. Using the in vivo reduction–oxidation (redox) reporter, roGFP2, inhibitor-induced changes in the glutathione redox potentials of the nuclei and cytosol were measured in Arabidopsis thaliana root, epidermal and stomatal guard cells, together with the expression of nuclear-encoded chloroplast and mitochondrial marker genes. All the chloroplast and mitochondrial inhibitors increased the degree of oxidation in the nuclei and cytosol. However, inhibitor-induced oxidation was less marked in stomatal guard cells than in epidermal or root cells. Moreover, LINC and ANT caused a greater oxidation of guard cell nuclei than the cytosol. Chloroplast and mitochondrial inhibitors significantly decreased the abundance of LHCA1 and LHCB1 transcripts. The levels of WHY1, WHY3 and LEA5 transcripts were increased in the presence of inhibitors. Chloroplast inhibitors decreased AOXA1 mRNA levels, while mitochondrial inhibitors had the opposite effect. Inhibitors that are used to characterize retrograde signalling pathways therefore have similar general effects on cellular redox state and gene expression. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Enhancing photosynthesis in crop plants: targets for improvement’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Karpinska
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sarah Owdah Alomrani
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Physiological and transcriptomic analyses of a yellow-green mutant with high photosynthetic efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 18:175-194. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abe J, Isobe N, Mikata K, Nagahori H, Naito Y, Saji H, Ono M, Kawamura S. Flumioxazin metabolism in pregnant animals and cell-based protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) inhibition assay of fetal metabolites in various animal species to elucidate the mechanism of the rat-specific developmental toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 339:34-41. [PMID: 29198728 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Flumioxazin, an N-phenylimide herbicide, inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), a key enzyme in heme biosynthesis in mammals, and causes rat-specific developmental toxicity. The mechanism has mainly been clarified, but no research has yet focused on the contribution of its metabolites. We therefore conducted in vivo metabolism studies in pregnant rats and rabbits, and found 6 major known metabolites in excreta. There was no major rat-specific metabolite. The most abundant component in rat fetuses was APF, followed by flumioxazin and 5 identified metabolites. The concentrations of flumioxazin and these metabolites in fetuses were lower in rabbits than in rats. In vitro PPO inhibition assays with rat and human liver mitochondria showed that flumioxazin is a more potent PPO inhibitor than the metabolites. There were no species differences in relative intensity of PPO inhibition among flumioxazin and these metabolites. Based on the results of these in vivo and in vitro experiments, we concluded that flumioxazin is the causal substance of the rat-specific developmental toxicity. As a more reliable test system for research on in vitro PPO inhibition, cell-based assays with rat, rabbit, monkey, and human hepatocytes were performed. The results were consistent with those of the mitochondrial assays, and rats were more sensitive to PPO inhibition by flumioxazin than humans, while rabbits and monkeys were almost insensitive. From these results, the species difference in the developmental toxicity was concluded to be due to the difference in sensitivity of PPO to flumioxazin, and rats were confirmed to be the most sensitive of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
| | - Naohiko Isobe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mikata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nagahori
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Naito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawamura
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Park JH, Tran LH, Jung S. Perturbations in the Photosynthetic Pigment Status Result in Photooxidation-Induced Crosstalk between Carotenoid and Porphyrin Biosynthetic Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1992. [PMID: 29209351 PMCID: PMC5701815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Possible crosstalk between the carotenoid and porphyrin biosynthetic pathways under photooxidative conditions was investigated by using their biosynthetic inhibitors, norflurazon (NF) and oxyfluorfen (OF). High levels of protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) accumulated in rice plants treated with OF, whereas Proto IX decreased in plants treated with NF. Both NF and OF treatments resulted in greater decreases in MgProto IX, MgProto IX methyl ester, and protochlorophyllide. Activities and transcript levels of most porphyrin biosynthetic enzymes, particularly in the Mg-porphyrin branch, were greatly down-regulated in NF and OF plants. In contrast, the transcript levels of GSA, PPO1, and CHLD as well as FC2 and HO2 were up-regulated in NF-treated plants, while only moderate increases in FC2 and HO2 were observed in the early stage of OF treatment. Phytoene, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin showed high accumulation in NF-treated plants, whereas other carotenoid intermediates greatly decreased. Transcript levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, PSY1 and PDS, decreased in response to NF and OF, whereas plants in the later stage of NF treatment exhibited up-regulation of BCH and VDE as well as recovery of PDS. However, perturbed porphyrin biosynthesis by OF did not noticeably influence levels of carotenoid metabolites, regardless of the strong down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Both NF and OF plants appeared to provide enhanced protection against photooxidative damage, not only by scavenging of Mg-porphyrins, but also by up-regulating FC2, HO2, and Fe-chelatase, particularly with increased levels of zeaxanthin via up-regulation of BCH and VDE in NF plants. On the other hand, the up-regulation of GSA, PPO1, and CHLD under inhibition of carotenogenic flux may be derived from the necessity to recover impaired chloroplast biogenesis during photooxidative stress. Our study demonstrates that perturbations in carotenoid and porphyrin biosynthesis coordinate the expression of their biosynthetic genes to sustain plastid function at optimal levels by regulating their metabolic flux in plants under adverse stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunyo Jung
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Page MT, Kacprzak SM, Mochizuki N, Okamoto H, Smith AG, Terry MJ. Seedlings Lacking the PTM Protein Do Not Show a genomes uncoupled (gun) Mutant Phenotype. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:21-26. [PMID: 28280049 PMCID: PMC5411142 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ptm mutant of Arabidopsis does not show a genomes uncoupled mutant phenotype and PTM is therefore unlikely to function in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike T Page
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (M.T.P., S.K., H.O., M.J.T.); Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (N.M.)
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (H.O., M.J.T.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK (A.G.S.)
| | - Sylwia M Kacprzak
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (M.T.P., S.K., H.O., M.J.T.); Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (N.M.)
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (H.O., M.J.T.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK (A.G.S.)
| | - Nobuyoshi Mochizuki
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (M.T.P., S.K., H.O., M.J.T.); Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (N.M.)
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (H.O., M.J.T.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK (A.G.S.)
| | - Haruko Okamoto
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (M.T.P., S.K., H.O., M.J.T.); Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (N.M.)
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (H.O., M.J.T.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK (A.G.S.)
| | - Alison G Smith
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (M.T.P., S.K., H.O., M.J.T.); Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (N.M.)
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (H.O., M.J.T.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK (A.G.S.)
| | - Matthew J Terry
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (M.T.P., S.K., H.O., M.J.T.); Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (N.M.);
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK (H.O., M.J.T.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK (A.G.S.)
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de Souza A, Wang JZ, Dehesh K. Retrograde Signals: Integrators of Interorganellar Communication and Orchestrators of Plant Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:85-108. [PMID: 27813652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interorganellar cooperation maintained via exquisitely controlled retrograde-signaling pathways is an evolutionary necessity for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. This signaling feature has therefore attracted much research attention aimed at improving understanding of the nature of these communication signals, how the signals are sensed, and ultimately the mechanism by which they integrate targeted processes that collectively culminate in organellar cooperativity. The answers to these questions will provide insight into how retrograde-signal-mediated regulatory mechanisms are recruited and which biological processes are targeted, and will advance our understanding of how organisms balance metabolic investments in growth against adaptation to environmental stress. This review summarizes the present understanding of the nature and the functional complexity of retrograde signals as integrators of interorganellar communication and orchestrators of plant development, and offers a perspective on the future of this critical and dynamic area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio de Souza
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
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Chen ST, He NY, Chen JH, Guo FQ. Identification of core subunits of photosystem II as action sites of HSP21, which is activated by the GUN5-mediated retrograde pathway in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1106-1118. [PMID: 27943531 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is the most thermolabile photosynthetic complex. Physiological evidence suggests that the small chloroplast heat-shock protein 21 (HSP21) is involved in plant thermotolerance, but the molecular mechanism of its action remains largely unknown. Here, we have provided genetic and biochemical evidence that HSP21 is activated by the GUN5-dependent retrograde signaling pathway, and stabilizes PSII by directly binding to its core subunits such as D1 and D2 proteins under heat stress. We further demonstrate that the constitutive expression of HSP21 sufficiently rescues the thermosensitive stability of PSII and survival defects of the gun5 mutant with dramatically improving granal stacking under heat stress, indicating that HSP21 is a key chaperone protein in maintaining the integrity of the thylakoid membrane system under heat stress. In line with our interpretation based on several lines of in vitro and in vivo protein-interaction evidence that HSP21 interacts with core subunits of PSII, the kinetics of HSP21 binding to the D1 and D2 proteins was determined by performing an analysis of microscale thermophoresis. Considering the major role of HSP21 in protecting the core subunits of PSII from thermal damage, its heat-responsive activation via the heat-shock transcription factor HsfA2 is critical for the survival of plants under heat stress. Our findings reveal an auto-adaptation loop pathway that plant cells optimize particular needs of chloroplasts in stabilizing photosynthetic complexes by relaying the GUN5-dependent plastid signal(s) to activate the heat-responsive expression of HSP21 in the nucleus during adaptation to heat stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ting Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ning-Yu He
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan-Hua Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang-Qing Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Page MT, McCormac AC, Smith AG, Terry MJ. Singlet oxygen initiates a plastid signal controlling photosynthetic gene expression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1168-1180. [PMID: 27735068 PMCID: PMC5244666 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signals from the plastid regulate photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes and are essential to successful chloroplast biogenesis. One model is that a positive haem-related signal promotes photosynthetic gene expression in a pathway that is abolished by the herbicide norflurazon. Far-red light (FR) pretreatment and transfer to white light also results in plastid damage and loss of photosynthetic gene expression. Here, we investigated whether norflurazon and FR pretreatment affect the same retrograde signal. We used transcriptome analysis and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyse the effects of these treatments on nuclear gene expression in various Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) retrograde signalling mutants. Results showed that the two treatments inhibited largely different nuclear gene sets, suggesting that they affected different retrograde signals. Moreover, FR pretreatment resulted in singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) production and a rapid inhibition of photosynthetic gene expression. This inhibition was partially blocked in the executer1executer2 mutant, which is impaired in 1 O2 signalling. Our data support a new model in which a 1 O2 retrograde signal, generated by chlorophyll precursors, inhibits expression of key photosynthetic and chlorophyll synthesis genes to prevent photo-oxidative damage during de-etiolation. Such a signal would provide a counterbalance to the positive haem-related signal to fine tune regulation of chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike T. Page
- Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Alex C. McCormac
- Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Alison G. Smith
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Matthew J. Terry
- Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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Shaikhali J, Wingsle G. Redox-regulated transcription in plants: Emerging concepts. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.3.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Zhang ZW, Wu ZL, Feng LY, Dong LH, Song AJ, Yuan M, Chen YE, Zeng J, Chen GD, Yuan S. Mg-Protoporphyrin IX Signals Enhance Plant's Tolerance to Cold Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1545. [PMID: 27803706 PMCID: PMC5068135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX) signals and plant's tolerance to cold stress is investigated. Arabidopsis seedlings grown for 3 weeks were pretreated with 2 mM glutamate (Glu) and 2 mM MgCl2 for 48 h at room temperature to induce Mg-Proto IX accumulation. Then cold stress was performed at 4°C for additional 72 h. Glu + MgCl2 pre-treatments alleviated the subsequent cold stress significantly by rising the leaf temperature through inducing Mg-Proto IX signals. The protective role of Glu + MgCl2 treatment was greatly compromised in the mutants of Mg-Proto IX synthesis, Mg-Proto IX signaling, and cyanide-resistant respiration. And the enhancement of cold-responsive gene expression was greatly compromised in the mutants of Mg-Proto IX synthesis, Mg-Proto IX signaling and ABA signaling, but not in the mutant of cyanide-resistant respiration. Cold stress promoted cyanide-resistant respiration and leaf total respiration exponentially, which could be further induced by the Glu + MgCl2 treatment. Mg-Proto IX signals also activate antioxidant enzymes and increase non-enzymatic antioxidants [glutathione but not ascorbic acid (AsA)] to maintain redox equilibrium during the cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Zi-Li Wu
- Key Lab of Aromatic Plant Resources Exploitation and Utilization in Sichuan Higher Education, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin UniversityYibin, China
| | - Ling-Yang Feng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Li-Hua Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa’an, China
| | - An-Jun Song
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa’an, China
| | - Yang-Er Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa’an, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Guang-Deng Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
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Zheng M, Liu X, Liang S, Fu S, Qi Y, Zhao J, Shao J, An L, Yu F. Chloroplast Translation Initiation Factors Regulate Leaf Variegation and Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1117-1130. [PMID: 27535792 PMCID: PMC5047069 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast development requires the coordinated expressions of nuclear and chloroplast genomes, and both anterograde and retrograde signals exist and work together to facilitate this coordination. We have utilized the Arabidopsis yellow variegated (var2) mutant as a tool to dissect the genetic regulatory network of chloroplast development. Here, we report the isolation of a new (to our knowledge) var2 genetic suppressor locus, SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION9 (SVR9). SVR9 encodes a chloroplast-localized prokaryotic type translation initiation factor 3 (IF3). svr9-1 mutant can be fully rescued by the Escherichia coli IF3 infC, suggesting that SVR9 functions as a bona fide IF3 in the chloroplast. Genetic and molecular evidence indicate that SVR9 and its close homolog SVR9-LIKE1 (SVR9L1) are functionally interchangeable and their combined activities are essential for chloroplast development and plant survival. Interestingly, we found that SVR9 and SVR9L1 are also involved in normal leaf development. Abnormalities in leaf anatomy, cotyledon venation patterns, and leaf margin development were identified in svr9-1 and mutants that are homozygous for svr9-1 and heterozygous for svr9l1-1 (svr9-1 svr9l1-1/+). Meanwhile, as indicated by the auxin response reporter DR5:GUS, auxin homeostasis was disturbed in svr9-1, svr9-1 svr9l1-1/+, and plants treated with inhibitors of chloroplast translation. Genetic analysis established that SVR9/SVR9L1-mediated leaf margin development is dependent on CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 activities and is independent of their roles in chloroplast development. Together, our findings provide direct evidence that chloroplast IF3s are essential for chloroplast development and can also regulate leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Shiying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Yafei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Jingxia Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
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