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Lord MN, Noble EE. Hypothalamic cannabinoid signaling: Consequences for eating behavior. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1251. [PMID: 39155548 PMCID: PMC11331011 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In parallel to the legalization of cannabis for both medicinal and recreational purposes, cannabinoid use has steadily increased over the last decade in the United States. Cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol and anandamide, bind to the central cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor to impact several physiological processes relevant for body weight regulation, including appetite and energy expenditure. The hypothalamus integrates peripheral signals related to energy balance, houses several nuclei that orchestrate eating, and expresses the CB1 receptor. Herein we review literature to date concerning cannabinergic action in the hypothalamus with a specific focus on eating behaviors. We highlight hypothalamic areas wherein researchers have focused their attention, including the lateral, arcuate, paraventricular, and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, and interactions with the hormone leptin. This review serves as a comprehensive analysis of what is known about cannabinoid signaling in the hypothalamus, highlights gaps in the literature, and suggests future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen N. Lord
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Emily E. Noble
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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2
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Forte N, Marfella B, Nicois A, Palomba L, Paris D, Motta A, Pina Mollica M, Di Marzo V, Cristino L. The short-chain fatty acid acetate modulates orexin/hypocretin neurons: A novel mechanism in gut-brain axis regulation of energy homeostasis and feeding. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116383. [PMID: 38908530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate and butyrate, the major products of intestinal microbial fermentation of dietary fibres, are involved in fine-tuning brain functions via the gut-brain axis. However, the effects of SCFAs in the hypothalamic neuronal network regulating several autonomic-brain functions are still unknown. Using NMR spectroscopy, we detected a reduction in brain acetate concentrations in the hypothalamus of obese leptin knockout ob/ob mice compared to lean wild-type littermates. Therefore, we investigated the effect of acetate on orexin/hypocretin neurons (hereafter referred as OX or OX-A neurons), a subset of hypothalamic neurons regulating energy homeostasis, which we have characterized in previous studies to be over-activated by the lack of leptin and enhancement of endocannabinoid tone in the hypothalamus of ob/ob mice. We found that acetate reduces food-intake in concomitance with a reduction of orexin neuronal activity in ob/ob mice. This was demonstrated by evaluating food-intake behaviour and orexin-A/c-FOS immunoreactivity coupled with patch-clamp recordings in Hcrt-eGFP neurons, quantification of prepro-orexin mRNA, and immunolabeling of GPR-43, the main acetate receptor. Our data provide new insights into the mechanisms of the effects of chronic dietary supplementation with acetate, or complex carbohydrates, on energy intake and body weight, which may be partly mediated by inhibition of orexinergic neuron activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Forte
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Brenda Marfella
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nicois
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Letizia Palomba
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Debora Paris
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126 Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
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Wang X, Wu X, Wu H, Xiao H, Hao S, Wang B, Li C, Bleymehl K, Kauschke SG, Mack V, Ferger B, Klein H, Zheng R, Duan S, Wang H. Neural adaption in midbrain GABAergic cells contributes to high-fat diet-induced obesity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2884. [PMID: 37910621 PMCID: PMC10619925 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Overeating disorders largely contribute to worldwide incidences of obesity. Available treatments are limited. Here, we discovered that long-term chemogenetic activation of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) GABAergic cells rescue obesity of high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. This was associated with the recovery of enhanced mIPSCs, decreased food intake, increased energy expenditure, and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) browning. In vivo calcium imaging confirmed vlPAG GABAergic suppression for DIO mice, with corresponding reduction in intrinsic excitability. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing identified transcriptional expression changes in GABAergic cell subtypes in DIO mice, highlighting Cacna2d1 as of potential importance. Overexpressing CACNA2D1 in vlPAG GABAergic cells of DIO mice rescued enhanced mIPSCs and calcium response, reversed obesity, and therefore presented here as a potential target for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hanyang Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Sijia Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Human Genetics and Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Katherin Bleymehl
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, 88397, Germany
| | - Stefan G. Kauschke
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, 88397, Germany
| | - Volker Mack
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, 88397, Germany
| | - Boris Ferger
- Department of CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, 88397, Germany
| | - Holger Klein
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, 88397, Germany
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
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Cinquina V, Keimpema E, Pollak DD, Harkany T. Adverse effects of gestational ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid imbalance on the programming of fetal brain development. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13320. [PMID: 37497857 PMCID: PMC10909496 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key medical challenge of our time. The increasing number of children born to overweight or obese women is alarming. During pregnancy, the circulation of the mother and her fetus interact to maintain the uninterrupted availability of essential nutrients for fetal organ development. In doing so, the mother's dietary preference determines the amount and composition of nutrients reaching the fetus. In particular, the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), chiefly their ω-3 and ω-6 subclasses, can change when pregnant women choose a specific diet. Here, we provide a succinct overview of PUFA biochemistry, including exchange routes between ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs, the phenotypes, and probable neurodevelopmental disease associations of offspring born to mothers consuming specific PUFAs, and their mechanistic study in experimental models to typify signaling pathways, transcriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms by which PUFAs can imprint long-lasting modifications to brain structure and function. We emphasize that the ratio, rather than the amount of individual ω-3 or ω-6 PUFAs, might underpin physiologically correct cellular differentiation programs, be these for neurons or glia, during pregnancy. Thereupon, the PUFA-driven programming of the brain is contextualized for childhood obesity, metabolic, and endocrine illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cinquina
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniela D. Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyCenter for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Deaprtment of NeuroscienceBiomedicum 7D, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Szanda G, Jourdan T, Wisniewski É, Cinar R, Godlewski G, Rajki A, Liu J, Chedester L, Szalai B, Tóth AD, Soltész-Katona E, Hunyady L, Inoue A, Horváth VB, Spät A, Tam J, Kunos G. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB 1R) inhibits hypothalamic leptin signaling via β-arrestin1 in complex with TC-PTP and STAT3. iScience 2023; 26:107207. [PMID: 37534180 PMCID: PMC10392084 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular interactions between anorexigenic leptin and orexigenic endocannabinoids, although of great metabolic significance, are not well understood. We report here that hypothalamic STAT3 signaling in mice, initiated by physiological elevations of leptin, is diminished by agonists of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R). Measurement of STAT3 activation by semi-automated confocal microscopy in cultured neurons revealed that this CB1R-mediated inhibition requires both T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) and β-arrestin1 but is independent of changes in cAMP. Moreover, β-arrestin1 translocates to the nucleus upon CB1R activation and binds both STAT3 and TC-PTP. Consistently, CB1R activation failed to suppress leptin signaling in β-arrestin1 knockout mice in vivo, and in neural cells deficient in CB1R, β-arrestin1 or TC-PTP. Altogether, CB1R activation engages β-arrestin1 to coordinate the TC-PTP-mediated inhibition of the leptin-evoked neuronal STAT3 response. This mechanism may restrict the anorexigenic effects of leptin when hypothalamic endocannabinoid levels rise, as during fasting or in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Szanda
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tony Jourdan
- INSERM Center Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer LNC U1231, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Éva Wisniewski
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anikó Rajki
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee Chedester
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bence Szalai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Dávid Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Soltész-Katona
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Viktória Bea Horváth
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Spät
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Jin R, Sun S, Hu Y, Zhang H, Sun X. Neuropeptides Modulate Feeding via the Dopamine Reward Pathway. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03954-4. [PMID: 37233918 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central nervous system. It participates in various physiological functions, such as feeding, anxiety, fear, sleeping and arousal. The regulation of feeding is exceptionally complex, involving energy homeostasis and reward motivation. The reward system comprises the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), hypothalamus, and limbic system. This paper illustrates the detailed mechanisms of eight typical orexigenic and anorexic neuropeptides that regulate food intake through the reward system. According to recent literature, neuropeptides released from the hypothalamus and other brain regions regulate reward feeding predominantly through dopaminergic neurons projecting from the VTA to the NAc. In addition, their effect on the dopaminergic system is mediated by the prefrontal cortex, paraventricular thalamus, laterodorsal tegmental area, amygdala, and complex neural circuits. Research on neuropeptides involved in reward feeding can help identify more targets to treat diseases with metabolic disorders, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanbin Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Ten-Blanco M, Flores Á, Cristino L, Pereda-Pérez I, Berrendero F. Targeting the orexin/hypocretin system for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases: from animal to clinical studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 69:101066. [PMID: 37015302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two different G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R). Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system has gained the interest of the scientific community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of different pathological conditions. Considering previous basic science research, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, suvorexant, was the first orexin agent to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat insomnia. In this review, we discuss and update the main preclinical and human studies involving the orexin system with several psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This system constitutes a nice example of how basic scientific research driven by curiosity can be the best route to the generation of new and powerful pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ten-Blanco
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - África Flores
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Ye W, Xing J, Yu Z, Hu X, Zhao Y. Mechanism and treatments of antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:423-433. [PMID: 36959286 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The long-term use of antipsychotics (APs) may cause a variety of diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG), and even obesity. This paper reviews the various mechanisms of AIWG and obesity in detail, involving genetics, the central nervous system, the neuroendocrine system, and the gut microbiome. The common drug and non-drug therapies used in clinical practice are also introduced, providing the basis for research on the molecular mechanisms and the future selection of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujie Ye
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingyu Xing
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zekai Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xingang Hu
- Internal encephalopathy of traditional Chinese medicine, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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9
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Dias-Rocha CP, Costa JCB, Oliveira YS, Fassarella LB, Woyames J, Atella GC, Santos GRC, Pereira HMG, Pazos-Moura CC, Almeida MM, Trevenzoli IH. Maternal high-fat diet decreases milk endocannabinoids with sex-specific changes in the cannabinoid and dopamine signaling and food preference in rat offspring. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1087999. [PMID: 36926037 PMCID: PMC10011635 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1087999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal high-fat (HF) diet during gestation and lactation programs obesity in rat offspring associated with sex-dependent and tissue-specific changes of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS activation induces food intake and preference for fat as well as lipogenesis. We hypothesized that maternal HF diet would increase the lipid endocannabinoid levels in breast milk programming cannabinoid and dopamine signaling and food preference in rat offspring. METHODS Female Wistar rats were assigned into two experimental groups: control group (C), which received a standard diet (10% fat), or HF group, which received a high-fat diet (29% fat) for 8 weeks before mating and during gestation and lactation. Milk samples were collected to measure endocannabinoids and fatty acids by mass spectrometry. Cannabinoid and dopamine signaling were evaluated in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of male and female weanling offspring. C and HF offspring received C diet after weaning and food preference was assessed in adolescence. RESULTS Maternal HF diet reduced the milk content of anandamide (AEA) (p<0.05) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) (p<0.05). In parallel, maternal HF diet increased adiposity in male (p<0.05) and female offspring (p<0.05) at weaning. Maternal HF diet increased cannabinoid and dopamine signaling in the NAc only in male offspring (p<0.05), which was associated with higher preference for fat in adolescence (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Contrary to our hypothesis, maternal HF diet reduced AEA and 2-AG in breast milk. We speculate that decreased endocannabinoid exposure during lactation may induce sex-dependent adaptive changes of the cannabinoid-dopamine crosstalk signaling in the developing NAc, contributing to alterations in neurodevelopment and programming of preference for fat in adolescent male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla P. Dias-Rocha
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia C. B. Costa
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yamara S. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa B. Fassarella
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Woyames
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C. Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R. C. Santos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henrique M. G. Pereira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmen C. Pazos-Moura
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Almeida
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isis H. Trevenzoli
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Isis H. Trevenzoli,
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10
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Imperatore R, Cristino L. Assessing CB 1 Expression in the Brain by Immunohistochemical Methods: Light, Confocal, and Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:407-424. [PMID: 36152206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional techniques to reveal the neuroanatomical distribution of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in the brain, at the cellular and subcellular level, are mainly represented by light, confocal, and electron microscopy. By using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods, it is possible to reveal CB1 distribution and localization in the brain and its changes under pathological conditions. Moreover, by using electron microscopy, we can define the ultrastructural localization at the level of subcellular structures and organelles. Here, we describe immunoperoxidase, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy protocols used to get information about CB1 spatial distribution and localization in the brain. Preparation of reagents, resin embedding, preparation for an endogenous activity-blocking step, and background counterstaining and revelation of CB1 by using specific labeled secondary antibodies will be presented. The methods here discussed are highly sensitive and specific multistep processes, where each step is critical to finally obtain an optimum signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
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11
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Scheyer A, Yasmin F, Naskar S, Patel S. Endocannabinoids at the synapse and beyond: implications for neuropsychiatric disease pathophysiology and treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:37-53. [PMID: 36100658 PMCID: PMC9700791 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid neuromodulators that suppress neurotransmitter release, reduce postsynaptic excitability, activate astrocyte signaling, and control cellular respiration. Here, we describe canonical and emerging eCB signaling modes and aim to link adaptations in these signaling systems to pathological states. Adaptations in eCB signaling systems have been identified in a variety of biobehavioral and physiological process relevant to neuropsychiatric disease states including stress-related disorders, epilepsy, developmental disorders, obesity, and substance use disorders. These insights have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders and are contributing to the ongoing development of eCB-targeting therapeutics. We suggest future studies aimed at illuminating how adaptations in canonical as well as emerging cellular and synaptic modes of eCB signaling contribute to disease pathophysiology or resilience could further advance these novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhana Yasmin
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Saptarnab Naskar
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Northwestern Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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12
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Wang X, Cui X, Li Y, Li F, Li Y, Dai J, Hu H, Wang X, Sun J, Yang Y, Zhang S. MC4R Deficiency Causes Dysregulation of Postsynaptic Excitatory Synaptic Transmission as a Crucial Culprit for Obesity. Diabetes 2022; 71:2331-2343. [PMID: 35926095 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) shows bidirectional characterization in modulating food intake and energy homeostasis. We demonstrate that MC4R knockdown (KD) in the PVH can attenuate AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated postsynaptic responses by altering the phosphorylation of AMPAR GluA1 subunit through the protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent signaling cascade and simultaneously lead to rapid body weight gain. Furthermore, PKA KD in the PVH engendered similar electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes as in MC4R KD mice. Importantly, we observed that the reduction of AMPAR GluA1 expression not only led to attenuated synaptic responses but also caused body weight gain, suggesting that the aberration of synaptic responses may be one of the crucial pathogeny of obesity. Our study provides the synaptic and molecular explanations of how body weight is regulated by MC4R in the PVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Guangwai Community Health Service Center of Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jinye Dai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Han Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Echeazarra L, Barrondo S, García del Caño G, Bonilla-Del Río I, Egaña-Huguet J, Puente N, Aretxabala X, Montaña M, López de Jesús M, González-Burguera I, Saumell-Esnaola M, Goicolea MA, Grandes P, Sallés J. Up-regulation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors located at glutamatergic terminals in the medial prefrontal cortex of the obese Zucker rat. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1004702. [PMID: 36329829 PMCID: PMC9623818 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1004702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a detailed neuroanatomical distribution map of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor, along with the biochemical characterization of the expression and functional coupling to their cognate Gi/o proteins in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPCx) of the obese Zucker rats. The CB1 receptor density was higher in the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subregions of the mPCx of obese Zucker rats relative to their lean littermates which was associated with a higher percentage of CB1 receptor immunopositive excitatory presynaptic terminals in PL and IL. Also, a higher expression of CB1 receptors and WIN55,212-2-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was observed in the mPCx but not in the neocortex (NCx) and hippocampus of obese rats. Low-frequency stimulation in layers II/III of the mPCx induced CB1 receptor-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity in IL of area obese Zucker but not lean rats. Overall, the elevated 2-AG levels, up-regulation of CB1 receptors, and increased agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding strongly suggest that hyperactivity of the endocannabinoid signaling takes place at the glutamatergic terminals of the mPCx in the obese Zucker rat. These findings could endorse the importance of the CB1 receptors located in the mPCx in the development of obesity in Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Echeazarra
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, Dispositivos Móviles para el Control de Enfermedades Crónicas, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sergio Barrondo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gontzal García del Caño
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Itziar Bonilla-Del Río
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jon Egaña-Huguet
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Xabier Aretxabala
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Mario Montaña
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maider López de Jesús
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Imanol González-Burguera
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Miquel Saumell-Esnaola
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Aránzazu Goicolea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Joan Sallés
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, Neurofarmacología Celular y Molecular, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Joan Sallés,
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14
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Wang X, Li H. Chronic high-fat diet induces overeating and impairs synaptic transmission in feeding-related brain regions. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1019446. [PMID: 36226318 PMCID: PMC9549200 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to overeating, which can exacerbate unhealthy weight gain. However, the mechanisms for mediating such linkages are elusive. In the current study, we hypothesized that synaptic remodeling occurs in feeding-related brain regions of obese mice. To investigate this, we established a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model and observed that these mice consumed excessive calories. The effect of chronic HFD feeding on lipid droplet accumulation in different brain structures was also investigated. We found that lipid droplets accumulated on the ependyma of the third ventricle (3V), which is surrounded by key areas of the hypothalamus that are involved in feeding. Then, the spontaneous synaptic activity of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) was recorded in these hypothalamic areas. HFD induced a decreased amplitude of mEPSC in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), meanwhile, increased the frequency in the VMH. In addition, HFD reduced the frequency of mIPSC in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and increased the amplitude of mIPSC in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Subsequently, we also measured the synaptic activity of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons, which play a vital role in the hedonic aspect of eating, and discovered that HFD diminished the frequency of both mEPSC and mIPSC in the NAc. These findings suggest that chronic HFD feeding leads to lipid accumulation and synaptic dysfunction in specific brain regions, which are associated with energy homeostasis and reward regulation, and these impairments may lead to the overeating of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education (MoE) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Wang,
| | - Haohong Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Centre and Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Ministry of Education (MoE) Frontier Research Center of Brain and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Haohong Li,
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15
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Benevento M, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Ontogenetic rules for the molecular diversification of hypothalamic neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:611-627. [PMID: 35906427 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an evolutionarily conserved endocrine interface that, among other roles, links central homeostatic control to adaptive bodily responses by releasing hormones and neuropeptides from its many neuronal subtypes. In its preoptic, anterior, tuberal and mammillary subdivisions, a kaleidoscope of magnocellular and parvocellular neuroendocrine command neurons, local-circuit neurons, and neurons that project to extrahypothalamic areas are intermingled in partially overlapping patches of nuclei. Molecular fingerprinting has produced data of unprecedented mass and depth to distinguish and even to predict the synaptic and endocrine competences, connectivity and stimulus selectivity of many neuronal modalities. These new insights support eminent studies from the past century but challenge others on the molecular rules that shape the developmental segregation of hypothalamic neuronal subtypes and their use of morphogenic cues for terminal differentiation. Here, we integrate single-cell RNA sequencing studies with those of mouse genetics and endocrinology to describe key stages of hypothalamus development, including local neurogenesis, the direct terminal differentiation of glutamatergic neurons, transition cascades for GABAergic and GABAergic cell-derived dopamine cells, waves of local neuronal migration, and sequential enrichment in neuropeptides and hormones. We particularly emphasize how transcription factors determine neuronal identity and, consequently, circuit architecture, and whether their deviations triggered by environmental factors and hormones provoke neuroendocrine illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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16
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Mattar P, Uribe-Cerda S, Pezoa C, Guarnieri T, Kotz CM, Teske JA, Morselli E, Perez-Leighton C. Brain site-specific regulation of hedonic intake by orexin and DYN peptides: role of the PVN and obesity. Nutr Neurosci 2022; 25:1105-1114. [PMID: 33151127 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1840049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The orexin peptides promote hedonic intake and other reward behaviors through different brain sites. The opioid dynorphin peptides are co-released with orexin peptides but block their effects on reward in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We previously showed that in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), dynorphin and not orexin peptides enhance hedonic intake, suggesting they have brain-site-specific effects. Obesity alters the expression of orexin and dynorphin receptors, but whether their expression across different brain sites is important to hedonic intake is unclear. We hypothesized that hedonic intake is regulated by orexin and dynorphin peptides in PVN and that hedonic intake in obesity correlates with expression of their receptors. Here we show that in mice, injection of DYN-A1-13 (an opioid dynorphin peptide) in the PVN enhanced hedonic intake, whereas in the VTA, injection of OXA (orexin-A, an orexin peptide) enhanced hedonic intake. In PVN, OXA blunted the increase in hedonic intake caused by DYN-A1-13. In PVN, injection of norBNI (opioid receptor antagonist) reduced hedonic intake but a subsequent OXA injection failed to increase hedonic intake, suggesting that OXA activity in PVN is not influenced by endogenous opioid activity. In the PVN, DYN-A1-13 increased the intake of the less-preferred food in a two-food choice task. In obese mice fed a cafeteria diet, orexin 1 receptor mRNA across brain sites involved in hedonic intake correlated with fat preference but not caloric intake. Together, these data support that orexin and dynorphin peptides regulate hedonic intake in an opposing manner with brain-site-specific effects.
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Key Words
- CeA, central amygdala
- DH, dorsal hypothalamus
- DYN, dynorphin
- KOR, kappa opioid receptor
- LH, lateral hypothalamus
- NAc, nucleus accumbens
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- OR, opioid receptor
- OX1R, orexin 1 receptor
- OX2R, orexin 2 receptor
- OXA, 1orexin-A
- Orexin
- PVN, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
- PVT, paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- VH, ventral hypothalamus
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- cafeteria diet
- dynorphin
- fat
- feeding behavior
- food choice
- hedonic intake
- hypocretin
- hypothalamus
- norBNI, nor-binaltorphimine
- obesity
- opioid receptors
- orexin 1 receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mattar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Uribe-Cerda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Pezoa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Guarnieri
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - E Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Perez-Leighton
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Almeida MM, Dias-Rocha CP, Calviño C, Trevenzoli IH. Lipid endocannabinoids in energy metabolism, stress and developmental programming. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 542:111522. [PMID: 34843899 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates brain development and function, energy metabolism and stress in a sex-, age- and tissue-dependent manner. The ECS comprises mainly the bioactive lipid ligands anandamide (AEA) and 2-aracdonoylglycerol (2-AG), cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), and several metabolizing enzymes. The endocannabinoid tonus is increased in obesity, stimulating food intake and a preference for fat, reward, and lipid accumulation in peripheral tissues, as well as favoring a positive energy balance. Energy balance and stress responses share adaptive mechanisms regulated by the ECS that seem to underlie the complex relationship between feeding and emotional behavior. The ECS is also a key regulator of development. Environmental insults (diet, toxicants, and stress) in critical periods of developmental plasticity, such as gestation, lactation and adolescence, alter the ECS and may predispose individuals to the development of chronic diseases and behavioral changes in the long term. This review is focused on the ECS and the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Macedo Almeida
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Calviño
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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18
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Lewis RG, Florio E, Punzo D, Borrelli E. The Brain's Reward System in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:57-69. [PMID: 34773226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic gene expression is found throughout the central nervous system. This harmonized regulation can be dependent on- and independent of- the master regulator of biological clocks, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Substantial oscillatory activity in the brain's reward system is regulated by dopamine. While light serves as a primary time-giver (zeitgeber) of physiological clocks and synchronizes biological rhythms in 24-h cycles, nonphotic stimuli have a profound influence over circadian biology. Indeed, reward-related activities (e.g., feeding, exercise, sex, substance use, and social interactions), which lead to an elevated level of dopamine, alters rhythms in the SCN and the brain's reward system. In this chapter, we will discuss the influence of the dopaminergic reward pathways on circadian system and the implication of this interplay on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lewis
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, INSERMU1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ermanno Florio
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, INSERMU1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Punzo
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, INSERMU1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Emiliana Borrelli
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, INSERMU1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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19
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de Melo Reis RA, Isaac AR, Freitas HR, de Almeida MM, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS, Trevenzoli IH. Quality of Life and a Surveillant Endocannabinoid System. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:747229. [PMID: 34776851 PMCID: PMC8581450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.747229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an important brain modulatory network. ECS regulates brain homeostasis throughout development, from progenitor fate decision to neuro- and gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, brain plasticity and circuit repair, up to learning, memory, fear, protection, and death. It is a major player in the hypothalamic-peripheral system-adipose tissue in the regulation of food intake, energy storage, nutritional status, and adipose tissue mass, consequently affecting obesity. Loss of ECS control might affect mood disorders (anxiety, hyperactivity, psychosis, and depression), lead to drug abuse, and impact neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, Parkinson, Huntington, Multiple, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) and neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum) disorders. Practice of regular physical and/or mind-body mindfulness and meditative activities have been shown to modulate endocannabinoid (eCB) levels, in addition to other players as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ECS is involved in pain, inflammation, metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, general immune responses (asthma, allergy, and arthritis) and tumor expansion, both/either in the brain and/or in the periphery. The reason for such a vast impact is the fact that arachidonic acid, a precursor of eCBs, is present in every membrane cell of the body and on demand eCBs synthesis is regulated by electrical activity and calcium shifts. Novel lipid (lipoxins and resolvins) or peptide (hemopressin) players of the ECS also operate as regulators of physiological allostasis. Indeed, the presence of cannabinoid receptors in intracellular organelles as mitochondria or lysosomes, or in nuclear targets as PPARγ might impact energy consumption, metabolism and cell death. To live a better life implies in a vigilant ECS, through healthy diet selection (based on a balanced omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids), weekly exercises and meditation therapy, all of which regulating eCBs levels, surrounded by a constructive social network. Cannabidiol, a diet supplement has been a major player with anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antioxidant activities. Cognitive challenges and emotional intelligence might strengthen the ECS, which is built on a variety of synapses that modify human behavior. As therapeutically concerned, the ECS is essential for maintaining homeostasis and cannabinoids are promising tools to control innumerous targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Macedo de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Forte N, Boccella S, Tunisi L, Fernández-Rilo AC, Imperatore R, Iannotti FA, De Risi M, Iannotta M, Piscitelli F, Capasso R, De Girolamo P, De Leonibus E, Maione S, Di Marzo V, Cristino L. Orexin-A and endocannabinoids are involved in obesity-associated alteration of hippocampal neurogenesis, plasticity, and episodic memory in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6137. [PMID: 34675233 PMCID: PMC8531398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain stores and distinguishes among episodic memories, i.e. memories formed during the personal experience, through a mechanism of pattern separation computed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Decision-making for food-related behaviors, such as the choice and intake of food, might be affected in obese subjects by alterations in the retrieval of episodic memories. Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus regulates the pattern separation. Several molecular factors affect adult neurogenesis and exert a critical role in the development and plasticity of newborn neurons. Orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and downstream endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling are altered in obese mice. Here, we show that excessive orexin-A/2-arachidonoylglycerol/cannabinoid receptor type-1 signaling leads to the dysfunction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the subsequent inhibition of plasticity and impairment of pattern separation. By inhibiting orexin-A action at orexin-1 receptors we rescued both plasticity and pattern separation impairment in obese mice, thus providing a molecular and functional mechanism to explain alterations in episodic memory in obesity. The authors show that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is altered in the dentate gyrus of obese mice with subsequent inhibition of long-term potentiation and impairment of pattern separation. Inhibition of orexin-A action at orexin-1 receptors rescued both impairments in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Forte
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lea Tunisi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Maria De Risi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Paolo De Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy.,I.R.C.S.S., Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, Italy. .,Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada. .,Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada. .,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, 61V0AG, Canada.
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
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21
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van Ackern I, Kuhla A, Kuhla B. A Role for Peripheral Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Short-Term Food Intake and Orexigenic Hypothalamic Responses in a Species with Continuous Nutrient Delivery. Nutrients 2021; 13:3587. [PMID: 34684588 PMCID: PMC8540326 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a pivotal role in the complex control and regulation of food intake. Pharmacological ECS activation could improve health in energy-deficient stages by increasing food intake, at least in intermittent feeders. However, knowledge of the mechanism regulating appetite in species with continued nutrient delivery is incomplete. The objectives of this pilot study were to investigate the effect of the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the endocannabinoids (ECs) anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) on food intake, plasma EC concentrations and hypothalamic orexigenic signaling, and to study how the circulatory EC tone changes in response to short-term food deprivation in dairy cows, a species with continuous nutrient delivery. The administration of EC resulted in higher food intake during the first hour after treatment. Plasma AEA concentrations were significantly increased 2.5 h after AEA injection, whereas plasma 2-AG concentrations remained unchanged 2.5 h after 2-AG injection. The hypothalamic immunoreactivity of cannabinoid receptor 1, agouti-related protein, and orexin-A was not affected by either treatment; however, neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein mRNA abundances were downregulated in the arcuate nucleus of AEA-treated animals. Short-term food deprivation increased plasma 2-AG, while plasma AEA remained unchanged. In conclusion, i.p.-administered 2-AG and AEA increase food intake in the short term, but only AEA accumulates in the circulation. However, plasma 2-AG concentrations are more responsive to food deprivation than AEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel van Ackern
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
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22
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The "Adipo-Cerebral" Dialogue in Childhood Obesity: Focus on Growth and Puberty. Physiopathological and Nutritional Aspects. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103434. [PMID: 34684432 PMCID: PMC8539184 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are overwhelming problems in western countries. Adipocytes, far from being only fat deposits, are capable of endocrine functions, and the endocrine activity of adipose tissue, resumable in adipokines production, seems to be a key modulator of central nervous system function, suggesting the existence of an “adipo-cerebral axis.” This connection exerts a key role in children growth and puberty development, and it is exemplified by the leptin–kisspeptin interaction. The aim of this review was to describe recent advances in the knowledge of adipose tissue endocrine functions and their relations with nutrition and growth. The peculiarities of major adipokines are briefly summarized in the first paragraph; leptin and its interaction with kisspeptin are focused on in the second paragraph; the third paragraph deals with the regulation of the GH-IGF axis, with a special focus on the model represented by growth hormone deficiency (GHD); finally, old and new nutritional aspects are described in the last paragraph.
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23
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Lau BK, Murphy-Royal C, Kaur M, Qiao M, Bains JS, Gordon GR, Borgland SL. Obesity-induced astrocyte dysfunction impairs heterosynaptic plasticity in the orbitofrontal cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109563. [PMID: 34407401 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of highly palatable, energy-dense food is considered a key driver of the obesity pandemic. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critical for reward valuation of gustatory signals, yet how the OFC adapts to obesogenic diets is poorly understood. Here, we show that extended access to a cafeteria diet impairs astrocyte glutamate clearance, which leads to a heterosynaptic depression of GABA transmission onto pyramidal neurons of the OFC. This decrease in GABA tone is due to an increase in extrasynaptic glutamate, which acts via metabotropic glutamate receptors to liberate endocannabinoids. This impairs the induction of endocannabinoid-mediated long-term plasticity. The nutritional supplement, N-acetylcysteine rescues this cascade of synaptic impairments by restoring astrocytic glutamate transport. Together, our findings indicate that obesity targets astrocytes to disrupt the delicate balance between excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Lau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ciaran Murphy-Royal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Min Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jaideep S Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Grant R Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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24
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Vitale RM, Iannotti FA, Schiano Moriello A, Tunisi L, Piscitelli F, Savopoulos R, Cristino L, De Petrocellis L, Amodeo P, Gray R, Di Marzo V. Identification and Characterization of Cannabidiol as an OX1R Antagonist by Computational and In Vitro Functional Validation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1134. [PMID: 34439801 PMCID: PMC8394412 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential, multifaceted therapeutic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), a major constituent derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, covers a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, ranging from anxiety to pediatric epilepsy and drug addiction. However, the molecular targets responsible for these effects have been only partially identified. In this view, the involvement of the orexin system, the key regulator in arousal and the sleep/wake cycle, and in motivation and reward processes, including drug addiction, prompted us to explore, using computational and experimental approaches, the possibility that CBD could act as a ligand of orexin receptors, orexin 1 receptor of type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R). Ligand-binding assays showed that CBD is a selective ligand of OX1R in the low micromolar range (Ki 1.58 ± 0.2 μM) while in vitro functional assays, carried out by intracellular calcium imaging and mobilization assays, showed that CBD acts as an antagonist at this receptor. Finally, the putative binding mode of CBD has been inferred by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations and its selectivity toward the OX1R subtype rationalized at the molecular level. This study provides the first evidence that CBD acts as an OX1R antagonist, supporting its potential use in addictive disorders and/or body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Lea Tunisi
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Ranjev Savopoulos
- GW Research Ltd., Sovereign House, Vision Park, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9BZ, UK; (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
| | - Roy Gray
- GW Research Ltd., Sovereign House, Vision Park, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9BZ, UK; (R.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (L.C.); (L.D.); (P.A.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group (ERG), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (L.T.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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25
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Wilkerson JL, Bilbrey JA, Felix JS, Makriyannis A, McMahon LR. Untapped endocannabinoid pharmacological targets: Pipe dream or pipeline? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 206:173192. [PMID: 33932409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system plays key modulatory roles in a wide variety of pathological conditions. The endocannabinoid system comprises both cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA), and enzymes that regulate the synthesis and degradation of endogenous ligands which include diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL-α), diacylglycerol lipase beta (DAGL-β), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6). As the endocannabinoid system exerts considerable involvement in the regulation of homeostasis and disease, much effort has been made towards understanding endocannabinoid-related mechanisms of action at cellular, physiological, and pathological levels as well as harnessing the various components of the endocannabinoid system to produce novel therapeutics. However, drug discovery efforts within the cannabinoid field have been slower than anticipated to reach satisfactory clinical endpoints and raises an important question into the validity of developing novel ligands that therapeutically target the endocannabinoid system. To answer this, we will first examine evidence that supports the existence of an endocannabinoid system role within inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, pain, substance use disorders, mood disorders, as well as metabolic diseases. Next, this review will discuss recent clinical studies, within the last 5 years, of cannabinoid compounds in context to these diseases. We will also address some of the challenges and considerations within the cannabinoid field that may be important in the advancement of therapeutics into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Joshua A Bilbrey
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasmine S Felix
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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26
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Sallam NA, Borgland SL. Insulin and endocannabinoids in the mesolimbic system. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12965. [PMID: 33856071 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Easy access to palatable food and an abundance of food-related cues exacerbate non-homeostatic feeding. The metabolic and economical sequelae of non-homeostatic feeding outweigh those of homeostatic feeding and contribute significantly to the global obesity pandemic. The mesolimbic dopamine system is the primary central circuit that governs the motivation to consume food. Insulin and endocannabinoids (eCBs) are two major, presumably opposing, players in regulating homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding centrally and peripherally. Insulin is generally regarded as a postprandial satiety signal, whereas eCBs mainly function as pre-prandial orexinergic signals. In this review, we discuss the effects of insulin and eCB-mediated actions within the mesolimbic pathways. We propose that insulin and eCBs have regional- and time course-dependent roles. We discuss their mechanisms of actions in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, as well as how their mechanisms converge to finely tune dopaminergic activity and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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27
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Nuzzaci D, Cansell C, Liénard F, Nédélec E, Ben Fradj S, Castel J, Foppen E, Denis R, Grouselle D, Laderrière A, Lemoine A, Mathou A, Tolle V, Heurtaux T, Fioramonti X, Audinat E, Pénicaud L, Nahon JL, Rovère C, Benani A. Postprandial Hyperglycemia Stimulates Neuroglial Plasticity in Hypothalamic POMC Neurons after a Balanced Meal. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3067-3078.e5. [PMID: 32130907 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies in rodents evidenced synaptic remodeling in neuronal circuits that control food intake. However, the physiological relevance of this process is not well defined. Here, we show that the firing activity of anorexigenic POMC neurons located in the hypothalamus is increased after a standard meal. Postprandial hyperactivity of POMC neurons relies on synaptic plasticity that engages pre-synaptic mechanisms, which does not involve structural remodeling of synapses but retraction of glial coverage. These functional and morphological neuroglial changes are triggered by postprandial hyperglycemia. Chemogenetically induced glial retraction on POMC neurons is sufficient to increase POMC activity and modify meal patterns. These findings indicate that synaptic plasticity within the melanocortin system happens at the timescale of meals and likely contributes to short-term control of food intake. Interestingly, these effects are lost with a high-fat meal, suggesting that neuroglial plasticity of POMC neurons is involved in the satietogenic properties of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaé Nuzzaci
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Fabienne Liénard
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Nédélec
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Selma Ben Fradj
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Unité "Biologie Fonctionnelle & Adaptative," CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Unité "Biologie Fonctionnelle & Adaptative," CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphael Denis
- Unité "Biologie Fonctionnelle & Adaptative," CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Amélie Laderrière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Aleth Lemoine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alexia Mathou
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Laboratoire NutriNeuro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- StromaLab, CNRS, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
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28
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Laksmidewi AAAP, Soejitno A. Endocannabinoid and dopaminergic system: the pas de deux underlying human motivation and behaviors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:615-630. [PMID: 33712975 PMCID: PMC8105194 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been identified ever since cannabinoid, an active substance of Cannabis, was known to interact with endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid/eCB) receptors. It later turned out that eCB was more intricate than previously thought. It has a pervasive role and exerts a multitude of cellular signaling mechanisms, regulating various physiological neurotransmission pathways in the human brain, including the dopaminergic (DA) system. eCB roles toward DA system were robust, clearly delineated, and reproducible with respect to physiological as well as pathological neurochemical and neurobehavioral manifestations of DA system, particularly those involving the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic pathways. The eCB–DA system regulates the basics in the Maslow’s pyramid of hierarchy of needs required for individual survival such as food and sexual activity for reproductive purpose to those of higher needs in the pyramid, including self-actualization behaviors leading to achievement and reward (e.g., academic- and/or work-related performance and achievements). It is, thus, interesting to specifically discuss the eCB–DA system, not only on the molecular level, but also its tremendous potential to be developed as a future therapeutic strategy for various neuropsychiatric problems, including obesity, drug addiction and withdrawal, pathological hypersexuality, or low motivation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A A Putri Laksmidewi
- Neurobehavioral and Cognitive Division, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
| | - Andreas Soejitno
- Neurobehavioral and Cognitive Division, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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Tan Y, Hang F, Liu ZW, Stoiljkovic M, Wu M, Tu Y, Han W, Lee AM, Kelley C, Hajós M, Lu L, de Lecea L, De Araujo I, Picciotto MR, Horvath TL, Gao XB. Impaired hypocretin/orexin system alters responses to salient stimuli in obese male mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4985-4998. [PMID: 32516139 DOI: 10.1172/jci130889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has evolved in an environment where food sources are scarce, and foraging for food is one of the major challenges for survival of the individual and species. Basic and clinical studies show that obesity or overnutrition leads to overwhelming changes in the brain in animals and humans. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the consequences of excessive energy intake are not well understood. Neurons expressing the neuropeptide hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) in the lateral/perifonical hypothalamus (LH) are critical for homeostatic regulation, reward seeking, stress response, and cognitive functions. In this study, we examined adaptations in Hcrt cells regulating behavioral responses to salient stimuli in diet-induced obese mice. Our results demonstrated changes in primary cilia, synaptic transmission and plasticity, cellular responses to neurotransmitters necessary for reward seeking, and stress responses in Hcrt neurons from obese mice. Activities of neuronal networks in the LH and hippocampus were impaired as a result of decreased hypocretinergic function. The weakened Hcrt system decreased reward seeking while altering responses to acute stress (stress-coping strategy), which were reversed by selectively activating Hcrt cells with chemogenetics. Taken together, our data suggest that a deficiency in Hcrt signaling may be a common cause of behavioral changes (such as lowered arousal, weakened reward seeking, and altered stress response) in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fu Hang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Guangxi Reproductive Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Milan Stoiljkovic
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mingxing Wu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliate Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Tu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Preservation, Second Clinic Medical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenfei Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig Kelley
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, SUNY Downstate and NYU Tandon, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mihály Hajós
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ivan De Araujo
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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30
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Tunisi L, D'Angelo L, Fernández-Rilo AC, Forte N, Piscitelli F, Imperatore R, de Girolamo P, Di Marzo V, Cristino L. Orexin-A/Hypocretin-1 Controls the VTA-NAc Mesolimbic Pathway via Endocannabinoid-Mediated Disinhibition of Dopaminergic Neurons in Obese Mice. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:622405. [PMID: 33613258 PMCID: PMC7890184 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.622405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Disinhibition of orexin-A/hypocretin-1 (OX-A) release occurs to several output areas of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in the brain of leptin knockout obese ob/ob mice. In this study, we have investigated whether a similar increase of OX-A release occurs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an orexinergic LH output area with functional effects on dopaminergic signaling at the mesolimbic circuit. By confocal and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) morphological studies coupled to molecular, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches, we investigated OX-A-mediated dopaminergic signaling at the LH-VTA-nucleus accumbens (NAc) pathway in obese ob/ob mice compared to wild-type (wt) lean littermates. We found an elevation of OX-A trafficking and release to the VTA of ob/ob mice and consequent orexin receptor-1 (OX1R)-mediated over-activation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons via phospholipase C (PLC)/diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL-α)-induced biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). In fact, by retrograde signaling to cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) at inhibitory inputs to DA neurons, 2-AG inhibited GABA release thus inducing an increase in DA concentration in the VTA and NAc of ob/ob mice. This effect was prevented by the OX1R antagonist SB-334867 (30 mg/Kg, i.p.), or the CB1R antagonist AM251 (10 mg/Kg, i.p.) and mimicked by OX-A injection (40 μg/Kg, i.p.) in wt lean mice. Enhanced DA signaling to the NAc in ob/ob mice, or in OX-A-injected wt mice, was accompanied by β-arrestin2-mediated desensitization of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in a manner prevented by SB-334867 or the D2R antagonist L741 (1.5 mg/Kg, i.p.). These results further support the role of OX-A signaling in the control of neuroadaptive responses, such as compulsive reward-seeking behavior or binge-like consumption of high palatable food, and suggest that aberrant OX-A trafficking to the DA neurons in the VTA of ob/ob mice influences the D2R response at NAc, a main target area of the mesolimbic pathway, via 2-AG/CB1-mediated retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Tunisi
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Fernández-Rilo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Forte
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, and Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Italy
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Behl T, Chadha S, Sachdeva M, Sehgal A, Kumar A, Dhruv, Venkatachalam T, Hafeez A, Aleya L, Arora S, Batiha GES, Nijhawan P, Bungau S. Understanding the possible role of endocannabinoid system in obesity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 152:106520. [PMID: 33249225 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of weight is essential for sustenance, well-being and to endorse prolonged life. The prevalence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate globally, due to modern lifestyle and dietary habits. Endocannabinoids are fatty acid derivatives and numerous studies are carried out which focuses and targets their relationship with obesity, via multiple signals which have been recently known for exerting crucial role in regulating energy balance. PURPOSE This article aims at examining the prospects of endocannabinoids in obesity via directing the role of ECs in stimulating hunger. RESULT In last few years, irregular stimulation of endocannabinoid system has been suggested as a chief element in the progression of obesity-associated metabolic complications. Certainly, this cascade system comprises of cannabinoid type1 and 2 receptors (CB1R and CB2R) along with their endogenous lipid ligands which are responsible for enhanced feeding behavior as well as lipid metabolism. Significantly, inhibiting CB1R activity might reduce metabolic abnormality linked with obesity. CONCLUSION Conclusion withdrawn on the basis of supporting scientific data and evidences report that the blockade of cannabinoids can serve as a therapeutic potential for treatment of obesity. Future prospective aims at assessing molecular pathways which contributes towards ECS, elicited weight control and to evaluate how these mechanisms are presently relocated into the production of novel cannabinoid drugs exhibiting enriched care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Monika Sachdeva
- Fatima College of Health Sciences, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Dhruv
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, France
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Priya Nijhawan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Michael NJ, Elmquist JK. Coordination of metabolism, arousal, and reward by orexin/hypocretin neurons. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4540-4542. [PMID: 32804153 DOI: 10.1172/jci140585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus play a critical role in the maintenance of arousal and contribute to the regulation of multiple homeostatic and behavioral processes. In this issue of the JCI, Tan and Hang et al. report that feeding a high-fat diet to mice compromised the function of the orexin system, leading to impairments in reward-seeking and active coping mechanisms. The researchers observed changes at the cellular and circuit levels suggesting that reduced excitability of orexin neurons affects behavior through induction of a hypoarousal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Michael
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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33
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Hypothalamic endocannabinoids in obesity: an old story with new challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7469-7490. [PMID: 34718828 PMCID: PMC8557709 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of obesity is widely recognized, while the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are the focus of intense research. A disrupted endocannabinoid system, which critically modulates feeding and metabolic functions, through central and peripheral mechanisms, is a landmark indicator of obesity, as corroborated by investigations centered on the cannabinoid receptor CB1, considered to offer promise in terms of pharmacologically targeted treatment for obesity. In recent years, novel insights have been obtained, not only into relation to the mode of action of CB receptors, but also CB ligands, non-CB receptors, and metabolizing enzymes considered to be part of the endocannabinoid system (particularly the hypothalamus). The outcome has been a substantial expansion in knowledge of this complex signaling system and in drug development. Here we review recent literature, providing further evidence on the role of hypothalamic endocannabinoids in regulating energy balance and the implication for the pathophysiology of obesity. We discuss how these lipids are dynamically regulated in obesity onset, by diet and metabolic hormones in specific hypothalamic neurons, the impact of gender, and the role of endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes as promising targets for tackling obesity and related diseases.
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Abstract
Until now, depression research has taken a surprisingly narrow approach to modelling the disease, mainly focusing on some form of psychomotor retardation within a mechanistic framework of depression etiology. However, depression has many symptoms and each is associated with a vast number of substrates. Thus, to deepen our insights, this SI ("Depression Symptoms") reviewed the behavioral and neurobiological sequelae of individual symptoms, specifically, psychomotor retardation, sadness, low motivation, fatigue, sleep/circadian disruption, weight/appetite changes, and cognitive affective biases. This manuscript aims to integrate the most central information provided by the individual reviews. As a result, a dynamic model of depression development is proposed, which views depression as a cumulative process, where different symptoms develop at different stages, referred to as early, intermediate, and advanced, that require treatment with different pharmaceutical agents, that is, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors early on and dopamine-based antidepressants at the advanced stage. Furthermore, the model views hypothalamic disruption as the source of early symptoms and site of early intervention. Longitudinal animal models that are capable of modelling the different stages of depression, including transitions between the stages, may be helpful to uncover novel biomarkers and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schulz
- Boğaziçi University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Kandilli Campus, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey.
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35
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Cioffi I, Gambino R, Rosato R, Properzi B, Regaldo G, Ponzo V, Pellegrini M, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F, Ghigo E, Bo S. Acute assessment of subjective appetite and implicated hormones after a hypnosis-induced hallucinated meal: a randomized cross-over pilot trial. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:411-420. [PMID: 32418064 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of hypnosis can generate hallucinatory phenomena, which ranged from vivid/auditory imagery to fully developed "hallucinations" in selected people. The aim of this pilot trial was investigating the acute effects of a hypnosis-induced hallucinated breakfast (HB) compared to those of a real breakfast (RB) on subjective appetite and appetite-regulating hormones in highly hypnotizable individuals. Eight healthy post-menopausal women were recruited to consume two meals: the HB and the RB in a randomized crossover design. Participants underwent appetite sensations measurements (before meal and each 30-min until 270-min) and blood sample collection (at 0, 20, 60, 90, 180-min). A 3-day food-record was filled after each meal. The adjusted repeated measures ANCOVA did not show any meal×time interactions on subjective appetite postprandially. As expected, significantly higher glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001), and lower free fatty acid (p < 0.001) concentrations were found after the RB, but not following HB. Furthermore, RB significantly increased postprandial levels of glucagon-like-peptide-1 and peptide-YY at 20, 60, 90 and 180-min, whereas acylated-ghrelin and leptin levels did not differ. Postprandial neuropeptide-Y and orexin-A values significantly increased at different time-points after RB, but not following HB, while α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels enhanced after HB only. Energy intakes were significantly lower after HB on the test-day only (HB = 1146.6 ± 343.8 vs RB = 1634.7 ± 274.2 kcal/d; p = 0.003). Appetite sensation might be modulated by fully developed meal "hallucination" induced by hypnosis, likely affecting brain-peptides implicated in the appetite regulation. However, further studies are needed to verify these results obtained in a highly selected group of individuals. NCT03934580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Cioffi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalba Rosato
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Bice Properzi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Ponzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marianna Pellegrini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Contaldo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pasanisi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, c.so AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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Linehan V, Fang LZ, Parsons MP, Hirasawa M. High-fat diet induces time-dependent synaptic plasticity of the lateral hypothalamus. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100977. [PMID: 32277924 PMCID: PMC7170999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Orexin (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are critical regulators of energy homeostasis and are thought to differentially contribute to diet-induced obesity. However, it is unclear whether the synaptic properties of these cells are altered by obesogenic diets over time. Methods Rats and mice were fed a control chow or palatable high-fat diet (HFD) for various durations and then synaptic properties of ORX and MCH neurons were examined using exvivo whole-cell patch clamp recording. Confocal imaging was performed to assess the number of excitatory synaptic contacts to these neurons. Results ORX neurons exhibited a transient increase in spontaneous excitatory transmission as early as 1 day up to 1 week of HFD, which returned to control levels with prolonged feeding. Conversely, HFD induced a delayed increase in excitatory synaptic transmission to MCH neurons, which progressively increased as HFD became chronic. This increase occurred before the onset of significant weight gain. These synaptic changes appeared to be due to altered postsynaptic sensitivity or the number of active synaptic contacts depending on cell type and feeding duration. However, HFD induced no change in inhibitory transmission in either cell type at any time point. Conclusions These results suggest that the effects of HFD on feeding-related neurons are cell type-specific and dynamic. This highlights the importance of considering the feeding duration for research and weight loss interventions. ORX neurons may contribute to early hyperphagia, whereas MCH neurons may play a role in the onset and long-term maintenance of diet-induced obesity. High-fat diet increases excitatory transmission to orexin and MCH neurons. Increased excitatory drive to orexin neurons occurs within the first week but is transient. Excitatory synapses to MCH neurons increase with prolonged high-fat diet. Excitatory changes in MCH neurons are delayed but precede significant weight gain. These synaptic changes may contribute to the development and the maintenance of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Linehan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Lisa Z Fang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Matthew P Parsons
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Michiru Hirasawa
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Martinez-Pena Y Valenzuela I, Akaaboune M. The disassembly of the neuromuscular synapse in high-fat diet-induced obese male mice. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100979. [PMID: 32283080 PMCID: PMC7182767 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A sustained high fat diet in mice mimics many features of human obesity. We used male and female Non-Swiss albino mice to investigate the impact of short and long-term high-fat diet-(HFD)-induced obesity on the peripheral neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and whether obesity-related synaptic structural alterations were reversible after switching obese mice from HFD to a standard fat diet (SD). Methods HFD-induced obese and age-matched control mice fed SD were used. We carried out in vivo time lapse imaging to monitor changes of synapses over time, quantitative fluorescence imaging to study the regulation of acetylcholine receptor number and density at neuromuscular junctions, and high resolution confocal microscope to study structural alterations in both the pre- and postsynaptic apparatus. Results Time-lapse imaging in vivo over a 9 month period revealed that NMJs of HFD obese male mice display a variety of obesity-related structural alterations, including the disappearance of large synaptic areas, significant reduction in the density/number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChRs), abnormal distribution of AChRs, high turnover rate of AChRs, retraction of axons from lost postsynaptic sites, and partially denervated synapses. The severity of these synaptic alterations is associated with the duration of obesity. However, no substantial alterations were observed at NMJs of age-matched HFD obese female mice or male mice fed with a standard or low fat diet. Intriguingly, when obese male mice were switched from HFD to a standard diet, receptor density and the abnormal pattern of AChR distribution were completely reversed to normal, whereas lost synaptic structures were not restored. Conclusions These results show that the obese male mice are more vulnerable than female mice to the impacts of long-term HFD on the NMJ damage and provide evidence that diet restriction can partially reverse obesity-related synaptic changes. Neuromuscular junctions of High-fat induced obese male mice display a variety of obesity-related structural alterations. The severity of alterations in neuromuscular junction morphology is associated with the duration of obesity. Neuromuscular junctions of High-fat diet induced obese female mice display no substantial morphological changes. Not all obesity-related synaptic alterations were reversible after switching male mice from High-fat diet to standard diet. Obese male mice are more vulnerable than female mice to the impacts of long-term HFD on the neuromuscular junction damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Akaaboune
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Obesity Affects the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and the Regulation Thereof by Endocannabinoids and Related Mediators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051554. [PMID: 32106469 PMCID: PMC7084914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus regulates energy homeostasis by integrating environmental and internal signals to produce behavioral responses to start or stop eating. Many satiation signals are mediated by microbiota-derived metabolites coming from the gastrointestinal tract and acting also in the brain through a complex bidirectional communication system, the microbiota–gut–brain axis. In recent years, the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a critical regulator of hypothalamic appetite-related neuronal networks. Obesogenic high-fat diets (HFDs) enhance endocannabinoid levels, both in the brain and peripheral tissues. HFDs change the gut microbiota composition by altering the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and causing endotoxemia mainly by rising the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the most potent immunogenic component of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxemia induces the collapse of the gut and brain barriers, interleukin 1β (IL1β)- and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and gliosis, which alter the appetite-regulatory circuits of the brain mediobasal hypothalamic area delimited by the median eminence. This review summarizes the emerging state-of-the-art evidence on the function of the “expanded endocannabinoid (eCB) system” or endocannabinoidome at the crossroads between intestinal microbiota, gut-brain communication and host metabolism; and highlights the critical role of this intersection in the onset of obesity.
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Sládek M, Houdek P, Sumová A. Circadian profiling reveals distinct regulation of endocannabinoid system in the rat plasma, liver and adrenal glands by light-dark and feeding cycles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The Novel Perspectives of Adipokines on Brain Health. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225638. [PMID: 31718027 PMCID: PMC6887733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
First seen as a fat-storage tissue, the adipose tissue is considered as a critical player in the endocrine system. Precisely, adipose tissue can produce an array of bioactive factors, including cytokines, lipids, and extracellular vesicles, which target various systemic organ systems to regulate metabolism, homeostasis, and immune response. The global effects of adipokines on metabolic events are well defined, but their impacts on brain function and pathology remain poorly defined. Receptors of adipokines are widely expressed in the brain. Mounting evidence has shown that leptin and adiponectin can cross the blood–brain barrier, while evidence for newly identified adipokines is limited. Significantly, adipocyte secretion is liable to nutritional and metabolic states, where defective circuitry, impaired neuroplasticity, and elevated neuroinflammation are symptomatic. Essentially, neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory properties of adipokines underlie their neuroprotective roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, adipocyte-secreted lipids in the bloodstream can act endocrine on the distant organs. In this article, we have reviewed five adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, apelin, visfatin) and two lipokines (palmitoleic acid and lysophosphatidic acid) on their roles involving in eating behavior, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors in the brain. Understanding and regulating these adipokines can lead to novel therapeutic strategies to counteract metabolic associated eating disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, thus promote brain health.
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Coccurello R. Anhedonia in depression symptomatology: Appetite dysregulation and defective brain reward processing. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Soares PN, Miranda RA, Peixoto TC, Caramez FAH, Guarda DS, Manhães AC, de Oliveira E, de Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Cigarette smoke during lactation in rat female progeny: Late effects on endocannabinoid and dopaminergic systems. Life Sci 2019; 232:116575. [PMID: 31211999 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Maternal smoking is considered a risk factor for childhood obesity. In a rat model of tobacco exposure during breastfeeding, we previously reported hyperphagia, overweight, increased visceral fat and hyperleptinemia in adult female offspring. Obesity and eating disorders are associated with impairment in the endocannabinoid (EC) and dopaminergic (DA) systems. Considering that women are prone to eating disorders, we hypothesize that adult female Wistar rats that were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) during the suckling period would develop EC and DA systems deregulation, possibly explaining the eating disorder in this model. MATERIAL AND METHODS To mimic maternal smoking, from postnatal day 3 to 21, dams and offspring were exposed to a smoking machine, 4×/day/1 h (CS group). Control animals were exposed to ambient air. Offspring were evaluated at 26 weeks of age. KEY FINDINGS Concerning the EC system, the CS group had increased expression of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and decreased in the liver. In the visceral adipose tissue, the EC receptor (CB1r) was decreased. Regarding the DA system, the CS group showed higher dopamine transporter (DAT) protein expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and lower DA receptor (D2r) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). We also assessed the hypothalamic leptin signaling, which was shown to be unchanged. CS offspring showed decreased plasma 17β-estradiol. SIGNIFICANCE Neonatal CS exposure induces changes in some biomarkers of the EC and DA systems, which can partially explain the hyperphagia observed in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Soares
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R A Miranda
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - T C Peixoto
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - F A H Caramez
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D S Guarda
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A C Manhães
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E de Oliveira
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E G de Moura
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Grafe LA, Geng E, Corbett B, Urban K, Bhatnagar S. Sex- and Stress-Dependent Effects on Dendritic Morphology and Spine Densities in Putative Orexin Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 418:266-278. [PMID: 31442567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We recently found that non-stressed female rats have higher basal prepro-orexin expression and activation of orexinergic neurons compared to non-stressed males, which lead to impaired habituation to repeated restraint stress at the behavioral, neural, and endocrine level. Here, we extended our study of sex differences in the orexin system by examining spine densities and dendritic morphology in putative orexin neurons in adult male and female rats that were exposed to 5 consecutive days of 30-min restraint. Analysis of spine distribution and density indicated that putative orexinergic neurons in control non-stressed females had significantly more dendritic spines than those in control males, and the majority of these were mushroom spines. This morphological finding may suggest more excitatory input onto orexin neurons in female rats. As orexin neurons are known to promote the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response, this morphological change in orexin neurons could underlie the impaired habituation to repeated stress in female rats. Dendritic complexity did not differ between non-stressed males and females, however repeated restraint stress decreased total dendritic length, nodes, and branching primarily in males. Thus, reduced dendritic complexity of putative orexinergic neurons is observed in males but not in females after 5days of repeated restraint stress. This morphological change might be reflective of decreased orexin system function, which may allow males to habituate more fully to repeated restraint than females. These results extend our understanding of the role of orexin neurons in regulating habituation and demonstrate changes in putative orexin cell morphology and spines that may underlie sex differences in habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Grafe
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA
| | - Eric Geng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian Corbett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly Urban
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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mTORC1 and CB1 receptor signaling regulate excitatory glutamatergic inputs onto the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in response to energy availability. Mol Metab 2019; 28:151-159. [PMID: 31420305 PMCID: PMC6822143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a key target of the melanocortin system, which orchestrates behavioral and metabolic responses depending on energy availability. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the endocannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) pathways are two key signaling systems involved in the regulation of energy balance whose activity closely depends upon energy availability. Here we tested the hypothesis that modulation of mTORC1 and CB1R signaling regulates excitatory glutamatergic inputs onto the PVN. METHODS Patch-clamp recordings in C57BL/6J mice, in mice lacking the mTORC1 component Rptor or CB1R in pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC) neurons, combined with pharmacology targeting mTORC1, the melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R), or the endocannabinoid system under chow or a hypercaloric diet. RESULTS Acute pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 in C57BL/6J mice decreased glutamatergic inputs onto the PVN via a mechanism requiring modulation of MC4R, endocannabinoid 2-AG mobilization by PVN parvocellular neurons, and retrograde activation of presynaptic CB1R. Further electrophysiology studies using mice lacking mTORC1 activity or CB1R in POMC neurons indicated that the observed effects involved mTORC1 and CB1R-dependent regulation of glutamate release from POMC neurons. Finally, energy surfeit caused by hypercaloric high-fat diet feeding, rapidly and time-dependently altered the glutamatergic inputs onto parvocellular neurons and the ability of mTORC1 and CB1R signaling to modulate such excitatory activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings pinpoint the relationship between mTORC1 and endocannabinoid-CB1R signaling in the regulation of the POMC-mediated glutamatergic inputs onto PVN parvocellular neurons and its rapid alteration in conditions favoring the development of obesity.
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Romanov RA, Alpár A, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Unified Classification of Molecular, Network, and Endocrine Features of Hypothalamic Neurons. Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 42:1-26. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although general anatomical and neurochemical features of hypothalamic neurons were described during the past decades, they have yet to be reconciled with recently discovered molecular classifiers and neurogenetic function determination. By interrogating magnocellular as well as parvocellular dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and phenotypically mixed neurons, we integrate available information at the molecular, cellular, network, and endocrine output levels to propose a framework for the comprehensive classification of hypothalamic neurons. Simultaneously, we single out putative neuronal subclasses for which future research can fill in existing gaps of knowledge to rationalize cellular diversity through function-determinant molecular marks in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Romanov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, and SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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de Oliveira E, Quitete FT, Bernardino DN, Guarda DS, Caramez FAH, Soares PN, Peixoto TC, Rodrigues VST, Trevenzoli IH, Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Maternal coconut oil intake on lactation programs for endocannabinoid system dysfunction in adult offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:12-21. [PMID: 31059745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to coconut oil metabolically programs adult offspring for overweight, hyperphagia and hyperleptinemia. We studied the neuroendocrine mechanisms by which coconut oil supplementation during breastfeeding as well as continued exposure of this oil throughout life affect the feeding behavior of the progeny. At birth, pups were divided into two groups: Soybean oil (SO) and Coconut oil (CO). Dams received these oils by gavage (0.5 g/kg body mass/day) during lactation. Half of the CO group continued to receive CO in chow throughout life (CO + C). Adult CO and CO + C groups had overweight; the CO group had hyperphagia, higher visceral adiposity, and hyperleptinemia, while the CO + C group had hypophagia only. The CO group showed higher DAGLα (endocannabinoid synthesis) but no alteration of FAAH (endocannabinoid degradation) or CB1R. Leptin signaling and GLP1R were unchanged in the CO group, which did not explain its phenotype. Hyperphagia in these animals can be due to higher DAGLα, increasing the production of 2-AG, an orexigenic mediator. The CO + C group had higher preference for fat and lower hypothalamic GLP1R content. Continuous exposure to coconut oil prevented an increase in DAGLα. The CO + C group, although hypophagic, showed greater voracity when exposed to a hyperlipidemic diet, maybe due to lower GLP1R, since GLP1 inhibits short-term food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Fernanda T Quitete
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Dayse N Bernardino
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Deysla S Guarda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Fabiele A H Caramez
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Patrícia N Soares
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Thamara C Peixoto
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S T Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Isis H Trevenzoli
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Egberto G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil.
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Montesano A, Baumgart M, Avallone L, Castaldo L, Lucini C, Tozzini ET, Cellerino A, D'Angelo L, de Girolamo P. Age-related central regulation of orexin and NPY in the short-lived African killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1508-1526. [PMID: 30666646 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are two hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and food intake in all vertebrates. Accumulating evidences document that they undergo age-related modifications, with consequences on metabolism, sleep/wake disorders and progression of neurodegenerations. The present study addressed the age related changes in expression and distribution of orexin A (its precursor is also known as hypocretin-HCRT) and NPY, and their regulation by food intake in the short-lived vertebrate model Nothobranchius furzeri. Our experiments, conducted on male specimens, show that: (a) HCRT and OXA and NPY mRNA and protein are localized in neurons of diencephalon and optic tectum, as well as in numerous fibers projecting through the entire neuroaxis, and are colocalized in specific nuclei; (b) in course of aging, HCRT and NPY expressing neurons are localized also in telencephalon and rhombencephalon; (c) HCRT expressing neurons increased slightly in the diencephalic area of old animals and in fasted animals, whereas NPY increased sharply; (d) central HCRT levels are not regulated neither in course of aging nor by food intake; and (e) central NPY levels are augmented in course of aging, and regulated by food intake only in young. These findings represent a great novelty in the study of central orexinergic and NPY-ergic systems in vertebrates', demonstrating an uncommon and unprecedented described regulation of these two orexigenic neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Montesano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Leibniz-Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Lab. Biology of Aging, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Baumgart
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Lab. Biology of Aging, Jena, Germany
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Castaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Lucini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Cellerino
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Lab. Biology of Aging, Jena, Germany.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Bio@SNS, c/o Istituto di Biofisica del CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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48
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Milbank E, López M. Orexins/Hypocretins: Key Regulators of Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:830. [PMID: 31920958 PMCID: PMC6918865 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally described to be involved in feeding regulation, orexins/hypocretins are now also considered as major regulatory actors of numerous biological processes, such as pain, sleep, cardiovascular function, neuroendocrine regulation, and energy expenditure. Therefore, they constitute one of the most pleiotropic families of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Although their orexigenic effect is well documented, orexins/hypocretins also exert central effects on energy expenditure, notably on the brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. A better comprehension of the underlying mechanisms and potential interactions with other hypothalamic molecular pathways involved in the modulation of food intake and thermogenesis, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is essential to determine the exact implication and pathophysiological relevance of orexins/hypocretins on the control of energy balance. Here, we will review the actions of orexins on energy balance, with special focus on feeding and brown fat function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Milbank
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Edward Milbank
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Miguel López
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49
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Role of astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes in brain control of systemic metabolism. Nat Neurosci 2018; 22:7-14. [PMID: 30531847 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes play active roles in the regulation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. These non-neuronal cells are crucial in determining the functional interactions of specific neuronal subpopulations involved in the control of metabolism. Recent advances in biology, optics, genetics, and pharmacology have resulted in the emergence of novel and highly sophisticated approaches for studying hypothalamic neuronal-glial networks. Here we summarize the progress in the field and argue that glial-neuronal interactions provide a core hub integrating food-related cues, interoceptive signals, and internal states to adapt a complex set of physiological responses operating on different timescales to finely tune behavior and metabolism according to metabolic status. This expanding knowledge helps to redefine our understanding of the physiology of food intake and energy metabolism.
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50
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Alpár A, Harkany T. Novel insights into the spatial and temporal complexity of hypothalamic organization through precision methods allowing nanoscale resolution. J Intern Med 2018; 284:568-580. [PMID: 30027599 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian hypothalamus contains an astounding heterogeneity of neurons to achieve its role in coordinating central responses to virtually any environmental stressor over the life-span of an individual. Therefore, while core features of intrahypothalamic neuronal modalities and wiring patterns are stable during vertebrate evolution, integration of the hypothalamus into hierarchical brain-wide networks evolved to coordinate its output with emotionality, cognition and conscious decision-making. The advent of single-cell technologies represents a recent milestone in the study of hypothalamic organization by allowing the dissection of cellular heterogeneity and establishing causality between opto- and chemogenetic activity modulation of molecularly-resolved neuronal contingents and specific behaviours. Thus, organizational rules to accumulate an unprecedented variety of hierarchical neuroendocrine command networks into a minimal brain volume are being unravelled. Here, we review recent understanding at nanoscale resolution on how neuronal heterogeneity in the mammalian hypothalamus underpins the diversification of hormonal and synaptic output and keeps those sufficiently labile for continuous adaptation to meet environmental demands. Particular emphasis is directed towards the dissection of neuronal circuitry for aggression and food intake. Mechanistic data encompass cell identities, synaptic connectivity within and outside the hypothalamus to link vegetative and conscious levels of innate behaviours, and context- and circadian rhythm-dependent rules of synaptic neurophysiology to distinguish hypothalamic foci that either tune the body's metabolic set-point or specify behaviours. Consequently, novel insights emerge to explain the evolutionary advantages of non-laminar organization for neuroendocrine circuits coincidently using fast neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These are then accrued into novel therapeutic principles that meet therapeutic criteria for human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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