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Yu X, Niu H, Liu C, Wang H, Yin W, Xia X. PTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2113-2128. [PMID: 38470397 PMCID: PMC11258992 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster disease resistance and collectively trigger a cascade of downstream defence responses. This article provides a comprehensive review of plant defence responses, offering an overview of the stepwise activation of plant immunity and the interactions between PTI-ETI synergistic signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao‐Qiang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hou‐Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weilun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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2
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Mühlenbeck H, Tsutsui Y, Lemmon MA, Bender KW, Zipfel C. Allosteric activation of the co-receptor BAK1 by the EFR receptor kinase initiates immune signaling. eLife 2024; 12:RP92110. [PMID: 39028038 PMCID: PMC11259431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane signaling by plant receptor kinases (RKs) has long been thought to involve reciprocal trans-phosphorylation of their intracellular kinase domains. The fact that many of these are pseudokinase domains, however, suggests that additional mechanisms must govern RK signaling activation. Non-catalytic signaling mechanisms of protein kinase domains have been described in metazoans, but information is scarce for plants. Recently, a non-catalytic function was reported for the leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RK subfamily XIIa member EFR (elongation factor Tu receptor) and phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes were proposed to regulate signaling of RKs with non-RD kinase domains. Here, using EFR as a model, we describe a non-catalytic activation mechanism for LRR-RKs with non-RD kinase domains. EFR is an active kinase, but a kinase-dead variant retains the ability to enhance catalytic activity of its co-receptor kinase BAK1/SERK3 (brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated kinase 1/somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 3). Applying hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analysis and designing homology-based intragenic suppressor mutations, we provide evidence that the EFR kinase domain must adopt its active conformation in order to activate BAK1 allosterically, likely by supporting αC-helix positioning in BAK1. Our results suggest a conformational toggle model for signaling, in which BAK1 first phosphorylates EFR in the activation loop to stabilize its active conformation, allowing EFR in turn to allosterically activate BAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Mühlenbeck
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Yuko Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West CampusWest HavenUnited States
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University West CampusWest HavenUnited States
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
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3
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Hailemariam S, Liao CJ, Mengiste T. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases: orchestrating plant cellular communication. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00111-0. [PMID: 38816318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase (RLK) family of receptors and the associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) have expanded in plants because of selective pressure from environmental stress and evolving pathogens. RLCKs link pathogen perception to activation of coping mechanisms. RLK-RLCK modules regulate hormone synthesis and responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Ca2+ signaling, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and immune gene expression, all of which contribute to immunity. Some RLCKs integrate responses from multiple receptors recognizing distinct ligands. RLKs/RLCKs and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) were found to synergize, demonstrating the intertwined genetic network in plant immunity. Studies in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have provided paradigms about RLCK functions, but a lack of understanding of crop RLCKs undermines their application. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the diverse functions of RLCKs, based on model systems and observations in crop species, and the emerging role of RLCKs in pathogen and abiotic stress response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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4
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Jing T, Wu Y, Yu Y, Li J, Mu X, Xu L, Wang X, Qi G, Tang J, Wang D, Yang S, Hua J, Gou M. Copine proteins are required for brassinosteroid signaling in maize and Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2028. [PMID: 38459051 PMCID: PMC10923931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Copine proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously found in eukaryotes, and their indispensable roles in different species were proposed. However, their exact function remains unclear. The phytohormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play vital roles in plant growth, development and environmental responses. A key event in effective BR signaling is the formation of functional BRI1-SERK receptor complex and subsequent transphosphorylation upon ligand binding. Here, we demonstrate that BONZAI (BON) proteins, which are plasma membrane-associated copine proteins, are critical components of BR signaling in both the monocot maize and the dicot Arabidopsis. Biochemical and molecular analyses reveal that BON proteins directly interact with SERK kinases, thereby ensuring effective BRI1-SERK interaction and transphosphorylation. This study advances the knowledge on BR signaling and provides an important target for optimizing valuable agronomic traits, it also opens a way to study steroid hormone signaling and copine proteins of eukaryotes in a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiankun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohuan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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5
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Delesalle C, Vert G, Fujita S. The cell surface is the place to be for brassinosteroid perception and responses. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:206-218. [PMID: 38388723 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adjusting the microenvironment around the cell surface is critical to responding to external cues or endogenous signals and to maintaining cell activities. In plant cells, the plasma membrane is covered by the cell wall and scaffolded with cytoskeletal networks, which altogether compose the cell surface. It has long been known that these structures mutually interact, but the mechanisms that integrate the whole system are still obscure. Here we spotlight the brassinosteroid (BR) plant hormone receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) since it represents an outstanding model for understanding cell surface signalling and regulation. We summarize how BRI1 activity and dynamics are controlled by plasma membrane components and their associated factors to fine-tune signalling. The downstream signals, in turn, manipulate cell surface structures by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Moreover, the changes in these architectures impact BR signalling, resulting in a feedback loop formation. This Review discusses how BRI1 and BR signalling function as central hubs to integrate cell surface regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delesalle
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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6
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Qiu YM, Guo J, Jiang WZ, Ding JH, Song RF, Zhang JL, Huang X, Yuan HM. HbBIN2 Functions in Plant Cold Stress Resistance through Modulation of HbICE1 Transcriptional Activity and ROS Homeostasis in Hevea brasiliensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15778. [PMID: 37958762 PMCID: PMC10649430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold stress poses significant limitations on the growth, latex yield, and ecological distribution of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). The GSK3-like kinase plays a significant role in helping plants adapt to different biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of GSK3-like kinase BR-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) in Hevea brasiliensis remain elusive. Here, we identified HbBIN2s of Hevea brasiliensis and deciphered their roles in cold stress resistance. The transcript levels of HbBIN2s are upregulated by cold stress. In addition, HbBIN2s are present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and have the ability to interact with the INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION1(HbICE1) transcription factor, a central component in cold signaling. HbBIN2 overexpression in Arabidopsis displays decreased tolerance to chilling stress with a lower survival rate and proline content but a higher level of electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) than wild type under cold stress. Meanwhile, HbBIN2 transgenic Arabidopsis treated with cold stress exhibits a significant increase in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Further investigation reveals that HbBIN2 inhibits the transcriptional activity of HbICE1, thereby attenuating the expression of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (HbCBF1). Consistent with this, overexpression of HbBIN2 represses the expression of CBF pathway cold-regulated genes under cold stress. In conclusion, our findings indicate that HbBIN2 functions as a suppressor of cold stress resistance by modulating HbICE1 transcriptional activity and ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xi Huang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (Y.-M.Q.); (J.G.); (W.-Z.J.); (J.-H.D.); (R.-F.S.); (J.-L.Z.)
| | - Hong-Mei Yuan
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (Y.-M.Q.); (J.G.); (W.-Z.J.); (J.-H.D.); (R.-F.S.); (J.-L.Z.)
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7
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Paries M, Gutjahr C. The good, the bad, and the phosphate: regulation of beneficial and detrimental plant-microbe interactions by the plant phosphate status. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37145847 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi ) is indispensable for life on this planet. However, for sessile land plants it is poorly accessible. Therefore, plants have developed a variety of strategies for enhanced acquisition and recycling of Pi . The mechanisms to cope with Pi limitation as well as direct uptake of Pi from the substrate via the root epidermis are regulated by a conserved Pi starvation response (PSR) system based on a family of key transcription factors (TFs) and their inhibitors. Furthermore, plants obtain Pi indirectly through symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi, which employ their extensive hyphal network to drastically increase the soil volume that can be explored by plants for Pi . Besides mycorrhizal symbiosis, there is also a variety of other interactions with epiphytic, endophytic, and rhizospheric microbes that can indirectly or directly influence plant Pi uptake. It was recently discovered that the PSR pathway is involved in the regulation of genes that promote formation and maintenance of AM symbiosis. Furthermore, the PSR system influences plant immunity and can also be a target of microbial manipulation. It is known for decades that the nutritional status of plants influences the outcome of plant-microbe interactions. The first molecular explanations for these observations are now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paries
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, Freising, 85354, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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8
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SUMO/deSUMOylation of the BRI1 brassinosteroid receptor modulates plant growth responses to temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217255120. [PMID: 36652487 PMCID: PMC9942830 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217255120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid molecules perceived at the cell surface that act as plant hormones. The BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) offers a model to understand receptor-mediated signaling in plants and the role of post-translational modifications. Here we identify SUMOylation as a new modification targeting BRI1 to regulate its activity. BRI1 is SUMOylated in planta on two lysine residues, and the levels of BRI1 SUMO conjugates are controlled by the Desi3a SUMO protease. Loss of Desi3a leads to hypersensitivity to BRs, indicating that Desi3a acts as a negative regulator of BR signaling. Besides, we demonstrate that BRI1 is deSUMOylated at elevated temperature by Desi3a, leading to increased BRI1 interaction with the negative regulator of BR signaling BIK1 and to enhanced BRI1 endocytosis. Loss of Desi3a or BIK1 results in increased response to temperature elevation, indicating that BRI1 deSUMOylation acts as a safety mechanism necessary to keep temperature responses in check. Altogether, our work establishes BRI1 deSUMOylation as a molecular crosstalk mechanism between temperature and BR signaling, allowing plants to translate environmental inputs into growth response.
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9
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Chen L, Cochran AM, Waite JM, Shirasu K, Bemis SM, Torii KU. Direct attenuation of Arabidopsis ERECTA signalling by a pair of U-box E3 ligases. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:112-127. [PMID: 36539597 PMCID: PMC9873567 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense a myriad of signals through cell-surface receptors to coordinate their development and environmental response. The Arabidopsis ERECTA receptor kinase regulates diverse developmental processes via perceiving multiple EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF)/EPF-LIKE peptide ligands. How the activated ERECTA protein is turned over is unknown. Here we identify two closely related plant U-box ubiquitin E3 ligases, PUB30 and PUB31, as key attenuators of ERECTA signalling for two developmental processes: inflorescence/pedicel growth and stomatal development. Loss-of-function pub30 pub31 mutant plants exhibit extreme inflorescence/pedicel elongation and reduced stomatal numbers owing to excessive ERECTA protein accumulation. Ligand activation of ERECTA leads to phosphorylation of PUB30/31 via BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1), which acts as a coreceptor kinase and a scaffold to promote PUB30/31 to associate with and ubiquitinate ERECTA for eventual degradation. Our work highlights PUB30 and PUB31 as integral components of the ERECTA regulatory circuit that ensure optimal signalling outputs, thereby defining the role for PUB proteins in developmental signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicia M Cochran
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jessica M Waite
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- USDA-ARS Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shannon M Bemis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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10
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Üstüner S, Schäfer P, Eichmann R. Development specifies, diversifies and empowers root immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55631. [PMID: 36330761 PMCID: PMC9724680 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Roots are a highly organised plant tissue consisting of different cell types with distinct developmental functions defined by cell identity networks. Roots are the target of some of the most devastating diseases and possess a highly effective immune system. The recognition of microbe- or plant-derived molecules released in response to microbial attack is highly important in the activation of complex immunity gene networks. Development and immunity are intertwined, and immunity activation can result in growth inhibition. In turn, by connecting immunity and cell identity regulators, cell types are able to launch a cell type-specific immunity based on the developmental function of each cell type. By this strategy, fundamental developmental processes of each cell type contribute their most basic functions to drive cost-effective but highly diverse and, thus, efficient immune responses. This review highlights the interdependence of root development and immunity and how the developmental age of root cells contributes to positive and negative outcomes of development-immunity cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim Üstüner
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Ruth Eichmann
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and NutritionJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
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11
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Spears BJ, McInturf SA, Collins C, Chlebowski M, Cseke LJ, Su J, Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Gassmann W. Class I TCP transcription factor AtTCP8 modulates key brassinosteroid-responsive genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1457-1473. [PMID: 35866682 PMCID: PMC9516767 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factor family is most closely associated with regulating plant developmental programs. Recently, TCPs were also shown to mediate host immune signaling, both as targets of pathogen virulence factors and as regulators of plant defense genes. However, comprehensive characterization of TCP gene targets is still lacking. Loss of function of the class I TCP gene AtTCP8 attenuates early immune signaling and, when combined with mutations in AtTCP14 and AtTCP15, additional layers of defense signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we focus on TCP8, the most poorly characterized of the three to date. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA sequencing to identify TCP8-bound gene promoters and differentially regulated genes in the tcp8 mutant; these datasets were heavily enriched in signaling components for multiple phytohormone pathways, including brassinosteroids (BRs), auxin, and jasmonic acid. Using BR signaling as a representative example, we showed that TCP8 directly binds and activates the promoters of the key BR transcriptional regulatory genes BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BZR1) and BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT2 (BZR2/BES1). Furthermore, tcp8 mutant seedlings exhibited altered BR-responsive growth patterns and complementary reductions in BZR2 transcript levels, while TCP8 protein demonstrated BR-responsive changes in subnuclear localization and transcriptional activity. We conclude that one explanation for the substantial targeting of TCP8 alongside other TCP family members by pathogen effectors may lie in its role as a modulator of BR and other plant hormone signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel A McInturf
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Carina Collins
- Department of Biology, Marian University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Meghann Chlebowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Leland J Cseke
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jianbin Su
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David G Mendoza-Cózatl
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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12
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Interplay between phytohormone signalling pathways in plant defence - other than salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:657-671. [PMID: 35848080 PMCID: PMC9528083 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones are essential for all aspects of plant growth, development, and immunity; however, it is the interplay between phytohormones, as they dynamically change during these processes, that is key to this regulation. Hormones have traditionally been split into two groups: growth-promoting and stress-related. Here, we will discuss and show that all hormones play a role in plant defence, regardless of current designation. We highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complex phytohormone networks with less focus on archetypal immunity-related pathways and discuss protein and transcription factor signalling hubs that mediate hormone interplay.
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13
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Kim YW, Youn JH, Roh J, Kim JM, Kim SK, Kim TW. Brassinosteroids enhance salicylic acid-mediated immune responses by inhibiting BIN2 phosphorylation of clade I TGA transcription factors in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:991-1007. [PMID: 35524409 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant immune response, including resistance to pathogens and systemic acquired resistance. Two major components, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES (NPRs) and TGACG motif-binding transcription factors (TGAs), are known to mediate SA signaling, which might also be orchestrated by other hormonal and environmental changes. Nevertheless, the molecular and functional interactions between SA signaling components and other cellular signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Here we showed that the steroid plant hormone brassinosteroid (BR) promotes SA responses by inactivating BR-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2), which inhibits the redox-sensitive clade I TGAs in Arabidopsis. We found that both BR and the BIN2 inhibitor bikinin synergistically increase SA-mediated physiological responses, such as resistance to Pst DC3000. Our genetic and biochemical analyses indicated that BIN2 functionally interacts with TGA1 and TGA4, but not with other TGAs. We further demonstrated that BIN2 phosphorylates Ser-202 of TGA4, resulting in the suppression of the redox-dependent interaction between TGA4 and NPR1 as well as destabilization of TGA4. Consistently, transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing TGA4-YFP with a S202A mutation displayed enhanced SA responses compared to the wild-type TGA4-YFP plants. Taken together, these results suggest a novel crosstalk mechanism by which BR signaling coordinates the SA responses mediated by redox-sensitive clade I TGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Youn
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Roh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Mok Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Wuk Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Twayana M, Girija AM, Mohan V, Shah J. Phloem: At the center of action in plant defense against aphids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 273:153695. [PMID: 35468314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The location of the phloem deep inside the plant, the high hydrostatic pressure in the phloem, and the composition of phloem sap, which is rich in sugar with a high C:N ratio, allows phloem sap feeding insects to occupy a unique ecological niche. The anatomy and physiology of aphids, a large group of phytophagous insects that use their mouthparts, which are modified into stylets, to consume large amounts of phloem sap, has allowed aphids to successfully exploit this niche, however, to the detriment of agriculture and horticulture. The ability to reproduce asexually, a short generation time, the development of resistance to commonly used insecticides, and their ability to vector viral diseases makes aphids among the most damaging pests of plants. Here we review how plants utilize their ability to occlude sieve elements and accumulate antibiotic and antinutritive factors in the phloem sap to limit aphid infestation. In addition, we summarize progress on understanding how plants perceive aphids to activate defenses in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Twayana
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Anil M Girija
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76210, USA.
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15
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Park CH, Bi Y, Youn JH, Kim SH, Kim JG, Xu NY, Shrestha R, Burlingame AL, Xu SL, Mudgett MB, Kim SK, Kim TW, Wang ZY. Deconvoluting signals downstream of growth and immune receptor kinases by phosphocodes of the BSU1 family phosphatases. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:646-655. [PMID: 35697730 PMCID: PMC9663168 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) have evolved to control diverse processes of growth, development and immunity in plants, but the mechanisms that link LRR-RKs to distinct cellular responses are not understood. Here we show that two LRR-RKs, the brassinosteroid hormone receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and the flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), regulate downstream glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, respectively, through phosphocoding of the BRI1-SUPPRESSOR1 (BSU1) phosphatase. BSU1 was previously identified as a component that inactivates GSK3s in the BRI1 pathway. We surprisingly found that the loss of the BSU1 family phosphatases activates effector-triggered immunity and impairs flagellin-triggered MAP kinase activation and immunity. The flagellin-activated BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) phosphorylates BSU1 at serine 251. Mutation of serine 251 reduces BSU1's ability to mediate flagellin-induced MAP kinase activation and immunity, but not its abilities to suppress effector-triggered immunity and interact with GSK3, which is enhanced through the phosphorylation of BSU1 at serine 764 upon brassinosteroid signalling. These results demonstrate that BSU1 plays an essential role in immunity and transduces brassinosteroid-BRI1 and flagellin-FLS2 signals using different phosphorylation sites. Our study illustrates that phosphocoding in shared downstream components provides signalling specificities for diverse plant receptor kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Hyun Youn
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Gun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Y Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruben Shrestha
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shou-Ling Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Wuk Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA.
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16
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Author for correspondence: (B.P.M.N.); (P.D.); (J.J.)
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17
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Garnelo Gómez B, Holzwart E, Shi C, Lozano-Durán R, Wolf S. Phosphorylation-dependent routing of RLP44 towards brassinosteroid or phytosulfokine signalling. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272537. [PMID: 34569597 PMCID: PMC8572011 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on cell surface receptors to integrate developmental and environmental cues into behaviour adapted to the conditions. The largest group of these receptors, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, form a complex interaction network that is modulated and extended by receptor-like proteins. This raises the question of how specific outputs can be generated when receptor proteins are engaged in a plethora of promiscuous interactions. RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 44 (RLP44) acts to promote both brassinosteroid and phytosulfokine signalling, which orchestrate diverse cellular responses. However, it is unclear how these activities are coordinated. Here, we show that RLP44 is phosphorylated in its highly conserved cytosolic tail and that this post-translational modification governs its subcellular localization. Whereas phosphorylation is essential for brassinosteroid-associated functions of RLP44, its role in phytosulfokine signalling is not affected by phospho-status. Detailed mutational analysis suggests that phospho-charge, rather than modification of individual amino acids determines routing of RLP44 to its target receptor complexes, providing a framework to understand how a common component of different receptor complexes can get specifically engaged in a particular signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Garnelo Gómez
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201602China
| | - Eleonore Holzwart
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chaonan Shi
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201602China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201602China.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, INF230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Kong L, Rodrigues B, Kim JH, He P, Shan L. More than an on-and-off switch: Post-translational modifications of plant pattern recognition receptor complexes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102051. [PMID: 34022608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by cell surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) constitutes a core process in launching a successful immune response. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in delineating the mechanisms of PRR-mediated plant immunity. As the frontline of defense, the homeostasis, activities, and subcellular dynamics of PRR and associated regulators are subjected to tight regulations. The layered protein post-translational modifications, particularly the intertwined phosphorylation and ubiquitylation of PRR complexes, play a central role in regulating PRR signaling outputs and plant immune responses. This review provides an update about the PRR complex regulation by various post-translational modifications and discusses how protein phosphorylation and ubiquitylation act in concert to ensure a rapid, proper, and robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Barbara Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jun Hyeok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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19
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Bradai M, Amorim-Silva V, Belgaroui N, Esteban del Valle A, Chabouté ME, Schmit AC, Lozano-Duran R, Botella MA, Hanin M, Ebel C. Wheat Type One Protein Phosphatase Participates in the Brassinosteroid Control of Root Growth via Activation of BES1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910424. [PMID: 34638765 PMCID: PMC8508605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play key roles in diverse plant growth processes through a complex signaling pathway. Components orchestrating the BR signaling pathway include receptors such as kinases, transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases. The proper functioning of the receptor kinase BRI1 and the transcription factors BES1/BZR1 depends on their dephosphorylation by type 2A protein phosphatases (PP2A). In this work, we report that an additional phosphatase family, type one protein phosphatases (PP1), contributes to the regulation of the BR signaling pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation and BiFC experiments performed in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing durum wheat TdPP1 showed that TdPP1 interacts with dephosphorylated BES1, but not with the BRI1 receptor. Higher levels of dephosphorylated, active BES1 were observed in these transgenic lines upon BR treatment, indicating that TdPP1 modifies the BR signaling pathway by activating BES1. Moreover, ectopic expression of durum wheat TdPP1 lead to an enhanced growth of primary roots in comparison to wild-type plants in presence of BR. This phenotype corroborates with a down-regulation of the BR-regulated genes CPD and DWF4. These data suggest a role of PP1 in fine-tuning BR-driven responses, most likely via the control of the phosphorylation status of BES1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Bradai
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP “1177”, University of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia;
- Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP “1175”, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (N.B.); (M.H.)
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China;
| | - Vitor Amorim-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S.); (A.E.d.V.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Nibras Belgaroui
- Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP “1175”, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (N.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Alicia Esteban del Valle
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S.); (A.E.d.V.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg 12, rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France; (M.-E.C.); (A.-C.S.)
| | - Anne-Catherine Schmit
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg 12, rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France; (M.-E.C.); (A.-C.S.)
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China;
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Malaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S.); (A.E.d.V.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Moez Hanin
- Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP “1175”, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (N.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Chantal Ebel
- Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP “1175”, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (N.B.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+216-74-871-816
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20
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Phosphorylation of BIK1 is critical for interaction with downstream signaling components. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:1269-1276. [PMID: 34449065 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botrytis-induced Kinase 1 (BIK1) is a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) involved in the defense, growth, and development of higher plants. It interacts with various receptor-like kinases (RLKs) such as Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1), Flagellin Sensitive 2 (FLS2), and Perception of the Arabidopsis Danger Signal Peptide 1 (PEPR1), but little is known about signaling downstream of BIK1. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to identify Arabidopsis thaliana BIK1 (AtBIK1) and Brassica rapa BIK1 (BrBIK1) interacting proteins, which is downstream signaling components in Arabidopsis. In addition, the effect of BIK1 phosphorylation on their interaction were examined. METHODS For yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screening, a B. rapa cDNA activation domain (AD) library and an A. thaliana cDNA library were used. Reverse reaction (LR) recombinations of appropriate open reading frames (AtBIK1, BrBIK1, AtRGP2, AtPATL2, AtPP7) in either pDONR207 or pDONR/zeo were performed with the split-YFP destination vectors pDEST-GWVYNE and pDEST-GWVYCE to generate N- or C-terminal fusions with the N- and C-terminal yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) moieties, respectively. Recombined vectors were transformed into Agrobacterium strain GV3101. The described GST-AtBIK1, Flag-AtBIK1, and Flag-BrBIK1 constructs were used as templates for site-directed mutagenesis with a QuikChange XL Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene). RESULTS In results, A. thaliana BIK1 (AtBIK1) displays strong autophosphorylation kinase activity on tyrosine and threonine residues, whereas B. rapa BIK1 (BrBIK1) does not exhibit autophosphorylation kinase activity in vitro. Herein, we demonstrated that four proteins (RGP2, PATL2, PP7, and SULTR4.1) interact with BrBIK1 but not AtBIK1 in a Y2H system. To confirm interactions between BIK1 and protein candidates in Nicotiana benthamiana, BiFC analysis was performed and it was found that only BrBIK1 bound the three proteins tested. Three phosphosites, T90, T362, and T368, based on amino acid sequence alignment between AtBIK1 and BrBIK1, and performed site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) on AtBIK1 and BrBIK. S90T, P362T, and A369T mutations in BrBIK1 restored autophosphorylation kinase activity on threonine residues comparable to AtBIK1. However, T90A, T362P, and T368A mutations in AtBIK1 did not alter autophosphorylation kinase activity on threonine residues compared with wild-type AtBIK1. BiFC results showed that BIK1 mutations restored kinase activity led to the loss of the binding activity to RGP2, PATL2, or PP7 proteins. CONCLUSION Phospho-BIK1 might be involved in plant innate immunity, while non-phospho BIK1 may regulate plant growth and development through interactions with RGP2, PATL2, and PP7.
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21
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Kumar J, Ramlal A, Kumar K, Rani A, Mishra V. Signaling Pathways and Downstream Effectors of Host Innate Immunity in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169022. [PMID: 34445728 PMCID: PMC8396522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens, such as biotrophs, hemibiotrophs and necrotrophs, pose serious stress on the development of their host plants, compromising their yields. Plants are in constant interaction with such phytopathogens and hence are vulnerable to their attack. In order to counter these attacks, plants need to develop immunity against them. Consequently, plants have developed strategies of recognizing and countering pathogenesis through pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Pathogen perception and surveillance is mediated through receptor proteins that trigger signal transduction, initiated in the cytoplasm or at the plasma membrane (PM) surfaces. Plant hosts possess microbe-associated molecular patterns (P/MAMPs), which trigger a complex set of mechanisms through the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and resistance (R) genes. These interactions lead to the stimulation of cytoplasmic kinases by many phosphorylating proteins that may also be transcription factors. Furthermore, phytohormones, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, are also effective in triggering defense responses. Closure of stomata, limiting the transfer of nutrients through apoplast and symplastic movements, production of antimicrobial compounds, programmed cell death (PCD) are some of the primary defense-related mechanisms. The current article highlights the molecular processes involved in plant innate immunity (PII) and discusses the most recent and plausible scientific interventions that could be useful in augmenting PII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Life Sciences Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru 560100, India;
| | - Ayyagari Ramlal
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Kamal Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110066, India;
| | - Anita Rani
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India;
| | - Vachaspati Mishra
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110003, India;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Gough C, Sadanandom A. Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1122. [PMID: 34439788 PMCID: PMC8392720 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
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23
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Blümke P, Schlegel J, Gonzalez-Ferrer C, Becher S, Pinto KG, Monaghan J, Simon R. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase MAZZA mediates developmental processes with CLAVATA1 family receptors in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4853-4870. [PMID: 33909893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinases (RLKs) CLAVATA1 (CLV1) and BARELY ANY MERISTEMs (BAM1-BAM3) form the CLV1 family (CLV1f), which perceives peptides of the CLV3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-related (CLE) family within various signaling pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana. CLE peptide signaling, which is required for meristem size control, vascular development, and pathogen responses, involves the formation of receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. These complexes comprise RLKs and co-receptors in varying compositions depending on the signaling context, and regulate expression of target genes, such as WUSCHEL (WUS). How the CLE signal is transmitted intracellularly after perception at the plasma membrane is not known in detail. Here, we found that the membrane-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) MAZZA (MAZ) and additional members of the Pti1-like protein family interact in vivo with CLV1f receptors. MAZ, which is widely expressed throughout the plant, localizes to the plasma membrane via post-translational palmitoylation, potentially enabling stimulus-triggered protein re-localization. We identified a role for a CLV1-MAZ signaling module during stomatal and root development, and redundancy could potentially mask other phenotypes of maz mutants. We propose that MAZ, and related RLCKs, mediate CLV1f signaling in a variety of developmental contexts, paving the way towards understanding the intracellular processes after CLE peptide perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Blümke
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jenia Schlegel
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carmen Gonzalez-Ferrer
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - Sabine Becher
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karine Gustavo Pinto
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Ren H, Zhao X, Li W, Hussain J, Qi G, Liu S. Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051089. [PMID: 34063263 PMCID: PMC8147489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process intended for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by eliminating old, damaged, or unwanted cells. In plants, PCD takes place during developmental processes and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In contrast to the field of animal studies, PCD is not well understood in plants. Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal cell signaling entity and regulates numerous physiological activities across all the kingdoms of life. The cytosolic increase in Ca2+ is a prerequisite for the induction of PCD in plants. Although over the past years, we have witnessed significant progress in understanding the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of PCD, it is still unclear how the upstream stress perception leads to the Ca2+ elevation and how the signal is further propagated to result in the onset of PCD. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in the field, and compare the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD in biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we discuss the upstream and downstream components of Ca2+ signaling and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways in PCD. The review is expected to provide new insights into the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD and to identify gaps for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Jamshaid Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;
| | - Guoning Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (S.L.)
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (H.R.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.Q.); (S.L.)
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25
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Starodubtseva A, Kalachova T, Iakovenko O, Stoudková V, Zhabinskii V, Khripach V, Ruelland E, Martinec J, Burketová L, Kravets V. BODIPY Conjugate of Epibrassinolide as a Novel Biologically Active Probe for In Vivo Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3599. [PMID: 33808421 PMCID: PMC8036458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones of steroid nature, regulating various developmental and adaptive processes. The perception, transport, and signaling of BRs are actively studied nowadays via a wide range of biochemical and genetic tools. However, most of the knowledge about BRs intracellular localization and turnover relies on the visualization of the receptors or cellular compartments using dyes or fluorescent protein fusions. We have previously synthesized a conjugate of epibrassinolide with green fluorescent dye BODIPY (eBL-BODIPY). Here we present a detailed assessment of the compound bioactivity and its suitability as probe for in vivo visualization of BRs. We show that eBL-BODIPY rapidly penetrates epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana roots and after long exposure causes physiological and transcriptomic responses similar to the natural hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Starodubtseva
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (O.I.); (V.S.); (J.M.); (L.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Paris-Est University, UPEC, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Tetiana Kalachova
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (O.I.); (V.S.); (J.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Oksana Iakovenko
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (O.I.); (V.S.); (J.M.); (L.B.)
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Vera Stoudková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (O.I.); (V.S.); (J.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Vladimir Zhabinskii
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich Str., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus; (V.Z.); (V.K.)
| | - Vladimir Khripach
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich Str., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus; (V.Z.); (V.K.)
| | - Eric Ruelland
- UMR 7025 CNRS, GEC Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Centre de Recherches, Rue Personne de Roberval, CS 60319, Alliance Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203 Compiègne CEDEX, France;
| | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (O.I.); (V.S.); (J.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (O.I.); (V.S.); (J.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Volodymyr Kravets
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine;
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26
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Cuadrado-Pedetti MB, Rauschert I, Sainz MM, Amorim-Silva V, Botella MA, Borsani O, Sotelo-Silveira M. The Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 Gene Is Involved in Anisotropic Root Growth during Osmotic Stress Adaptation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:236. [PMID: 33562207 PMCID: PMC7915054 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 (TTL1) gene cause reduced tolerance to osmotic stress evidenced by an arrest in root growth and root swelling, which makes it an interesting model to explore how root growth is controlled under stress conditions. We found that osmotic stress reduced the growth rate of the primary root by inhibiting the cell elongation in the elongation zone followed by a reduction in the number of cortical cells in the proximal meristem. We then studied the stiffness of epidermal cell walls in the root elongation zone of ttl1 mutants under osmotic stress using atomic force microscopy. In plants grown in control conditions, the mean apparent elastic modulus was 448% higher for live Col-0 cell walls than for ttl1 (88.1 ± 2.8 vs. 16.08 ± 6.9 kPa). Seven days of osmotic stress caused an increase in the stiffness in the cell wall of the cells from the elongation zone of 87% and 84% for Col-0 and ttl1, respectively. These findings suggest that TTL1 may play a role controlling cell expansion orientation during root growth, necessary for osmotic stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Cuadrado-Pedetti
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Inés Rauschert
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - María Martha Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S); (M.A.B.)
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S); (M.A.B.)
| | - Omar Borsani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Mariana Sotelo-Silveira
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
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27
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Li J, Zhang Y, Gao Z, Xu X, Wang Y, Lin Y, Ye P, Huang T. Plant U-box E3 ligases PUB25 and PUB26 control organ growth in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:403-413. [PMID: 32810874 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant organs often grow into a genetically determined size and shape. How organ growth is finely regulated to achieve a well defined pattern is a fascinating, but largely unresolved, question in plant research. We utilised the Arabidopsis petal to study the genetic control of plant organ growth, and identify two closely related U-box E3 ligases PUB25 and PUB26 as important growth regulators by screening the targets of the petal-specific growth-promoting transcription factor RABBIT EARS (RBE). We showed that PUB25 is directly controlled by RBE in petal development in a spatial- and temporal-specific manner and acts as a major target to mediate RBE's function in petal growth. We also showed that PUB25 and PUB26 repress petal growth by restricting the period of cell proliferation, and their regulation appears to be independent of other plant E3 ligase genes implicated in growth control. PUB25 and PUB26 are among the first U-box E3 ligases shown to function in plant growth control. Furthermore, as they were also found to play a vital role in plant stress responses, PUB25 and PUB26 may act as a key hub to integrate developmental and environmental signals for balancing growth and defence in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Zhong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Yaoxi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Peiming Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
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28
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Schulz P, Piepenburg K, Lintermann R, Herde M, Schöttler MA, Schmidt LK, Ruf S, Kudla J, Romeis T, Bock R. Improving plant drought tolerance and growth under water limitation through combinatorial engineering of signalling networks. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:74-86. [PMID: 32623825 PMCID: PMC7769235 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is by far the biggest water consumer on our planet, accounting for 70 per cent of all freshwater withdrawals. Climate change and a growing world population increase pressure on agriculture to use water more efficiently ('more crop per drop'). Water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance of crops are complex traits that are determined by many physiological processes whose interplay is not well understood. Here, we describe a combinatorial engineering approach to optimize signalling networks involved in the control of stress tolerance. Screening a large population of combinatorially transformed plant lines, we identified a combination of calcium-dependent protein kinase genes that confers enhanced drought stress tolerance and improved growth under water-limiting conditions. Targeted introduction of this gene combination into plants increased plant survival under drought and enhanced growth under water-limited conditions. Our work provides an efficient strategy for engineering complex signalling networks to improve plant performance under adverse environmental conditions, which does not depend on prior understanding of network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schulz
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
- Institut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Katrin Piepenburg
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | | | - Marco Herde
- Institut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Present address:
Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of PlantsLeibniz Universität HannoverHerrenhäuser Str. 2Hannover30419Germany
| | - Mark A. Schöttler
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Lena K. Schmidt
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der PflanzenWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Institut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Present address:
Leibniz‐Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie (IPB)Weinberg 3Halle/SaaleD‐06120Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
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29
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de Azevedo Manhães AME, Ortiz-Morea FA, He P, Shan L. Plant plasma membrane-resident receptors: Surveillance for infections and coordination for growth and development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:79-101. [PMID: 33305880 PMCID: PMC7855669 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to pathogen invasions and environmental fluctuations. To overcome the challenges of their surroundings, plants acquire the potential to sense endogenous and exogenous cues, resulting in their adaptability. Hence, plants have evolved a large collection of plasma membrane-resident receptors, including RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (RLKs) and RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEINs (RLPs) to perceive those signals and regulate plant growth, development, and immunity. The ability of RLKs and RLPs to recognize distinct ligands relies on diverse categories of extracellular domains evolved. Co-regulatory receptors are often required to associate with RLKs and RLPs to facilitate cellular signal transduction. RECEPTOR-LIKE CYTOPLASMIC KINASEs (RLCKs) also associate with the complex, bifurcating the signal to key signaling hubs, such as MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) cascades, to regulate diverse biological processes. Here, we discuss recent knowledge advances in understanding the roles of RLKs and RLPs in plant growth, development, and immunity, and their connection with co-regulatory receptors, leading to activation of diverse intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Amazonicas CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002622, Colombia
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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30
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Ortiz-Morea FA, He P, Shan L, Russinova E. It takes two to tango - molecular links between plant immunity and brassinosteroid signalling. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/22/jcs246728. [PMID: 33239345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the invasion of microorganisms, plants actively balance their resources for growth and defence, thus ensuring their survival. The regulatory mechanisms underlying plant immunity and growth operate through complex networks, in which the brassinosteroid phytohormone is one of the central players. In the past decades, a growing number of studies have revealed a multi-layered crosstalk between brassinosteroid-mediated growth and plant immunity. In this Review, by means of the tango metaphor, we immerse ourselves into the intimate relationship between brassinosteroid and plant immune signalling pathways that is tailored by the lifestyle of the pathogen and modulated by other phytohormones. The plasma membrane is the unique stage where brassinosteroid and immune signals are dynamically integrated and where compartmentalization into nanodomains that host distinct protein consortia is crucial for the dance. Shared downstream signalling components and transcription factors relay the tango play to the nucleus to activate the plant defence response and other phytohormonal signalling pathways for the finale. Understanding how brassinosteroid and immune signalling pathways are integrated in plants will help develop strategies to minimize the growth-defence trade-off, a key challenge for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA .,Amazonian Research Center Cimaz-Macagual, University of the Amazon, Florencia 180002622, Colombia
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium .,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Kamal MM, Ishikawa S, Takahashi F, Suzuki K, Kamo M, Umezawa T, Shinozaki K, Kawamura Y, Uemura M. Large-Scale Phosphoproteomic Study of Arabidopsis Membrane Proteins Reveals Early Signaling Events in Response to Cold. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8631. [PMID: 33207747 PMCID: PMC7696906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress is one of the major factors limiting global crop production. For survival at low temperatures, plants need to sense temperature changes in the surrounding environment. How plants sense and respond to the earliest drop in temperature is still not clearly understood. The plasma membrane and its adjacent extracellular and cytoplasmic sites are the first checkpoints for sensing temperature changes and the subsequent events, such as signal generation and solute transport. To understand how plants respond to early cold exposure, we used a mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic method to study the temporal changes in protein phosphorylation events in Arabidopsis membranes during 5 to 60 min of cold exposure. The results revealed that brief cold exposures led to rapid phosphorylation changes in the proteins involved in cellular ion homeostasis, solute and protein transport, cytoskeleton organization, vesical trafficking, protein modification, and signal transduction processes. The phosphorylation motif and kinase-substrate network analysis also revealed that multiple protein kinases, including RLKs, MAPKs, CDPKs, and their substrates, could be involved in early cold signaling. Taken together, our results provide a first look at the cold-responsive phosphoproteome changes of Arabidopsis membrane proteins that can be a significant resource to understand how plants respond to an early temperature drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostafa Kamal
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (M.M.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shinnosuke Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Japan; (S.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Fuminori Takahashi
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan; (F.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Ko Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba 028-3694, Japan; (K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Masaharu Kamo
- Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba 028-3694, Japan; (K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Taishi Umezawa
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Japan; (S.I.); (T.U.)
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan; (F.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Yukio Kawamura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (M.M.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Plant-Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (M.M.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Plant-Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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32
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Steinbrenner AD. The evolving landscape of cell surface pattern recognition across plant immune networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:135-146. [PMID: 32615401 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To recognize diverse threats, plants monitor extracellular molecular patterns and transduce intracellular immune signaling through receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. Pattern recognition occurs through a prototypical network of interacting proteins, comprising A) receptors that recognize inputs associated with a growing number of pest and pathogen classes (bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, caterpillars), B) co-receptor kinases that participate in binding and signaling, and C) cytoplasmic kinases that mediate first stages of immune output. While this framework has been elucidated in reference accessions of model organisms, network components are part of gene families with widespread variation, potentially tuning immunocompetence for specific contexts. Most dramatically, variation in receptor repertoires determines the range of ligands acting as immunogenic inputs for a given plant. Diversification of receptor kinase (RK) and related receptor-like protein (RLP) repertoires may tune responses even within a species. Comparative genomics at pangenome scale will reveal patterns and features of immune network variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Steinbrenner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA; Washington Research Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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33
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He Q, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PR. All Roads Lead to Susceptibility: The Many Modes of Action of Fungal and Oomycete Intracellular Effectors. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100050. [PMID: 33367246 PMCID: PMC7748000 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to secrete effector proteins that can enter plant cells and manipulate host processes is a key determinant of what makes a successful plant pathogen. Here, we review intracellular effectors from filamentous (fungal and oomycete) phytopathogens and the host proteins and processes that are targeted to promote disease. We cover contrasting virulence strategies and effector modes of action. Filamentous pathogen effectors alter the fates of host proteins that they target, changing their stability, their activity, their location, and the protein partners with which they interact. Some effectors inhibit target activity, whereas others enhance or utilize it, and some target multiple host proteins. We discuss the emerging topic of effectors that target negative regulators of immunity or other plant proteins with activities that support susceptibility. We also highlight the commonly targeted host proteins that are manipulated by effectors from multiple pathogens, including those representing different kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R.J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Corresponding author
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Mao J, Li J. Regulation of Three Key Kinases of Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4340. [PMID: 32570783 PMCID: PMC7352359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important plant growth hormones that regulate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. The BR signals are perceived by two cell surface-localized receptor kinases, Brassinosteroid-Insensitive1 (BRI1) and BRI1-Associated receptor Kinase (BAK1), and reach the nucleus through two master transcription factors, bri1-EMS suppressor1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-resistant1 (BZR1). The intracellular transmission of the BR signals from BRI1/BAK1 to BES1/BZR1 is inhibited by a constitutively active kinase Brassinosteroid-Insensitive2 (BIN2) that phosphorylates and negatively regulates BES1/BZR1. Since their initial discoveries, further studies have revealed a plethora of biochemical and cellular mechanisms that regulate their protein abundance, subcellular localizations, and signaling activities. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current literature concerning activation, inactivation, and other regulatory mechanisms of three key kinases of the BR signaling cascade, BRI1, BAK1, and BIN2, and discuss some unresolved controversies and outstanding questions that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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35
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Arabidopsis Transmembrane Receptor-Like Kinases (RLKs): A Bridge between Extracellular Signal and Intracellular Regulatory Machinery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114000. [PMID: 32503273 PMCID: PMC7313013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors form the crux for any biochemical signaling. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that establish signaling circuits to transduce information from outer plant cell membrane to the nucleus of plant cells, eventually activating processes directing growth, development, stress responses, and disease resistance. Plant RLKs share considerable homology with the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the animal system, differing at the site of phosphorylation. Typically, RLKs have a membrane-localization signal in the amino-terminal, followed by an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a solitary membrane-spanning domain, and a cytoplasmic kinase domain. The functional characterization of ligand-binding domains of the various RLKs has demonstrated their essential role in the perception of extracellular stimuli, while its cytosolic kinase domain is usually confined to the phosphorylation of their substrates to control downstream regulatory machinery. Identification of the several ligands of RLKs, as well as a few of its immediate substrates have predominantly contributed to a better understanding of the fundamental signaling mechanisms. In the model plant Arabidopsis, several studies have indicated that multiple RLKs are involved in modulating various types of physiological roles via diverse signaling routes. Here, we summarize recent advances and provide an updated overview of transmembrane RLKs in Arabidopsis.
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36
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Maurya R, Srivastava D, Singh M, Sawant SV. Envisioning the immune interactome in Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:486-507. [PMID: 32345431 DOI: 10.1071/fp19188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interaction, immune targets were regulated by protein-protein interaction events such as ligand-receptor/co-receptor, kinase-substrate, protein sequestration, activation or repression via post-translational modification and homo/oligo/hetro-dimerisation of proteins. A judicious use of molecular machinery requires coordinated protein interaction among defence components. Immune signalling in Arabidopsis can be broadly represented in successive or simultaneous steps; pathogen recognition at cell surface, Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species signalling, MAPK signalling, post-translational modification, transcriptional regulation and phyto-hormone signalling. Proteome wide interaction studies have shown the existence of interaction hubs associated with physiological function. So far, a number of protein interaction events regulating immune targets have been identified, but their understanding in an interactome view is lacking. We focussed specifically on the integration of protein interaction signalling in context to plant-pathogenesis and identified the key targets. The present review focuses towards a comprehensive view of the plant immune interactome including signal perception, progression, integration and physiological response during plant pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Maurya
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. 226001; and Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. 226007
| | - Deepti Srivastava
- Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (IIAST) Integral University, Kursi Road, Dashauli, Uttar Pradesh. 226026
| | - Munna Singh
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. 226007
| | - Samir V Sawant
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. 226001; and Corresponding author.
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37
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Ma X, Claus LAN, Leslie ME, Tao K, Wu Z, Liu J, Yu X, Li B, Zhou J, Savatin DV, Peng J, Tyler BM, Heese A, Russinova E, He P, Shan L. Ligand-induced monoubiquitination of BIK1 regulates plant immunity. Nature 2020; 581:199-203. [PMID: 32404997 PMCID: PMC7233372 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggers the first line of inducible defence against invading pathogens1-3. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) are convergent regulators that associate with multiple PRRs in plants4. The mechanisms that underlie the activation of RLCKs are unclear. Here we show that when MAMPs are detected, the RLCK BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) is monoubiquitinated following phosphorylation, then released from the flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2)-BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) complex, and internalized dynamically into endocytic compartments. The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligases RING-H2 FINGER A3A (RHA3A) and RHA3B mediate the monoubiquitination of BIK1, which is essential for the subsequent release of BIK1 from the FLS2-BAK1 complex and activation of immune signalling. Ligand-induced monoubiquitination and endosomal puncta of BIK1 exhibit spatial and temporal dynamics that are distinct from those of the PRR FLS2. Our study reveals the intertwined regulation of PRR-RLCK complex activation by protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and shows that ligand-induced monoubiquitination contributes to the release of BIK1 family RLCKs from the PRR complex and activation of PRR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lucas A N Claus
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michelle E Leslie
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Elemental Enzymes, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kai Tao
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jinggeng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Antje Heese
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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38
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Lv M, Li J. Molecular Mechanisms of Brassinosteroid-Mediated Responses to Changing Environments in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082737. [PMID: 32326491 PMCID: PMC7215551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant adaptations to changing environments rely on integrating external stimuli into internal responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of growth-promoting phytohormones, have been reported to act as signal molecules mediating these processes. BRs are perceived by cell surface receptor complex including receptor BRI1 and coreceptor BAK1, which subsequently triggers a signaling cascade that leads to inhibition of BIN2 and activation of BES1/BZR1 transcription factors. BES1/BZR1 can directly regulate the expression of thousands of downstream responsive genes. Recent studies in the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrated that BR biosynthesis and signal transduction, especially the regulatory components BIN2 and BES1/BZR1, are finely tuned by various environmental cues. Here, we summarize these research updates and give a comprehensive review of how BR biosynthesis and signaling are modulated by changing environments and how these changes regulate plant adaptive growth or stress tolerance.
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Großeholz R, Feldman-Salit A, Wanke F, Schulze S, Glöckner N, Kemmerling B, Harter K, Kummer U. Specifying the role of BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase 3 in brassinosteroid signaling. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:456-469. [PMID: 30912278 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BR) are involved in the control of several developmental processes ranging from root elongation to senescence and adaptation to environmental cues. Thus, BR perception and signaling have to be precisely regulated. One regulator is BRI1-associated kinase 1 (BAK1)-interacting receptor-like kinase 3 (BIR3). In the absence of BR, BIR3 forms complexes with BR insensitive 1 (BRI1) and BAK1. However, the biophysical and energetic requirements for complex formation in the absence of the ligand have yet to be determined. Using computational modeling, we simulated the potential complexes between the cytoplasmic domains of BAK1, BRI1 and BIR3. Our calculations and experimental data confirm the interaction of BIR3 with BAK1 and BRI1, with the BAK1 BIR3 interaction clearly favored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BIR3 and BRI1 share the same interaction site with BAK1. This suggests a competition between BIR3 and BRI1 for binding to BAK1, which results in preferential binding of BIR3 to BAK1 in the absence of the ligand thereby preventing the active participation of BAK1 in BR signaling. Our model also suggests that BAK1 and BRI1 can interact even while BAK1 is in complex with BIR3 at an additional binding site of BAK1 that does not allow active BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Großeholz
- Centre for Organismal Studies/ BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Feldman-Salit
- Centre for Organismal Studies/ BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarina Schulze
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Glöckner
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Centre for Organismal Studies/ BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Jiang H, Tang B, Xie Z, Nolan T, Ye H, Song GY, Walley J, Yin Y. GSK3-like kinase BIN2 phosphorylates RD26 to potentiate drought signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:923-937. [PMID: 31357236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate plant growth and development at many different levels. Recent research has revealed that stress-responsive NAC (petunia NAM and Arabidopsis ATAF1, ATAF2, and CUC2) transcription factor RD26 is regulated by BR signaling and antagonizes BES1 in the interaction between growth and drought stress signaling. However, the upstream signaling transduction components that activate RD26 during drought are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the function of RD26 is modulated by GSK3-like kinase BIN2 and protein phosphatase 2C ABI1. We show that ABI1, a negative regulator in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, dephosphorylates and destabilizes BIN2 to inhibit BIN2 kinase activity. RD26 protein is stabilized by ABA and dehydration in a BIN2-dependent manner. BIN2 directly interacts and phosphorylates RD26 in vitro and in vivo. BIN2 phosphorylation of RD26 is required for RD26 transcriptional activation on drought-responsive genes. RD26 overexpression suppressed the brassinazole (BRZ) insensitivity of BIN2 triple mutant bin2 bil1 bil2, and BIN2 function is required for the drought tolerance of RD26 overexpression plants. Taken together, our data suggest a drought signaling mechanism in which drought stress relieves ABI1 inhibition of BIN2, allowing BIN2 activation. Sequentially, BIN2 phosphorylates and stabilizes RD26 to promote drought stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Buyun Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Zhouli Xie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Trevor Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Huaxun Ye
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Gao-Yuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Justin Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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41
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Chen S, Liu J, Liu Y, Chen L, Sun T, Yao N, Wang HB, Liu B. BIK1 and ERECTA Play Opposing Roles in Both Leaf and Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1480. [PMID: 31803215 PMCID: PMC6872632 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ cell-surface receptor-like kinases to detect extrinsic and intrinsic signals, thus make a trade-off between growth and immunity. The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases on the cytoplasmic side act as downstream components involved in the activation, transmission, and integration of intracellular signals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the RLCK BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) associates with multiple RLKs to regulate pathogen defense responses and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. However, little is known about the biological functions of BIK1 in developmental processes in Arabidopsis. In this study, we established that mutation of ERECTA (ER), an important RLK, counteracts the developmental effects of loss of BIK1 function. BIK1 and ER play opposing roles in leaf morphogenesis and inflorescence architecture. Moreover, we confirmed that BIK1 is required to maintain appropriate auxin response during leaf margin morphogenesis. Finally, we found that BIK1 interacts with ER-family proteins and directly phosphorylates ER. Our findings might provide novel insight into the function of BIK1 in leaf and inflorescence development.
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42
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Amorim-Silva V, García-Moreno Á, Castillo AG, Lakhssassi N, Esteban Del Valle A, Pérez-Sancho J, Li Y, Posé D, Pérez-Rodriguez J, Lin J, Valpuesta V, Borsani O, Zipfel C, Macho AP, Botella MA. TTL Proteins Scaffold Brassinosteroid Signaling Components at the Plasma Membrane to Optimize Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1807-1828. [PMID: 31189737 PMCID: PMC6713313 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) form a group of steroidal hormones essential for plant growth, development, and stress responses. BRs are perceived extracellularly by plasma membrane receptor-like kinases that activate an interconnected signal transduction cascade, leading to the transcriptional regulation of BR-responsive genes. TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE (TTL) genes are specific for land plants, and their encoded proteins are defined by the presence of protein-protein interaction motives, that is, an intrinsic disordered region at the N terminus, six tetratricopeptide repeat domains, and a C terminus with homology to thioredoxins. TTL proteins thus likely mediate the assembly of multiprotein complexes. Phenotypic, molecular, and genetic analyses show that TTL proteins are positive regulators of BR signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). TTL3 directly interacts with a constitutively active BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) receptor kinase, BRI1-SUPPRESSOR1 phosphatase, and the BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 transcription factor and associates with BR-SIGNALING KINASE1, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 kinases, but not with BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1. A functional TTL3-green fluorescent protein (GFP) shows dual cytoplasmic plasma membrane localization. Depleting the endogenous BR content reduces plasma membrane localization of TTL3-GFP, while increasing BR content causes its plasma membrane relocalization, where it strengthens the association of BR signaling components. Our results reveal that TTL proteins promote BR responses and suggest that TTL proteins may function as scaffold proteins by bringing together cytoplasmic and plasma membrane BR signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Álvaro García-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Naoufal Lakhssassi
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
| | - Alicia Esteban Del Valle
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jessica Pérez-Sancho
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Yansha Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - David Posé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Josefa Pérez-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jinxing Lin
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Omar Borsani
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora," Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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43
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van der Burgh AM, Joosten MHAJ. Plant Immunity: Thinking Outside and Inside the Box. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:587-601. [PMID: 31171472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Models are extensively used to describe the coevolution of plants and microbial attackers. Such models distinguish between different classes of plant immune responses, based on the type of danger signal that is recognized or on the strength of the defense response that the danger signal provokes. However, recent molecular and biochemical advances have shown that these dichotomies are blurred. With molecular proof in hand, we propose here to abandon the current classification of plant immune responses, and to define the different forms of plant immunity solely based on the site of microbe recognition - either extracellular or intracellular. Using this spatial partition, our 'spatial immunity model' facilitates a broadly inclusive, but clearly distinguishing nomenclature to describe immune signaling in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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44
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Ciaghi S, Schwelm A, Neuhauser S. Transcriptomic response in symptomless roots of clubroot infected kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) mirrors resistant plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:288. [PMID: 31262271 PMCID: PMC6604361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae (Phytomyxea, Rhizaria) is one of the economically most important diseases of Brassica crops. The formation of hypertrophied roots accompanied by altered metabolism and hormone homeostasis is typical for infected plants. Not all roots of infected plants show the same phenotypic changes. While some roots remain uninfected, others develop galls of diverse size. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the intra-plant heterogeneity of P. brassicae root galls and symptomless roots of the same host plants (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) collected from a commercial field in Austria using transcriptome analyses. RESULTS Transcriptomes were markedly different between symptomless roots and gall tissue. Symptomless roots showed transcriptomic traits previously described for resistant plants. Genes involved in host cell wall synthesis and reinforcement were up-regulated in symptomless roots indicating elevated tolerance against P. brassicae. By contrast, genes involved in cell wall degradation and modification processes like expansion were up-regulated in root galls. Hormone metabolism differed between symptomless roots and galls. Brassinosteroid-synthesis was down-regulated in root galls, whereas jasmonic acid synthesis was down-regulated in symptomless roots. Cytokinin metabolism and signalling were up-regulated in symptomless roots with the exception of one CKX6 homolog, which was strongly down-regulated. Salicylic acid (SA) mediated defence response was up-regulated in symptomless roots, compared with root gall tissue. This is probably caused by a secreted benzoic acid/salicylic acid methyl transferase from the pathogen (PbBSMT), which was one of the highest expressed pathogen genes in gall tissue. The PbBSMT derived Methyl-SA potentially leads to increased pathogen tolerance in uninfected roots. CONCLUSIONS Infected and uninfected roots of clubroot infected plants showed transcriptomic differences similar to those previously described between clubroot resistant and susceptible hosts. The here described intra-plant heterogeneity suggests, that for a better understanding of clubroot disease targeted, spatial analyses of clubroot infected plants will be vital in understanding this economically important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ciaghi
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schwelm
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Huang G, Sun J, Bai J, Han Y, Fan F, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zou Y, Han Z, Lu D. Identification of critical cysteine sites in brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 and novel signaling regulators using a transient expression system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1405-1419. [PMID: 30685894 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) modulate plant growth and development. Cysteine (Cys) residues located in the extracellular domain of a protein are of importance for protein structure by forming disulfide bonds. To date, the systematic study of the functional significance of Cys residues in BR-insensitive 1 (BRI1) is still lacking. We used brassinolide-induced exogenous bri1-EMS-Suppressor 1 (BES1) dephosphorylation in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts as a readout, took advantage of the dramatic decrease of BRI1 protein levels during protoplast isolation, and of the strong phosphorylation of BES1 by BR-insensitive 2 (BIN2) in protoplasts, and developed a protoplast transient system to identify critical Cys sites in BRI1. Using this system, we identified a set of critical Cys sites in BRI1, as substitution of these Cys residues with alanine residues greatly compromised the function of BRI1. Moreover, we identified two negative regulators of BR signaling, pattern-triggered immunity compromised RLCK1 (PCRK1) and PCRK2, that were previously known to positively regulate innate immunity signaling. This work not only provides insight into the functional importance of critical Cys residues in stabilizing the superhelical conformation of BRI1-leucine-rich-repeat, but also reveals that PCRK1/2 can inversely modulate BR and plant immune signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiaojiao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fenggui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China
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Zhou J, Wang P, Claus LAN, Savatin DV, Xu G, Wu S, Meng X, Russinova E, He P, Shan L. Proteolytic Processing of SERK3/BAK1 Regulates Plant Immunity, Development, and Cell Death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:543-558. [PMID: 30782965 PMCID: PMC6501102 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved many receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to sense extrinsic and intrinsic cues. The signaling pathways mediated by multiple Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) RLK (LRR-RLK) receptors require ligand-induced receptor-coreceptor heterodimerization and transphosphorylation with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1)/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASES family LRR-RLKs. Here we reveal an additional layer of regulation of BAK1 via a Ca2+-dependent proteolytic cleavage process that is conserved in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Nicotiana benthamiana, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae The proteolytic cleavage of BAK1 is intrinsically regulated in response to developmental cues and immune stimulation. The surface-exposed Asp (D287) residue of BAK1 is critical for its proteolytic cleavage and plays an essential role in BAK1-regulated plant immunity, growth hormone brassinosteroid-mediated responses, and cell death containment. BAK1D287A mutation impairs BAK1 phosphorylation on its substrate BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1), and its plasma membrane localization. Intriguingly, it aggravates BAK1 overexpression-triggered cell death independent of BIK1, suggesting that maintaining homeostasis of BAK1 through a proteolytic process is crucial to control plant growth and immunity. Our data reveal that in addition to layered transphosphorylation in the receptor complexes, the proteolytic cleavage is an important regulatory process for the proper functions of the shared coreceptor BAK1 in diverse cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggeng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Lucas A N Claus
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Shujing Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018 China
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Turnbull D, Wang H, Breen S, Malec M, Naqvi S, Yang L, Welsh L, Hemsley P, Zhendong T, Brunner F, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ. AVR2 Targets BSL Family Members, Which Act as Susceptibility Factors to Suppress Host Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:571-581. [PMID: 30782963 PMCID: PMC6501069 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To be successful plant pathogens, microbes use "effector proteins" to manipulate host functions to their benefit. Identifying host targets of effector proteins and characterizing their role in the infection process allow us to better understand plant-pathogen interactions and the plant immune system. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and coimmunoprecipitation were used to demonstrate that the Phytophthora infestans effector AVIRULENCE 2 (PiAVR2) interacts with all three BRI1-SUPPRESSOR1-like (BSL) family members from potato (Solanum tuberosum). Transient expression of BSL1, BSL2, and BSL3 enhanced P. infestans leaf infection. BSL1 and BSL3 suppressed INFESTIN 1 elicitin-triggered cell death, showing that they negatively regulate immunity. Virus-induced gene silencing studies revealed that BSL2 and BSL3 are required for BSL1 stability and show that basal levels of immunity are increased in BSL-silenced plants. Immune suppression by BSL family members is dependent on the brassinosteroid-responsive host transcription factor CIB1/HBI1-like 1. The P. infestans effector PiAVR2 targets all three BSL family members in the crop plant S. tuberosum These phosphatases, known for their role in growth-promoting brassinosteroid signaling, all support P. infestans virulence and thus can be regarded as susceptibility factors in late blight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Haixia Wang
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Malec
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Yang
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y.)
| | - Lydia Welsh
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Piers Hemsley
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Tian Zhendong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Frederic Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
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48
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Pandey S. Heterotrimeric G-Protein Signaling in Plants: Conserved and Novel Mechanisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:213-238. [PMID: 31035831 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins are key regulators of a multitude of signaling pathways in all eukaryotes. Although the core G-protein components and their basic biochemistries are broadly conserved throughout evolution, the regulatory mechanisms of G proteins seem to have been rewired in plants to meet specific needs. These proteins are currently the focus of intense research in plants due to their involvement in many agronomically important traits, such as seed yield, organ size regulation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, symbiosis, and nitrogen use efficiency. The availability of massive sequence information from a variety of plant species, extensive biochemical data generated over decades, and impressive genetic resources for plant G proteins have made it possible to examine their role, unique properties, and novel regulation. This review focuses on some recent advances in our understanding of the mechanistic details of this critical signaling pathway to enable the precise manipulation and generation of plants to meet future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA;
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49
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Wan W, Zhang L, Pruitt R, Zaidem M, Brugman R, Ma X, Krol E, Perraki A, Kilian J, Grossmann G, Stahl M, Shan L, Zipfel C, van Kan JAL, Hedrich R, Weigel D, Gust AA, Nürnberger T. Comparing Arabidopsis receptor kinase and receptor protein-mediated immune signaling reveals BIK1-dependent differences. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2080-2095. [PMID: 30252144 PMCID: PMC6367016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense microbial patterns and activate innate immunity against attempted microbial invasions. The leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RK) FLS2 and EFR, and the LRR receptor protein (LRR-RP) receptors RLP23 and RLP42, respectively, represent prototypical members of these two prominent and closely related PRR families. We conducted a survey of Arabidopsis thaliana immune signaling mediated by these receptors to address the question of commonalities and differences between LRR-RK and LRR-RP signaling. Quantitative differences in timing and amplitude were observed for several early immune responses, with RP-mediated responses typically being slower and more prolonged than those mediated by RKs. Activation of RLP23, but not FLS2, induced the production of camalexin. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that RLP23-regulated genes represent only a fraction of those genes differentially expressed upon FLS2 activation. Several positive and negative regulators of FLS2-signaling play similar roles in RLP23 signaling. Intriguingly, the cytoplasmic receptor kinase BIK1, a positive regulator of RK signaling, acts as a negative regulator of RP-type immune receptors in a manner dependent on BIK1 kinase activity. Our study unveiled unexpected differences in two closely related receptor systems and reports a new negative role of BIK1 in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Lin Wan
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Rory Pruitt
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for Developmental BiologyMax‐Planck‐Str. 5D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Center for Genomics & Systems BiologyNew York University12 Waverly PlaceNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Rik Brugman
- Centre for Organismal Studies & Excellence Cluster Cell NetworksHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 23069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Institute for Plant Genomics & BiotechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Elzbieta Krol
- Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius Maximilians University WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 297082WürzburgGermany
- Department of BiophysicsInstitute of BiologyMaria Curie‐Skłodowska UniversityAkademicka 1920‐033LublinPoland
| | - Artemis Perraki
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Analytics UnitCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies & Excellence Cluster Cell NetworksHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 23069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics UnitCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & BiotechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius Maximilians University WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 297082WürzburgGermany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for Developmental BiologyMax‐Planck‐Str. 5D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
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50
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Hake K, Romeis T. Protein kinase-mediated signalling in priming: Immune signal initiation, propagation, and establishment of long-term pathogen resistance in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:904-917. [PMID: 30151921 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
"Priming" in plant phytopathology describes a phenomenon where the "experience" of primary infection by microbial pathogens leads to enhanced and beneficial protection of the plant against secondary infection. The plant is able to establish an immune memory, a state of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), in which the information of "having been attacked" is integrated with the action of "being prepared to defend when it happens again." Accordingly, primed plants are often characterized by faster and stronger activation of immune reactions that ultimately result in a reduction of pathogen spread and growth. Prerequisites for SAR are (a) the initiation of immune signalling subsequent to pathogen recognition, (b) a rapid defence signal propagation from a primary infected local site to uninfected distal parts of the plant, and (c) a switch into an immune signal-dependent establishment and subsequent long-lasting maintenance of phytohormone salicylic acid-based systemic immunity. Here, we provide a summary on protein kinases that contribute to these three conceptual aspects of "priming" in plant phytopathology, complemented by data addressing the role of protein kinases crucial for immune signal initiation also for signal propagation and SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hake
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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