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Ng T, Noh E, Spencer RMC. Does slow oscillation-spindle coupling contribute to sleep-dependent memory consolidation? A Bayesian meta-analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.28.610060. [PMID: 39257832 PMCID: PMC11383665 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.28.610060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The active system consolidation theory suggests that information transfer between the hippocampus and cortex during sleep underlies memory consolidation. Neural oscillations during sleep, including the temporal coupling between slow oscillations (SO) and sleep spindles (SP), may play a mechanistic role in memory consolidation. However, differences in analytical approaches and the presence of physiological and behavioral moderators have led to inconsistent conclusions. This meta-analysis, comprising 23 studies and 297 effect sizes, focused on four standard phase-amplitude coupling measures including coupling phase, strength, percentage, and SP amplitude, and their relationship with memory retention. We developed a standardized approach to incorporate non-normal circular-linear correlations. We found strong evidence supporting that precise and strong SO-fast SP coupling in the frontal lobe predicts memory consolidation. The strength of this association is mediated by memory type, aging, and dynamic spatio-temporal features, including SP frequency and cortical topography. In conclusion, SO-SP coupling should be considered as a general physiological mechanism for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Ng
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, Mount Holyoke College
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Mount Holyoke College
| | - Eunsol Noh
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Chen D, Xia T, Yao Z, Zhang L, Hu X. Modulating social learning-induced evaluation updating during human sleep. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:43. [PMID: 38971834 PMCID: PMC11227583 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
People often change their evaluations upon learning about their peers' evaluations, i.e., social learning. Given sleep's vital role in consolidating daytime experiences, sleep may facilitate social learning, thereby further changing people's evaluations. Combining a social learning task and the sleep-based targeted memory reactivation technique, we asked whether social learning-induced evaluation updating can be modulated during sleep. After participants had indicated their initial evaluation of snacks, they learned about their peers' evaluations while hearing the snacks' spoken names. During the post-learning non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, we re-played half of the snack names (i.e., cued snack) to reactivate the associated peers' evaluations. Upon waking up, we found that the social learning-induced evaluation updating further enlarged for both cued and uncued snacks. Examining sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) activity revealed that cue-elicited delta-theta EEG power and the overnight N2 sleep spindle density predicted post-sleep evaluation updating for cued but not for uncued snacks. These findings underscore the role of sleep-mediated memory reactivation and the associated neural activity in supporting social learning-induced evaluation updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Chen
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziqing Yao
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lingqi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China.
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Buchberger ES, Joechner AK, Ngo CT, Lindenberger U, Werkle-Bergner M. Age differences in generalization, memory specificity, and their overnight fate in childhood. Child Dev 2024; 95:e270-e286. [PMID: 38516813 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Memory enables generalization to new situations, and memory specificity that preserves individual episodes. This study investigated generalization, memory specificity, and their overnight fate in 141 4- to 8-year-olds (computerized memory game; 71 females, tested 2020-2021 in Germany). The results replicated age effects in generalization and memory specificity, and a contingency of generalization on object conceptual properties and interobject semantic proximity. Age effects were stronger in generalization than in memory specificity, and generalization was more closely linked to the explicit regularity knowledge in older than in younger children. After an overnight delay, older children retained more generalized and specific memories and showed greater gains but only in generalization. These findings reveal distinct age differences in generalization and memory specificity across childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa S Buchberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Joechner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chi T Ngo
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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Goel P, Goel A. Exploring the Evolution of Sleep Patterns From Infancy to Adolescence. Cureus 2024; 16:e64759. [PMID: 39156264 PMCID: PMC11329291 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a critical component of healthy development, particularly during the formative years from infancy through adolescence. Sleep undergoes continuous change throughout life characterized by frequent awakenings and a high proportion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during infancy, changes in sleep architecture, an increase in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep during adolescence, and an eventual decrease in REM sleep in old age. Adequate sleep is therefore essential for cognitive development, especially between ages 10 and 16. Sleep deprivation may negatively affect academic performance, attention regulation, and emotional well-being. Biological factors, such as hormonal changes during puberty, significantly influence sleep patterns, leading to later bedtimes and a tendency for chronic sleep deprivation in adolescents. Environmental factors, including light exposure and screen time, also play a critical role in regulating sleep. This paper examines the evolution of sleep patterns across infancy and adolescence, describing changes in sleep architecture, timing, and regulation. The influence of biological, environmental, and socio-cultural factors on sleep is explored, highlighting how these factors collectively shape sleep behaviors and health outcomes. It also addresses the profound role sleep plays in cognitive development, brain maturation, and emotional well-being. The importance of understanding sleep patterns and their developmental trajectories to address sleep-related issues is emphasized. Promoting healthy sleep from an early age can enhance cognitive and emotional outcomes, contributing to better academic performance and overall well-being in children and adolescents. The findings advocate for further standardized sleep intervention programs globally to prioritize sleep health and support optimal development.
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Kwon H, Chinappen DM, Kinard EA, Goodman SK, Huang JF, Berja ED, Walsh KG, Shi W, Manoach DS, Kramer MA, Chu CJ. Impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation predicted by reduced sleep spindles in Rolandic epilepsy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594515. [PMID: 38798414 PMCID: PMC11118409 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Sleep spindles are prominent thalamocortical brain oscillations during sleep that have been mechanistically linked to sleep-dependent memory consolidation in animal models and healthy controls. Sleep spindles are decreased in Rolandic epilepsy and related sleep-activated epileptic encephalopathies. We investigate the relationship between sleep spindle deficits and deficient sleep dependent memory consolidation in children with Rolandic epilepsy. Methods In this prospective case-control study, children were trained and tested on a validated probe of memory consolidation, the motor sequence task (MST). Sleep spindles were measured from high-density EEG during a 90-minute nap opportunity between MST training and testing using a validated automated detector. Results Twenty-three children with Rolandic epilepsy (14 with resolved disease), and 19 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Children with active Rolandic epilepsy had decreased memory consolidation compared to control children (p=0.001, mean percentage reduction: 25.7%, 95% CI [10.3, 41.2]%) and compared to children with resolved Rolandic epilepsy (p=0.007, mean percentage reduction: 21.9%, 95% CI [6.2, 37.6]%). Children with active Rolandic epilepsy had decreased sleep spindle rates in the centrotemporal region compared to controls (p=0.008, mean decrease 2.5 spindles/min, 95% CI [0.7, 4.4] spindles/min). Spindle rate positively predicted sleep-dependent memory consolidation (p=0.004, mean MST improvement of 3.9%, 95% CI [1.3, 6.4]%, for each unit increase in spindles per minute). Discussion Children with Rolandic epilepsy have a sleep spindle deficit during the active period of disease which predicts deficits in sleep dependent memory consolidation. This finding provides a mechanism and noninvasive biomarker to aid diagnosis and therapeutic discovery for cognitive dysfunction in Rolandic epilepsy and related sleep activated epilepsy syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunki Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dhinakaran M Chinappen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kinard
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Skyler K Goodman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan F Huang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin D Berja
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine G Walsh
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dara S Manoach
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A Kramer
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine J Chu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Loeffler A, Rankin P, Smith SS, Thorpe K, Staton S. Exploring the Relationship Between Age at Nap Cessation and Social-Emotional Functioning in Children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2024; 45:e150-e158. [PMID: 38451866 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine variations in age at nap cessation and identify whether there is an association with social-emotional functioning (SEF) as measured by internalizing/externalizing behavior, child temperament, and social skills in a sample of early childhood education and care-attending children. METHODS The sample comprised 1117 children from the Australian Effectiveness Early Educational Experiences for Children longitudinal early childhood study. We used children's age at nap cessation as retrospectively recalled by caregivers in 2011 or 2013 when children were between ages 2 and 7 years. Each child's SEF was reported by a caregiver using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Short Temperament Scale for Children, and the Social Skills Inventory Scale. Associations between children's age of nap cessation and SEF were tested using linear regressions. RESULTS The children's age at nap cessation ranged from 6 months to 6 years. For each additional year of napping, children's total , conduct , externalizing , and peer behavior problems decreased by 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.70 to -0.09), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.21 to -0.01), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.51 to -0.06), and 0.11 (95% CI, -0.20 to -0.02) units on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scale, respectively. No further significant associations were found. CONCLUSION This is the first study reporting the age range of nap cessation and its associations with social-emotional functioning. Our findings demonstrate earlier cessation ages in Australian children attending Early Childhood Education and Care programs than previously reported and a small association with externalizing and peer problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loeffler
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Peter Rankin
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Simon S Smith
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Thorpe
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Sally Staton
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
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Vitali H, Campus C, Signorini S, De Giorgis V, Morelli F, Varesio C, Pasca L, Sammartano A, Gori M. Blindness affects the developmental trajectory of the sleeping brain. Neuroimage 2024; 286:120508. [PMID: 38181867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in brain development, sensory information processing, and consolidation. Sleep spindles are markers of these mechanisms as they mirror the activity of the thalamocortical circuits. Spindles can be subdivided into two groups, slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz), which are each associated with different functions. Specifically, fast spindles oscillate in the high-sigma band and are associated with sensorimotor processing, which is affected by visual deprivation. However, how blindness influences spindle development has not yet been investigated. We recorded nap video-EEG of 50 blind/severely visually impaired (BSI) and 64 sighted children aged 5 months to 6 years old. We considered aspects of both macro- and micro-structural spindles. The BSI children lacked the evolution of developmental spindles within the central area. Specifically, young BSI children presented low central high-sigma and high-beta (25-30 Hz) event-related spectral perturbation and showed no signs of maturational decrease. High-sigma and high-beta activity in the BSI group correlated with clinical indices predicting perceptual and motor disorders. Our findings suggest that fast spindles are pivotal biomarkers for identifying an early developmental deviation in BSI children. These findings are critical for initial therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Vitali
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy; DIBRIS, University of Genova, Genoa 16145, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Federica Morelli
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Costanza Varesio
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pasca
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Alessia Sammartano
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Member of European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies, EpiCARE, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 83, Building B, Genoa 16152, Italy.
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Hudachek L, Wamsley EJ. A meta-analysis of the relation between dream content and memory consolidation. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad111. [PMID: 37058584 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequent appearance of newly learned information in dreams suggests that dream content is influenced by memory consolidation. Many studies have tested this hypothesis by asking whether dreaming about a learning task is associated with improved memory, but results have been inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the strength of the association between learning-related dreams and post-sleep memory improvement. We searched the literature for studies that (1) trained participants on a pre-sleep learning task and then tested their memory after sleep, and (2) associated post-sleep memory improvement with the extent to which dreams incorporated learning task content. Sixteen studies qualified for inclusion, which together reported 45 effects. Integrating across effects, we report a strong and statistically significant association between task-related dreaming and memory performance (SMD = 0.51 [95% CI 0.28, 0.74], p < 0.001). Among studies using polysomnography, this relationship was statistically significant for dreams collected from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (n = 10) but not for dreams collected from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (n = 12). There was a significant association between dreaming and memory for all types of learning tasks studied. This meta-analysis provides further evidence that dreaming about a learning task is associated with improved memory performance, suggesting that dream content may be an indication of memory consolidation. Furthermore, we report preliminary evidence that the relationship between dreaming and memory may be stronger in NREM sleep compared to REM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hudachek
- Furman University Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Greenville, SC, 29613, USA
| | - Erin J Wamsley
- Furman University Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Greenville, SC, 29613, USA
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Gliga T, Hendry A, Kong SP, Ewing B, Davies C, McGillion M, Gonzalez‐Gomez N. More frequent naps are associated with lower cognitive development in a cohort of 8-38-month-old children, during the Covid-19 pandemic. JCPP ADVANCES 2023; 3:e12190. [PMID: 38054058 PMCID: PMC10694540 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency. Methods Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford-Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8-38-month-olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid-19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings. Results We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age. Conclusions These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Gliga
- School of PsychologyUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Alexandra Hendry
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Shannon P. Kong
- Centre for Psychological ResearchOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Ben Ewing
- School of PsychologyUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Catherine Davies
- School of Languages, Cultures and SocietiesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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Tamir S, Dye TJ, Witt RM. Sleep and Circadian Disturbances in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2023; 48:101090. [PMID: 38065637 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2023.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep problems are highly prevalent in those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We propose this is secondary to multiple factors that directly and indirectly negatively impact sleep and circadian processes in those with NDDs, which in turn, further perturbs development, resulting in a "developmental and sleep/circadian-related encephalopathy." In this review, we discuss select NDDs with known or suspected sleep and circadian phenotypes. We also highlight important considerations when evaluating and treating sleep and circadian disorders in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tamir
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Thomas J Dye
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Rochelle M Witt
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
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11
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Gardner KJ, Wang W, Klerman EB. Altered sleep architecture in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2023; 193:e32073. [PMID: 37870492 PMCID: PMC10905642 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with Down syndrome (DS) may experience changes in sleep architecture (i.e., different sleep stages) that then affect waketime functioning, including learning, mood, and disruptive behavior. For designing and testing interventions, it is important to document any differences in sleep architecture in children with DS with and without co-occurring diagnoses, including neuropsychiatric diagnoses and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed at Massachusetts General Hospital for children and adolescents with DS who underwent polysomnography (PSG) between August 2016 and July 2022. Patient data collected from the electronic medical record included diagnoses, age at PSG, and PSG report. Statistical analysis included unpaired T tests to test hypotheses about differences in sleep architecture within age groups, and differences between children with DS and a co-occurring diagnosis. One way ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance of OSA severity within patients with DS. RESULTS When compared by age group, those with DS had negative changes in sleep architecture (e.g., less sleep and more wake) when compared to normative data. Within this cohort, having a co-occurring diagnosis of autism resulted in further, negative effects on sleep architecture. 89% of those with DS had diagnosed OSA but only those with severe OSA experienced negative effects on sleep architecture. CONCLUSION Age is an important covariate when studying the sleep of children with DS and neurotypical children. Studies are needed to test whether minimizing the observed differences in sleep architecture will translate to improved learning, mood, and behavioral outcomes, and how treating OSA affects sleep architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Gardner
- Massachusetts General Hospital/MassGeneral for Children, Boston, MA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Elizabeth B. Klerman
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
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12
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Parker JL, Appleton SL, Adams RJ, Melaku YA, D'Rozario AL, Wittert GA, Martin SA, Catcheside PG, Lechat B, Teare AJ, Toson B, Vakulin A. The association between sleep spindles and cognitive function in middle-aged and older men from a community-based cohort study. Sleep Health 2023; 9:774-785. [PMID: 37268483 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies examining associations between sleep spindles and cognitive function attempted to account for obstructive sleep apnea without consideration for potential moderating effects. To elucidate associations between sleep spindles, cognitive function, and obstructive sleep apnea, this study of community-dwelling men examined cross-sectional associations between sleep spindle metrics and daytime cognitive function outcomes following adjustment for obstructive sleep apnea and potential obstructive sleep apnea moderating effects. METHODS Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study participants (n = 477, 41-87 years) reporting no previous obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis underwent home-based polysomnography (2010-2011). Cognitive testing (2007-2010) included the inspection time task (processing speed), trail-making tests A (TMT-A) (visual attention) and B (trail-making test-B) (executive function), and Fuld object memory evaluation (episodic memory). Frontal spindle metrics (F4-M1) included occurrence (count), average frequency (Hz), amplitude (µV), and overall (11-16 Hz), slow (11-13 Hz), and fast (13-16 Hz) spindle density (number/minute during N2 and N3 sleep). RESULTS In fully adjusted linear regression models, lower N2 sleep spindle occurrence was associated with longer inspection times (milliseconds) (B = -0.43, 95% confidence interval [-0.74, -0.12], p = .006), whereas higher N3 sleep fast spindle density was associated with worse TMT-B performance (seconds) (B = 18.4, 95% confidence interval [1.62, 35.2], p = .032). Effect moderator analysis revealed that in men with severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥30/hour), slower N2 sleep spindle frequency was associated with worse TMT-A performance (χ2 = 12.5, p = .006). CONCLUSIONS Specific sleep spindle metrics were associated with cognitive function, and obstructive sleep apnea severity moderated these associations. These observations support the utility of sleep spindles as useful cognitive function markers in obstructive sleep apnea, which warrants further longitudinal investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Parker
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Sarah L Appleton
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Robert J Adams
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Yohannes Adama Melaku
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Angela L D'Rozario
- CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Gary A Wittert
- Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Sean A Martin
- Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Peter G Catcheside
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Bastien Lechat
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Alison J Teare
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Barbara Toson
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Andrew Vakulin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Studart-Pereira LM, Bianchini EMG, Assis M, Bussi MT, Corrêa CDC, Cunha TCA, Drager LF, Ieto V, Lorenzi-Filho G, de Luccas GR, Brasil EL, Sovinski SRP, Zancanella E, Pires GN. Brazilian Consensus on Sleep-Focused Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences - 2023 Brazilian Sleep Association. Sleep Sci 2023; 16:489-506. [PMID: 38370880 PMCID: PMC10869236 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This consensus aimed to develop a structured document presenting the role of sleep-focused Speech-Language-Hearing (SPH) Sciences (SPHS). The recommendations were based on the expertise of specialists and on evidence in the literature, aiming to guide the coverage of this area and the consequent improvement in the quality of the professionals' approach. Methods A Delphi method was conducted with 49 SLH pathologists (SLHP), four sleep physicians, one dentist, one physical therapist, and one methodologist. Four Delphi panel rounds were conducted in Google Forms. The items were analyzed based on the panelists' percentage of agreement; consensuses were reached when ⅔ (66.6%) of valid responses were on a same on a same answer (either "agree" or "disagree"). Results Participants voted on 102 items. The mean consensus rate was 89.9% ± 10.9%. The essential topics were the importance of professional training, the SLH diagnosis, and the SLH treatment of sleep disorders. It was verified that all fields of the SLHS are related to the area of sleep; that sleep-focused SLH pathologists (SLHP) are the responsible for assessing, indicating, and conducting specific orofacial myofunctional therapy for sleep-disordered breathing alone or in combination with other treatments; that SLHP are included in interdisciplinary teams in the area of sleep in public and private services. Discussion The Brazilian consensus on sleep-focused SLHS is a landmark in this area. This consensus described the scope of action of sleep-focused SLHP and systematized recommendations being useful as a reference for the professional practice in the area of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Moraes Studart-Pereira
- Brazilian Sleep Association, São Paulo Brazil.
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife Brazil.
| | | | - Márcia Assis
- Brazilian Sleep Association, São Paulo Brazil.
- Clínica do Sono de Curitiba, Hospital São Lucas, Curitibá, Brazil.
| | - Marieli Timpani Bussi
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery at UNICAMP, IOU, São Paulo Brazil.
| | | | - Thays Crosara Abrahão Cunha
- Brazilian Association of Sleep Dentistry, São Paulo Brazil.
- Núcleo de Ensino, Odontologia do Sono, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Ferreira Drager
- Brazilian Sleep Association, São Paulo Brazil.
- Hypertension Units, Institute of the Heart (InCor), and Course on Nephrology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Ieto
- Speech-Language-Hearing Council, Brazilian Sleep Association, São Paulo Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriele Ramos de Luccas
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru Brazil.
| | - Evelyn Lucien Brasil
- Brazilian Sleep Association, São Paulo Brazil.
- Department of Critical Care Medicina, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo Brazil.
| | | | - Edilson Zancanella
- Brazilian Association of Sleep Medicine, São Paulo Brazil.
- State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Natan Pires
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo – São Paulo Brazil.
- Sleep Institute, São Paulo Brazil.
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14
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St. Laurent CW, Rasmussen CL, Holmes JF, Cremone-Caira A, Kurdziel LBF, Desrochers PC, Spencer RMC. Associations of activity, sedentary, and sleep behaviors with cognitive and social-emotional health in early childhood. JOURNAL OF ACTIVITY, SEDENTARY AND SLEEP BEHAVIORS 2023; 2:7. [PMID: 38798902 PMCID: PMC11116218 DOI: 10.1186/s44167-023-00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Early childhood is important for cognitive and social-emotional development, and a time in which to promote healthy movement behaviors (sedentary behavior, physical activity, and sleep). Movement behaviors may have interactive influences on cognition and social-emotional factors in young children, but most previous research has explored them independently. The purpose of this study was to determine if movement behaviors are associated with measures of cognitive and social-emotional health in young children and if so, to describe optimal compositions of movement behaviors of a daily cycle for such outcomes. Methods Children (n = 388, 33 to 70 months, 44.6% female) from a clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03285880, first posted September 18, 2017) wore accelerometers on their wrists for 24-h for 9.56 ± 3.3 days. Movement behavior compositions consisted of time spent in sedentary behaviors, light intensity physical activity, moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), and sleep. Outcomes were cognitive (receptive vocabulary, declarative and procedural memory, and executive attention) and social-emotional measures (temperament and behavioral problems). Compositional linear regression models with isometric log ratios were used to investigate the relations between the movement behavior composition and the cognitive and social-emotional health measures. If a significant association was found between the composition and an outcome, we further explored the "optimal" 24-h time-use for said outcome. Results Movement behavior compositions were associated with receptive vocabulary. The composition associated with the predicted top five percent of vocabulary scores consisted of 12.1 h of sleep, 4.7 h of sedentary time, 5.6 h of light physical activity, and 1.7 h of MVPA. Conclusions While behavior compositions are related to vocabulary ability in early childhood, our findings align with the inconclusiveness of the current evidence regarding other developmental outcomes. Future research exploring activities within these four movement behaviors, that are meaningful to cognitive and social-emotional development, may be warranted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44167-023-00016-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W. St. Laurent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Charlotte Lund Rasmussen
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jennifer F. Holmes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | | | | | - Phillip C. Desrochers
- Sensing, Perception, and Applied Robotics Division, Charles River Analytics, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rebecca M. C. Spencer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA USA
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15
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Hanron O, Mason GM, Holmes JF, Spencer RMC. Early childhood naps initiate emotional memory processing in preparation for enhanced overnight consolidation. Child Dev 2023; 94:721-733. [PMID: 36593656 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood naps support emotional memory, but benefits are only observed after overnight sleep. Whether emotional memory consolidation occurs during naps, or whether napping only prepares memories for overnight consolidation is unknown. We investigated whether naps protect emotional memories from interference, indicating consolidation. Between 2018 and 2020, 63 children in western Massachusetts preschools (30 female, 33 male; 33-67 months; 23.8% Hispanic, 87.3% White) learned faces paired with negative or neutral descriptions, followed by nap or wake. Before delayed recognition, half completed an interference task. Without interference, napping benefited recognition. With interference, children recognized fewer negative faces post-nap (compared to wake), with overnight sleep attenuating this difference. Results suggest that naps initially destabilize emotional memories, possibly reflecting partial processing that promotes long-term consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Hanron
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Commonwealth Honors College, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gina M Mason
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer F Holmes
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Nicholson L, Bohnert AM, Crowley SJ. A developmental perspective on sleep consistency: Preschool age through emerging adulthood. Behav Sleep Med 2023; 21:97-116. [PMID: 35014925 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2021.2024192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Beyond sleep duration, the regularity of sleep patterns (e.g., sleep consistency), including variability in sleep timing (e.g., bedtime, wake time) and duration, is a critical marker of sleep health. Sleep consistency is captured using a variety of methods within the literature (e.g., sleep intraindividual variability, social jetlag), but most of the research focuses on adolescents. METHODS Drawing on a developmental perspective, this narrative review highlights how normative changes at the individual (e.g., biological, cognitive, and social) and contextual (e.g., home, school, sociocultural) levels may contribute to inconsistent sleep patterns across development. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes how inconsistent sleep may increase across pivotal transitions throughout development (e.g., elimination of naps, puberty, summertime, entering college). Finally, recommendations for measuring sleep consistency and areas to address in future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nicholson
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy M Bohnert
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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van Rijn E, Gouws A, Walker SA, Knowland VCP, Cairney SA, Gaskell MG, Henderson LM. Do naps benefit novel word learning? Developmental differences and white matter correlates. Cortex 2023; 158:37-60. [PMID: 36434978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Memory representations of newly learned words undergo changes during nocturnal sleep, as evidenced by improvements in explicit recall and lexical integration (i.e., after sleep, novel words compete with existing words during online word recognition). Some studies have revealed larger sleep-benefits in children relative to adults. However, whether daytime naps play a similar facilitatory role is unclear. We investigated the effect of a daytime nap (relative to wake) on explicit memory (recall/recognition) and lexical integration (lexical competition) of newly learned novel words in young adults and children aged 10-12 years, also exploring white matter correlates of the pre- and post-nap effects of word learning in the child group with diffusion weighted MRI. In both age groups, a nap maintained explicit memory of novel words and wake led to forgetting. However, there was an age group interaction when comparing change in recall over the nap: children showed a slight improvement whereas adults showed a slight decline. There was no evidence of lexical integration at any point. Although children spent proportionally more time in slow-wave sleep (SWS) than adults, neither SWS nor spindle parameters correlated with over-nap changes in word learning. For children, increased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the uncinate fasciculus and arcuate fasciculus were associated with the recognition of novel words immediately after learning, and FA in the right arcuate fasciculus was further associated with changes in recall of novel words over a nap, supporting the importance of these tracts in the word learning and consolidation process. These findings point to a protective role of naps in word learning (at least under the present conditions), and emphasize the need to better understand both the active and passive roles that sleep plays in supporting vocabulary consolidation over development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
| | - A Gouws
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
| | - S A Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
| | - V C P Knowland
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
| | - S A Cairney
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
| | - M G Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
| | - L M Henderson
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
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18
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St Laurent CW, Lokhandwala S, Allard T, Ji A, Riggins T, Spencer RMC. Influence of naps on sedentary time and physical activity in early childhood. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21198. [PMID: 36482180 PMCID: PMC9731956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine if, in preschool-aged children, (1) nap habituality is associated with sedentary time and physical activity (movement behaviors), (2) nap physiology is associated with movement behaviors, and (3) if missing a nap, compared to taking a nap, affects movement behaviors on the same day and subsequent day. A within-subjects (44 children; 4.2 ± 0.6 years; 55.6% female), at-home study examined two experimental conditions (one afternoon each of nap- and wake-promotion with order counterbalanced) one week apart. Movement behaviors were derived from wrist-worn actigraphy (12.1 ± 3.1 days). Average movement behaviors were calculated from the overall study period with experimental days excluded. Movement behaviors were also extracted for the same day and the subsequent day of the two experimental conditions. Polysomnography was recorded during the nap-promoted condition. Children were classified as non-, intermediate-, or habitual-nappers. Although average movement behaviors were different between nap habituality groups, differences were not significant. There were no associations between movement behaviors and nap sleep stages, and no effects for nap condition or condition by nap habituality on same or next day movement behaviors. Findings do not suggest that naps and movement behaviors are related in children. Although a single missed nap was not detrimental to same or next day movement behaviors, future studies should explore effects of multiple days of subsequent nap restriction to examine potential cumulative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W St Laurent
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sanna Lokhandwala
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tamara Allard
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, Biology/Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Angela Ji
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, Biology/Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Graduate Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, USA
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, Biology/Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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19
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St. Laurent CW, Holmes JF, Spencer RMC. Temporal Associations between Actigraphy-Measured Daytime Movement Behaviors and Nap Sleep in Early Childhood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15308. [PMID: 36430030 PMCID: PMC9690588 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this micro-longitudinal study was to explore daily associations between daytime movement behaviors (sedentary time and physical activity) and nap sleep in young children. In 298 children (age = 51.0 ± 9.6 months, 43.6% female), wrist-based actigraphy (mean wear time = 10 days) assessed sedentary time, total physical activity, and provided an estimate of nap sleep duration and efficiency. Multilevel logistic and linear regression models were used to examine temporal within-person relations between wake behaviors and nap sleep, and adjusted for overnight sleep duration between days of interest, age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Movement behaviors were not related to the likelihood of next-day napping, but when children were less sedentary (OR = 0.96; p < 0.001) or more active (OR = 1.01; p = 0.001) in the morning, they were more likely to nap that same day. Movement behaviors were not associated with nap sleep duration or efficiency. Conversely, on days children napped, they were less sedentary (B = -2.09, p < 0.001) and more active (B = 25.8, p < 0.001) the following day. Though napping and movement behaviors had some reciprocal relations, effect sizes in the present study were small. Further studies should examine children with more diverse sleep health and from different childcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W. St. Laurent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jennifer F. Holmes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rebecca M. C. Spencer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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20
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Spencer RMC, Riggins T. Contributions of memory and brain development to the bioregulation of naps and nap transitions in early childhood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123415119. [PMID: 36279436 PMCID: PMC9636905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123415119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from multiple sleep bouts each day to a single overnight sleep bout (i.e., nap transition) is a universal process in human development. Naps are important during infancy and early childhood as they enhance learning through memory consolidation. However, a normal part of development is the transition out of naps. Understanding nap transitions is essential in order to maximize early learning and promote positive long-term cognitive outcomes. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis regarding the cognitive, physiological, and neural changes that accompany nap transitions. Specifically, we posit that maturation of the hippocampal-dependent memory network results in more efficient memory storage, which reduces the buildup of homeostatic sleep pressure across the cortex (as reflected by slow-wave activity), and eventually, contributes to nap transitions. This hypothesis synthesizes evidence of bioregulatory mechanisms underlying nap transitions and sheds new light on an important window of change in development. This framework can be used to evaluate multiple untested predictions from the field of sleep science and ultimately, yield science-based guidelines and policies regarding napping in childcare and early education settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. C. Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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21
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Cohen AO, Glover MM, Shen X, Phaneuf CV, Avallone KN, Davachi L, Hartley CA. Reward Enhances Memory via Age-Varying Online and Offline Neural Mechanisms across Development. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6424-6434. [PMID: 35790398 PMCID: PMC9398543 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1820-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward motivation enhances memory through interactions between mesolimbic, hippocampal, and cortical systems, both during and after encoding. Developmental changes in these distributed neural circuits may lead to age-related differences in reward-motivated memory and the underlying neural mechanisms. Converging evidence from cross-species studies suggests that subcortical dopamine signaling is increased during adolescence, which may lead to stronger memory representations of rewarding, relative to mundane, events and changes in the contributions of underlying subcortical and cortical brain mechanisms across age. Here, we used fMRI to examine how reward motivation influences the "online" encoding and "offline" postencoding brain mechanisms that support long-term associative memory from childhood to adulthood in human participants of both sexes. We found that reward motivation led to both age-invariant enhancements and nonlinear age-related differences in associative memory after 24 h. Furthermore, reward-related memory benefits were linked to age-varying neural mechanisms. During encoding, interactions between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were associated with better high-reward memory to a greater degree with increasing age. Preencoding to postencoding changes in functional connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and VTA were also associated with better high-reward memory, but more so at younger ages. Our findings suggest that there may be developmental differences in the contributions of offline subcortical and online cortical brain mechanisms supporting reward-motivated memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A substantial body of research has examined the neural mechanisms through which reward influences memory formation in adults. However, despite extensive evidence that both reward processing and associative memory undergo dynamic change across development, few studies have examined age-related changes in these processes. We found both age-invariant and nonlinear age-related differences in reward-motivated memory. Moreover, our findings point to developmental differences in the processes through which reward modulates the prioritization of information in long-term memory, with greater early reliance on offline subcortical consolidation mechanisms and increased contribution of systems-level online encoding circuitry with increasing age. These results highlight dynamic developmental changes in the cognitive and neural mechanisms through which motivationally salient information is prioritized in memory from childhood to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O Cohen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Morgan M Glover
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Xinxu Shen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Camille V Phaneuf
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | | | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 20962
| | - Catherine A Hartley
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- New York University Center for Neural Science and Langone Health Neuroscience Institute, New York, New York 10003
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22
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Leong RLF, Lo JC, Chee MWL. Systematic review and meta-analyses on the effects of afternoon napping on cognition. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 65:101666. [PMID: 36041284 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Naps are increasingly considered a means to boost cognitive performance. We quantified the cognitive effects of napping in 60 samples from 54 studies. 52 samples evaluated memory. We first evaluated effect sizes for all tests together, before separately assessing their effects on memory, vigilance, speed of processing and executive function. We next examined whether nap effects were moderated by study features of age, nap length, nap start time, habituality and prior sleep restriction. Naps showed significant benefits for the total aggregate of cognitive tests (Cohen's d = 0.379, CI95 = 0.296-0.462). Significant domain specific effects were present for declarative (Cohen's d = 0.376, CI95 = 0.269-0.482) and procedural memory (Cohen's d = 0.494, CI95 = 0.301-0.686), vigilance (Cohen's d = 0.610, CI95 = 0.291-0.929) and speed of processing (Cohen's d = 0.211, CI95 = 0.052-0.369). There were no significant moderation effects of any of the study features. Nap effects were of comparable magnitude across subgroups of each of the 5 moderators (Q values = 0.009 to 8.572, p values > 0.116). Afternoon naps have a small to medium benefit over multiple cognitive tests. These effects transcend age, nap duration and tentatively, habituality and prior nocturnal sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - June C Lo
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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23
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Lokhandwala S, Spencer RMC. Relations between sleep patterns early in life and brain development: A review. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 56:101130. [PMID: 35779333 PMCID: PMC9254005 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep supports healthy cognitive functioning in adults. Over the past decade, research has emerged advancing our understanding of sleep's role in cognition during development. Infancy and early childhood are marked by unique changes in sleep physiology and sleep patterns as children transition from biphasic to monophasic sleep. Growing evidence suggests that, during development, there are parallel changes in sleep and the brain and that sleep may modulate brain structure and activity and vice versa. In this review, we survey studies of sleep and brain development across childhood. By summarizing these findings, we provide a unique understanding of the importance of healthy sleep for healthy brain and cognitive development. Moreover, we discuss gaps in our understanding, which will inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lokhandwala
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Developmental Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Developmental Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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24
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Rea EM, Nicholson LM, Mead MP, Egbert AH, Bohnert AM. Daily relations between nap occurrence, duration, and timing and nocturnal sleep patterns in college students. Sleep Health 2022; 8:356-363. [PMID: 35732554 PMCID: PMC9378669 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/DESIGN Sleep patterns change during college, and students may nap to compensate for lost sleep. Despite the increased prevalence of napping among students, few studies have investigated daily relations between napping and nocturnal sleep, as well as how timing of naps and nocturnal sleep might influence one another. The present study used daily diaries to capture the occurrence, timing, and duration of napping and relation to nocturnal sleep. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Daily diary data, collected for 4-7 days, from 654 college students from a mid-sized midwestern university (81.5% female). MEASUREMENT Participants reported nightly sleep durations, bedtimes, and wake times as well as nap durations and nap start times. RESULTS Multilevel modeling (MLM) and multi-level logistic regressions revealed bidirectional relations between nocturnal sleep and napping. Regarding nocturnal sleep and its relation to next day napping, nocturnal sleep (including shorter duration and later bedtime) was associated with increased odds of napping and longer napping the following day. Shorter sleep duration was also associated with taking an earlier nap, while later bedtime was associated with a later nap the following day. Regarding napping and its association with same-night nocturnal sleep, taking a nap was associated with longer sleep duration that night, however, later nap start times and longer nap durations were associated with later bedtimes that night. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide evidence for bidirectional associations between napping and nocturnal sleep. Future studies are needed to explore how naps could be optimized to promote nocturnal sleep among college students, as well as for whom naps might be most beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rea
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Laura M Nicholson
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael P Mead
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy H Egbert
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Amy M Bohnert
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Dastgheib M, Kulanayagam A, Dringenberg HC. Is the role of sleep in memory consolidation overrated? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104799. [PMID: 35905801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial empirical evidence suggests that sleep benefits the consolidation and reorganization of learned information. Consequently, the concept of "sleep-dependent memory consolidation" is now widely accepted by the scientific community, in addition to influencing public perceptions regarding the functions of sleep. There are, however, numerous studies that have presented findings inconsistent with the sleep-memory hypothesis. Here, we challenge the notion of "sleep-dependency" by summarizing evidence for effective memory consolidation independent of sleep. Plasticity mechanisms thought to mediate or facilitate consolidation during sleep (e.g., neuronal replay, reactivation, slow oscillations, neurochemical milieu) also operate during non-sleep states, particularly quiet wakefulness, thus allowing for the stabilization of new memories. We propose that it is not sleep per se, but the engagement of plasticity mechanisms, active during both sleep and (at least some) waking states, that constitutes the critical factor determining memory formation. Thus, rather than playing a "critical" role, sleep falls along a continuum of behavioral states that vary in their effectiveness to support memory consolidation at the neural and behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans C Dringenberg
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Vidal V, Barbuzza AR, Tassone LM, Brusco LI, Ballarini FM, Forcato C. Odor cueing during sleep improves consolidation of a history lesson in a school setting. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10350. [PMID: 35725905 PMCID: PMC9208245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a key factor in memory consolidation. During sleep, information is reactivated, transferred, and redistributed to neocortical areas, thus favoring memory consolidation and integration. Although these reactivations occur spontaneously, they can also be induced using external cues, such as sound or odor cues, linked to the acquired information. Hence, targeted memory reactivation during sleep represents an advantageous tool for improving memory consolidation in real-life settings. In this study, our goal was to improve the consolidation of complex information such as that of a history lesson, using a school study session in the presence of an odor, and a reactivation round while sleeping at home on the same night of the acquisition, without using additional study sessions. We found that complex information can be associated with an odor in the classroom and that one session of reactivation during the first night of sleep in the students’ houses improves its consolidation. These results bring new evidence for the implementation of reactivation during sleep in real-life settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vidal
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejo R Barbuzza
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonela M Tassone
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis I Brusco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Neuropsiquiatría y Neurología de la Conducta (CENECON), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabricio M Ballarini
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Forcato
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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27
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Hoedlmoser K, Peigneux P, Rauchs G. Recent advances in memory consolidation and information processing during sleep. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13607. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), Laboratory for “Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research” University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF – Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit affiliated at CRCN – Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neuroscience Institute Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Géraldine Rauchs
- UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen‐Normandie Normandie Univ Caen France
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28
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Wang H, Nation K, Gaskell MG, Robidoux S, Weighall A, Castles A. Nap effects on preschool children’s learning of letter‐sound mappings. Child Dev 2022; 93:1145-1153. [PMID: 35347703 PMCID: PMC9543791 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether a daytime nap aids children's acquisition of letter‐sound knowledge, which is a fundamental component for learning to read. Thirty‐two preschool children in Sydney, Australia (Mage = 4 years;3 months) were taught letter‐sound mappings in two sessions: one followed by a nap and the other by a wakeful period. Learning was assessed by explicit letter‐sound mappings (“Which sound does this letter make?”) and knowledge generalization tasks (“Here's Tav and Cav, which one is /kav/?”). Results from the knowledge generalization task showed better performance after a nap than after wake. However, no nap benefit was found for explicit letter‐sound knowledge. This study provides initial evidence that naps could be beneficial for preschool children's learning of letter‐sound mappings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐Chen Wang
- School of Education and Macquarie University Centre for Reading Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kate Nation
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Serje Robidoux
- School of Psychological Sciences and Macquarie University Centre for Reading Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Anna Weighall
- School of Education The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Anne Castles
- School of Psychological Sciences and Macquarie University Centre for Reading Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
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29
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Mylonas D, Machado S, Larson O, Patel R, Cox R, Vangel M, Maski K, Stickgold R, Manoach DS. Dyscoordination of non-rapid eye movement sleep oscillations in autism spectrum disorder. Sleep 2022; 45:6505127. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
Converging evidence from neuroimaging, sleep, and genetic studies suggest that dysregulation of thalamocortical interactions mediated by the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) contribute to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Sleep spindles assay TRN function, and their coordination with cortical slow oscillations (SOs) indexes thalamocortical communication. These oscillations mediate memory consolidation during sleep. In the present study, we comprehensively characterized spindles and their coordination with SOs in relation to memory and age in children with ASD.
Methods
Nineteen children and adolescents with ASD, without intellectual disability, and 18 typically developing (TD) peers, aged 9–17, completed a home polysomnography study with testing on a spatial memory task before and after sleep. Spindles, SOs, and their coordination were characterized during stages 2 (N2) and 3 (N3) non-rapid eye movement sleep.
Results
ASD participants showed disrupted SO-spindle coordination during N2 sleep. Spindles peaked later in SO upstates and their timing was less consistent. They also showed a spindle density (#/min) deficit during N3 sleep. Both groups showed significant sleep-dependent memory consolidation, but their relations with spindle density differed. While TD participants showed the expected positive correlations, ASD participants showed the opposite.
Conclusions
The disrupted SO-spindle coordination and spindle deficit provide further evidence of abnormal thalamocortical interactions and TRN dysfunction in ASD. The inverse relations of spindle density with memory suggest a different function for spindles in ASD than TD. We propose that abnormal sleep oscillations reflect genetically mediated disruptions of TRN-dependent thalamocortical circuit development that contribute to the manifestations of ASD and are potentially treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Mylonas
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sasha Machado
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Larson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - Rudra Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy Cox
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Mark Vangel
- Department of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
| | - Kiran Maski
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dara S Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
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30
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Knowland VCP, Berens S, Gaskell MG, Walker SA, Henderson LM. Does the maturation of early sleep patterns predict language ability at school entry? A Born in Bradford study. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2022; 49:1-23. [PMID: 33531096 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000920000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Children's vocabulary ability at school entry is highly variable and predictive of later language and literacy outcomes. Sleep is potentially useful in understanding and explaining that variability, with sleep patterns being predictive of global trajectories of language acquisition. Here, we looked to replicate and extend these findings. Data from 354 children (without English as an additional language) in the Born in Bradford study were analysed, describing the mean intercepts and linear trends in parent-reported day-time and night-time sleep duration over five time points between 6 and 36 months-of-age. The mean difference between night-time and day-time sleep was predictive of receptive vocabulary at age five, with more night-time sleep relative to day-time sleep predicting better language. An exploratory analysis suggested that socioeconomic status was predictive of vocabulary outcomes, with sleep patterns partially mediating this relationship. We suggest that the consolidation of sleep patterns acts as a driver of early language development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Berens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - M Gareth Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sarah A Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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31
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Page J, Wakschlag LS, Norton ES. Nonrapid eye movement sleep characteristics and relations with motor, memory, and cognitive ability from infancy to preadolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22202. [PMID: 34813099 PMCID: PMC8898567 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays a critical role in neural neurodevelopment. Hallmarks of sleep reflected in the electroencephalogram during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are associated with learning processes, cognitive ability, memory, and motor functioning. Research in adults is well-established; however, the role of NREM sleep in childhood is less clear. Growing evidence suggests the importance of two NREM sleep features: slow-wave activity and sleep spindles. These features may be critical for understanding maturational change and the functional role of sleep during development. Here, we review the literature on NREM sleep from infancy to preadolescence to provide insight into the network dynamics of the developing brain. The reviewed findings show distinct relations between topographical and maturational aspects of slow waves and sleep spindles; however, the direction and consistency of these relationships vary, and associations with cognitive ability remain unclear. Future research investigating the role of NREM sleep and development would benefit from longitudinal approaches, increased control for circadian and homeostatic influences, and in early childhood, studies recording daytime naps and overnight sleep to yield increased precision for detecting age-related change. Such evidence could help explicate the role of NREM sleep and provide putative physiological markers of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Norton
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication
Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Northwestern University Institute for Innovations in
Developmental Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern, University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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32
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Concordance between subjective and objective measures of infant sleep varies by age and maternal mood: Implications for studies of sleep and cognitive development. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 66:101663. [PMID: 34826651 PMCID: PMC8803548 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infant habitual sleep has been proposed as an important moderator of development in domains such as attention, memory or temperament. To test such hypotheses, we need to know how to accurately and consistently assess habitual sleep in infancy. Common assessment methods include easy to deploy but subjective parent-report measures (diary/sleep questionnaire); or more labour-intensive but objective motor movement measures (actigraphy). Understanding the degree to which these methods provide converging insights is important, but cross-method agreement has yet to be investigated longitudinally. Moreover, it is unclear whether concordance systematically varies with infant or maternal characteristics that could represent confounders in observational studies. This longitudinal study (up to 4 study visits/participant) investigated cross-method concordance on one objective (7-day actigraphy) and three commonly used subjective (7-day sleep diary, Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, Sleep & Settle Questionnaire) sleep measures in 76 typically developing infants (age: 4–14 months) and assessed the impact of maternal characteristics (stress, age, education) and infant characteristics (age) on cross-method concordance. In addition, associations between objective and subjective sleep measures and a measure of general developmental status (Ages & Stages Questionnaire) were investigated. A range of equivalence analyses (tests of equivalence, correlational analyses, Bland-Altman plots) showed mixed agreement between sleep measures. Most importantly, cross-method agreement was associated with maternal stress levels and infant age. Specifically, agreement between different measures of night waking was better for mothers experiencing higher stress levels and was higher for younger than older infants; the reverse pattern was true for day sleep duration. Interestingly, objective and subjective measures did not yield the same patterns of association with developmental domains, indicating that sleep method choice can influence which associations are found between sleep and cognitive development. However, results converged across day sleep and problem-solving skills, highlighting the importance of studying day sleep in future studies. We discuss implications of sleep method choice for investigating sleep in the context of studying infant development and behaviour. A range of equivalence analyses showed mixed agreement between subjective and objective sleep measures. Cross-method agreement was associated with maternal stress levels and infant age. Objective and subjective measures did not yield the same patterns of association with developmental domains except for day sleep duration.
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33
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Mason GM, Kurdziel LBF, Spencer RMC. The memory benefits of two naps per day during infancy: A pilot investigation. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 65:101647. [PMID: 34530287 PMCID: PMC8627454 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In infancy, sleep occurs in multiple nap and overnight bouts that change developmentally in quantity and distribution. Though studies suggest that infant memory benefits from a single nap, no work has assessed the relative benefits of different naps (morning vs. afternoon), nor how multiple naps support memory across the day. We investigated the memory benefit of a morning nap, relative to morning wake, and the effect of these intervals on afternoon nap function in 9-month-olds (n = 15). Infants participated in two within-subjects conditions (separated by 1-2 weeks). In the Nap-Nap condition, infants took their morning and afternoon naps; in the Wake-Nap condition, infants were kept awake during morning naptime, but napped unrestricted in the afternoon. Before each nap/wake interval, infants completed an imitation memory task, with memory assessed again shortly after the nap/wake interval. In the Nap-Nap condition, infants showed memory retention across morning and afternoon naps. In contrast, infants tended to forget items learned across morning wake in the Wake-Nap condition. Moreover, morning wake was associated with a significant decline in post-nap retention of items learned in the afternoon. Furthermore, relations between nap slow-wave activity (SWA) and memory varied across naps, with SWA either not predicting (morning naps) or positively predicting (afternoon naps) memory change in the Nap-Nap condition, but negatively predicting afternoon memory change in the Wake-Nap condition. We conclude that two naps per day (rather than one) aids memory at 9 months, and that skipping the morning nap may moderate relations between afternoon nap physiology and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Mason
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | | | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States; Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.
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34
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Axelsson EL, Swinton J, Jiang IY, Parker EV, Horst JS. Prior Exposure and Toddlers' Sleep-Related Memory for Novel Words. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101366. [PMID: 34679430 PMCID: PMC8534215 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Children can easily link a novel word to a novel, unnamed object—something referred to as fast mapping. Despite the ease and speed with which children do this, their memories for novel fast-mapped words can be poor unless they receive memory supports such as further exposure to the words or sleep. Axelsson, Swinton, Winiger, and Horst (2018) found that 2.5-year-old children who napped after fast mapping had better retention of novel words than children who did not nap. Retention declined for those who did not nap. The children received no memory supports and determined the word-object mappings independently. Previous studies report enhanced memories after sleeping in children and adults, but the napping children’s retention in the Axelsson et al. study remained steady across time. We report a follow-up investigation where memory supports are provided after fast mapping to test whether memories would be enhanced following napping. Children’s retention of novel words improved and remained greater than chance; however, there was no nap effect with no significant difference between the children who napped and those who did not. These findings suggest that when memory supports are provided, retention improves, and the word–object mappings remain stable over time. When memory traces are weak and labile, such as after fast mapping, without further memory supports, sleeping soon after helps stabilise and prevent decay of word–object mappings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Axelsson
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Jaclyn Swinton
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Isabel Y Jiang
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Emma V Parker
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Jessica S Horst
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
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35
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DeMasi A, Horger MN, Allia AM, Scher A, Berger SE. Nap timing makes a difference: Sleeping sooner rather than later after learning improves infants' locomotor problem solving. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 65:101652. [PMID: 34653734 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine newly-walking infants who had recently given up crawling trained to navigate a shoulder-height, nylon tunnel to reach a caregiver waiting at the other end. Infants in the Nap First group napped within 30 min of initial training. Infants in the Delay First group napped four hours after training. All infants were retested six hours after training on the same locomotor problem. Learning was measured by the number of training prompts required to solve the task, exploration, and time to solve the problem. Nap First infants benefited the most from a nap; they required fewer training prompts, used fewer posture shifts from training to test, and solved the task faster compared to Delay First infants, suggesting that optimally timed sleep does not merely protect against interference, but actively contributes to memory consolidation. This study highlights the importance of nap timing as a design feature and was a first step towards limit-testing the boundaries of the relation between sleep and learning. Infants' fragile memories require regular consolidation with intermittent periods of sleep to prevent interference or forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron DeMasi
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016, United States.
| | - Melissa N Horger
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Angelina M Allia
- The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, United States; Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, United States
| | - Anat Scher
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sarah E Berger
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016, United States; The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, United States
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36
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Esterline K, Gómez RL. The Role of Sleep in Retention of New Words in Habitually and Non-Habitually Napping Children. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101320. [PMID: 34679385 PMCID: PMC8533952 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Daytime napping contributes to retention of new word learning in children. Importantly, children transition out of regular napping between ages 3–5 years, and the impact of this transition on memory is unclear. Here, we examined the performance of both non-habitually napping children (nap 0–3 days per week, n = 28) and habitually napping children (nap 4–7 days per week, n = 30) on a word learning task after a delay including either sleep or wakefulness. Children ages 3.5–4.5 years old experienced a brief exposure to two novel labels and their referents during training, a scenario that replicates learning experiences children encounter every day. After a 4-h delay, children were tested on the object-label associations. Using mixed effects logistic regression, we compared retention performance. Non-habitual nappers and habitual nappers displayed a different pattern of retention such that non-habitually napping children did equally well on a test of retention regardless of whether they napped or stayed awake during the delay. In contrast, habitually napping children needed a nap after learning to retain the novel object-label associations 4 h later. As a group, habitual nappers who remained awake after learning performed no better than chance on the retention test. As children transition out of naps, they may be less susceptible to interference and are better able to retain newly learned words across a delay including wakefulness.
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Jackson DB, Testa A, Semenza DC. Sleep Duration, Bedtime Consistency, and School Readiness: Findings from the 2016 to 2018 National Survey of Children's Health. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2021; 42:561-568. [PMID: 34518498 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The focus of this study is to assess the link between sleep duration, bedtime consistency, and school readiness among a nationally representative sample of preschool-age children in the United States. METHODS A sample of 15,402 preschool-age children (3 to 5 years old) from the 3 most recent cohorts (2016-2018) of the National Survey of Children's Health was used. Information about sleep duration, bedtime consistency, and school readiness was obtained from surveys administered to primary caregivers. Four distinct domains of school readiness were examined: early learning skills, self-regulation, social-emotional development, and physical health and motor development. RESULTS The findings reveal that children who obtain 7 or fewer hours of sleep per night exhibit significant reductions in school readiness both within and across all 4 domains. Similar but more modest patterns emerge among children with inconsistent bedtimes. CONCLUSION Given the potential implications of young children's sleep for school readiness, pediatricians should be prepared and trained to effectively counsel parents about children's sleep patterns during routine well-child visits. Future research should examine whether improvements in sleep hygiene education for parents, behavioral sleep interventions, and/or later school start times once children enter preschool might enhance school readiness by improving children's health and well-being as they enter school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Jackson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Camden College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ
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Holmes JF, St. Laurent CW, Spencer RMC. Unhealthy Diet Is Associated With Poor Sleep in Preschool-Aged Children. J Genet Psychol 2021; 182:289-303. [PMID: 33876710 PMCID: PMC8764816 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1905598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary choices are associated with poor sleep in children through adults. Yet, how diet and sleep are related in early childhood, when diet is reliant on parent choices around food availability, is unknown. The authors aimed to explore how frequency of fruit, vegetable, fast food, and soda consumption are associated with preschool children's sleep quality. They also considered how parenting factors may impact the relationship between children's sleep and diet. Actigraphy data were collected from 383 children 33-70 months old. Caregivers reported on child food and beverage frequency, demographics, and health items. Parenting strategies were assessed using the Parenting Scale. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between sleep and dietary measures with socioeconomic status, race-ethnicity, physical activity, and body mass index as covariates. Shorter nap duration was associated with more frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables (B = -3.6, p = .03). Shorter nighttime and 24-hr sleep durations were associated with more frequent consumption of fast food (B = -6.5, p = .01; B = -5.8, p = .01). Shorter nighttime sleep and later sleep onset were associated with more frequent soda consumption (B = -9.2, p = .01; B = 0.23, p = .001). Use of ineffective parenting strategies was negatively associated with fruit and vegetable consumption (r = -.29, p = .01) and positively associated with soda consumption (r = .25, p = .02) but was unrelated to sleep measures. Thus, ineffective parenting strategies may underlie child access to unhealthy foods, which, in turn, contributes to poor sleep. Encouraging healthier dietary habits and educating caregivers on how to reinforce such practices may lead to better sleep outcomes in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F. Holmes
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | | | - Rebecca M. C. Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Abstract
We rely on our long-term memories to guide future behaviors, making it adaptive to prioritize the retention of goal-relevant, salient information in memory. In this review, we discuss findings from rodent and human research to demonstrate that active processes during post-encoding consolidation support the selective stabilization of recent experience into adaptive, long-term memories. Building upon literatures focused on dynamics at the cellular level, we highlight that consolidation also transforms memories at the systems level to support future goal-relevant behavior, resulting in more generalized memory traces in the brain and behavior. We synthesize previous literatures spanning animal research, human cognitive neuroscience, and cognitive psychology to propose an integrative framework for adaptive consolidation by which goal-relevant memoranda are "tagged" for subsequent consolidation, resulting in selective transformations to the structure of memories that support flexible, goal-relevant behaviors.
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40
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Casillas M, Brown P, Levinson SC. Early language experience in a Papuan community. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2021; 48:792-814. [PMID: 32988426 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000920000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rate at which young children are directly spoken to varies due to many factors, including (a) caregiver ideas about children as conversational partners and (b) the organization of everyday life. Prior work suggests cross-cultural variation in rates of child-directed speech is due to the former factor, but has been fraught with confounds in comparing postindustrial and subsistence farming communities. We investigate the daylong language environments of children (0;0-3;0) on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea, a small-scale traditional community where prior ethnographic study demonstrated contingency-seeking child interaction styles. In fact, children were infrequently directly addressed and linguistic input rate was primarily affected by situational factors, though children's vocalization maturity showed no developmental delay. We compare the input characteristics between this community and a Tseltal Mayan one in which near-parallel methods produced comparable results, then briefly discuss the models and mechanisms for learning best supported by our findings.
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Leong RLF, Yu N, Ong JL, Ng ASC, Jamaluddin SA, Cousins JN, Chee NIYN, Chee MWL. Memory performance following napping in habitual and non-habitual nappers. Sleep 2021; 44:6031654. [PMID: 33313925 PMCID: PMC8193563 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Afternoon naps benefit memory but this may depend on whether one is a habitual napper (HN; ≥1 nap/week) or non-habitual napper (NN). Here, we investigated whether a nap would benefit HN and NN differently, as well as whether HN would be more adversely affected by nap restriction compared to NN. Methods Forty-six participants in the nap condition (HN-nap: n = 25, NN-nap: n = 21) took a 90-min nap (14:00–15:30 pm) on experimental days while 46 participants in the Wake condition (HN-wake: n = 24, NN-wake: n = 22) remained awake in the afternoon. Memory tasks were administered after the nap to assess short-term topographical memory and long-term memory in the form of picture encoding and factual knowledge learning respectively. Results An afternoon nap boosted picture encoding and factual knowledge learning irrespective of whether one habitually napped (main effects of condition (nap/wake): ps < 0.037). However, we found a significant interaction for the hippocampal-dependent topographical memory task (p = 0.039) wherein a nap, relative to wake, benefitted habitual nappers (HN-nap vs HN-wake: p = 0.003) compared to non-habitual nappers (NN-nap vs. NN-wake: p = 0.918). Notably for this task, habitual nappers’ performance significantly declined if they were not allowed to nap (HN-wake vs NN-wake: p = 0.037). Conclusions Contrary to concerns that napping may be disadvantageous for non-habitual nappers, we found that an afternoon nap was beneficial for long-term memory tasks even if one did not habitually nap. Naps were especially beneficial for habitual nappers performing a short-term topographical memory task, as it restored the decline that would otherwise have been incurred without a nap. Clinical Trial Information NCT04044885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Yu
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Lynn Ong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alyssa S C Ng
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Azrin Jamaluddin
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James N Cousins
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas I Y N Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Joechner AK, Wehmeier S, Werkle-Bergner M. Electrophysiological indicators of sleep-associated memory consolidation in 5- to 6-year-old children. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13829. [PMID: 33951193 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In adults, the synchronized interplay of sleep spindles (SP) and slow oscillations (SO) supports memory consolidation. Given tremendous developmental changes in SP and SO morphology, it remains elusive whether across childhood the same mechanisms as identified in adults are functional. Based on topography and frequency, we characterize slow and fast SPs and their temporal coupling to SOs in 24 pre-school children. Further, we ask whether slow and fast SPs and their modulation during SOs are associated with behavioral indicators of declarative memory consolidation as suggested by the literature on adults. Employing an individually tailored approach, we reliably identify an inherent, development-specific fast centro-parietal SP type, nested in the adult-like slow SP frequency range, along with a dominant slow frontal SP type. Further, we provide evidence that the modulation of fast centro-parietal SPs during SOs is already present in pre-school children. However, the temporal coordination between fast centro-parietal SPs and SOs is weaker and less precise than expected from research on adults. While we do not find evidence for a critical contribution of SP-SO coupling for memory consolidation, crucially, slow frontal and fast centro-parietal SPs are each differentially related to sleep-associated consolidation of items of varying quality. Whereas a higher number of slow frontal SPs is associated with stronger maintenance of medium-quality memories, a higher number of fast centro-parietal SPs is linked to a greater gain of low-quality items. Our results demonstrate two functionally relevant inherent SP types in pre-school children although SP-SO coupling is not yet fully mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Joechner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Wehmeier
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Martins CMDL, Clark CCT, Tassitano RM, Filho ANDS, Gaya AR, Duncan MJ. School-Time Movement Behaviors and Fundamental Movement Skills in Preschoolers: An Isotemporal Reallocation Analysis. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1317-1336. [PMID: 33934673 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211013196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known of how reallocations of time spent in different movement behaviors during preschool might relate to preschoolers' fundamental movement skills (FMS), a key predictor of later physical activity (PA). Thus, the aim of this study was to examine (a) whether preschoolers' school-time movement was associated with their FMS and (b) the effects on FMS of reallocating time between PA and sedentary behavior (SB). This was a cross-sectional study, using intervention data with Brazilian low-income preschoolers. We observed Brazilian preschoolers of both sexes (Mage = 4.5, SD = 0.8 years-old; 101boys) over 10 hours of school-time and objectively assessed their PA and SB with Actigraph wGT3X and their FMS with the Test of Gross Motor Development - Second Edition. We explored the associations between school-time movement behaviors and FMS and between reallocated school-time movement behaviors and FES using compositional analysis in R (version 1.40-1), robCompositions (version 0.92-7), and lmtest (version 0.9-35) packages. This isotemporal reallocation showed that, for manipulative skills, reallocating time (5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively) from light PA to SB was associated with increasing skill (0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 FMS units), raising questions as to whether fine motor activity occurred during SB. Thus, school-time movement significantly predicted FMS, with a modest increase in SB, at the expense of light PA eliciting improved manipulative skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Maria de Lucena Martins
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sports, Porto University, Portugal.,Research Centre In Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Rafael Miranda Tassitano
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros/PE, Brazil
| | - Anastácio Neco de Souza Filho
- Research Centre In Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
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44
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Benear SL, Ngo CT, Olson IR, Newcombe NS. Understanding relational binding in early childhood: Interacting effects of overlap and delay. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 208:105152. [PMID: 33895601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memories typically share overlapping elements in distinctive combinations, and to be valuable for future behavior they need to withstand delays. There is relatively little work on whether children have special difficulty with overlap or withstanding delay. However, Yim, Dennis, and Sloutsky (Psychological Science, 2013, Vol. 24, pp. 2163-2172) suggested that extensive overlap is more problematic for younger children, and Darby and Sloutsky (Psychological Science, 2015, Vol. 26, pp. 1937-1946) reported that a 48-h delay period actually improves children's memory for overlapping pairs of items. In the current study, we asked how children's episodic memory is affected by stimulus overlap, delay, and age using visual stimuli containing either overlapping or unique item pairs. Children aged 4 and 6 years were tested both immediately and after a 24-h delay. As expected, older children performed better than younger children, and both age groups performed worse on overlapping pairs. Surprisingly, the 24-h delay had only a marginal effect on overall accuracy. Although there were no interactions, when errors were examined, there was evidence that delay buffered memory for overlapping pairs against cross-contextual confusion for younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Benear
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Chi T Ngo
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Olson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Nora S Newcombe
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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45
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Horger MN, Marsiliani R, DeMasi A, Allia A, Berger SE. Researcher Choices for Infant Sleep Assessment: Parent Report, Actigraphy, and a Novel Video System. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2021; 182:218-235. [PMID: 33845712 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.1905600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating infant sleep, either as a predictor or as an outcome variable, into interdisciplinary work has become increasingly popular. Sleep researchers face many methodological choices that have implications for the reliability and validity of the data. Here, the authors directly investigated the impact of design and measurement choices in a small, longitudinal sample of infants. Three sleep measurement techniques-parent-reported sleep diaries, actigraphy (Micromini Sleep Watch), and a commercial videosomnography (Nanit)-were included, using actigraphy as the baseline. Nine infants' sleep (4 girls) was measured longitudinally using all three measurement techniques. Nanit provided summary statistics, using a proprietary algorithm, for nightly sleep parameters. The actigraphy data were analyzed with both the Sadeh Infant and Sadeh algorithms. The extent to which measurements converged on sleep start and end time, number of wake episodes, sleep efficiency, and sleep duration was assessed. Measures were positively correlated. Difference scores revealed similar patterns of greater sleep estimation in parent reports and Nanit compared with actigraphy. Bland-Altman plots revealed that much of the data were within the limits of agreement, tentatively suggesting that Nanit and actigraphy may be used interchangeably. Graphs display significant variability within and between individual infants as well as across measurement techniques. Potential confounding variables that may explain the discrepancies between parent report, Sadeh Infant, Sadeh, and Nanit are discussed. The findings are also used to speak to the advantages and disadvantages of design and measurement choices. Future directions focus on the unique contributions of each measurement technique and how to capitalize on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Horger
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruth Marsiliani
- Department of Psychology, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aaron DeMasi
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angelina Allia
- Department of Psychology, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah E Berger
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of review Napping is a common behavior across age groups. While studies have shown a benefit of overnight sleep on memory consolidation, given differences in nap frequency, composition, and intent, it is important to consider whether naps serve a memory function across development and aging. Recent findings We review studies of the role of naps in declarative, emotional, and motor procedural memory consolidation across age groups. Recent findings in both developmental and aging populations find that naps benefit learning of many tasks but may require additional learning or sleep bouts compared to young adult populations. These studies have also identified variations in nap physiology based on the purpose of the nap, timing of the nap, or age. Summary These studies lend to our understanding of the function of sleep, and the potential for naps as an intervention for those with reduced nighttime sleep or learning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Jones
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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47
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Mason GM, Lokhandwala S, Riggins T, Spencer RMC. Sleep and human cognitive development. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 57:101472. [PMID: 33827030 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies across learning domains have shed light on mechanisms underlying sleep's benefits during numerous developmental periods. In this conceptual review, we survey recent studies of sleep and cognition across infancy, childhood, and adolescence. By summarizing recent findings and integrating across studies with disparate approaches, we provide a novel understanding of sleep's role in human cognitive function. Collectively, these studies point to an interrelation between brain development, sleep, and cognition. Moreover, we point to gaps in our understanding, which inform the agenda for future research in developmental and sleep science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Mason
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | | | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, USA; Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA.
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Yu X, Quante M, Rueschman M, Ash T, Kaplan ER, Guo N, Horan CM, Haneuse S, Davison K, Taveras EM, Redline S. Emergence of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in objectively measured sleep-wake patterns in early infancy: results of the Rise & SHINE study. Sleep 2021; 44:zsaa193. [PMID: 33057653 PMCID: PMC7953214 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To characterize objectively assessed sleep-wake patterns in infants at approximately 1 month and 6 months and examine the differences among infants with different racial/ethnic backgrounds and household socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS Full-term healthy singletons wore an ankle-placed actigraph at approximately 1 month and 6 months and parents completed sleep diaries. Associations of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic indices with sleep outcomes were examined using multivariable analyses. Covariates included sex, birth weight for gestational age z-score, age at assessment, maternal education, household income, bed-sharing, and breastfeeding. RESULTS The sample included 306 infants, of whom 51% were female, 42.5% non-Hispanic white, 32.7% Hispanic, 17.3% Asian, and 7.5% black. Between 1 month and 6 months, night sleep duration increased by 65.7 minutes (95% CI: 55.4, 76.0), night awakenings decreased by 2.2 episodes (2.0, 2.4), and daytime sleep duration decreased by 73.3 minutes (66.4, 80.2). Compared to change in night sleep duration over this development period for white infants (82.3 minutes [66.5, 98.0]), night sleep increased less for Hispanic (48.9 minutes [30.8, 66.9]) and black infants (31.6 minutes [-5.9, 69.1]). Night sleep duration also increased less for infants with lower maternal education and household income. Asian infants had more frequent night awakenings. Adjustment for maternal education and household income attenuated all observed day and night sleep duration differences other than in Asians, where persistently reduced nighttime sleep at 6 months was observed. CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic differences in sleep emerge in early infancy. Night and 24-hour sleep durations increase less in Hispanic and black infants compared to white infants, with differences largely explained by SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Yu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - Mirja Quante
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Rueschman
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tayla Ash
- Center for Health Equity Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
- Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Emily R Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christine M Horan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA
| | - Sebastien Haneuse
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kirsten Davison
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - Elsie M Taveras
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Redline
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Spencer RMC. The role of naps in memory and executive functioning in early childhood. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 60:139-158. [PMID: 33641791 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While sleep, including naps, has been shown to benefit many cognitive functions in adults, understanding whether naps are beneficial in early childhood has important translational implications. Here we review recent studies which, collectively, suggest that naps indeed benefit cognition at this age. Specifically, declarative, motor, and emotional memory are better if a nap follows learning. Executive functions such as attention and emotion processing are likewise better following sleep. However, a better understanding of the mechanism supporting these benefits and the generalizability to other forms of learning and executive functions is necessary. It is important for future research to extend such findings, which may promote the use of naps to support early education, particularly for learning-impaired children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.
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50
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Berger SE, Scher A. Introduction. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 60:1-8. [PMID: 33641789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Berger
- Department of Psychology, The College of Staten Island and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NY, United States.
| | - Anat Scher
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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