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Kukimoto-Niino M, Katsura K, Ishizuka-Katsura Y, Mishima-Tsumagari C, Yonemochi M, Inoue M, Nakagawa R, Kaushik R, Zhang KYJ, Shirouzu M. RhoG facilitates a conformational transition in the guanine nucleotide exchange factor complex DOCK5/ELMO1 to an open state. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107459. [PMID: 38857861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK)/engulfment and cell motility (ELMO) complex serves as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the GTPase Rac. RhoG, another GTPase, activates the ELMO-DOCK-Rac pathway during engulfment and migration. Recent cryo-EM structures of the DOCK2/ELMO1 and DOCK2/ELMO1/Rac1 complexes have identified closed and open conformations that are key to understanding the autoinhibition mechanism. Nevertheless, the structural details of RhoG-mediated activation of the DOCK/ELMO complex remain elusive. Herein, we present cryo-EM structures of DOCK5/ELMO1 alone and in complex with RhoG and Rac1. The DOCK5/ELMO1 structure exhibits a closed conformation similar to that of DOCK2/ELMO1, suggesting a shared regulatory mechanism of the autoinhibitory state across DOCK-A/B subfamilies (DOCK1-5). Conversely, the RhoG/DOCK5/ELMO1/Rac1 complex adopts an open conformation that differs from that of the DOCK2/ELMO1/Rac1 complex, with RhoG binding to both ELMO1 and DOCK5. The alignment of the DOCK5 phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate binding site with the RhoG C-terminal lipidation site suggests simultaneous binding of RhoG and DOCK5/ELMO1 to the plasma membrane. Structural comparison of the apo and RhoG-bound states revealed that RhoG facilitates a closed-to-open state conformational change of DOCK5/ELMO1. Biochemical and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays confirm that RhoG enhances the Rac GEF activity of DOCK5/ELMO1 and increases its binding affinity for Rac1. Further analysis of structural variability underscored the conformational flexibility of the DOCK5/ELMO1/Rac1 complex core, potentially facilitating the proximity of the DOCK5 GEF domain to the plasma membrane. These findings elucidate the structural mechanism underlying the RhoG-induced allosteric activation and membrane binding of the DOCK/ELMO complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Kukimoto-Niino
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kazushige Katsura
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishizuka-Katsura
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chiemi Mishima-Tsumagari
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yonemochi
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mio Inoue
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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2
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Gu S, Huang Q, Sun C, Wen C, Yang N. Transcriptomic and epigenomic insights into pectoral muscle fiber formation at the late embryonic development in pure chicken lines. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103882. [PMID: 38833745 PMCID: PMC11190745 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term intensive genetic selection has led to significant differences between broiler and layer chickens, which are evident during the embryonic period. Despite this, there is a paucity of research on the genetic regulation of the initial formation of muscle fiber morphology in chick embryos. Embryonic d 17 (E17) is the key time point for myoblast fusion completion and muscle fiber morphology formation in chickens. This study aimed to explore the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying the early muscle fiber morphology establishment in broiler chickens of Cornish (CC) and White Plymouth Rock (RR) and layer chickens of White Leghorn (WW) at E17 using the transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility sequencing of pectoral major muscles. The results showed that broiler chickens exhibited significant higher embryo weight and pectoral major muscle weight at E17 compared to layer chickens (P = 0.000). A total of 1,278, 1,248, and 892 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of RNA-seq data were identified between CC vs. WW, RR vs. WW, and CC vs. RR, separately. All DEGs were combined for cluster analysis and they were divided into 6 clusters, including cluster 1 with higher expression in broilers and cluster 6 with higher expression in layers. DEGs in cluster 1 were enriched in terms related to macrophage activation (P = 0.002) and defense response to bacteria (P = 0.002), while DEGs in cluster 6 showed enrichment in protein-DNA complex (P = 0.003) and monooxygenase activity (P = 0.000). ATAC-seq data analysis identified a total of 38,603 peaks, with 13,051 peaks for CC, 18,780 peaks for RR, and 6,772 peaks for WW. Integrative analysis of transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility data revealed GOLM1, ISLR2, and TOPAZ1 were commonly upregulated genes in CC and RR. Furthermore, screening of all upregulated DEGs in cluster 1 from CC and RR identified GOLM1, ISLR2, and HNMT genes associated with neuroimmune functions and MYOM3 linked to muscle morphology development, showing significantly elevated expression in broiler chickens compared to layer chickens. These findings suggest active neural system connectivity during the initial formation of muscle fiber morphology in embryonic period, highlighting the early interaction between muscle fiber formation morphology and the nervous system. This study provides novel insights into late chick embryo development and lays a deeper foundation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Congjiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Chaoliang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Hainan 572025, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding and Frontier Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Hainan 572025, China.
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3
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Noubissi FK, Odubanjo OV, Ogle BM, Tchounwou PB. Mechanisms of Cell Fusion in Cancer. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:407-432. [PMID: 37996688 PMCID: PMC10893907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a normal physiological mechanism that requires a well-orchestrated regulation of intracellular and extracellular factors. Dysregulation of this process could lead to diseases such as osteoporosis, malformation of muscles, difficulties in pregnancy, and cancer. Extensive literature demonstrates that fusion occurs between cancer cells and other cell types to potentially promote cancer progression and metastasis. However, the mechanisms governing this process in cancer initiation, promotion, and progression are less well-studied. Fusogens involved in normal physiological processes such as syncytins and associated factors such as phosphatidylserine and annexins have been observed to be critical in cancer cell fusion as well. Some of the extracellular factors associated with cancer cell fusion include chronic inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, hypoxia, and viral infection. The interaction between these extracellular factors and cell's intrinsic factors potentially modulates actin dynamics to drive the fusion of cancer cells. In this review, we have discussed the different mechanisms that have been identified or postulated to drive cancer cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicite K Noubissi
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI), Center for Health Disparity Research (RCMI-CHDR), Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Oluwatoyin V Odubanjo
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI), Center for Health Disparity Research (RCMI-CHDR), Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI), Center for Health Disparity Research (RCMI-CHDR), Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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Saegusa C, Kakegawa W, Miura E, Aimi T, Mogi S, Harada T, Yamashita T, Yuzaki M, Fujioka M. Brain-Specific Angiogenesis Inhibitor 3 Is Expressed in the Cochlea and Is Necessary for Hearing Function in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17092. [PMID: 38069416 PMCID: PMC10707444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian auditory hair cells transduce sound-evoked traveling waves in the cochlea into nerve stimuli, which are essential for hearing function. Pillar cells located between the inner and outer hair cells are involved in the formation of the tunnel of Corti, which incorporates outer-hair-cell-driven fluid oscillation and basilar membrane movement, leading to the fine-tuned frequency-specific perception of sounds by the inner hair cells. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of pillar cells remains to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the expression and function of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (Bai3), an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, in the cochlea. We found that Bai3 was expressed in hair cells in neonatal mice and pillar cells in adult mice, and, interestingly, Bai3 knockout mice revealed the abnormal formation of pillar cells, with the elevation of the hearing threshold in a frequency-dependent manner. Furthermore, old Bai3 knockout mice showed the degeneration of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the basal turn. The results suggest that Bai3 plays a crucial role in the development and/or maintenance of pillar cells, which, in turn, are necessary for normal hearing function. Our results may contribute to understanding the mechanisms of hearing loss in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Saegusa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Eriko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Aimi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sachiyo Mogi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (S.M.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tatsuhiko Harada
- Department of Otolaryngology, International University of Health and Welfare, Shizuoka 413-0012, Japan;
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; (S.M.); (T.Y.)
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (W.K.); (E.M.); (T.A.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8582, Japan
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Endo T. Postnatal skeletal muscle myogenesis governed by signal transduction networks: MAPKs and PI3K-Akt control multiple steps. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 682:223-243. [PMID: 37826946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myogenesis represents one of the most intensively and extensively examined systems of cell differentiation, tissue formation, and regeneration. Muscle regeneration provides an in vivo model system of postnatal myogenesis. It comprises multiple steps including muscle stem cell (or satellite cell) quiescence, activation, migration, myogenic determination, myoblast proliferation, myocyte differentiation, myofiber maturation, and hypertrophy. A variety of extracellular signaling and subsequent intracellular signal transduction pathways or networks govern the individual steps of postnatal myogenesis. Among them, MAPK pathways (the ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK5 pathways) and PI3K-Akt signaling regulate multiple steps of myogenesis. Ca2+, cytokine, and Wnt signaling also participate in several myogenesis steps. These signaling pathways often control cell cycle regulatory proteins or the muscle-specific MyoD family and the MEF2 family of transcription factors. This article comprehensively reviews molecular mechanisms of the individual steps of postnatal skeletal muscle myogenesis by focusing on signal transduction pathways or networks. Nevertheless, no or only a partial signaling molecules or pathways have been identified in some responses during myogenesis. The elucidation of these unidentified signaling molecules and pathways leads to an extensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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6
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Doan RA, Monk KR. Dock1 acts cell-autonomously in Schwann cells to regulate the development, maintenance, and repair of peripheral myelin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564271. [PMID: 37961336 PMCID: PMC10634861 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells, the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), are critical for myelin development, maintenance, and repair. Rac1 is a known regulator of radial sorting, a key step in developmental myelination, and we previously showed in zebrafish that loss of Dock1, a Rac1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, results in delayed peripheral myelination in development. We demonstrate here that Dock1 is necessary for myelin maintenance and remyelination after injury in adult zebrafish. Furthermore, it performs an evolutionary conserved role in mice, acting cell-autonomously in Schwann cells to regulate peripheral myelin development, maintenance, and repair. Additionally, manipulating Rac1 levels in larval zebrafish reveals that dock1 mutants are sensitized to inhibition of Rac1, suggesting an interaction between the two proteins during PNS development. We propose that the interplay between Dock1 and Rac1 signaling in Schwann cells is required to establish, maintain, and facilitate repair and remyelination within the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Doan
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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7
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Shiu FH, Wong JC, Bhattacharya D, Kuranaga Y, Parag RR, Alsharif HA, Bhatnagar S, Van Meir EG, Escayg A. Generation and initial characterization of mice lacking full-length BAI3 (ADGRB3) expression. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:353-363. [PMID: 37337931 PMCID: PMC10730119 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (ADGRB3/BAI3) belongs to the family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. It is most highly expressed in the brain where it plays a role in synaptogenesis and synapse maintenance. Genome-wide association studies have implicated ADGRB3 in disorders such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. Somatic mutations in ADGRB3 have also been identified in cancer. To better understand the in vivo physiological role of ADGRB3, we used CRISPR/Cas9 editing to generate a mouse line with a 7-base pair deletion in Adgrb3 exon 10. Western blot analysis confirmed that homozygous mutants (Adgrb3∆7/∆7 ) lack full-length ADGRB3 expression. The mutant mice were viable and reproduced in Mendelian ratios but demonstrated reduced brain and body weights and deficits in social interaction. Measurements of locomotor function, olfaction, anxiety levels and prepulse inhibition were comparable between heterozygous and homozygous mutants and wild-type littermates. Since ADGRB3 is also expressed in organs such as lung and pancreas, this new mouse model will facilitate elucidation of ADGRB3's role in non-central nervous system-related functions. Finally, since somatic mutations in ADGRB3 were identified in patients with several cancer types, these mice can be used to determine whether loss of ADGRB3 function contributes to tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Hung Shiu
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Wong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuki Kuranaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rashed R. Parag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Haifa A. Alsharif
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Alsharif H, Latimer MN, Perez KC, Alexander J, Rahman MM, Challa AK, Kim JA, Ramanadham S, Young M, Bhatnagar S. Loss of Brain Angiogenesis Inhibitor-3 (BAI3) G-Protein Coupled Receptor in Mice Regulates Adaptive Thermogenesis by Enhancing Energy Expenditure. Metabolites 2023; 13:711. [PMID: 37367869 PMCID: PMC10301052 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective energy expenditure is critical for maintaining body weight (BW). However, underlying mechanisms contributing to increased BW remain unknown. We characterized the role of brain angiogenesis inhibitor-3 (BAI3/ADGRB3), an adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR), in regulating BW. A CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing approach was utilized to generate a whole-body deletion of the BAI3 gene (BAI3-/-). In both BAI3-/- male and female mice, a significant reduction in BW was observed compared to BAI3+/+ control mice. Quantitative magnetic imaging analysis showed that lean and fat masses were reduced in male and female mice with BAI3 deficiency. Total activity, food intake, energy expenditure (EE), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were assessed in mice housed at room temperature using a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS). While no differences were observed in the activity between the two genotypes in male or female mice, energy expenditure was increased in both sexes with BAI3 deficiency. However, at thermoneutrality (30 °C), no differences in energy expenditure were observed between the two genotypes for either sex, suggesting a role for BAI3 in adaptive thermogenesis. Notably, in male BAI3-/- mice, food intake was reduced, and RER was increased, but these attributes remained unchanged in the female mice upon BAI3 loss. Gene expression analysis showed increased mRNA abundance of thermogenic genes Ucp1, Pgc1α, Prdm16, and Elov3 in brown adipose tissue (BAT). These outcomes suggest that adaptive thermogenesis due to enhanced BAT activity contributes to increased energy expenditure and reduced BW with BAI3 deficiency. Additionally, sex-dependent differences were observed in food intake and RER. These studies identify BAI3 as a novel regulator of BW that can be potentially targeted to improve whole-body energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Alsharif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mary N. Latimer
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.Y.)
| | - Katherine C. Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Justin Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anil K. Challa
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Jeong-A. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Martin Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.Y.)
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (H.A.); (K.C.P.); (J.A.); (M.M.R.); (J.-A.K.)
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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9
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Yang MN, Huang R, Zheng T, Dong Y, Wang WJ, Xu YJ, Mehra V, Zhou GD, Liu X, He H, Fang F, Li F, Fan JG, Zhang J, Ouyang F, Briollais L, Li J, Luo ZC. Genome-wide placental DNA methylations in fetal overgrowth and associations with leptin, adiponectin and fetal growth factors. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:192. [PMID: 36585686 PMCID: PMC9801645 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal overgrowth "programs" an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Epigenetic alterations may be a mechanism in programming the vulnerability. We sought to characterize genome-wide alterations in placental gene methylations in fetal overgrowth and the associations with metabolic health biomarkers including leptin, adiponectin and fetal growth factors. RESULTS Comparing genome-wide placental gene DNA methylations in large-for-gestational-age (LGA, an indicator of fetal overgrowth, n = 30) versus optimal-for-gestational-age (OGA, control, n = 30) infants using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation-EPIC BeadChip, we identified 543 differential methylation positions (DMPs; 397 hypermethylated, 146 hypomethylated) at false discovery rate < 5% and absolute methylation difference > 0.05 after adjusting for placental cell-type heterogeneity, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and HbA1c levels during pregnancy. Twenty-five DMPs annotated to 20 genes (QSOX1, FCHSD2, LOC101928162, ADGRB3, GCNT1, TAP1, MYO16, NAV1, ATP8A2, LBXCOR1, EN2, INCA1, CAMTA2, SORCS2, SLC4A4, RPA3, UMAD1,USP53, OR2L13 and NR3C2) could explain 80% of the birth weight variations. Pathway analyses did not detect any statistically significant pathways after correcting for multiple tests. We validated a newly discovered differentially (hyper-)methylated gene-visual system homeobox 1 (VSX1) in an independent pyrosequencing study sample (LGA 47, OGA 47). Our data confirmed a hypermethylated gene-cadherin 13 (CDH13) reported in a previous epigenome-wide association study. Adiponectin in cord blood was correlated with its gene methylation in the placenta, while leptin and fetal growth factors (insulin, IGF-1, IGF-2) were not. CONCLUSIONS Fetal overgrowth may be associated with a large number of altered placental gene methylations. Placental VSX1 and CDH13 genes are hypermethylated in fetal overgrowth. Placental ADIPOQ gene methylations and fetal circulating adiponectin levels were correlated, suggesting the contribution of placenta-originated adiponectin to cord blood adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Nan Yang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, L5-240, Murray Street 60, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Rong Huang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, L5-240, Murray Street 60, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Tao Zheng
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yu Dong
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Ya-Jie Xu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Vrati Mehra
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, L5-240, Murray Street 60, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Guang-Di Zhou
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xin Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Hua He
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Fang Fang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Fei Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Fatty Liver, Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Laurent Briollais
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, L5-240, Murray Street 60, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Jiong Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Clinical Medicine-Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, 8200 Aathus, Denmark
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, L5-240, Murray Street 60, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
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10
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Tran V, Nahlé S, Robert A, Desanlis I, Killoran R, Ehresmann S, Thibault MP, Barford D, Ravichandran KS, Sauvageau M, Smith MJ, Kmita M, Côté JF. Biasing the conformation of ELMO2 reveals that myoblast fusion can be exploited to improve muscle regeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7077. [PMID: 36400788 PMCID: PMC9674853 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is fundamental for the development of multinucleated myofibers. Evolutionarily conserved proteins required for myoblast fusion include RAC1 and its activator DOCK1. In the current study we analyzed the contribution of the DOCK1-interacting ELMO scaffold proteins to myoblast fusion. When Elmo1-/- mice underwent muscle-specific Elmo2 genetic ablation, they exhibited severe myoblast fusion defects. A mutation in the Elmo2 gene that reduced signaling resulted in a decrease in myoblast fusion. Conversely, a mutation in Elmo2 coding for a protein with an open conformation increased myoblast fusion during development and in muscle regeneration. Finally, we showed that the dystrophic features of the Dysferlin-null mice, a model of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B, were reversed when expressing ELMO2 in an open conformation. These data provide direct evidence that the myoblast fusion process could be exploited for regenerative purposes and improve the outcome of muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Tran
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sarah Nahlé
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Amélie Robert
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Inès Desanlis
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ryan Killoran
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sophie Ehresmann
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 OQH, UK
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908, VA, USA
- VIB/UGent Inflammation Research Centre, Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin Sauvageau
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie Kmita
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Molecular Biology Programs, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
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11
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Lala T, Hall RA. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: structure, signaling, physiology, and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1587-1624. [PMID: 35468004 PMCID: PMC9255715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (AGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans exhibiting a conserved general structure but diverse expression patterns and physiological functions. The large NH2 termini characteristic of AGPCRs confer unique properties to each receptor and possess a variety of distinct domains that can bind to a diverse array of extracellular proteins and components of the extracellular matrix. The traditional view of AGPCRs, as implied by their name, is that their core function is the mediation of adhesion. In recent years, though, many surprising advances have been made regarding AGPCR signaling mechanisms, activation by mechanosensory forces, and stimulation by small-molecule ligands such as steroid hormones and bioactive lipids. Thus, a new view of AGPCRs has begun to emerge in which these receptors are seen as massive signaling platforms that are crucial for the integration of adhesive, mechanosensory, and chemical stimuli. This review article describes the recent advances that have led to this new understanding of AGPCR function and also discusses new insights into the physiological actions of these receptors as well as their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Lala
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Sreepada A, Tiwari M, Pal K. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor gluing action guides tissue development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1355-1372. [PMID: 35969283 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) divides these transmembrane signaling proteins into five groups: glutamate, rhodopsin, adhesion, frizzled, and secretin families, commonly abbreviated as the GRAFS classification system. The adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) sub-family comprises 33 different receptors in humans. Majority of the aGPCRs are orphan receptors with unknown ligands, structures, and tissue expression profiles. They have a long N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) with several adhesion sites similar to integrin receptors. Many aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS), enclosed within the larger GPCR autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain. Recent breakthroughs in aGPCR research have created new paradigms for understanding their roles in organogenesis. They play crucial roles in multiple aspects of organ development through cell signaling, intercellular adhesion, and cell-matrix associations. They are involved in essential physiological processes like regulation of cell polarity, mitotic spindle orientation, cell adhesion, and migration. Multiple aGPCRs have been associated with the development of the brain, musculoskeletal system, kidneys, cardiovascular system, hormone secretion, and regulation of immune functions. Since aGPCRs have crucial roles in tissue patterning and organogenesis, mutations in these receptors are often associated with diseases with loss of tissue integrity. Thus, aGPCRs include a group of enigmatic receptors with untapped potential for elucidating novel signaling pathways leading to drug discovery. We summarized the current knowledge on how aGPCRs play critical roles in organ development and discussed how aGPCR mutations/genetic variants cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sreepada
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Mansi Tiwari
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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13
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Szondy Z, Al-Zaeed N, Tarban N, Fige É, Garabuczi É, Sarang Z. Involvement of phosphatidylserine receptors in the skeletal muscle regeneration: therapeutic implications. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1961-1973. [PMID: 35666022 PMCID: PMC9397555 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as disability, poor quality of life, and death. Increasing evidence indicates that diminished ability of the muscle to activate satellite cell-dependent regeneration is one of the factors that might contribute to its development. Skeletal muscle regeneration following myogenic cell death results from the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic stem cells, called satellite cells, located beneath the basal lamina of the muscle fibres. Satellite cell differentiation is not a satellite cell-autonomous process but depends on signals provided by the surrounding cells. Infiltrating macrophages play a key role in the process partly by clearing the necrotic cell debris, partly by producing cytokines and growth factors that guide myogenesis. At the beginning of the muscle regeneration process, macrophages are pro-inflammatory, and the cytokines produced by them trigger the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. Following the uptake of dead cells, however, a transcriptionally regulated phenotypic change (macrophage polarization) is induced in them resulting in their transformation into healing macrophages that guide resolution of inflammation, completion of myoblast differentiation, myoblast fusion and growth, and return to homeostasis. Impaired efferocytosis results in delayed cell death clearance, delayed macrophage polarization, prolonged inflammation, and impaired muscle regeneration. Thus, proper efferocytosis by macrophages is a determining factor during muscle repair. Here we review that both efferocytosis and myogenesis are dependent on the cell surface phosphatidylserine (PS), and surprisingly, these two processes share a number of common PS receptors and signalling pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that stimulating the function of PS receptors for facilitating muscle repair following injury could be a successful approach, as it would enhance efferocytosis and myogenesis simultaneously. Because increasing evidence indicates a pathophysiological role of impaired efferocytosis in the development of chronic inflammatory conditions, as well as in impaired muscle regeneration both contributing to the development of sarcopenia, improving efferocytosis should be considered also in its management. Again applying or combining those treatments that target PS receptors would be expected to be the most effective, because they would also promote myogenesis. A potential PS receptor-triggering candidate molecule is milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8), which not only stimulates PS-dependent efferocytosis and myoblast fusion but also promotes extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt activation-mediated cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szondy
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nour Al-Zaeed
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nastaran Tarban
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Fige
- Section of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Garabuczi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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14
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Boger M, Bennewitz K, Wohlfart DP, Hausser I, Sticht C, Poschet G, Kroll J. Comparative Morphological, Metabolic and Transcriptome Analyses in elmo1−/−, elmo2−/−, and elmo3−/− Zebrafish Mutants Identified a Functional Non-Redundancy of the Elmo Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:918529. [PMID: 35874819 PMCID: PMC9304559 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.918529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ELMO protein family consists of the homologues ELMO1, ELMO2 and ELMO3. Several studies have shown that the individual ELMO proteins are involved in a variety of cellular and developmental processes. However, it has poorly been understood whether the Elmo proteins show similar functions and act redundantly. To address this question, elmo1−/−, elmo2−/− and elmo3−/− zebrafish were generated and a comprehensive comparison of the phenotypic changes in organ morphology, transcriptome and metabolome was performed in these mutants. The results showed decreased fasting and increased postprandial blood glucose levels in adult elmo1−/−, as well as a decreased vascular formation in the adult retina in elmo1−/−, but an increased vascular formation in the adult elmo3−/− retina. The phenotypical comparison provided few similarities, as increased Bowman space areas in adult elmo1−/− and elmo2−/− kidneys, an increased hyaloid vessel diameter in elmo1−/− and elmo3−/− and a transcriptional downregulation of the vascular development in elmo1−/−, elmo2−/−, and elmo3−/− zebrafish larvae. Besides this, elmo1−/−, elmo2−/−, and elmo3−/− zebrafish exhibited several distinct changes in the vascular and glomerular structure and in the metabolome and the transcriptome. Especially, elmo3−/− zebrafish showed extensive differences in the larval transcriptome and an impaired survivability. Together, the data demonstrated that the three zebrafish Elmo proteins regulate not only similar but also divergent biological processes and mechanisms and show a low functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Boger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Bennewitz
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Philipp Wohlfart
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hausser
- Institute of Pathology IPH, EM Lab, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jens Kroll,
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15
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Regulation of the myoblast fusion reaction for muscle development, regeneration, and adaptations. Exp Cell Res 2022; 415:113134. [PMID: 35367215 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusion of plasma membranes is essential for skeletal muscle development, regeneration, exercise-induced adaptations, and results in a cell that contains hundreds to thousands of nuclei within a shared cytoplasm. The differentiation process in myocytes culminates in their fusion to form a new myofiber or fusion to an existing myofiber thereby contributing more synthetic material to the syncytium. The choice for two cells to fuse and become one could be a dangerous event if the two cells are not committed to an allied function. Thus, fusion events are highly regulated with positive and negative factors to fine-tune the process, and requires muscle-specific fusogens (Myomaker and Myomerger) as well as general cellular machinery to achieve the union of membranes. While a unified vertebrate myoblast fusion pathway is not yet established, recent discoveries should make this pursuit attainable. Not only does myocyte fusion impact the normal biology of skeletal muscle, but new evidence indicates dysregulation of the process impacts pathologies of skeletal muscle. Here, I will highlight the molecular players and biochemical mechanisms that drive fusion events in muscle, and discuss how this key myogenic process impacts skeletal muscle diseases.
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16
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Wang J, Miao Y, Wicklein R, Sun Z, Wang J, Jude KM, Fernandes RA, Merrill SA, Wernig M, Garcia KC, Südhof TC. RTN4/NoGo-receptor binding to BAI adhesion-GPCRs regulates neuronal development. Cell 2021; 184:5869-5885.e25. [PMID: 34758294 PMCID: PMC8620742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RTN4-binding proteins were widely studied as "NoGo" receptors, but their physiological interactors and roles remain elusive. Similarly, BAI adhesion-GPCRs were associated with numerous activities, but their ligands and functions remain unclear. Using unbiased approaches, we observed an unexpected convergence: RTN4 receptors are high-affinity ligands for BAI adhesion-GPCRs. A single thrombospondin type 1-repeat (TSR) domain of BAIs binds to the leucine-rich repeat domain of all three RTN4-receptor isoforms with nanomolar affinity. In the 1.65 Å crystal structure of the BAI1/RTN4-receptor complex, C-mannosylation of tryptophan and O-fucosylation of threonine in the BAI TSR-domains creates a RTN4-receptor/BAI interface shaped by unusual glycoconjugates that enables high-affinity interactions. In human neurons, RTN4 receptors regulate dendritic arborization, axonal elongation, and synapse formation by differential binding to glial versus neuronal BAIs, thereby controlling neural network activity. Thus, BAI binding to RTN4/NoGo receptors represents a receptor-ligand axis that, enabled by rare post-translational modifications, controls development of synaptic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca Wicklein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zijun Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinzhao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean A Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Rodríguez-Fdez S, Bustelo XR. Rho GTPases in Skeletal Muscle Development and Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112984. [PMID: 34831205 PMCID: PMC8616218 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases) are molecular switches that cycle between an inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound and an active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state during signal transduction. As such, they regulate a wide range of both cellular and physiological processes. In this review, we will summarize recent work on the role of Rho GTPase-regulated pathways in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, tissue mass homeostatic balance, and metabolism. In addition, we will present current evidence that links the dysregulation of these GTPases with diseases caused by skeletal muscle dysfunction. Overall, this information underscores the critical role of a number of members of the Rho GTPase subfamily in muscle development and the overall metabolic balance of mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rodríguez-Fdez
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xosé R. Bustelo
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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18
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Physiological Roles of Apoptotic Cell Clearance: Beyond Immune Functions. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111141. [PMID: 34833017 PMCID: PMC8621940 DOI: 10.3390/life11111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells is known to be a critical step in maintaining tissue and organism homeostasis. This process is rapidly/promptly mediated by recruited or resident phagocytes. Phagocytes that engulf apoptotic cells have been closely linked to the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines to eliminate inflammatory responses. Defective clearance of apoptotic cells can cause severe inflammation and autoimmune responses due to secondary necrosis of apoptotic cells. Recently accumulated evidence indicates that apoptotic cells and their clearance have important physiological roles in addition to immune-related functions. Herein, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms and fundamental roles of apoptotic cell clearance and the beneficial roles of apoptotic cells in physiological processes such as differentiation and development.
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19
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Hammers DW, Hart CC, Matheny MK, Heimsath EG, Lee YI, Hammer JA, Cheney RE, Sweeney HL. Filopodia powered by class x myosin promote fusion of mammalian myoblasts. eLife 2021; 10:e72419. [PMID: 34519272 PMCID: PMC8500716 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated cellular giants formed by the fusion of mononuclear myoblasts. Several molecules involved in myoblast fusion have been discovered, and finger-like projections coincident with myoblast fusion have also been implicated in the fusion process. The role of these cellular projections in muscle cell fusion was investigated herein. We demonstrate that these projections are filopodia generated by class X myosin (Myo10), an unconventional myosin motor protein specialized for filopodia. We further show that Myo10 is highly expressed by differentiating myoblasts, and Myo10 ablation inhibits both filopodia formation and myoblast fusion in vitro. In vivo, Myo10 labels regenerating muscle fibers associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and acute muscle injury. In mice, conditional loss of Myo10 from muscle-resident stem cells, known as satellite cells, severely impairs postnatal muscle regeneration. Furthermore, the muscle fusion proteins Myomaker and Myomixer are detected in myoblast filopodia. These data demonstrate that Myo10-driven filopodia facilitate multinucleated mammalian muscle formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Fusion
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Development
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/pathology
- Myosins/genetics
- Myosins/metabolism
- Pseudopodia/genetics
- Pseudopodia/metabolism
- Regeneration
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/pathology
- Time Factors
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hammers
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleUnited States
- University of Florida Myology InstituteGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Cora C Hart
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleUnited States
- University of Florida Myology InstituteGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Michael K Matheny
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleUnited States
- University of Florida Myology InstituteGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Ernest G Heimsath
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillUnited States
| | - Young il Lee
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleUnited States
- University of Florida Myology InstituteGainesvilleUnited States
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteBethesdaUnited States
| | - Richard E Cheney
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of MedicineChapel HillUnited States
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleUnited States
- University of Florida Myology InstituteGainesvilleUnited States
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20
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Flagging fusion: Phosphatidylserine signaling in cell-cell fusion. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100411. [PMID: 33581114 PMCID: PMC8005811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formations of myofibers, osteoclasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and fertilized zygotes share a common step, cell–cell fusion. Recent years have brought about considerable progress in identifying some of the proteins involved in these and other cell-fusion processes. However, even for the best-characterized cell fusions, we still do not know the mechanisms that regulate the timing of cell-fusion events. Are they fully controlled by the expression of fusogenic proteins or do they also depend on some triggering signal that activates these proteins? The latter scenario would be analogous to the mechanisms that control the timing of exocytosis initiated by Ca2+ influx and virus-cell fusion initiated by low pH- or receptor interaction. Diverse cell fusions are accompanied by the nonapoptotic exposure of phosphatidylserine at the surface of fusing cells. Here we review data on the dependence of membrane remodeling in cell fusion on phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylserine-recognizing proteins and discuss the hypothesis that cell surface phosphatidylserine serves as a conserved “fuse me” signal regulating the time and place of cell-fusion processes.
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21
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Cracknell T, Mannsverk S, Nichols A, Dowle A, Blanco G. Proteomic resolution of IGFN1 complexes reveals a functional interaction with the actin nucleating protein COBL. Exp Cell Res 2020; 395:112179. [PMID: 32768501 PMCID: PMC7584501 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Igfn1 gene produces multiple proteins by alternative splicing predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle. Igfn1 deficient clones derived from C2C12 myoblasts show reduced fusion index and morphological differences compared to control myotubes. Here, we first show that G:F actin ratios are significantly higher in differentiating IGFN1-deficient C2C12 myoblasts, suggesting that fusion and differentiation defects are underpinned by deficient actin remodelling. We obtained pull-downs from skeletal muscle with IGFN1 fragments and applied a proteomics approach. The proteomic composition of IGFN1 complexes identified the cytoskeleton and an association with the proteasome as the main networks. The actin nucleating protein COBL was selected for further validation. COBL is expressed in C2C12 myoblasts from the first stages of myoblast fusion but not in proliferating cells. COBL is also expressed in adult muscle and, as IGFN1, localizes to the Z-disc. We show that IGFN1 interacts, stabilizes and colocalizes with COBL and prevents the ability of COBL to form actin ruffles in COS7 cells. COBL loss of function C2C12-derived clones are able to fuse, therefore indicating that COBL or the IGFN1/COBL interaction are not essential for myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steinar Mannsverk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angus Nichols
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO32 5UQ, UK
| | - Adam Dowle
- Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO32 5UQ, UK
| | - Gonzalo Blanco
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO32 5UQ, UK.
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22
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Chang L, Yang J, Jo CH, Boland A, Zhang Z, McLaughlin SH, Abu-Thuraia A, Killoran RC, Smith MJ, Côté JF, Barford D. Structure of the DOCK2-ELMO1 complex provides insights into regulation of the auto-inhibited state. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3464. [PMID: 32651375 PMCID: PMC7351999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DOCK (dedicator of cytokinesis) proteins are multidomain guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for RHO GTPases that regulate intracellular actin dynamics. DOCK proteins share catalytic (DOCKDHR2) and membrane-associated (DOCKDHR1) domains. The structurally-related DOCK1 and DOCK2 GEFs are specific for RAC, and require ELMO (engulfment and cell motility) proteins for function. The N-terminal RAS-binding domain (RBD) of ELMO (ELMORBD) interacts with RHOG to modulate DOCK1/2 activity. Here, we determine the cryo-EM structures of DOCK2-ELMO1 alone, and as a ternary complex with RAC1, together with the crystal structure of a RHOG-ELMO2RBD complex. The binary DOCK2-ELMO1 complex adopts a closed, auto-inhibited conformation. Relief of auto-inhibition to an active, open state, due to a conformational change of the ELMO1 subunit, exposes binding sites for RAC1 on DOCK2DHR2, and RHOG and BAI GPCRs on ELMO1. Our structure explains how up-stream effectors, including DOCK2 and ELMO1 phosphorylation, destabilise the auto-inhibited state to promote an active GEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leifu Chang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Chang Hwa Jo
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Andreas Boland
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ziguo Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Afnan Abu-Thuraia
- Montreal Institute of Clinical Research (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Ryan C Killoran
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Côté
- Montreal Institute of Clinical Research (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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23
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Bondarev AD, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. Opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) functions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1291-1307. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1791075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D. Bondarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Misty M. Attwood
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N. Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department Of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Wang Y, Li H, Li F. ELMO2 association with G αi2 regulates pancreatic cancer cell chemotaxis and metastasis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8910. [PMID: 32292657 PMCID: PMC7144586 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease. Nearly half of the patients have distant metastasis and remain asymptomatic. Emerging evidence suggests that the chemokine, CXCL12, has a role in cancer metastasis. The interaction between CXCL12 and CXCR4 activates heterotrimeric G proteins, which regulates actin polymerization and cancer cell migration. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer cell migration are still largely obscure. Here, we addressed the role of ELMO2 in chemotaxis and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. Methods Pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and AsPC-1 and siRNA-mediated knockdown of ELMO2 were used to determine the effects of ELMO2 on cancer cell chemotaxis, invasion, migration. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to identify interacting partners of ELMO2. Results ELMO2 knockdown inhibited pancreatic cancer cell chemotaxis, migration, invasion, and F-actin polymerization. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that ELMO2 interacted with Gαi2 and that CXCL12 triggered Gα i2-dependent membrane translocation of ELMO2. Thus, ELMO2 is a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Chen B, You W, Wang Y, Shan T. The regulatory role of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion in muscle development and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1551-1569. [PMID: 31642939 PMCID: PMC11105057 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays essential roles in motor function, energy, and glucose metabolism. Skeletal muscle formation occurs through a process called myogenesis, in which a crucial step is the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts to form multinucleated myofibers. The myoblast/myocyte fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific way that is essential for muscle development and post-natal muscle regeneration. Many molecules and proteins have been found and demonstrated to have the capacity to regulate the fusion of myoblast/myocytes. Interestingly, two newly discovered muscle-specific membrane proteins, Myomaker and Myomixer (also called Myomerger and Minion), have been identified as fusogenic regulators in vertebrates. Both Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion have the capacity to directly control the myogenic fusion process. Here, we review and discuss the latest studies related to these two proteins, including the discovery, structure, expression pattern, functions, and regulation of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion. We also emphasize and discuss the interaction between Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion, as well as their cooperative regulatory roles in cell-cell fusion. Moreover, we highlight the areas for exploration of Myomaker and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion in future studies and consider their potential application to control cell fusion for cell-therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bide Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.
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26
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Dunn HA, Orlandi C, Martemyanov KA. Beyond the Ligand: Extracellular and Transcellular G Protein-Coupled Receptor Complexes in Physiology and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:503-519. [PMID: 31515243 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain one of the most successful targets of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. GPCR research has predominantly focused on the characterization of the intracellular interactome's contribution to GPCR function and pharmacology. However, emerging evidence uncovers a new dimension in the biology of GPCRs involving their extracellular and transcellular interactions that critically impact GPCR function and pharmacology. The seminal examples include a variety of adhesion GPCRs, such as ADGRLs/latrophilins, ADGRBs/brain angiogenesis inhibitors, ADGRG1/GPR56, ADGRG6/GPR126, ADGRE5/CD97, and ADGRC3/CELSR3. However, recent advances have indicated that class C GPCRs that contain large extracellular domains, including group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8), γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and orphans GPR158 and GPR179, can also participate in this form of transcellular regulation. In this review, we will focus on a variety of identified extracellular and transcellular GPCR-interacting partners, including teneurins, neurexins, integrins, fibronectin leucine-rich transmembranes, contactin-6, neuroligin, laminins, collagens, major prion protein, amyloid precursor protein, complement C1q-likes, stabilin-2, pikachurin, dystroglycan, complement decay-accelerating factor CD55, cluster of differentiation CD36 and CD90, extracellular leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1, and leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like domain and transmembrane domains. We provide an account on the diversity of extracellular and transcellular GPCR complexes and their contribution to key cellular and physiologic processes, including cell migration, axon guidance, cellular and synaptic adhesion, and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss models and mechanisms by which extracellular GPCR assemblies may regulate communication at cellular junctions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to be the prominent focus of pharmacological intervention for a variety of human pathologies. Although the majority of GPCR research has focused on the intracellular interactome, recent advancements have identified an extracellular dimension of GPCR modulation that alters accepted pharmacological principles of GPCRs. Herein, we describe known endogenous allosteric modulators acting on GPCRs both in cis and in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
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27
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Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is indispensable for creating life and building syncytial tissues and organs. Ever since the discovery of cell-cell fusion, how cells join together to form zygotes and multinucleated syncytia has remained a fundamental question in cell and developmental biology. In the past two decades, Drosophila myoblast fusion has been used as a powerful genetic model to unravel mechanisms underlying cell-cell fusion in vivo. Many evolutionarily conserved fusion-promoting factors have been identified and so has a surprising and conserved cellular mechanism. In this review, we revisit key findings in Drosophila myoblast fusion and highlight the critical roles of cellular invasion and resistance in driving cell membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon M Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Elizabeth H Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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28
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Petrany MJ, Millay DP. Cell Fusion: Merging Membranes and Making Muscle. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:964-973. [PMID: 31648852 PMCID: PMC7849503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion is essential for the development of multicellular organisms, and plays a key role in the formation of various cell types and tissues. Recent findings have highlighted the varied protein machinery that drives plasma-membrane merger in different systems, which is characterized by diverse structural and functional elements. We highlight the discovery and activities of several key sets of fusion proteins that together offer an evolving perspective on cell membrane fusion. We also emphasize recent discoveries in vertebrate myoblast fusion in skeletal muscle, which is composed of numerous multinucleated myofibers formed by the fusion of progenitor cells during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Petrany
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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29
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Chikazawa M, Shimizu M, Yamauchi Y, Sato R. Bridging molecules are secreted from the skeletal muscle and potentially regulate muscle differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:113-120. [PMID: 31753488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Muscle myogenesis is an essential step for muscle development and recovery. During muscle fusion, multiple molecules are thought to be necessary for the formation of normal myotubes. Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) and Gas6 are phosphatidylserine-recognizing bridging molecules that are secreted mainly from immune cells. In this study, we confirmed that these molecules are expressed and secreted from C2C12 cells. Mouse muscle and satellite cells also expressed these molecules. MFG-E8 was highly expressed and secreted in both undifferentiated and differentiated C2C12 cells. We observed that MFG-E8 and Gas6 were bound to the surface of differentiated C2C12 cells more compared with undifferentiated cells. Additionally, the treatment of recombinant MFG-E8 upregulated expression of myogenic genes and suppressed apoptosis during myogenesis in C2C12 cells. In this paper, we discuss the presence of novel functional molecules expressed and secreted in the skeletal muscle. The results of this study suggest that bridging molecules are one of the determinants of myogenesis or other muscle responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Chikazawa
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimizu
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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30
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Zfp422 promotes skeletal muscle differentiation by regulating EphA7 to induce appropriate myoblast apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1644-1659. [PMID: 31685980 PMCID: PMC7206035 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 422 (Zfp422) is a widely expressed zinc finger protein that serves as a transcriptional factor to regulate downstream gene expression, but until now, little is known about its roles in myogenesis. We found here that Zfp422 plays a critical role in skeletal muscle development and regeneration. It highly expresses in mouse skeletal muscle during embryonic development. Specific knockout of Zfp422 in skeletal muscle impaired embryonic muscle formation. Satellite cell-specific Zfp422 deletion severely inhibited muscle regeneration. Myoblast differentiation and myotube formation were suppressed in Zfp422-deleted C2C12 cells, isolated primary myoblasts, and satellite cells. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) revealed that Zfp422 regulated ephrin type-A receptor 7 (EphA7) expression by binding an upstream 169-bp DNA sequence, which was proved to be an enhancer of EphA7. Knocking EphA7 down in C2C12 cells or deleting Zfp422 in myoblasts will inhibit cell apoptosis which is required for myoblast differentiation. These results indicate that Zfp422 is essential for skeletal muscle differentiation and fusion, through regulating EphA7 expression to maintain proper apoptosis.
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31
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Rival CM, Xu W, Shankman LS, Morioka S, Arandjelovic S, Lee CS, Wheeler KM, Smith RP, Haney LB, Isakson BE, Purcell S, Lysiak JJ, Ravichandran KS. Phosphatidylserine on viable sperm and phagocytic machinery in oocytes regulate mammalian fertilization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4456. [PMID: 31575859 PMCID: PMC6773685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertilization is essential for species survival. Although Izumo1 and Juno are critical for initial interaction between gametes, additional molecules necessary for sperm:egg fusion on both the sperm and the oocyte remain to be defined. Here, we show that phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is exposed on the head region of viable and motile sperm, with PtdSer exposure progressively increasing during sperm transit through the epididymis. Functionally, masking phosphatidylserine on sperm via three different approaches inhibits fertilization. On the oocyte, phosphatidylserine recognition receptors BAI1, CD36, Tim-4, and Mer-TK contribute to fertilization. Further, oocytes lacking the cytoplasmic ELMO1, or functional disruption of RAC1 (both of which signal downstream of BAI1/BAI3), also affect sperm entry into oocytes. Intriguingly, mammalian sperm could fuse with skeletal myoblasts, requiring PtdSer on sperm and BAI1/3, ELMO2, RAC1 in myoblasts. Collectively, these data identify phosphatidylserine on viable sperm and PtdSer recognition receptors on oocytes as key players in sperm:egg fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Rival
- The Center for Cell Clearance, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Laura S Shankman
- The Center for Cell Clearance, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Sho Morioka
- The Center for Cell Clearance, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Sanja Arandjelovic
- The Center for Cell Clearance, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- The Center for Cell Clearance, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen M Wheeler
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Ryan P Smith
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Lisa B Haney
- The Center for Cell Clearance, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Scott Purcell
- Reproductive Medicine and Surgery Center of Virginia, 595 Martha Jefferson Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22911, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Lysiak
- The Center for Cell Clearance, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- The Center for Cell Clearance, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, and the UGent-VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a fundamental process underlying fertilization, development, regeneration and physiology of metazoans. It is a multi-step process involving cell recognition and adhesion, actin cytoskeletal rearrangements, fusogen engagement, lipid mixing and fusion pore formation, ultimately resulting in the integration of two fusion partners. Here, we focus on the asymmetric actin cytoskeletal rearrangements at the site of fusion, known as the fusogenic synapse, which was first discovered during myoblast fusion in Drosophila embryos and later also found in mammalian muscle and non-muscle cells. At the asymmetric fusogenic synapse, actin-propelled invasive membrane protrusions from an attacking fusion partner trigger actomyosin-based mechanosensory responses in the receiving cell. The interplay between the invasive and resisting forces generated by the two fusion partners puts the fusogenic synapse under high mechanical tension and brings the two cell membranes into close proximity, promoting the engagement of fusogens to initiate fusion pore formation. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we highlight the molecular, cellular and biophysical events at the asymmetric fusogenic synapse using Drosophila myoblast fusion as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Stabilin Receptors: Role as Phosphatidylserine Receptors. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080387. [PMID: 31434355 PMCID: PMC6723754 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine is a membrane phospholipid that is localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylserine externalization to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is an important signal for various physiological processes, including apoptosis, platelet activation, cell fusion, lymphocyte activation, and regenerative axonal fusion. Stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 are membrane receptors that recognize phosphatidylserine on the cell surface. Here, we discuss the functions of Stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 as phosphatidylserine receptors in apoptotic cell clearance (efferocytosis) and cell fusion, and their ligand-recognition and signaling pathways.
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Schroer AB, Mohamed JS, Willard MD, Setola V, Oestreich E, Siderovski DP. A role for Regulator of G protein Signaling-12 (RGS12) in the balance between myoblast proliferation and differentiation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216167. [PMID: 31408461 PMCID: PMC6691989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G Protein Signaling (RGS proteins) inhibit G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by accelerating the GTP hydrolysis rate of activated Gα subunits. Some RGS proteins exert additional signal modulatory functions, and RGS12 is one such protein, with five additional, functional domains: a PDZ domain, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain, two Ras-binding domains, and a Gα·GDP-binding GoLoco motif. RGS12 expression is temporospatially regulated in developing mouse embryos, with notable expression in somites and developing skeletal muscle. We therefore examined whether RGS12 is involved in the skeletal muscle myogenic program. In the adult mouse, RGS12 is expressed in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, and its expression is increased early after cardiotoxin-induced injury, suggesting a role in muscle regeneration. Consistent with a potential role in coordinating myogenic signals, RGS12 is also expressed in primary myoblasts; as these cells undergo differentiation and fusion into myotubes, RGS12 protein abundance is reduced. Myoblasts isolated from mice lacking Rgs12 expression have an impaired ability to differentiate into myotubes ex vivo, suggesting that RGS12 may play a role as a modulator/switch for differentiation. We also assessed the muscle regenerative capacity of mice conditionally deficient in skeletal muscle Rgs12 expression (via Pax7-driven Cre recombinase expression), following cardiotoxin-induced damage to the TA muscle. Eight days post-damage, mice lacking RGS12 in skeletal muscle had attenuated repair of muscle fibers. However, when mice lacking skeletal muscle expression of Rgs12 were cross-bred with mdx mice (a model of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy), no increase in muscle degeneration was observed over time. These data support the hypothesis that RGS12 plays a role in coordinating signals during the myogenic program in select circumstances, but loss of the protein may be compensated for within model syndromes of prolonged bouts of muscle damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B. Schroer
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, WVU School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Junaith S. Mohamed
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Melinda D. Willard
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Vincent Setola
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Emily Oestreich
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EO); (DPS)
| | - David P. Siderovski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, WVU School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EO); (DPS)
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Hsiao CC, van der Poel M, van Ham TJ, Hamann J. Macrophages Do Not Express the Phagocytic Receptor BAI1/ ADGRB1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:962. [PMID: 31130954 PMCID: PMC6509540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlijn van der Poel
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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36
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Voices from the dead: The complex vocabulary and intricate grammar of dead cells. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:1-90. [PMID: 31036289 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Of the roughly one million cells per second dying throughout the body, the vast majority dies by apoptosis, the predominant form of regulated cell death in higher organisms. Long regarded as mere waste, apoptotic cells are now recognized as playing a prominent and active role in homeostatic maintenance, especially resolution of inflammation, and in the sculpting of tissues during development. The activities associated with apoptotic cells are continually expanding, with more recent studies demonstrating their ability to modulate such vital functions as proliferation, survival, differentiation, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. In each case, the role of apoptotic cells is active, exerting their effects via new activities acquired during the apoptotic program. Moreover, the capacity to recognize and respond to apoptotic cells is not limited to professional phagocytes. Most, if not all, cells receive and integrate an array of signals from cells dying in their vicinity. These signals comprise a form of biochemical communication. As reviewed in this chapter, this communication is remarkably sophisticated; each of its three critical steps-encoding, transmission, and decoding of the apoptotic cell's "message"-is endowed with exquisite robustness. Together, the abundance and intricacy of the variables at each step comprise the vocabulary and grammar of the language by which dead cells achieve their post-mortem voice. The combinatorial complexity of the resulting communication network permits dying cells, through the signals they emit and the responses those signals elicit, to partake of an expanded role in homeostasis, acting as both sentinels of environmental change and agents of adaptation.
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37
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Langenhan T. Adhesion G protein–coupled receptors—Candidate metabotropic mechanosensors and novel drug targets. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:5-16. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
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38
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Takahashi K, Itakura E, Takano K, Endo T. DA-Raf, a dominant-negative regulator of the Ras–ERK pathway, is essential for skeletal myocyte differentiation including myoblast fusion and apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2019; 376:168-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yuan C, Freeman BT, McArdle TJ, Jung JP, Ogle BM. Conserved pathway activation following xenogeneic, heterotypic fusion. FASEB J 2019; 33:6767-6777. [PMID: 30807240 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801700r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusion between cells of different organisms (i.e., xenogeneic hybrids) can occur, and for humans this may occur in the course of tissue transplantation, animal handling, and food production. Previous work shows that conferred advantages are rare in xenogeneic hybrids, whereas risks of cellular dysregulation are high. Here, we explore the transcriptome of individual xenogeneic hybrids of human mesenchymal stem cells and murine cardiomyocytes soon after fusion and ask whether the process is stochastic or involves conserved pathway activation. Toward this end, single-cell RNA sequencing was used to analyze the transcriptomes of hybrid cells with respect to the human and mouse genomes. Consistent with previous work, hybrids possessed a unique transcriptome distinct from either fusion partner but were dominated by the cardiomyocyte transcriptome. New in this work is the documentation that a few genes that were latent in both fusion partners were consistently expressed in hybrids. Specifically, human growth hormone 1, murine ribosomal protein S27, and murine ATP synthase H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex subunit C2 were expressed in nearly all hybrids. The consistent activation of latent genes between hybrids suggests conserved signaling mechanisms that either cause or are the consequence of fusion of these 2 cell types and might serve as a target for limiting unwanted xenogeneic fusion in the future.-Yuan, C., Freeman, B. T., McArdle, T. J., Jung, J. P., Ogle, B. M. Conserved pathway activation following xenogeneic, heterotypic fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Yuan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian T Freeman
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tanner J McArdle
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jangwook P Jung
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brenda M Ogle
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; and.,Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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40
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Olaniru OE, Persaud SJ. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors: Implications for metabolic function. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:123-134. [PMID: 30825474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are emerging as important actors in energy homeostasis. Recent biochemical and functional studies using transgenic mice indicate that aGPCRs play important roles in endocrine and metabolic functions including β-cell differentiation, insulin secretion, adipogenesis and whole body fuel homeostasis. Most aGPCRs are orphans, for which endogenous ligands have not yet been identified, and many of the endogenous ligands of the already de-orphanised aGPCRs are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review we focus on aGPCR expression in metabolically active tissues, their activation by ECM proteins, and current knowledge of their potential roles in islet development, insulin secretion, adipogenesis and muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo E Olaniru
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Diabetes, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Diabetes, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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41
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Tan A, Ke S, Chen Y, Chen L, Lu X, Ding F, Yang L, Tang Y, Yu Y. Expression patterns of C1ql4 and its cell-adhesion GPCR Bai3 in the murine testis and functional roles in steroidogenesis. FASEB J 2019; 33:4893-4906. [PMID: 30608882 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801620rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
C1q-like 4 (C1QL4), a novel member of the C1q- and TNF-related protein family, was found to be highly expressed in rodent and human testis. However, the localization, developmental, and hormonally regulated expression and biologic function of C1ql4 in the testis have not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that C1ql4 mRNA and protein levels in murine testes gradually increased from the postnatal period to the adult stage and were up-regulated by LH in vivo. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the distribution and expression levels of C1ql4 mRNA varied at different developmental stages, although C1ql4 mRNA was detected in the seminiferous tubule and interstitial Leydig cells. Recombinant C1QL4 did not affect cell proliferation but did increase testosterone production in TM3 Leydig cells, as well as in cultured seminiferous tubules. C1QL4-induced testosterone secretion in Leydig cells was accompanied by increased expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and steroidogenic enzymes. During this process, the c-Raf/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2/ERK1/2/mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 and cAMP/PKA/cAMP-responsive element binding protein signaling cascades were activated by C1QL4. The cell-adhesion GPCR brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3), a putative receptor of C1QL4, was detected in the seminiferous tubule and interstitial Leydig cells during testicular development. Knockdown of Bai3 expression in Leydig cells led to a reduction in Star expression, accompanied by increases in phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and intercellular cAMP levels. However, C1QL4-induced StAR expression was not completely suppressed in the Bai3-deficient Leydig cells, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and intercellular cAMP levels were not significantly changed before and after C1QL4 stimulation. Our results suggested that although BAI3 played a role in C1QL4-induced steroidogenesis, there was an unidentified receptor that mediated C1QL4-activated testosterone secretion in Leydig cells through phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and up-regulation of intracellular cAMP levels. Taken together, our results showed, for the first time to our knowledge, that C1QL4 served as a novel acute regulator of testosterone secretion, and BAI3 functioned as a new receptor that is involved in steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. BAI3-independent ERK1/2 activation and cAMP activation mediated C1QL4-induced testosterone secretion. This study expanded the reproductive roles and mechanisms of C1QL4 and BAI3 signaling pathways.-Tan, A., Ke, S., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Lu, X., Ding, F., Yang, L., Tang, Y., Yu, Y. Expression patterns of C1ql4 and its cell-adhesion GPCR Bai3 in the murine testis and functional roles in steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Tan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Shiyun Ke
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Liuhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yanhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine (Jinan University-Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ministry of Education, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; and
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42
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Structure of BAI1/ELMO2 complex reveals an action mechanism of adhesion GPCRs via ELMO family scaffolds. Nat Commun 2019; 10:51. [PMID: 30604775 PMCID: PMC6318265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI) subfamily of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) plays crucial roles in diverse cellular processes including phagocytosis, myoblast fusion, and synaptic development through the ELMO/DOCK/Rac signaling pathway, although the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that an evolutionarily conserved fragment located in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of BAI-aGPCRs is specifically recognized by the RBD-ARR-ELMO (RAE) supramodule of the ELMO family scaffolds. The crystal structures of ELMO2-RAE and its complex with BAI1 uncover the molecular basis of BAI/ELMO interactions. Based on the complex structure we identify aGPCR-GPR128 as another upstream receptor for the ELMO family scaffolds, most likely with a recognition mode similar to that of BAI/ELMO interactions. Finally, we map disease-causing mutations of BAI and ELMO and analyze their effects on complex formation.
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43
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Naa15 knockdown enhances c2c12 myoblast fusion and induces defects in zebrafish myotome morphogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 228:61-67. [PMID: 30502388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of muscle tissue formation and regeneration is essential for the development of therapeutic approaches to treat muscle diseases or loss of muscle mass and strength during ageing or cancer. One of the critical steps in muscle formation is the fusion of muscle cells to form or regenerate muscle fibres. To identify new genes controlling myoblast fusion, we performed a siRNA screen in c2c12 myoblasts. The genes identified during this screen were then studied in vivo by knockdown in zebrafish using morpholino. We found that N-alpha-acetyltransferase 15 (Naa15) knockdown enhanced c2c12 myoblast fusion, suggesting that Naa15 negatively regulates myogenic cell fusion. We identified two Naa15 orthologous genes in the zebrafish genome: Naa15a and Naa15b. These two orthologs were expressed in the myogenic domain of the somite. Knockdown of zebrafish Naa15a and Naa15b genes induced a "U"-shaped segmentation of the myotome and alteration of myotome boundaries, resulting in the formation of abnormally long myofibres spanning adjacent somites. Taken together, these results show that Naa15 regulates myotome formation and myogenesis in fish.
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Moon SY, Shin SA, Oh YS, Park HH, Lee CS. Understanding the Role of the BAI Subfamily of Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Pathological and Physiological Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120597. [PMID: 30513696 PMCID: PMC6316137 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors (BAIs) 1, 2, and 3 are members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptors, subfamily B, which share a conserved seven-transmembrane structure and an N-terminal extracellular domain. In cell- and animal-based studies, these receptors have been shown to play diverse roles under physiological and pathological conditions. BAI1 is an engulfment receptor and performs major functions in apoptotic-cell clearance and interacts (as a pattern recognition receptor) with pathogen components. BAI1 and -3 also participate in myoblast fusion. Furthermore, BAI1–3 have been linked to tumor progression and neurological diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the functions of BAI1–3 in pathological and physiological conditions and discuss future directions in terms of the importance of BAIs as pharmacological targets in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Seong-Ah Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- Department of Brain-Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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45
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Hamoud N, Tran V, Aimi T, Kakegawa W, Lahaie S, Thibault MP, Pelletier A, Wong GW, Kim IS, Kania A, Yuzaki M, Bouvier M, Côté JF. Spatiotemporal regulation of the GPCR activity of BAI3 by C1qL4 and Stabilin-2 controls myoblast fusion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4470. [PMID: 30367035 PMCID: PMC6203814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is tightly regulated during development and regeneration of muscle fibers. BAI3 is a receptor that orchestrates myoblast fusion via Elmo/Dock1 signaling, but the mechanisms regulating its activity remain elusive. Here we report that mice lacking BAI3 display small muscle fibers and inefficient muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. We describe two proteins that repress or activate BAI3 in muscle progenitors. We find that the secreted C1q-like1-4 proteins repress fusion by specifically interacting with BAI3. Using a proteomic approach, we identify Stabilin-2 as a protein that interacts with BAI3 and stimulates its fusion promoting activity. We demonstrate that Stabilin-2 activates the GPCR activity of BAI3. The resulting activated heterotrimeric G-proteins contribute to the initial recruitment of Elmo proteins to the membrane, which are then stabilized on BAI3 through a direct interaction. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the activity of BAI3 is spatiotemporally regulated by C1qL4 and Stabilin-2 during myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noumeira Hamoud
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Viviane Tran
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Takahiro Aimi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Wataru Kakegawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Sylvie Lahaie
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Thibault
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Ariane Pelletier
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - G William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.,KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JT), Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Jean-François Côté
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada. .,Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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46
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Whitlock JM, Yu K, Cui YY, Hartzell HC. Anoctamin 5/TMEM16E facilitates muscle precursor cell fusion. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1498-1509. [PMID: 30257928 PMCID: PMC6219693 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L arises from mutations in the anoctamin ANO5, whose role in muscle physiology is unknown. Whitlock et al. show that loss of ANO5 perturbs phosphatidylserine exposure and cell–cell fusion in muscle precursor cells, which is an essential step in muscle repair. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L) is a myopathy arising from mutations in ANO5; however, information about the contribution of ANO5 to muscle physiology is lacking. To explain the role of ANO5 in LGMD2L, we previously hypothesized that ANO5-mediated phospholipid scrambling facilitates cell–cell fusion of mononucleated muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), which is required for muscle repair. Here, we show that heterologous overexpression of ANO5 confers Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling to HEK-293 cells and that scrambling is associated with the simultaneous development of a nonselective ionic current. MPCs isolated from adult Ano5−/− mice exhibit defective cell fusion in culture and produce muscle fibers with significantly fewer nuclei compared with controls. This defective fusion is associated with a decrease of Ca2+-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure on the surface of Ano5−/− MPCs and a decrease in the amplitude of Ca2+-dependent outwardly rectifying ionic currents. Viral introduction of ANO5 in Ano5−/− MPCs restores MPC fusion competence, ANO5-dependent phospholipid scrambling, and Ca2+-dependent outwardly rectifying ionic currents. ANO5-rescued MPCs produce myotubes having numbers of nuclei similar to wild-type controls. These data suggest that ANO5-mediated phospholipid scrambling or ionic currents play an important role in muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Whitlock
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kuai Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yuan Yuan Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - H Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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47
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Gupta R, Nguyen DC, Schaid MD, Lei X, Balamurugan AN, Wong GW, Kim JA, Koltes JE, Kimple ME, Bhatnagar S. Complement 1q-like-3 protein inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells via the cell adhesion G protein-coupled receptor BAI3. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18086-18098. [PMID: 30228187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins are important metabolic regulators in both healthy and disease states. Here, we sought to investigate the mechanism by which the secreted protein complement 1q-like-3 (C1ql3) regulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, a key process affecting whole-body glucose metabolism. We found that C1ql3 predominantly inhibits exendin-4- and cAMP-stimulated insulin secretion from mouse and human islets. However, to a lesser extent, C1ql3 also reduced insulin secretion in response to KCl, the potassium channel blocker tolbutamide, and high glucose. Strikingly, C1ql3 did not affect insulin secretion stimulated by fatty acids, amino acids, or mitochondrial metabolites, either at low or submaximal glucose concentrations. Additionally, C1ql3 inhibited glucose-stimulated cAMP levels, and insulin secretion stimulated by exchange protein directly activated by cAMP-2 and protein kinase A. These results suggest that C1ql3 inhibits insulin secretion primarily by regulating cAMP signaling. The cell adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, brain angiogenesis inhibitor-3 (BAI3), is a C1ql3 receptor and is expressed in β-cells and in mouse and human islets, but its function in β-cells remained unknown. We found that siRNA-mediated Bai3 knockdown in INS1(832/13) cells increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Furthermore, incubating the soluble C1ql3-binding fragment of the BAI3 protein completely blocked the inhibitory effects of C1ql3 on insulin secretion in response to cAMP. This suggests that BAI3 mediates the inhibitory effects of C1ql3 on insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. These findings demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism by which C1ql3/BAI3 signaling causes an impairment of insulin secretion from β-cells, possibly contributing to the progression of type 2 diabetes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Gupta
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Dan C Nguyen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Michael D Schaid
- the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,; the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Xia Lei
- the Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | - G William Wong
- the Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jeong-A Kim
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - James E Koltes
- the Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Michelle E Kimple
- the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,; the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53705,; the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and the Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294,.
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48
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Leikina E, Gamage DG, Prasad V, Goykhberg J, Crowe M, Diao J, Kozlov MM, Chernomordik LV, Millay DP. Myomaker and Myomerger Work Independently to Control Distinct Steps of Membrane Remodeling during Myoblast Fusion. Dev Cell 2018; 46:767-780.e7. [PMID: 30197239 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Classic mechanisms for membrane fusion involve transmembrane proteins that assemble into complexes and dynamically alter their conformation to bend membranes, leading to mixing of membrane lipids (hemifusion) and fusion pore formation. Myomaker and Myomerger govern myoblast fusion and muscle formation but are structurally divergent from traditional fusogenic proteins. Here, we show that Myomaker and Myomerger independently mediate distinct steps in the fusion pathway, where Myomaker is involved in membrane hemifusion and Myomerger is necessary for fusion pore formation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Myomerger is required on the cell surface where its ectodomains stress membranes. Moreover, we show that Myomerger drives fusion completion in a heterologous system independent of Myomaker and that a Myomaker-Myomerger physical interaction is not required for function. Collectively, our data identify a stepwise cell fusion mechanism in myoblasts where different proteins are delegated to perform unique membrane functions essential for membrane coalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Leikina
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dilani G Gamage
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joanna Goykhberg
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Leonid V Chernomordik
- Section on Membrane Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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49
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Liang Y, Wang S, Zhang Y. Downregulation of Dock1 and Elmo1 suppresses the migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer epithelial cells through the RhoA/Rac1 pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3481-3488. [PMID: 30127952 PMCID: PMC6096110 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (Dock1), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, has been proven to facilitate cell survival, motility and proliferation via the activation of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). Engulfment and cell motility 1 (Elmo1) serves as a mammalian homolog of Ced-12, which has been evolutionarily conserved from worm to human. The present study aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of Dock1 and Elmo1 in the migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) epithelial cells. Cell Counting kit-8, cell migration and cell invasion assays were performed to assess cell viability, migration and invasion, respectively. A plate clone formation assay was performed to determine cell proliferation. Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were used to evaluate mRNA and protein expression. The results revealed that the downregulation of Dock1 and Elmo1 inhibited cell viability, suppressed migration and invasion, and reduced Rac1 activity in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, downregulation of Dock1 and Elmo1 also attenuated the expression of migration-associated proteins and affected the Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA)/Rac1 pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the downregulation of Dock1 and Elmo1 suppresses the migration and invasion of TNBC epithelial cells through the RhoA/Rac1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shushu Wang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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50
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Sampath SC, Sampath SC, Millay DP. Myoblast fusion confusion: the resolution begins. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:3. [PMID: 29386054 PMCID: PMC5793351 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion of muscle precursor cells is a required event for proper skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Numerous proteins have been implicated to function in myoblast fusion; however, the majority are expressed in diverse tissues and regulate numerous cellular processes. How myoblast fusion is triggered and coordinated in a muscle-specific manner has remained a mystery for decades. Through the discovery of two muscle-specific fusion proteins, Myomaker and Myomerger–Minion, we are now primed to make significant advances in our knowledge of myoblast fusion. This article reviews the latest findings regarding the biology of Myomaker and Minion–Myomerger, places these findings in the context of known pathways in mammalian myoblast fusion, and highlights areas that require further investigation. As our understanding of myoblast fusion matures so does our potential ability to manipulate cell fusion for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. .,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Srinath C Sampath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. .,Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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