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Branch MC, Weber M, Li MY, Flora P, Ezhkova E. Overview of chromatin regulatory processes during surface ectodermal development and homeostasis. Dev Biol 2024; 515:30-45. [PMID: 38971398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The ectoderm is the outermost of the three germ layers of the early embryo that arise during gastrulation. Once the germ layers are established, the complex interplay of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration results in organogenesis. The ectoderm is the progenitor of both the surface ectoderm and the neural ectoderm. Notably, the surface ectoderm develops into the epidermis and its associated appendages, nails, external exocrine glands, olfactory epithelium, and the anterior pituitary. Specification, development, and homeostasis of these organs demand a tightly orchestrated gene expression program that is often dictated by epigenetic regulation. In this review, we discuss the recent discoveries that have highlighted the importance of chromatin regulatory mechanisms mediated by transcription factors, histone and DNA modifications that aid in the development of surface ectodermal organs and maintain their homeostasis post-development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan C Branch
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madison Weber
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meng-Yen Li
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Fang X, Zhou J, Yang Y, Li D, Wang B. Integrating scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq to explore the differentiation mechanism of human nail stem cells mediated by onychofibroblasts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1416780. [PMID: 38887517 PMCID: PMC11181305 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1416780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nail stem cell (NSC) differentiation plays a vital role in maintaining nail homeostasis and facilitating digit regeneration. Recently, onychofibroblasts (OFs), specialized mesenchymal cells beneath the nail matrix, have emerged as potential regulators of NSC differentiation. However, limited understanding of OFs' cellular properties and transcriptomic profiles hinders our comprehension of their role. This study aims to characterize human OFs and investigate their involvement in NSC differentiation. Methods: Human OFs were isolated and characterized for their mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like phenotype through flow cytometry and multilineage differentiation assays. Bulk RNA-seq analysis was conducted on three samples of OFs and control fibroblasts from human nail units to delineate their molecular features. Integrated analysis with scRNA-seq data was performed to identify key signaling pathways involved in OF-induced NSC differentiation. Co-culture experiments, siRNA transfection, RT-qPCR, and immunocytochemistry were employed to investigate the effect of OF-derived soluble proteins on NSC differentiation. Drug treatments, RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunocytochemistry were used to verify the regulation of candidate signaling pathways on NSC differentiation in vitro. Results: Human OFs exhibited slow cell cycle kinetics, expressed typical MSC markers, and demonstrated multilineage differentiation potential. Bulk RNA-seq analysis revealed differential gene expression in OFs compared to control fibroblasts, highlighting their role in coordinating nail development. Integrated analysis identified BMP4 as a pivotal signal for OFs to participate in NSC differentiation through mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, with the TGF-beta pathway possibly mediating this signal. OFs synthesized and secreted more BMP4 than control fibroblasts, and BMP4 derived from OFs induced NSC differentiation in a co-culture model. Recombinant human BMP4 activated the TGF-beta pathway in NSCs, leading to cell differentiation, while the BMP type I receptor inhibitor LDN193189 attenuated this effect. Discussion: This study characterizes the cellular and molecular features of human OFs, demonstrating their ability to regulate NSC differentiation via the TGF-beta signaling pathway. These findings establish a connection between the dermal microenvironment and NSC differentiation, suggesting the potential of OFs, in conjunction with NSCs, for developing novel therapies targeting nail and digit defects, even severe limb amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiateng Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Serra D, Cruciani S, Garroni G, Sarais G, Kavak FF, Satta R, Montesu MA, Floris M, Ventura C, Maioli M. Effect of Helichrysum italicum in Promoting Collagen Deposition and Skin Regeneration in a New Dynamic Model of Skin Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4736. [PMID: 38731954 PMCID: PMC11083432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products have many healing effects on the skin with minimal or no adverse effects. In this study, we analyzed the regenerative properties of a waste product (hydrolate) derived from Helichrysum italicum (HH) on scratch-tested skin cell populations seeded on a fluidic culture system. Helichrysum italicum has always been recognized in the traditional medicine of Mediterranean countries for its wide pharmacological activities. We recreated skin physiology with a bioreactor that mimics skin stem cell (SSCs) and fibroblast (HFF1) communication as in vivo skin layers. Dynamic culture models represent an essential instrument for recreating and preserving the complex multicellular organization and interactions of the cellular microenvironment. Both cell types were exposed to two different concentrations of HH after the scratch assay and were compared to untreated control cells. Collagen is the constituent of many wound care products that act directly on the damaged wound environment. We analyzed the role played by HH in stimulating collagen production during tissue repair, both in static and dynamic culture conditions, by a confocal microscopic analysis. In addition, we performed a gene expression analysis that revealed the activation of a molecular program of stemness in treated skin stem cells. Altogether, our results indicate a future translational application of this natural extract to support skin regeneration and define a new protocol to recreate a dynamic process of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.K.); (M.F.)
- R&D Laboratory Center, InoCure s.r.o, Politickych veziu 935/13, Nové Mesto, Praha 1, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Cruciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Garroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Giorgia Sarais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Fikriye Fulya Kavak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Rosanna Satta
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Montesu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (R.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Matteo Floris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Carlo Ventura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering—Eldor Lab, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), 40128 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Margherita Maioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (S.C.); (G.G.); (F.F.K.); (M.F.)
- Center for Developmental Biology and Reprogramming—CEDEBIOR, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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4
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Jou V, Lehoczky JA. Toeing the line between regeneration and fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1217185. [PMID: 37325560 PMCID: PMC10267333 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1217185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the remarkable capacity of vertebrates to naturally regenerate injured body parts has great importance for potential translation into human therapeutic applications. As compared to other vertebrates, mammals have low regenerative capacity for composite tissues like the limb. However, some primates and rodents can regenerate the distal tips of their digits following amputation, indicating that at least very distal mammalian limb tissues are competent for innate regeneration. It follows that successful digit tip regenerative outcome is highly dependent on the location of the amputation; those proximal to the position of the nail organ do not regenerate and result in fibrosis. This distal regeneration versus proximal fibrosis duality of the mouse digit tip serves as a powerful model to investigate the driving factors in determining each process. In this review, we present the current understanding of distal digit tip regeneration in the context of cellular heterogeneity and the potential for different cell types to function as progenitor cells, in pro-regenerative signaling, or in moderating fibrosis. We then go on to discuss these themes in the context of what is known about proximal digit fibrosis, towards generating hypotheses for these distinct healing processes in the distal and proximal mouse digit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Jou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Lehoczky
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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5
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Wertheim-Tysarowska K, Osipowicz K, Gielniewski B, Wojtaś B, Szabelska-Beręsewicz A, Zyprych-Walczak J, Mika A, Tysarowski A, Duk K, Rygiel AM, Niepokój K, Woźniak K, Kowalewski C, Wierzba J, Jezela-Stanek A. The Epidermal Transcriptome Analysis of a Novel c.639_642dup LORICRIN Variant-Delineation of the Loricrin Keratoderma Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119459. [PMID: 37298411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Loricrin keratoderma (LK) is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis caused by LORICRIN gene mutations. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet fully understood. So far, only 10 pathogenic variants in LORICRIN have been described, with all of them but one being deletions or insertions. The significance of rare nonsense variants remains unclear. Furthermore, no data regarding the RNA expression in affected patients are available. The aim of this study is to describe the two variants in the LORICRIN gene found in two distinct families: the novel pathogenic variant c.639_642dup and a rare c.10C > T (p.Gln4Ter) of unknown significance. We also present the results of the transcriptome analysis of the lesional loricrin keratoderma epidermis of a patient with c.639_642dup. We show that in the LK lesion, the genes associated with epidermis development and keratocyte differentiation are upregulated, while genes engaged in cell adhesion, differentiation developmental processes, ion homeostasis and transport, signaling and cell communication are downregulated. In the context of the p.Gln4Ter clinical significance evaluation, we provide data indicating that LORICRIN haploinsufficiency has no skin consequences. Our results give further insight into the pathogenesis of LK, which may have therapeutic implications in the future and important significance in the context of genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Osipowicz
- Department of Dermatology, Immunodermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gielniewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtaś
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Szabelska-Beręsewicz
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Zyprych-Walczak
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tysarowski
- Molecular and Translational Oncology Department and Cancer Molecular and Genetic Diagnostics Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Duk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Niepokój
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Woźniak
- Department of Dermatology, Immunodermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Kowalewski
- Department of Dermatology, Immunodermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- Department of Paediatrics, Haematology and Oncology, Department of General Nursery, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Mahmud N, Eisner C, Purushothaman S, Storer MA, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Nail-associated mesenchymal cells contribute to and are essential for dorsal digit tip regeneration. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111853. [PMID: 36543145 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we ask why the nail base is essential for mammalian digit tip regeneration, focusing on the inductive nail mesenchyme. We identify a transcriptional signature for these cells that includes Lmx1b and show that the Lmx1b-expressing nail mesenchyme is essential for blastema formation. We use a combination of Lmx1bCreERT2-based lineage-tracing and single-cell transcriptional analyses to show that the nail mesenchyme contributes cells for two pro-regenerative mechanisms. One group of cells maintains their identity and regenerates the new nail mesenchyme. A second group contributes specifically to the dorsal blastema, loses their nail mesenchyme phenotype, acquires a blastema transcriptional state that is highly similar to blastema cells of other origins, and ultimately contributes to regeneration of the dorsal but not ventral dermis and bone. Thus, the regenerative necessity for an intact nail base is explained, at least in part, by a requirement for the inductive nail mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neemat Mahmud
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Christine Eisner
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sruthi Purushothaman
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mekayla A Storer
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada.
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7
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Davidian D, Levin M. Inducing Vertebrate Limb Regeneration: A Review of Past Advances and Future Outlook. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040782. [PMID: 34400551 PMCID: PMC9121900 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Limb loss due to traumatic injury or amputation is a major biomedical burden. Many vertebrates exhibit the ability to form and pattern normal limbs during embryogenesis from amorphous clusters of precursor cells, hinting that this process could perhaps be activated later in life to rebuild missing or damaged limbs. Indeed, some animals, such as salamanders, are proficient regenerators of limbs throughout their life span. Thus, research over the last century has sought to stimulate regeneration in species that do not normally regenerate their appendages. Importantly, these efforts are not only a vital aspect of regenerative medicine, but also have fundamental implications for understanding evolution and the cellular control of growth and form throughout the body. Here we review major recent advances in augmenting limb regeneration, summarizing the degree of success that has been achieved to date in frog and mammalian models using genetic, biochemical, and bioelectrical interventions. While the degree of whole limb repair in rodent models has been modest to date, a number of new technologies and approaches comprise an exciting near-term road map for basic and clinical progress in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Davidian
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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8
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Lao M, Hurtado A, de Castro AC, Burgos M, Jiménez R, Barrionuevo FJ. Sox9 is required for nail bed differentiation and digit tip regeneration. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2613-2622.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Grover C, Kharghoria G, Baran R. Nail lichen planus: A review of clinical presentation, diagnosis and therapy. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2022; 149:150-164. [PMID: 35272870 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lichen planus is a multifaceted disease of complex etiopathogenesis. Nails are involved in up to 10% of patients with lichen planus. Although most cases are mild, serious consequences may occur due to rapid progression of the disease, the high risk of scarring, and the resulting irreversible damage to the nail structure. Permanent damage of at least one nail occurs in approximately 4-12% of patients with nail lichen planus. In this narrative review, we emphasize the pathophysiology of nail lichen planus, the emergent nature of the disease, and the spectrum of different clinical manifestations. Diagnosis of nail disease in general, and of nail lichen planus in particular, is rapidly evolving. This review provides a comprehensive account of the non-invasive and invasive diagnostic techniques and treatment options reported in the literature, with emphasis on the efficacy and safety of the drugs used, the associated evidence, and the factors to be taken into account in planning and providing adequate treatment. The role of aesthetic and camouflage options is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grover
- Department of Dermatology and STD, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, 110091 Delhi, India.
| | - G Kharghoria
- Department of Dermatology and STD, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 110029 Delhi, India
| | - R Baran
- Nail Disease Centre-42, Rue de Serbes, 06400 Cannes, France
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10
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Chen J, Wang X, Zhu Y, He J, Rao Y, Liu K. Nail matrix scars that result in nail dystrophy resemble cutaneous scars: A new nail trauma model. Burns 2022; 48:396-403. [PMID: 34670717 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have described how the injury affects the nail soft tissue under the nail plate. Nail matrix scar is poorly known. OBJECTIVE To establish a stable rat nail loss model in a simple way, and to discuss the comparability of this model. METHODS A sterile cotton swab dipped in a 10% NaOH solution was used to burn the entire nail matrix and bed plane region, and the specimens were examined on day 3, 7, 14, and 28. RESULTS After avulsion of the nail plate, the eponychia and matrix stuck together without any tissue destruction. On day 28, all claws of the experimental group were observed to be permanently damaged, except for one claw malformed regeneration. All impaired nail regeneration had deficiency or functional loss of NMSCs and shared similar characteristics with the cutaneous scars. CONCLUSIONS The scar formation of nail matrix was a fundamental reason to nail deficiency of rat or human, providing a research basis for further mechanism or treatment study of nail defect diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Yueqian Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yamin Rao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, PR China.
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai JiaoTong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai 200011, PR China.
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11
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A Beginner's Introduction to Skin Stem Cells and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011030. [PMID: 34681688 PMCID: PMC8538579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the skin is that of a physical barrier against the environment and diverse pathogens; therefore, its integrity is essential for survival. Skin regeneration depends on multiple stem cell compartments within the epidermis, which, despite their different transcriptional and proliferative capacity, as well as different anatomical location, fall under the general term of skin stem cells (SSCs). Skin wounds can normally heal without problem; however, some diseases or extensive damage may delay or prevent healing. Non-healing wounds represent a serious and life-threatening scenario that may require advanced therapeutic strategies. In this regard, increased focus has been directed at SSCs and their role in wound healing, although emerging therapeutical approaches are considering the use of other stem cells instead, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Given its extensive and broad nature, this review supplies newcomers with an introduction to SSCs, wound healing, and therapeutic strategies for skin regeneration, thus familiarizing the reader with the subject in preparation for future in depth reading.
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12
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Maan ZN, Rinkevich Y, Barrera J, Chen K, Henn D, Foster D, Bonham CA, Padmanabhan J, Sivaraj D, Duscher D, Hu M, Yan K, Januszyk M, Longaker MT, Weissman IL, Gurtner GC. Epidermal-Derived Hedgehog Signaling Drives Mesenchymal Proliferation during Digit Tip Regeneration. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184261. [PMID: 34575372 PMCID: PMC8467649 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand injuries often result in significant functional impairments and are rarely completely restored. The spontaneous regeneration of injured appendages, which occurs in salamanders and newts, for example, has been reported in human fingertips after distal amputation, but this type of regeneration is rare in mammals and is incompletely understood. Here, we study fingertip regeneration by amputating murine digit tips, either distally to initiate regeneration, or proximally, causing fibrosis. Using an unbiased microarray analysis, we found that digit tip regeneration is significantly associated with hair follicle differentiation, Wnt, and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathways. Viral over-expression and genetic knockouts showed the functional significance of these pathways during regeneration. Using transgenic reporter mice, we demonstrated that, while both canonical Wnt and HH signaling were limited to epidermal tissues, downstream hedgehog signaling (through Gli) occurred in mesenchymal tissues. These findings reveal a mechanism for epidermal/mesenchyme interactions, governed by canonical hedgehog signaling, during digit regeneration. Further research into these pathways could lead to improved therapeutic outcomes after hand injuries in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshaan N Maan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Regenerative Biology & Medicine, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Janos Barrera
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kellen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominic Henn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deshka Foster
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Clark Andrew Bonham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jagannath Padmanabhan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dharshan Sivaraj
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Hand and Burn Surgery, BG-Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Hu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelley Yan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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13
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The Potential of Nail Mini-Organ Stem Cells in Skin, Nail and Digit Tips Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062864. [PMID: 33799809 PMCID: PMC7998429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nails are highly keratinized skin appendages that exhibit continuous growth under physiological conditions and full regeneration upon removal. These mini-organs are maintained by two autonomous populations of skin stem cells. The fast-cycling, highly proliferative stem cells of the nail matrix (nail stem cells (NSCs)) predominantly replenish the nail plate. Furthermore, the slow-cycling population of the nail proximal fold (nail proximal fold stem cells (NPFSCs)) displays bifunctional properties by contributing to the peri-nail epidermis under the normal homeostasis and the nail structure upon injury. Here, we discuss nail mini-organ stem cells’ location and their role in skin and nail homeostasis and regeneration, emphasizing their importance to orchestrate the whole digit tip regeneration. Such endogenous regeneration capabilities are observed in rodents and primates. However, they are limited to the region adjacent to the nail’s proximal area, indicating the crucial role of nail mini-organ stem cells in digit restoration. Further, we explore the molecular characteristics of nail mini-organ stem cells and the critical role of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways in homeostatic nail growth and digit restoration. Finally, we investigate the latest accomplishments in stimulating regenerative responses in regeneration-incompetent injuries. These pioneer results might open up new opportunities to overcome amputated mammalian digits and limbs’ regenerative failures in the future.
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Daszczuk P, Mazurek P, Pieczonka TD, Olczak A, Boryń ŁM, Kobielak K. An Intrinsic Oscillation of Gene Networks Inside Hair Follicle Stem Cells: An Additional Layer That Can Modulate Hair Stem Cell Activities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595178. [PMID: 33363148 PMCID: PMC7758224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores and summarizes recent progress in and the characterization of main players in the regulation and cyclic regeneration of hair follicles. The review discusses current views and discoveries on the molecular mechanisms that allow hair follicle stem cells (hfSCs) to synergistically integrate homeostasis during quiescence and activation. Discussion elaborates on a model that shows how different populations of skin stem cells coalesce intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, resulting in the maintenance of stemness and hair regenerative potential during an organism’s lifespan. Primarily, we focus on the question of how the intrinsic oscillation of gene networks in hfSCs sense and respond to the surrounding niche environment. The review also investigates the existence of a cell-autonomous mechanism and the reciprocal interactions between molecular signaling axes in hfSCs and niche components, which demonstrates its critical driving force in either the activation of whole mini-organ regeneration or quiescent homeostasis maintenance. These exciting novel discoveries in skin stem cells and the surrounding niche components propose a model of the intrinsic stem cell oscillator which is potentially instructive for translational regenerative medicine. Further studies, deciphering of the distribution of molecular signals coupled with the nature of their oscillation within the stem cells and niche environments, may impact the speed and efficiency of various approaches that could stimulate the development of self-renewal and cell-based therapies for hair follicle stem cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Daszczuk
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Mazurek
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz D Pieczonka
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Olczak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz M Boryń
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Alibardi L. Differential cell proliferation and differentiation in developing and growing claws of turtles and alligator determine their shape. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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16
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Deniz AAH, Abdik EA, Abdik H, Aydın S, Şahin F, Taşlı PN. Zooming in across the Skin: A Macro-to-Molecular Panorama. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1247:157-200. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Sharir A, Marangoni P, Zilionis R, Wan M, Wald T, Hu JK, Kawaguchi K, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Epstein L, Harrington K, Pagella P, Mitsiadis T, Siebel CW, Klein AM, Klein OD. A large pool of actively cycling progenitors orchestrates self-renewal and injury repair of an ectodermal appendage. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1102-1112. [PMID: 31481792 PMCID: PMC6935352 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classical model of tissue renewal posits that small numbers of quiescent stem cells (SCs) give rise to proliferating transit-amplifying cells before terminal differentiation. However, many organs house pools of SCs with proliferative and differentiation potentials that diverge from this template. Resolving SC identity and organization is therefore central to understanding tissue renewal. Here, using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), mouse genetics and tissue injury approaches, we uncover cellular hierarchies and mechanisms that underlie the maintenance and repair of the continuously growing mouse incisor. Our results reveal that, during homeostasis, a group of actively cycling epithelial progenitors generates enamel-producing ameloblasts and adjacent layers of non-ameloblast cells. After injury, tissue repair was achieved through transient increases in progenitor-cell proliferation and through direct conversion of Notch1-expressing cells to ameloblasts. We elucidate epithelial SC identity, position and function, providing a mechanistic basis for the homeostasis and repair of a fast-turnover ectodermal appendage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Sharir
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rapolas Zilionis
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mian Wan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tomas Wald
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Castillo-Azofeifa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leo Epstein
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Kyle Harrington
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Virtual Technology and Design, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Pierfrancesco Pagella
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thimios Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Institute of Oral Biology, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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18
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Yu Y, Cui H, Zhang D, Liang B, Chai Y, Wen G. Human nail bed‐derived decellularized scaffold regulates mesenchymal stem cells for nail plate regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1770-1778. [PMID: 31278843 DOI: 10.1002/term.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yu
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Haomin Cui
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Demin Zhang
- Zhejiang Province's Key Laboratory of 3D Printing and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Yimin Chai
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China
| | - Gen Wen
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai China
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19
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Yang Q, Pinto VMR, Duan W, Paxton EE, Dessauer JH, Ryan W, Lopez MJ. In vitro Characteristics of Heterogeneous Equine Hoof Progenitor Cell Isolates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:155. [PMID: 31355191 PMCID: PMC6637248 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to an ectodermal-mesodermal interface like that in the equine hoof and human finger nail bed can permanently alter tissue structure and associated function. The purpose of this study was to establish and validate in vitro culture of primary progenitor cell isolates from the ectodermal-mesodermal tissue junction in equine hooves, the stratum internum, with and without chronic inflammation known to contribute to lifelong tissue defects. The following were evaluated in hoof stratum internum cell isolates up to 5 cell passages (P): expansion capacity by cell doublings and doubling time; plasticity with multi-lineage differentiation and colony-forming unit (CFU) frequency percentage; immunophenotype with immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; gene expression with RT-PCR; and ultrastructure with transmission electron microscopy. The presence of keratin (K)14, 15 and K19 as well as cluster of differentiation (CD)44 and CD29 was determined in situ with immunohistochemistry. To confirm in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, cell-scaffold (polyethylene glycol/poly-L-lactic acid and tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite) constructs were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy 9 weeks after implantation in athymic mice. Cultured cells had characteristic progenitor cell morphology, expansion, CFU frequency percentage and adipocytic, osteoblastic, and neurocytic differentiation capacity. CD44, CD29, K14, K15 and K19 proteins were present in native hoof stratum internum. Cultured cells also expressed K15, K19 and desmogleins 1 and 3. Gene expression of CD105, CD44, K14, K15, sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) was confirmed in vitro. Cultured cells had large, eccentric nuclei, elongated mitochondria, and intracellular vacuoles. Scaffold implants with cells contained fibrous ECM 9 weeks after implantation compared to little or none on acellular scaffolds. In vitro expansion and plasticity and in vivo ECM deposition of heterogeneous, immature cell isolates from the ectodermal-mesodermal tissue interface of normal and chronically inflamed hooves are typical of primary cell isolates from other adult tissues, and they appear to have both mesodermal and ectodermal qualities in vitro. These results establish a unique cell culture model to target preventative and restorative therapies for ectodermal-mesodermal tissue junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiu Yang
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Vanessa Marigo Rocha Pinto
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Wei Duan
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Erica E Paxton
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jenna H Dessauer
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - William Ryan
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Mandi J Lopez
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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20
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Linn SC, Mustonen AM, Silva KA, Kennedy VE, Sundberg BA, Bechtold LS, Alghamdi S, Hoehndorf R, Schofield PN, Sundberg JP. Nail abnormalities identified in an ageing study of 30 inbred mouse strains. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:383-390. [PMID: 30074290 PMCID: PMC6360140 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In a large-scale ageing study, 30 inbred mouse strains were systematically screened for histologic evidence of lesions in all organ systems. Ten strains were diagnosed with similar nail abnormalities. The highest frequency was noted in NON/ShiLtJ mice. Lesions identified fell into two main categories: acute to chronic penetration of the third phalangeal bone through the hyponychium with associated inflammation and bone remodelling or metaplasia of the nail matrix and nail bed associated with severe orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis replacing the nail plate. Penetration of the distal phalanx through the hyponychium appeared to be the initiating feature resulting in nail abnormalities. The accompanying acute to subacute inflammatory response was associated with osteolysis of the distal phalanx. Evaluation of young NON/ShiLtJ mice revealed that these lesions were not often found, or affected only one digit. The only other nail unit abnormality identified was sporadic subungual epidermoid inclusion cysts which closely resembled similar lesions in human patients. These abnormalities, being age-related developments, may have contributed to weight loss due to impacts upon feeding and should be a consideration for future research due to the potential to interact with other experimental factors in ageing studies using the affected strains of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Linn
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Alghamdi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul N. Schofield
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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21
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Hsieh HHS, Agarwal S, Cholok DJ, Loder SJ, Kaneko K, Huber A, Chung MT, Ranganathan K, Habbouche J, Li J, Butts J, Reimer J, Kaura A, Drake J, Breuler C, Priest CR, Nguyen J, Brownley C, Peterson J, Ozgurel SU, Niknafs YS, Li S, Inagaki M, Scott G, Krebsbach PH, Longaker MT, Westover K, Gray N, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Mishina Y, Levi B. Coordinating Tissue Regeneration Through Transforming Growth Factor-β Activated Kinase 1 Inactivation and Reactivation. Stem Cells 2019; 37:766-778. [PMID: 30786091 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant wound healing presents as inappropriate or insufficient tissue formation. Using a model of musculoskeletal injury, we demonstrate that loss of transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) signaling reduces inappropriate tissue formation (heterotopic ossification) through reduced cellular differentiation. Upon identifying increased proliferation with loss of TAK1 signaling, we considered a regenerative approach to address insufficient tissue production through coordinated inactivation of TAK1 to promote cellular proliferation, followed by reactivation to elicit differentiation and extracellular matrix production. Although the current regenerative medicine paradigm is centered on the effects of drug treatment ("drug on"), the impact of drug withdrawal ("drug off") implicit in these regimens is unknown. Because current TAK1 inhibitors are unable to phenocopy genetic Tak1 loss, we introduce the dual-inducible COmbinational Sequential Inversion ENgineering (COSIEN) mouse model. The COSIEN mouse model, which allows us to study the response to targeted drug treatment ("drug on") and subsequent withdrawal ("drug off") through genetic modification, was used here to inactivate and reactivate Tak1 with the purpose of augmenting tissue regeneration in a calvarial defect model. Our study reveals the importance of both the "drug on" (Cre-mediated inactivation) and "drug off" (Flp-mediated reactivation) states during regenerative therapy using a mouse model with broad utility to study targeted therapies for disease. Stem Cells 2019;37:766-778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao Hsin Sung Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Experimental Rheumatology Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shailesh Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David J Cholok
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shawn J Loder
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kieko Kaneko
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda Huber
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael T Chung
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Joe Habbouche
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Butts
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Reimer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Arminder Kaura
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James Drake
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Caitlin R Priest
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joe Nguyen
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cameron Brownley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Peterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Yashar S Niknafs
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maiko Inagaki
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Greg Scott
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul H Krebsbach
- Section of Periodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Westover
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nathanael Gray
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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22
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Human nail stem cells are retained but hypofunctional during aging. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:303-316. [PMID: 29633149 PMCID: PMC5942356 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nail is a continuous skin appendage. Cells located around the nails, which display coordinated homeostatic dynamics and release a flow of stem cells in response to regeneration, have been identified in mice. However, very few studies regarding human nail stem cells exist in the literature. Using specimens isolated from humans, we detected an unreported population of cells within the basal layer of postnatal human nail proximal folds (NPFs) and the nail matrix around the nail root. These cells were multi-expressing and expressed stem cell markers, such as keratin 15 (K15), keratin 14 (K14), keratin 19 (K19), CD29, CD34, and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 6 (Lgr6). These cells were very similar to mouse nail stem cells in terms of cell marker expression and their location within the nail. We also found that the putative nail stem cells maintained their abundance with advancing age, but cell proliferation and nail growth rate were decreased on comparison of young and aged specimens. To summarize, we found a putative population of stem cells in postnatal human nails located at NPFs and the nail matrix. These cells may have potential for cell differentiation and be capable of responding to injury, and were retained, but may be hypofunctional during aging.
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23
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McMahan ZH, Cottrell TR, Wigley FM, Antiochos B, Zambidis ET, Park TS, Halushka MK, Gutierrez-Alamillo L, Cimbro R, Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen L. Enrichment of Scleroderma Vascular Disease-Associated Autoantigens in Endothelial Lineage Cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:2540-9. [PMID: 27159521 PMCID: PMC5042822 DOI: 10.1002/art.39743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scleroderma patients with autoantibodies to CENPs and/or interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI-16) are at increased risk of severe vascular complications. This study was undertaken to determine whether these autoantigens are enriched in cells of the vasculature. METHODS Successive stages of embryoid bodies (EBs) as well as vascular progenitors were used to evaluate the expression of scleroderma autoantigens IFI-16 and CENP by immunoblotting. CD31 was included to mark early blood vessels. IFI-16 and CD31 expression were defined in paraffin-embedded skin sections from scleroderma patients and from healthy controls. IFI-16 expression was determined by flow cytometric analysis in circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells. RESULTS Expression of CENP-A, IFI-16, and CD31 was enriched in EBs on days 10 and 12 of differentiation, and particularly in cultures enriched in vascular progenitors (IFI-16, CD31, and CENPs A and B). This pattern was distinct from that of comparator autoantigens. Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin-embedded skin sections showed enrichment of IFI-16 in CD31-positive vascular endothelial cells in biopsy specimens from scleroderma patients and normal controls. Flow cytometric analysis revealed IFI-16 expression in circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells but minimal expression in CECs. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that expression of the scleroderma autoantigens IFI-16 and CENPs, which are associated with severe vascular disease, is increased in vascular progenitors and mature endothelial cells. High level, lineage-enriched expression of autoantigens may explain the striking association between clinical phenotypes and the immune targeting of specific autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elias T Zambidis
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antony Rosen
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Widelitz R, Chuong CM. Quorum sensing and other collective regenerative behavior in organ populations. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:138-143. [PMID: 27500541 PMCID: PMC5135642 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell and microenvironment molecular interactions have been studied in detail but regenerative behavior at the organ population level has remained unexplored. Organ renewal can occur continuously or in cyclic episodes. Progenitors may be distributed as one entity or compartmentalized into multiple units. Multiple units offer advantages as each unit can be regulated differently in different body regions or physiological stages, adapting animals to their niche with flexible functional forms. Using the hair paradigm, we show how periodic patterning can convert one morphogenetic field into many hair germs, how follicles can be renewed with different cycle times and phenotypes in a region-specific manner, and how new properties, such as regenerative waves and quorum sensing, emerge to coordinate collective regenerative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Widelitz
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 313B, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 313B, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; International Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration, Graduated Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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25
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Bergqvist C, Ramia P, Abbas O, Kurban M. Genetics of syndromic and non-syndromic hereditary nail disorders. Clin Genet 2016; 91:813-823. [PMID: 27613389 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The nail is a unique epithelial skin appendage made up of a fully keratinized nail plate. The nail can be affected in several systemic illnesses, dermatological diseases, and inherited nail disorders. Nail dystrophies can present as isolated disorders or as a part of syndromes. Substantial progress has been achieved in the management and diagnosis of nail diseases; however, not much is known about the underlying molecular controls of nail growth. The homeostasis and development of the nail appendage depend on the intricate interactions between the epidermis and underlying mesenchyme, and comprise different signaling pathways such as the WNT signaling pathway. Digit-tip regeneration in mice and humans has been a known fact for the past six decades; however, only recently the underlying biological mechanisms by which the nail organ achieves digit regeneration have been elucidated. Moreover, significant progress has been made in identifying nail stem cells and localizing stem cell niches in the nail unit. More fascinating, however, is the role they play in orchestrating the processes that lead to the regeneration of the digit. Further elucidating the role of nail stem cells and the signaling pathways driving epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the nail unit might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic tools for amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bergqvist
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - P Ramia
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - O Abbas
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Lgr6 marks nail stem cells and is required for digit tip regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13249-54. [PMID: 26460010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518874112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tips of the digits of some mammals, including human infants and mice, are capable of complete regeneration after injury. This process is reliant on the presence of the overlaying nail organ and is mediated by a proliferative blastema. Epithelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to be necessary for mouse digit tip regeneration. Here, we report on Lgr5 and Lgr6 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 and 6), two important agonists of the Wnt pathway that are known to be markers of several epithelial stem cell populations. We find that Lgr5 is expressed in a dermal population of cells adjacent to the specialized epithelia surrounding the keratinized nail plate. Moreover, Lgr5-expressing cells contribute to this dermis, but not the blastema, during digit tip regeneration. In contrast, we find that Lgr6 is expressed within cells of the nail matrix portion of the nail epithelium, as well as in a subset of cells in the bone and eccrine sweat glands. Genetic lineage analysis reveals that Lgr6-expressing cells give rise to the nail during homeostatic growth, demonstrating that Lgr6 is a marker of nail stem cells. Moreover, Lgr6-expressing cells contribute to the blastema, suggesting a potential direct role for Lgr6-expressing cells during digit tip regeneration. This role is confirmed by analysis of Lgr6-deficient mice, which have both a nail and bone regeneration defect.
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27
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Li A, Lai YC, Figueroa S, Yang T, Widelitz RB, Kobielak K, Nie Q, Chuong CM. Deciphering principles of morphogenesis from temporal and spatial patterns on the integument. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:905-20. [PMID: 25858668 PMCID: PMC4520785 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How tissue patterns form in development and regeneration is a fundamental issue remaining to be fully understood. The integument often forms repetitive units in space (periodic patterning) and time (cyclic renewal), such as feathers and hairs. Integument patterns are visible and experimentally manipulatable, helping us reveal pattern formative processes. Variability is seen in regional phenotypic specificities and temporal cycling at different physiological stages. RESULTS Here we show some cellular/molecular bases revealed by analyzing integument patterns. (1) Localized cellular activity (proliferation, rearrangement, apoptosis, differentiation) transforms prototypic organ primordia into specific shapes. Combinatorial positioning of different localized activity zones generates diverse and complex organ forms. (2) Competitive equilibrium between activators and inhibitors regulates stem cells through cyclic quiescence and activation. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic interactions between stem cells and their adjacent niche regulate regenerative behavior, modulated by multi-layers of macro-environmental factors (dermis, body hormone status, and external environment). Genomics studies may reveal how positional information of localized cellular activity is stored. In vivo skin imaging and lineage tracing unveils new insights into stem cell plasticity. Principles of self-assembly obtained from the integumentary organ model can be applied to help restore damaged patterns during regenerative wound healing and for tissue engineering to rebuild tissues. Developmental Dynamics 244:905-920, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Seth Figueroa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Cheng Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Wang X, Hsi TC, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Pham K, Cho K, McCusker CD, Monuki ES, Cho KWY, Gay DL, Plikus MV. Principles and mechanisms of regeneration in the mouse model for wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:169-181. [PMID: 26504521 PMCID: PMC4617665 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) describes a regenerative phenomenon in adult mammalian skin wherein fully functional hair follicles regenerate de novo in the center of large excisional wounds. Originally described in rats, rabbits, sheep, and humans in 1940−1960, the WIHN phenomenon was reinvestigated in mice only recently. The process of de novo hair regeneration largely duplicates the morphological and signaling features of normal embryonic hair development. Similar to hair development, WIHN critically depends on the activation of canonical WNT signaling. However, unlike hair development, WNT activation in WIHN is dependent on fibroblast growth factor 9 signaling generated by the immune system's γδ T cells. The cellular bases of WIHN remain to be fully characterized; however, the available evidence leaves open the possibility for a blastema‐like mechanism wherein epidermal and/or dermal wound cells undergo epigenetic reprogramming toward a more plastic, embryonic‐like state. De novo hair follicles do not regenerate from preexisting hair‐fated bulge stem cells. This suggests that hair neogenesis is not driven by preexisting lineage‐restricted progenitors, as is the case for amputation‐induced mouse digit tip regeneration, but rather may require a blastema‐like mechanism. The WIHN model is characterized by several intriguing features, which await further explanation. These include (1) the minimum wound size requirement for activating neogenesis, (2) the restriction of hair neogenesis to the wound's center, and (3) imperfect patterning outcomes, both in terms of neogenic hair positioning within the wound and in terms of their orientation. Future enquiries into the WIHN process, made possible by a wide array of available skin‐specific genetic tools, will undoubtedly expand our understanding of the regeneration mechanisms in adult mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christian Fernando Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kim Pham
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Catherine D McCusker
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Denise L Gay
- UMR 967, Cellules Souches et Radiations, CEA - INSERM - Universités Paris 7 et Paris 11, CEA/DSV/IRCM/SCSR/LRTS, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Exploring the biology of the nail: An intriguing but less-investigated skin appendage. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:187-93. [PMID: 25999148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The nail is a highly keratinized structure covering the tip of the digit, and considered to have several important functions in our daily life. In recent years, as biological aspects of the nail organ have been characterized, we realize that the nail unit and the hair follicle share various biological and immunological features. In particular, development and homeostasis of the nail unit also requires intimate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that involve signaling pathways such as Wnt. There is also a striking immunological resemblance between both appendages, since the nail matrix, like the anagen hair bulb and the bulge, was shown to present unique characteristics of an immune privileged site. On the other hand, considerable progress in identifying nail stem cells has succeeded in locating putative stem cell niches in the nail unit. In this context, it is intriguing that nail stem cells residing in the nail matrix were recently shown to possess the ability to organize the process leading to digit regeneration. Further elucidation of signaling pathways governing epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the nail unit seems to be a key to develop a novel therapeutic tool to treat amputees using nail epithelium. However, it is at least certain that the nail unit has a promising potential for the future of regenerative medicine. This review explores the biology of the nail organ by focusing on intriguing knowledge gained from recent studies.
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