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Machalski M, Duda P. The influence of burrow-generated pseudobreccia on the preservation of fossil concentrations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18893. [PMID: 39143189 PMCID: PMC11324866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Burrowed discontinuity surfaces associated with condensed fossil concentrations demarcate breaks (hiatuses) in the Phanerozoic marine sedimentary record. Such intervals may be difficult to interpret in view of complex anatomy and varied fossil signatures. Transformation of a discontinuity surface into a heavily burrowed 'pseudobreccia' may further complicate the record, but this issue has remained unexploited to date. The richly fossiliferous Cretaceous-Paleogene (Maastrichtian-Danian) boundary interval exposed in Poland provides opportunities to test the influence of burrow-generated pseudobreccia on the preservation of associated hiatal fossil concentrations. Here, we document pseudobreccia anatomy and fossil-sediment relationships by three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography imaging. In the pseudobreccia zone, we identify a distinctive assemblage of late Maastrichtian fossils, which underwent subsurface preparation by burrowers in a hitherto unreported ichno-taphonomic process. Recognition of pseudobreccia is a prerequisite for the interpretation of the stratigraphy, sedimentology and fossil record of such intervals, which is of special interest for periods of major biotic turnovers, like the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Machalski
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Duda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 39, 41-205, Sosnowiec, Poland
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2
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Rychel-Bielska S, Bielski W, Surma A, Annicchiarico P, Belter J, Kozak B, Galek R, Harzic N, Książkiewicz M. A GWAS study highlights significant associations between a series of indels in a FLOWERING LOCUS T gene promoter and flowering time in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:722. [PMID: 39075363 PMCID: PMC11285409 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is a high-protein Old World grain legume with remarkable food and feed production interest. It is sown in autumn or early spring, depending on the local agroclimatic conditions. This study aimed to identify allelic variants associated with vernalization responsiveness, in order to improve our knowledge of legume flowering regulatory pathways and develop molecular selection tools for the desired phenology as required for current breeding and adaptation to the changing climate. RESULTS Some 120 white lupin accessions originating from a wide range of environments of Europe, Africa, and Asia were phenotyped under field conditions in three environments with different intensities of vernalization, namely, a Mediterranean and a subcontinental climate sites of Italy under autumn sowing, and a suboceanic climate site of France under spring sowing. Two hundred sixty-two individual genotypes extracted from them were phenotyped in a greenhouse under long-day photoperiod without vernalization. Phenology data, and marker data generated by Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing (DArT-seq) and by PCR-based screening targeting published quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from linkage map and newly identified insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the promoter region of the FLOWERING LOCUS T homolog, LalbFTc1 gene (Lalb_Chr14g0364281), were subjected to a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Population structure followed differences in phenology and isolation by distance pattern. The GWAS highlighted numerous loci significantly associated with flowering time, including four LalbFTc1 gene promoter deletions: 2388 bp and 2126 bp deletions at the 5' end, a 264 bp deletion in the middle and a 28 bp deletion at the 3' end of the promoter. Besides LalbFTc1 deletions, this set contained DArT-seq markers that matched previously published major QTLs in chromosomes Lalb_Chr02, Lalb_Chr13 and Lalb_Chr16, and newly discovered QTLs in other chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted novel QTLs for flowering time and validated those already published, thereby providing novel evidence on the convergence of FTc1 gene functional evolution into the vernalization pathway in Old World lupin species. Moreover, this research provided the set of loci specific for extreme phenotypes (the earliest or the latest) awaiting further implementation in marker-assisted selection for spring- or winter sowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rychel-Bielska
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, Wrocław, 50-363, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bielski
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, Poznan, 60-632, Poland
- Department of Gene Structure and Function, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznań, 60-479, Poland
| | - Anna Surma
- Department of Gene Structure and Function, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznań, 60-479, Poland
| | - Paolo Annicchiarico
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Viale Piacenza 29, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Jolanta Belter
- Department of Gene Structure and Function, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznań, 60-479, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kozak
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, Wrocław, 50-363, Poland
| | - Renata Galek
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 24A, Wrocław, 50-363, Poland
| | - Nathalie Harzic
- Cérience, 1 Allée de la Sapinière, Saint Sauvant, 86600, France
| | - Michał Książkiewicz
- Department of Gene Structure and Function, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznań, 60-479, Poland.
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Guo L, Wang S, Jiao X, Ye X, Deng D, Liu H, Li Y, Van de Peer Y, Wu W. Convergent and/or parallel evolution of RNA-binding proteins in angiosperms after polyploidization. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1377-1393. [PMID: 38436132 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Increasing studies suggest that the biased retention of stress-related transcription factors (TFs) after whole-genome duplications (WGDs) could rewire gene transcriptional networks, facilitating plant adaptation to challenging environments. However, the role of posttranscriptional factors (e.g. RNA-binding proteins, RBPs) following WGDs has been largely ignored. Uncovering thousands of RBPs in 21 representative angiosperm species, we integrate genomic, transcriptomic, regulatomic, and paleotemperature datasets to unravel their evolutionary trajectories and roles in adapting to challenging environments. We reveal functional enrichments of RBP genes in stress responses and identify their convergent retention across diverse angiosperms from independent WGDs, coinciding with global cooling periods. Numerous RBP duplicates derived from WGDs are then identified as cold-induced. A significant overlap of 29 orthogroups between WGD-derived and cold-induced RBP genes across diverse angiosperms highlights a correlation between WGD and cold stress. Notably, we unveil an orthogroup (Glycine-rich RNA-binding Proteins 7/8, GRP7/8) and relevant TF duplicates (CCA1/LHY, RVE4/8, CBF2/4, etc.), co-retained in different angiosperms post-WGDs. Finally, we illustrate their roles in rewiring circadian and cold-regulatory networks at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels during global cooling. Altogether, we underline the adaptive evolution of RBPs in angiosperms after WGDs during global cooling, improving our understanding of plants surviving periods of environmental turmoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Deyin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, VIB - UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Wenwu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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Kaiho K. Role of volcanism and impact heating in mass extinction climate shifts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9946. [PMID: 38688982 PMCID: PMC11061309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanisms underlying the varied climate changes witnessed during mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic Eon. Climate shifts during mass extinctions have manifested as either predominant global cooling or predominant warming, yet the causes behind these occurrences remain unclear. We emphasize the significance of sedimentary rock temperature in comprehending these climate shifts. Our research reveals that low-temperature heating of sulfide leads to global cooling through the release of sulfur dioxide (SO2), while intermediate-temperature heating of hydrocarbons and carbonates releases substantial carbon dioxide (CO2), contributing to global warming. High-temperature heating additionally generates SO2 from sulfate, further contributing to global cooling. Different degrees of contact heating of the host rock can lead to different dominant volatile gas emissions, crucially driving either warming or cooling. Moreover, medium to high-temperature shock-heating resulting from asteroid impacts produces soot from hydrocarbons, also contributing to global cooling. Large-scale volcanic activity and asteroid impacts are both events that heat rocks, emitting the same gases and particles, causing climate changes. The findings elucidate the critical role of heating temperature and heating time in understanding major climate changes during mass extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Kaiho
- Department of Earth Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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Thimsen E. Planetary Energy Flow and Entropy Production Rate by Earth from 2002 to 2023. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:350. [PMID: 38785599 PMCID: PMC11119158 DOI: 10.3390/e26050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In this work, satellite data from the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments are analyzed to determine how the global absorbed sunlight and global entropy production rates have changed from 2002 to 2023. The data is used to test hypotheses derived from the Maximum Power Principle (MPP) and Maximum Entropy Production Principle (MEP) about the evolution of Earth's surface and atmosphere. The results indicate that both the rate of absorbed sunlight and global entropy production have increased over the last 20 years, which is consistent with the predictions of both hypotheses. Given the acceptance of the MPP or MEP, some peripheral extensions and nuances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Thimsen
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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6
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Algeo TJ, Shen J. Theory and classification of mass extinction causation. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad237. [PMID: 38116094 PMCID: PMC10727847 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory regarding the causation of mass extinctions is in need of systematization, which is the focus of this contribution. Every mass extinction has both an ultimate cause, i.e. the trigger that leads to various climato-environmental changes, and one or more proximate cause(s), i.e. the specific climato-environmental changes that result in elevated biotic mortality. With regard to ultimate causes, strong cases can be made that bolide (i.e. meteor) impacts, large igneous province (LIP) eruptions and bioevolutionary events have each triggered one or more of the Phanerozoic Big Five mass extinctions, and that tectono-oceanic changes have triggered some second-order extinction events. Apart from bolide impacts, other astronomical triggers (e.g. solar flares, gamma bursts and supernova explosions) remain entirely in the realm of speculation. With regard to proximate mechanisms, most extinctions are related to either carbon-release or carbon-burial processes, the former being associated with climatic warming, ocean acidification, reduced marine productivity and lower carbonate δ13C values, and the latter with climatic cooling, increased marine productivity and higher carbonate δ13C values. Environmental parameters such as marine redox conditions and terrestrial weathering intensity do not show consistent relationships with carbon-cycle changes. In this context, mass extinction causation can be usefully classified using a matrix of ultimate and proximate factors. Among the Big Five mass extinctions, the end-Cretaceous biocrisis is an example of a bolide-triggered carbon-release event, the end-Permian and end-Triassic biocrises are examples of LIP-triggered carbon-release events, and the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian biocrises are examples of bioevolution-triggered carbon-burial events. Whereas the bolide-impact and LIP-eruption mechanisms appear to invariably cause carbon release, bioevolutionary triggers can result in variable carbon-cycle changes, e.g. carbon burial during the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian events, carbon release associated with modern anthropogenic climate warming, and little to no carbon-cycle impact due to certain types of ecosystem change (e.g. the advent of the first predators around the end-Ediacaran; the appearance of Paleolithic human hunters in Australasia and the Americas). Broadly speaking, studies of mass extinction causation have suffered from insufficiently critical thinking-an impartial survey of the extant evidence shows that (i) hypotheses of a common ultimate cause (e.g. bolide impacts or LIP eruptions) for all Big Five mass extinctions are suspect given manifest differences in patterns of environmental and biotic change among them; (ii) the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian events were associated with carbon burial and long-term climatic cooling, i.e. changes that are inconsistent with a bolide-impact or LIP-eruption mechanism; and (iii) claims of periodicity in Phanerozoic mass extinctions depended critically on the now-disproven idea that they shared a common extrinsic trigger (i.e. bolide impacts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Algeo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences—Wuhan, Wuhan430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences—Wuhan, Wuhan430074, China
- Department of Geosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221, USA
| | - Jun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences—Wuhan, Wuhan430074, China
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Johnson RJ, Lanaspa MA, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tolan D, Nakagawa T, Ishimoto T, Andres-Hernando A, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Stenvinkel P. The fructose survival hypothesis for obesity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220230. [PMID: 37482773 PMCID: PMC10363705 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The fructose survival hypothesis proposes that obesity and metabolic disorders may have developed from over-stimulation of an evolutionary-based biologic response (survival switch) that aims to protect animals in advance of crisis. The response is characterized by hunger, thirst, foraging, weight gain, fat accumulation, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and increased blood pressure. The process is initiated by the ingestion of fructose or by stimulating endogenous fructose production via the polyol pathway. Unlike other nutrients, fructose reduces the active energy (adenosine triphosphate) in the cell, while blocking its regeneration from fat stores. This is mediated by intracellular uric acid, mitochondrial oxidative stress, the inhibition of AMP kinase and stimulation of vasopressin. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is suppressed, and glycolysis stimulated. While this response is aimed to be modest and short-lived, the response in humans is exaggerated due to gain of 'thrifty genes' coupled with a western diet rich in foods that contain or generate fructose. We propose excessive fructose metabolism not only explains obesity but the epidemics of diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity-associated cancers, vascular and Alzheimer's dementia, and even ageing. Moreover, the hypothesis unites current hypotheses on obesity. Reducing activation and/or blocking this pathway and stimulating mitochondrial regeneration may benefit health-span. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - Miguel A. Lanaspa
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - L. Gabriela Sanchez-Lozada
- Department of Cardio-Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chavez’, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Dean Tolan
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Nephrology, Rakuwakai-Otowa Hospital, Kyoto 607-8062, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1103, Japan
| | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición ‘Salvador Zubirán’, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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8
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Zecca G, Panzeri D, Grassi F. Detecting signals of adaptive evolution in grape plastomes with a focus on the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) transition. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:965-980. [PMID: 36282948 PMCID: PMC9851337 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although plastid genes are widely used in phylogenetic studies, signals of positive selection have been scarcely investigated in the grape family. The plastomes from 91 accessions of Vitaceae were examined to understand the extent to which positive selection is present and to identify which genes are involved. Moreover, the changes through time of genes under episodic positive selection were investigated and the hypothesis of an adaptive process following the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) transition about 66 million years ago was tested. METHODS Different codon-substitution models were used to assess pervasive and episodic positive selection events on 70 candidate plastid genes. Divergence times between lineages were estimated and stochastic character mapping analysis was used to simulate variation over time of the genes found to be under episodic positive selection. KEY RESULTS A total of 20 plastid genes (29 %) showed positive selection. Among them, 14 genes showed pervasive signatures of positive selection and nine genes showed episodic signatures of positive selection. In particular, four of the nine genes (psbK, rpl20, rpoB, rps11) exhibited a similar pattern showing an increase in the rate of variation close to the K/Pg transition. CONCLUSION Multiple analyses have shown that the grape family has experienced ancient and recent positive selection events and that the targeted genes are involved in essential functions such as photosynthesis, self-replication and metabolism. Our results are consistent with the idea that the K/Pg transition has favoured an increased rate of change in some genes. Intense environmental perturbations have influenced the rapid diversification of certain lineages, and new mutations arising on some plastid genes may have been fixed by natural selection over the course of many generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Zecca
- University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Panzeri
- University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Grassi
- University of Milan-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
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9
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Judd EJ, Tierney JE, Huber BT, Wing SL, Lunt DJ, Ford HL, Inglis GN, McClymont EL, O'Brien CL, Rattanasriampaipong R, Si W, Staitis ML, Thirumalai K, Anagnostou E, Cramwinckel MJ, Dawson RR, Evans D, Gray WR, Grossman EL, Henehan MJ, Hupp BN, MacLeod KG, O'Connor LK, Sánchez Montes ML, Song H, Zhang YG. The PhanSST global database of Phanerozoic sea surface temperature proxy data. Sci Data 2022; 9:753. [PMID: 36473868 PMCID: PMC9726822 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleotemperature proxy data form the cornerstone of paleoclimate research and are integral to understanding the evolution of the Earth system across the Phanerozoic Eon. Here, we present PhanSST, a database containing over 150,000 data points from five proxy systems that can be used to estimate past sea surface temperature. The geochemical data have a near-global spatial distribution and temporally span most of the Phanerozoic. Each proxy value is associated with consistent and queryable metadata fields, including information about the location, age, and taxonomy of the organism from which the data derive. To promote transparency and reproducibility, we include all available published data, regardless of interpreted preservation state or vital effects. However, we also provide expert-assigned diagenetic assessments, ecological and environmental flags, and other proxy-specific fields, which facilitate informed and responsible reuse of the database. The data are quality control checked and the foraminiferal taxonomy has been updated. PhanSST will serve as a valuable resource to the paleoclimate community and has myriad applications, including evolutionary, geochemical, diagenetic, and proxy calibration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Judd
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA.
| | - Jessica E Tierney
- University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tuscon, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brian T Huber
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Scott L Wing
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Daniel J Lunt
- University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Heather L Ford
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Geography, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gordon N Inglis
- University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Weimin Si
- Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Matthew L Staitis
- University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | | | - Eleni Anagnostou
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marlow Julius Cramwinckel
- University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
- Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Robin R Dawson
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Geosciences, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - David Evans
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - William R Gray
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ethan L Grossman
- Texas A&M University, Department of Geology and Geophysics, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Michael J Henehan
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 3.3 Earth Surface Geochemistry, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Brittany N Hupp
- Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kenneth G MacLeod
- University of Missouri, Department of Geological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lauren K O'Connor
- University of Manchester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Haijun Song
- China University of Geosciences, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yi Ge Zhang
- Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Abstract
We report K–Pg-age deposits in Baja California, Mexico, consisting of terrestrial and shallow-marine materials re-sedimented onto the continental slope, including corals, gastropods, bivalves, shocked quartz grains, an andesitic tuff with a SHRIMP U–Pb age (66.12 ± 0.65 Ma) indistinguishable from that of the K–Pg boundary, and charred tree trunks. The overlying mudstones show an iridium anomaly and fungal and fern spores spikes. We interpret these heterogeneous deposits as a direct result of the Chicxulub impact and a mega-tsunami in response to seismically-induced landsliding. The tsunami backwash carried the megaflora offshore in high-density flows, remobilizing shallow-marine fauna and sediment en route. Charring of the trees at temperatures up to > 1000 °C took place in the interval between impact and arrival of the tsunami, which on the basis of seismic velocities and historic analogues amounted to only tens of minutes at most. This constrains the timing and causes of fires and the minimum distance from the impact site over which fires may be ignited.
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11
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Jamson KM, Moon BC, Fraass AJ. Diversity dynamics of microfossils from the Cretaceous to the Neogene show mixed responses to events. PALAEONTOLOGY 2022; 65:e12615. [PMID: 36248238 PMCID: PMC9540813 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfossils have a ubiquitous and well-studied fossil record with temporally and spatially fluctuating diversity, but how this arises and how major events affect speciation and extinction is uncertain. We present one of the first applications of PyRate to a micropalaeontological global occurrence dataset, reconstructing diversification rates within a Bayesian framework from the Mesozoic to the Neogene in four microfossil groups: planktic foraminiferans, calcareous nannofossils, radiolarians and diatoms. Calcareous and siliceous groups demonstrate opposed but inconsistent responses in diversification. Radiolarian origination increases from c. 104 Ma, maintaining high rates into the Cenozoic. Calcareous microfossil diversification rates significantly declines across the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary, while rates in siliceous microfossil groups remain stable until the Paleocene-Eocene transition. Diversification rates in the Cenozoic are largely stable in calcareous groups, whereas the Palaeogene is a turbulent time for diatoms. Diversification fluctuations are driven by climate change and fluctuations in sea surface temperatures, leading to different responses in the groups generating calcareous or siliceous microfossils. Extinctions are apparently induced by changes in anoxia, acidification and stratification; speciation tends to be associated with upwelling, productivity and ocean circulation. These results invite further micropalaeontological quantitative analysis and study of the effects of major transitions in the fossil record. Despite extensive occurrence data, regional diversification events were not recovered; neither were some global events. These unexpected results show the need to consider multiple spatiotemporal levels of diversity and diversification analyses and imply that occurrence datasets of different clades may be more appropriate for testing some hypotheses than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Jamson
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
- Present address:
School of Earth & Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBob Wright Centre A405VictoriaBCV8W 2Y2Canada
| | - Benjamin C. Moon
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
| | - Andrew J. Fraass
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
- The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University1900 Benjamin Franklin ParkwayPhiladelphiaPA19103USA
- Present address:
School of Earth & Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBob Wright Centre A405VictoriaBCV8W 2Y2Canada
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12
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Butrim MJ, Royer DL, Miller IM, Dechesne M, Neu-Yagle N, Lyson TR, Johnson KR, Barclay RS. No Consistent Shift in Leaf Dry Mass per Area Across the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:894690. [PMID: 35783978 PMCID: PMC9244629 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.894690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Chicxulub bolide impact has been linked to a mass extinction of plants at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB; ∼66 Ma), but how this extinction affected plant ecological strategies remains understudied. Previous work in the Williston Basin, North Dakota, indicates that plants pursuing strategies with a slow return-on-investment of nutrients abruptly vanished after the KPB, consistent with a hypothesis of selection against evergreen species during the globally cold and dark impact winter that followed the bolide impact. To test whether this was a widespread pattern we studied 1,303 fossil leaves from KPB-spanning sediments in the Denver Basin, Colorado. We used the relationship between petiole width and leaf mass to estimate leaf dry mass per area (LMA), a leaf functional trait negatively correlated with rate of return-on-investment. We found no evidence for a shift in this leaf-economic trait across the KPB: LMA remained consistent in both its median and overall distribution from approximately 67 to 65 Ma. However, we did find spatio-temporal patterns in LMA, where fossil localities with low LMA occurred more frequently near the western margin of the basin. These western margin localities are proximal to the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, where an orographically driven high precipitation regime is thought to have developed during the early Paleocene. Among these western Denver Basin localities, LMA and estimated mean annual precipitation were inversely correlated, a pattern consistent with observations of both fossil and extant plants. In the Denver Basin, local environmental conditions over time appeared to play a larger role in determining viable leaf-economic strategies than any potential global signal associated with the Chicxulub bolide impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Butrim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
- Department of Geology and Geophysics and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Dana L. Royer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Ian M. Miller
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Nicole Neu-Yagle
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Tyler R. Lyson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kirk R. Johnson
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Richard S. Barclay
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States
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13
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Massive perturbations to atmospheric sulfur in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119194119. [PMID: 35312339 PMCID: PMC9168947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119194119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur isotopes confirm a key role for atmospheric sulfur gases in climatic cooling, mass extinction, and the demise of dinosaurs and other global biota after the Chicxulub bolide impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. The sulfur isotope anomalies are confined to beds containing ejecta and, in the immediately overlying sediments, are temporally unrelated to known episodes of volcanism that also bracket this event, further addressing the controversial role of the Deccan Traps in the extinction. Sulfate aerosols have long been implicated as a primary forcing agent of climate change and mass extinction in the aftermath of the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub bolide impact. However, uncertainty remains regarding the quantity, residence time, and degree to which impact-derived sulfur transited the stratosphere, where its climatic impact would have been maximized. Here, we present evidence of mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes (S-MIF) preserved in Chicxulub impact ejecta materials deposited in a marine environment in the Gulf Coastal Plain of North America. The mass anomalous sulfur is present in Cretaceous–Paleogene event deposits but also extends into Early Paleogene sediments. These measurements cannot be explained by mass conservation effects or thermochemical sulfate reduction and therefore require sulfur-bearing gases in an atmosphere substantially different from the modern. Our data cannot discriminate between potential source reaction(s) that produced the S-MIF, but stratospheric photolysis of SO2 derived from the target rock or carbonyl sulfide produced by biomass burning are the most parsimonious explanations. Given that the ultimate fate of both of these gases is oxidation to sulfate aerosols, our data provide direct evidence for a long hypothesized primary role for sulfate aerosols in the postimpact winter and global mass extinction.
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15
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During MAD, Smit J, Voeten DFAE, Berruyer C, Tafforeau P, Sanchez S, Stein KHW, Verdegaal-Warmerdam SJA, van der Lubbe JHJL. The Mesozoic terminated in boreal spring. Nature 2022; 603:91-94. [PMID: 35197634 PMCID: PMC8891016 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction around 66 million years ago was triggered by the Chicxulub asteroid impact on the present-day Yucatán Peninsula1,2. This event caused the highly selective extinction that eliminated about 76% of species3,4, including all non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ammonites, rudists and most marine reptiles. The timing of the impact and its aftermath have been studied mainly on millennial timescales, leaving the season of the impact unconstrained. Here, by studying fishes that died on the day the Mesozoic era ended, we demonstrate that the impact that caused the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction took place during boreal spring. Osteohistology together with stable isotope records of exceptionally preserved perichondral and dermal bones in acipenseriform fishes from the Tanis impact-induced seiche deposits5 reveal annual cyclicity across the final years of the Cretaceous period. Annual life cycles, including seasonal timing and duration of reproduction, feeding, hibernation and aestivation, vary strongly across latest Cretaceous biotic clades. We postulate that the timing of the Chicxulub impact in boreal spring and austral autumn was a major influence on selective biotic survival across the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A D During
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jan Smit
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis F A E Voeten
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Sanchez
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Koen H W Stein
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Directorate 'Earth and History of Life', Brussels, Belgium.,Earth System Science-AMGC, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jeroen H J L van der Lubbe
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Kaas JH, Qi HX, Stepniewska I. Escaping the nocturnal bottleneck, and the evolution of the dorsal and ventral streams of visual processing in primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210293. [PMID: 34957843 PMCID: PMC8710890 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early mammals were small and nocturnal. Their visual systems had regressed and they had poor vision. After the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 mya, some but not all escaped the 'nocturnal bottleneck' by recovering high-acuity vision. By contrast, early primates escaped the bottleneck within the age of dinosaurs by having large forward-facing eyes and acute vision while remaining nocturnal. We propose that these primates differed from other mammals by changing the balance between two sources of visual information to cortex. Thus, cortical processing became less dependent on a relay of information from the superior colliculus (SC) to temporal cortex and more dependent on information distributed from primary visual cortex (V1). In addition, the two major classes of visual information from the retina became highly segregated into magnocellular (M cell) projections from V1 to the primate-specific temporal visual area (MT), and parvocellular-dominated projections to the dorsolateral visual area (DL or V4). The greatly expanded P cell inputs from V1 informed the ventral stream of cortical processing involving temporal and frontal cortex. The M cell pathways from V1 and the SC informed the dorsal stream of cortical processing involving MT, surrounding temporal cortex, and parietal-frontal sensorimotor domains. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon H. Kaas
- Department of Pshycology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Hui-Xin Qi
- Department of Pshycology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Iwona Stepniewska
- Department of Pshycology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Barreto Xavier-Leite A, da Silva Cáceres ME, Aptroot A, Moncada B, Lücking R, Tomio Goto B. Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family Gomphillaceae (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K-Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 168:107380. [PMID: 34999241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We present the first broad molecular-phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family Gomphillaceae, based on 408 newly generated sequences of the mitochondrial SSU rDNA and nuclear LSU rDNA, representing 342 OTUs. The phylogenetic analysis of 20 out of the 28 currently accepted genera resulted in 48 clades. Twelve genera were resolved as monophyletic: Actinoplaca, Arthotheliopsis, Bullatina, Caleniopsis, Corticifraga, Gomphillus, Gyalectidium, Gyalidea, Jamesiella, Rolueckia, Rubrotricha, and Taitaia. Two genera resulted paraphyletic, namely Aulaxina (including Caleniopsis) and Asterothyrium (including Linhartia). Six genera were in part highly polyphyletic: Aderkomyces, Calenia, Echinoplaca, Gyalideopsis, Psorotheciopsis, and Tricharia. While ascoma morphology and anatomy has traditionally been considered as main character complex to distinguish genera, our study supported the notion that the characteristic asexual anamorph of Gomphillaceae, the so-called hyphophores, are diagnostic for most of the newly recognized clades. As a result, we recognize 26 new genus-level clades, three of which have names available (Microxyphiomyces, Psathyromyces, Spinomyces) and 23 that will require formal description as new genera. We also tested monophyly for 53 species-level names for which two or more specimens were sequenced: 27 were supported as monophyletic and representing a single species, 13 as monophyletic but with an internal topology suggesting cryptic speciation, four as paraphyletic, and nine as polyphyletic. These data suggest that species richness in the family is higher than indicated by the number of accepted names (currently 425); they also confirm that recently refined species concepts reflect species richness better than the broad concepts applied in Santesson's monograph. A divergence time analysis revealed that foliicolous Gomphillaceae diversified after the K-Pg-boundary and largely during the Miocene, a notion supported by limited data available for other common foliicolous lineages such as Chroodiscus (Graphidaceae), Pilocarpaceae, and Porinaceae. This contradicts recent studies suggesting that only macrofoliose Lecanoromycetes exhibit increased diversification rates in the Cenozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Barreto Xavier-Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, CB, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Marcela E da Silva Cáceres
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP: 49500-000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - André Aptroot
- Laboratório de Botânica / Liquenologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Licenciatura en Biología, Cra. 4 No. 26B-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bruno Tomio Goto
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, CB, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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18
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Abstract
Super-relaxation is a state of muscle thick filaments in which ATP turnover by myosin is much slower than that of myosin II in solution. This inhibited state, in equilibrium with a faster (relaxed) state, is ubiquitous and thought to be fundamental to muscle function, acting as a mechanism for switching off energy-consuming myosin motors when they are not being used. The structural basis of super-relaxation is usually taken to be a motif formed by myosin in which the two heads interact with each other and with the proximal tail forming an interacting-heads motif, which switches the heads off. However, recent studies show that even isolated myosin heads can exhibit this slow rate. Here, we review the role of head interactions in creating the super-relaxed state and show how increased numbers of interactions in thick filaments underlie the high levels of super-relaxation found in intact muscle. We suggest how a third, even more inhibited, state of myosin (a hyper-relaxed state) seen in certain species results from additional interactions involving the heads. We speculate on the relationship between animal lifestyle and level of super-relaxation in different species and on the mechanism of formation of the super-relaxed state. We also review how super-relaxed thick filaments are activated and how the super-relaxed state is modulated in healthy and diseased muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Craig
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
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19
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Zhang H, Zhang F, Chen JB, Erwin DH, Syverson DD, Ni P, Rampino M, Chi Z, Cai YF, Xiang L, Li WQ, Liu SA, Wang RC, Wang XD, Feng Z, Li HM, Zhang T, Cai HM, Zheng W, Cui Y, Zhu XK, Hou ZQ, Wu FY, Xu YG, Planavsky N, Shen SZ. Felsic volcanism as a factor driving the end-Permian mass extinction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1390. [PMID: 34788084 PMCID: PMC8597993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Siberian Traps large igneous province (STLIP) is commonly invoked as the primary driver of global environmental changes that triggered the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). Here, we explore the contributions of coeval felsic volcanism to end-Permian environmental changes. We report evidence of extreme Cu enrichment in the EPME interval in South China. The enrichment is associated with an increase in the light Cu isotope, melt inclusions rich in copper and sulfides, and Hg concentration spikes. The Cu and Hg elemental and isotopic signatures can be linked to S-rich vapor produced by felsic volcanism. We use these previously unknown geochemical data to estimate volcanic SO2 injections and argue that this volcanism would have produced several degrees of rapid cooling before or coincident with the more protracted global warming. Large-scale eruptions near the South China block synchronous with the EPME strengthen the case that the STLIP may not have been the sole trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiu-bin Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Douglas H. Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Drew D. Syverson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Pei Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Michael Rampino
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Zhe Chi
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yao-feng Cai
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wei-qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng-Ao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ru-cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang-dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Institute of Deep Time Terrestrial Ecology and Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hou-min Li
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong-ming Cai
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wang Zheng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Xiang-kun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zeng-qian Hou
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Fu-yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi-gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry and Center of Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Noah Planavsky
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Shu-zhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry and Center of Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research and Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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Song H, Kemp DB, Tian L, Chu D, Song H, Dai X. Thresholds of temperature change for mass extinctions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4694. [PMID: 34349121 PMCID: PMC8338942 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is a critical factor affecting biodiversity. However, the quantitative relationship between temperature change and extinction is unclear. Here, we analyze magnitudes and rates of temperature change and extinction rates of marine fossils through the past 450 million years (Myr). The results show that both the rate and magnitude of temperature change are significantly positively correlated with the extinction rate of marine animals. Major mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic can be linked to thresholds in climate change (warming or cooling) that equate to magnitudes >5.2 °C and rates >10 °C/Myr. The significant relationship between temperature change and extinction still exists when we exclude the five largest mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic. Our findings predict that a temperature increase of 5.2 °C above the pre-industrial level at present rates of increase would likely result in mass extinction comparable to that of the major Phanerozoic events, even without other, non-climatic anthropogenic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - David B Kemp
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Daoliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huyue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
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21
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Witts JD, Landman NH, Garb MP, Irizarry KM, Larina E, Thibault N, Razmjooei MJ, Yancey TE, Myers CE. Cephalopods from the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Boundary Interval on the Brazos River, Texas, and Extinction of the Ammonites. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1206/3964.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Witts
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Neil H. Landman
- Division of Paleontology (Invertebrates), American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Matthew P. Garb
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, New York
| | - Kayla M. Irizarry
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ekaterina Larina
- University of Southern California, Department of Earth Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicolas Thibault
- Department of Geosciences and Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammad J. Razmjooei
- Department of Geosciences and Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Yancey
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Corinne E. Myers
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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22
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Boyd M, Wilson N. Existential Risks to Humanity Should Concern International Policymakers and More Could Be Done in Considering Them at the International Governance Level. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:2303-2312. [PMID: 32691469 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we consider the possible role of the United Nations (UN) with respect to existential risks to human civilization and the survival of humanity. We illustrate how existential risks have been discussed at an international governance level, specifically in documents in the UN Digital Library. In this large corpus, discussions of nuclear war account for over two-thirds (69%, 67/97) of mentions of existential risks, while mention of other existential risks, or such risks as a category, appears scant. We take these observations to imply inadequate attention to these significant threats. These deficits, combined with the need for a global response to many risks, suggest that UN member nations should urgently advocate for appropriate action at the UN to address threats, such as artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, geoengineering, and supervolcanic eruption, in analogous fashion to existing attempts to mitigate the threats from nuclear war or near-Earth objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Boyd
- Adapt Research Ltd., Reefton, New Zealand
| | - Nick Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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23
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Nicholson AC, Gulvik CA, Whitney AM, Humrighouse BW, Bell ME, Holmes B, Steigerwalt AG, Villarma A, Sheth M, Batra D, Rowe LA, Burroughs M, Pryor JC, Bernardet JF, Hugo C, Kämpfer P, Newman JD, McQuiston JR. Division of the genus Chryseobacterium: Observation of discontinuities in amino acid identity values, a possible consequence of major extinction events, guides transfer of nine species to the genus Epilithonimonas, eleven species to the genus Kaistella, and three species to the genus Halpernia gen. nov., with description of Kaistella daneshvariae sp. nov. and Epilithonimonas vandammei sp. nov. derived from clinical specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:4432-4450. [PMID: 32735208 PMCID: PMC7660247 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Chryseobacterium in the family Weeksellaceae is known to be polyphyletic. Amino acid identity (AAI) values were calculated from whole-genome sequences of species of the genus Chryseobacterium, and their distribution was found to be multi-modal. These naturally-occurring non-continuities were leveraged to standardise genus assignment of these species. We speculate that this multi-modal distribution is a consequence of loss of biodiversity during major extinction events, leading to the concept that a bacterial genus corresponds to a set of species that diversified since the Permian extinction. Transfer of nine species (Chryseobacterium arachidiradicis, Chryseobacterium bovis, Chryseobacterium caeni, Chryseobacterium hispanicum, Chryseobacterium hominis, Chryseobacterium hungaricum,, Chryseobacterium pallidum and Chryseobacterium zeae) to the genus Epilithonimonas and eleven (Chryseobacterium anthropi, Chryseobacterium antarcticum, Chryseobacterium carnis, Chryseobacterium chaponense, Chryseobacterium haifense, Chryseobacterium jeonii, Chryseobacterium montanum, Chryseobacterium palustre, Chryseobacterium solincola, Chryseobacterium treverense and Chryseobacterium yonginense) to the genus Kaistella is proposed. Two novel species are described: Kaistella daneshvariae sp. nov. and Epilithonimonas vandammei sp. nov. Evidence is presented to support the assignment of Planobacterium taklimakanense to a genus apart from Chryseobacterium, to which Planobacterium salipaludis comb nov. also belongs. The novel genus Halpernia is proposed, to contain the type species Halpernia frigidisoli comb. nov., along with Halpernia humi comb. nov., and Halpernia marina comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley C. Nicholson
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Christopher A. Gulvik
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Anne M. Whitney
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Ben W. Humrighouse
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Melissa E. Bell
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Barry Holmes
- National Collection of Type Cultures, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Arnie G. Steigerwalt
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Aaron Villarma
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Mili Sheth
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Dhwani Batra
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Lori A. Rowe
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Mark Burroughs
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Jessica C. Pryor
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Jean-François Bernardet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Celia Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Peter Kämpfer
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D. Newman
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Biology Department, Lycoming College, Williamsport PA 17701, USA
| | - John R. McQuiston
- Special Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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24
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Abstract
We present a quantitative test of end-Cretaceous extinction scenarios and how these would have affected dinosaur habitats. Combining climate and ecological modeling tools, we demonstrate a substantial detrimental effect on dinosaur habitats caused by an impact winter scenario triggered by the Chicxulub asteroid. We were not able to obtain such an extinction state with several modeling scenarios of Deccan volcanism. We further show that the concomitant prolonged eruption of the Deccan traps might have acted as an ameliorating agent, buffering the negative effects on climate and global ecosystems that the asteroid impact produced at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. The Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, 66 Ma, included the demise of non-avian dinosaurs. Intense debate has focused on the relative roles of Deccan volcanism and the Chicxulub asteroid impact as kill mechanisms for this event. Here, we combine fossil-occurrence data with paleoclimate and habitat suitability models to evaluate dinosaur habitability in the wake of various asteroid impact and Deccan volcanism scenarios. Asteroid impact models generate a prolonged cold winter that suppresses potential global dinosaur habitats. Conversely, long-term forcing from Deccan volcanism (carbon dioxide [CO2]-induced warming) leads to increased habitat suitability. Short-term (aerosol cooling) volcanism still allows equatorial habitability. These results support the asteroid impact as the main driver of the non-avian dinosaur extinction. By contrast, induced warming from volcanism mitigated the most extreme effects of asteroid impact, potentially reducing the extinction severity.
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25
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Hull PM, Bornemann A, Penman DE, Henehan MJ, Norris RD, Wilson PA, Blum P, Alegret L, Batenburg SJ, Bown PR, Bralower TJ, Cournede C, Deutsch A, Donner B, Friedrich O, Jehle S, Kim H, Kroon D, Lippert PC, Loroch D, Moebius I, Moriya K, Peppe DJ, Ravizza GE, Röhl U, Schueth JD, Sepúlveda J, Sexton PF, Sibert EC, Śliwińska KK, Summons RE, Thomas E, Westerhold T, Whiteside JH, Yamaguchi T, Zachos JC. On impact and volcanism across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Science 2020; 367:266-272. [PMID: 31949074 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The cause of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction is vigorously debated, owing to the occurrence of a very large bolide impact and flood basalt volcanism near the boundary. Disentangling their relative importance is complicated by uncertainty regarding kill mechanisms and the relative timing of volcanogenic outgassing, impact, and extinction. We used carbon cycle modeling and paleotemperature records to constrain the timing of volcanogenic outgassing. We found support for major outgassing beginning and ending distinctly before the impact, with only the impact coinciding with mass extinction and biologically amplified carbon cycle change. Our models show that these extinction-related carbon cycle changes would have allowed the ocean to absorb massive amounts of carbon dioxide, thus limiting the global warming otherwise expected from postextinction volcanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pincelli M Hull
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - André Bornemann
- Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Donald E Penman
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael J Henehan
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard D Norris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul A Wilson
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Peter Blum
- International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Laia Alegret
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra and Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Paul R Bown
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Timothy J Bralower
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Cecile Cournede
- CEREGE, Université Aix-Marseille, 13545 Aix en Provence, France.,Institute for Rock Magnetism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Institut für Planetologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Donner
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sofie Jehle
- Institut für Geophysik und Geologie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hojung Kim
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Dick Kroon
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Peter C Lippert
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dominik Loroch
- Institut für Planetologie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Moebius
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biogeochemical Systems, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kazuyoshi Moriya
- Department of Earth Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
| | - Daniel J Peppe
- Department of Geosciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Gregory E Ravizza
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ursula Röhl
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Julio Sepúlveda
- Department of Geological Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Philip F Sexton
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Sibert
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Harvard Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kasia K Śliwińska
- Department of Stratigraphy, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Roger E Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ellen Thomas
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Thomas Westerhold
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jessica H Whiteside
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | | | - James C Zachos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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26
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Lakin RJ, Barrett PM, Stevenson C, Thomas RJ, Wills MA. First evidence for a latitudinal body mass effect in extant Crocodylia and the relationships of their reproductive characters. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRelationships between distribution patterns and body size have been documented in many endothermic taxa. However, the evidence for these trends in ectotherms generally is equivocal, and there have been no studies of effects in crocodylians specifically. Here, we examine the relationship between latitudinal distribution and body mass in 20 extant species of crocodylians, as well as the relationships between seven important reproductive variables. Using phylogenetically independent contrasts to inform generalized linear models, we provide the first evidence of a latitudinal effect on adult female body mass in crocodylians. In addition, we explore the relationships between reproductive variables including egg mass, hatchling mass and clutch size. We report no correlation between egg mass and clutch size, upholding previously reported within-species trends. We also find no evidence of a correlation between measures of latitudinal range and incubation temperature, contrasting with the trends found in turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Lakin
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London, UK
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27
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Two-step extinction of Late Cretaceous marine vertebrates in northern Gulf of Mexico prolonged biodiversity loss prior to the Chicxulub impact. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4169. [PMID: 32144332 PMCID: PMC7060338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on mass extinctions are often based on the global fossil record, but data from selected paleogeographic regions under a relatively constant paleoenvironmental setting can also provide important information. Eighty-nine marine vertebrate species, including cartilaginous and bony fish and marine reptiles, from northern Gulf of Mexico – located about 500 km from the Chicxulub crater – offer a unique opportunity to determine an extinction process during the last 20 million years of the Late Cretaceous. Our diversity data show two separate extinction events: (i) the ‘Middle Campanian Crisis’ (about 77 Mya) and (ii) the end-Maastrichtian (66 Mya) events. Whether this stepwise pattern of extinctions occurred locally or globally cannot be determined at present due to the lack of a dataset of the marine vertebrate record for reliable comparison. However, this stepwise pattern including the Middle Campanian and end-Maastrichtian events for, at least, a 13 million-year interval indicates long-term global marine environmental changes (e.g., regression, ocean water chemistry change). Because most Cretaceous marine vertebrates already disappeared in the Gulf of Mexico prior to the latest Maastrichtian, the Chicxulub Impact may not be considered as the most devastating extinction event for the community.
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28
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Dishon G, Grossowicz M, Krom M, Guy G, Gruber DF, Tchernov D. Evolutionary Traits that Enable Scleractinian Corals to Survive Mass Extinction Events. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3903. [PMID: 32127555 PMCID: PMC7054358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleractinian “stony” corals are major habitat engineers, whose skeletons form the framework for the highly diverse, yet increasingly threatened, coral reef ecosystem. Fossil coral skeletons also present a rich record that enables paleontological analysis of coral origins, tracing them back to the Triassic (~241 Myr). While numerous invertebrate lineages were eradicated at the last major mass extinction boundary, the Cretaceous-Tertiary/K-T (66 Myr), a number of Scleractinian corals survived. We review this history and assess traits correlated with K-T mass extinction survival. Disaster-related “survival” traits that emerged from our analysis are: (1) deep water residing (>100 m); (2) cosmopolitan distributions, (3) non-symbiotic, (4) solitary or small colonies and (5) bleaching-resistant. We then compared these traits to the traits of modern Scleractinian corals, using to IUCN Red List data, and report that corals with these same survival traits have relatively stable populations, while those lacking them are presently decreasing in abundance and diversity. This shows corals exhibiting a similar dynamic survival response as seen at the last major extinction, the K-T. While these results could be seen as promising, that some corals may survive the Anthropocene extinction, they also highlight how our relatively-fragile Primate order does not possess analogous “survival” characteristics, nor have a record of mass extinction survival as some corals are capable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Dishon
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel. .,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | | | - Michael Krom
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Environmental Geochemistry Lab., Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Haifa University, Mount Carmel, Israel.,School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gilad Guy
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - David F Gruber
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10010, USA. .,PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center City University of New York, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Dan Tchernov
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel.,Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Environmental Geochemistry Lab., Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, Haifa University, Mount Carmel, Israel
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29
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Johnson RJ, Stenvinkel P, Andrews P, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Nakagawa T, Gaucher E, Andres-Hernando A, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Jimenez CR, Garcia G, Kang DH, Tolan DR, Lanaspa MA. Fructose metabolism as a common evolutionary pathway of survival associated with climate change, food shortage and droughts. J Intern Med 2020; 287:252-262. [PMID: 31621967 PMCID: PMC10917390 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mass extinctions occur frequently in natural history. While studies of animals that became extinct can be informative, it is the survivors that provide clues for mechanisms of adaptation when conditions are adverse. Here, we describe a survival pathway used by many species as a means for providing adequate fuel and water, while also providing protection from a decrease in oxygen availability. Fructose, whether supplied in the diet (primarily fruits and honey), or endogenously (via activation of the polyol pathway), preferentially shifts the organism towards the storing of fuel (fat, glycogen) that can be used to provide energy and water at a later date. Fructose causes sodium retention and raises blood pressure and likely helped survival in the setting of dehydration or salt deprivation. By shifting energy production from the mitochondria to glycolysis, fructose reduced oxygen demands to aid survival in situations where oxygen availability is low. The actions of fructose are driven in part by vasopressin and the generation of uric acid. Twice in history, mutations occurred during periods of mass extinction that enhanced the activity of fructose to generate fat, with the first being a mutation in vitamin C metabolism during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction (65 million years ago) and the second being a mutation in uricase that occurred during the Middle Miocene disruption (12-14 million years ago). Today, the excessive intake of fructose due to the availability of refined sugar and high-fructose corn syrup is driving 'burden of life style' diseases, including obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Johnson
- From the, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Andrews
- Museum of Natural History, London, UK
| | | | - T Nakagawa
- Department of Nephrology, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - E Gaucher
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Andres-Hernando
- From the, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - C R Jimenez
- From the, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - G Garcia
- From the, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - D-H Kang
- Division of Renal Diseases, Ewha University, Seoul, Korea
| | - D R Tolan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boson, MA, USA
| | - M A Lanaspa
- From the, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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30
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Schmieder M, Kring DA. Earth's Impact Events Through Geologic Time: A List of Recommended Ages for Terrestrial Impact Structures and Deposits. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:91-141. [PMID: 31880475 PMCID: PMC6987741 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a current (as of September 2019) list of recommended ages for proven terrestrial impact structures (n = 200) and deposits (n = 46) sourced from the primary literature. High-precision impact ages can be used to (1) reconstruct and quantify the impact flux in the inner Solar System and, in particular, the Earth-Moon system, thereby placing constraints on the delivery of extraterrestrial mass accreted on Earth through geologic time; (2) utilize impact ejecta as event markers in the stratigraphic record and to refine bio- and magneto-stratigraphy; (3) test models and hypotheses of synchronous double or multiple impact events in the terrestrial record; (4) assess the potential link between large impacts, mass extinctions, and diversification events in the biosphere; and (5) constrain the duration of melt sheet crystallization in large impact basins and the lifetime of hydrothermal systems in cooling impact craters, which may have served as habitats for microbial life on the early Earth and, possibly, Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schmieder
- Lunar and Planetary Institute—USRA, Houston, Texas
- NASA Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI)
- Address correspondence to: Martin Schmieder, Lunar and Planetary Institute—USRA, 3600 Bay Area Blvd, Houston, TX 77058
| | - David A. Kring
- Lunar and Planetary Institute—USRA, Houston, Texas
- NASA Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI)
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31
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Alvarez SA, Gibbs SJ, Bown PR, Kim H, Sheward RM, Ridgwell A. Diversity decoupled from ecosystem function and resilience during mass extinction recovery. Nature 2019; 574:242-245. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Highly expanded Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary section from the Chicxulub peak ring, recovered by International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)-International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364, provides an unprecedented window into the immediate aftermath of the impact. Site M0077 includes ∼130 m of impact melt rock and suevite deposited the first day of the Cenozoic covered by <1 m of micrite-rich carbonate deposited over subsequent weeks to years. We present an interpreted series of events based on analyses of these drill cores. Within minutes of the impact, centrally uplifted basement rock collapsed outward to form a peak ring capped in melt rock. Within tens of minutes, the peak ring was covered in ∼40 m of brecciated impact melt rock and coarse-grained suevite, including clasts possibly generated by melt-water interactions during ocean resurge. Within an hour, resurge crested the peak ring, depositing a 10-m-thick layer of suevite with increased particle roundness and sorting. Within hours, the full resurge deposit formed through settling and seiches, resulting in an 80-m-thick fining-upward, sorted suevite in the flooded crater. Within a day, the reflected rim-wave tsunami reached the crater, depositing a cross-bedded sand-to-fine gravel layer enriched in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons overlain by charcoal fragments. Generation of a deep crater open to the ocean allowed rapid flooding and sediment accumulation rates among the highest known in the geologic record. The high-resolution section provides insight into the impact environmental effects, including charcoal as evidence for impact-induced wildfires and a paucity of sulfur-rich evaporites from the target supporting rapid global cooling and darkness as extinction mechanisms.
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33
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Why did the dinosaurs become extinct? Could cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) deficiency be the answer? J Nutr Sci 2019; 8:e9. [PMID: 30911383 PMCID: PMC6425225 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2019.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Palaeontological deductions from the fossil remnants of extinct dinosaurs tell us much about their classification into species as well as about their physiological and behavioural characteristics. Geological evidence indicates that dinosaurs became extinct at the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene eras, about 66 million years ago, at a time when there was worldwide environmental change resulting from the impact of a large celestial object with the Earth and/or from vast volcanic eruptions. However, apart from the presumption that climate change and interference with food supply contributed to their extinction, no biological mechanism has been suggested to explain why such a diverse range of terrestrial vertebrates ceased to exist. One of perhaps several contributing mechanisms comes by extrapolating from the physiology of the avian descendants of dinosaurs. This raises the possibility that cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) deficiency of developing embryos in dinosaur eggs could have caused their death before hatching, thus extinguishing the entire family of dinosaurs through failure to reproduce.
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Ecological niche modelling does not support climatically-driven dinosaur diversity decline before the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1091. [PMID: 30842410 PMCID: PMC6403247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, dinosaur diversity is argued to have been either in long-term decline, or thriving until their sudden demise. The latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian [83-66 Ma]) of North America provides the best record to address this debate, but even here diversity reconstructions are biased by uneven sampling. Here we combine fossil occurrences with climatic and environmental modelling to quantify latest Cretaceous North American dinosaur habitat. Ecological niche modelling shows a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian habitability decrease in areas with present-day rock-outcrop. However, a continent-wide projection demonstrates habitat stability, or even a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian increase, that is not preserved. This reduction of the spatial sampling window resulted from formation of the proto-Rocky Mountains and sea-level regression. We suggest that Maastrichtian North American dinosaur diversity is therefore likely to be underestimated, with the apparent decline a product of sampling bias, and not due to a climatically-driven decrease in habitability as previously hypothesised.
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Sprain CJ, Renne PR, Vanderkluysen L, Pande K, Self S, Mittal T. The eruptive tempo of Deccan volcanism in relation to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Science 2019; 363:866-870. [PMID: 30792301 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Late Cretaceous records of environmental change suggest that Deccan Traps (DT) volcanism contributed to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) ecosystem crisis. However, testing this hypothesis requires identification of the KPB in the DT. We constrain the location of the KPB with high-precision argon-40/argon-39 data to be coincident with changes in the magmatic plumbing system. We also found that the DT did not erupt in three discrete large pulses and that >90% of DT volume erupted in <1 million years, with ~75% emplaced post-KPB. Late Cretaceous records of climate change coincide temporally with the eruption of the smallest DT phases, suggesting that either the release of climate-modifying gases is not directly related to eruptive volume or DT volcanism was not the source of Late Cretaceous climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Sprain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA. .,Geomagnetism Laboratory, Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Paul R Renne
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA.,Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Loÿc Vanderkluysen
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, PISB 123, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kanchan Pande
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Stephen Self
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA
| | - Tushar Mittal
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA
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MacLeod KG, Quinton PC, Sepúlveda J, Negra MH. Postimpact earliest Paleogene warming shown by fish debris oxygen isotopes (El Kef, Tunisia). Science 2018; 360:1467-1469. [PMID: 29794216 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Greenhouse warming is a predicted consequence of the Chicxulub impact, but supporting data are sparse. This shortcoming compromises understanding of the impact's effects, and it has persisted due to an absence of sections that both contain suitable material for traditional carbonate- or organic-based paleothermometry and are complete and expanded enough to resolve changes on short time scales. We address the problem by analyzing the oxygen isotopic composition of fish debris, phosphatic microfossils that are relatively resistant to diagenetic alteration, from the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary at El Kef, Tunisia. We report an ~1 per mil decrease in oxygen isotopic values (~5°C warming) beginning at the boundary and spanning ~300 centimeters of section (~100,000 years). The pattern found matches expectations for impact-initiated greenhouse warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G MacLeod
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - P C Quinton
- Department of Geology, SUNY Potsdam, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - J Sepúlveda
- Department of Geological Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M H Negra
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
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Contrasting responses of functional diversity to major losses in taxonomic diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:732-737. [PMID: 29305556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717636115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic diversity of benthic marine invertebrate shelf species declines at present by nearly an order of magnitude from the tropics to the poles in each hemisphere along the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), most steeply along the western Pacific where shallow-sea diversity is at its tropical maximum. In the Bivalvia, a model system for macroevolution and macroecology, this taxonomic trend is accompanied by a decline in the number of functional groups and an increase in the evenness of taxa distributed among those groups, with maximum functional evenness (FE) in polar waters of both hemispheres. In contrast, analyses of this model system across the two era-defining events of the Phanerozoic, the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinctions, show only minor declines in functional richness despite high extinction intensities, resulting in a rise in FE owing to the persistence of functional groups. We hypothesize that the spatial decline of taxonomic diversity and increase in FE along the present-day LDG primarily reflect diversity-dependent factors, whereas retention of almost all functional groups through the two mass extinctions suggests the operation of diversity-independent factors. Comparative analyses of different aspects of biodiversity thus reveal strongly contrasting biological consequences of similarly severe declines in taxonomic diversity and can help predict the consequences for functional diversity among different drivers of past, present, and future biodiversity loss.
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Kaiho K, Oshima N. Site of asteroid impact changed the history of life on Earth: the low probability of mass extinction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14855. [PMID: 29123110 PMCID: PMC5680197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-six million years ago, an asteroid approximately 9 km in diameter hit the hydrocarbon- and sulfur-rich sedimentary rocks in what is now Mexico. Recent studies have shown that this impact at the Yucatan Peninsula heated the hydrocarbon and sulfur in these rocks, forming stratospheric soot and sulfate aerosols and causing extreme global cooling and drought. These events triggered a mass extinction, including dinosaurs, and led to the subsequent macroevolution of mammals. The amount of hydrocarbon and sulfur in rocks varies widely, depending on location, which suggests that cooling and extinction levels were dependent on impact site. Here we show that the probability of significant global cooling, mass extinction, and the subsequent appearance of mammals was quite low after an asteroid impact on the Earth’s surface. This significant event could have occurred if the asteroid hit the hydrocarbon-rich areas occupying approximately 13% of the Earth’s surface. The site of asteroid impact, therefore, changed the history of life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Kaiho
- Department of Earth Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Naga Oshima
- Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Japan
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Congreve CR, Falk AR, Lamsdell JC. Biological hierarchies and the nature of extinction. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:811-826. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R. Congreve
- Department of Geosciences; 510 Deike Building, Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 U.S.A
| | - Amanda R. Falk
- Department of Biology; Centre College, 600 West Walnut Street; Danville KY 40422 U.S.A
| | - James C. Lamsdell
- Department of Geology and Geography, 98 Beechurst Avenure, Brooks Hall; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV 26506 U.S.A
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On transient climate change at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary due to atmospheric soot injections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7415-E7424. [PMID: 28827324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708980114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate simulations that consider injection into the atmosphere of 15,000 Tg of soot, the amount estimated to be present at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, produce what might have been one of the largest episodes of transient climate change in Earth history. The observed soot is believed to originate from global wildfires ignited after the impact of a 10-km-diameter asteroid on the Yucatán Peninsula 66 million y ago. Following injection into the atmosphere, the soot is heated by sunlight and lofted to great heights, resulting in a worldwide soot aerosol layer that lasts several years. As a result, little or no sunlight reaches the surface for over a year, such that photosynthesis is impossible and continents and oceans cool by as much as 28 °C and 11 °C, respectively. The absorption of light by the soot heats the upper atmosphere by hundreds of degrees. These high temperatures, together with a massive injection of water, which is a source of odd-hydrogen radicals, destroy the stratospheric ozone layer, such that Earth's surface receives high doses of UV radiation for about a year once the soot clears, five years after the impact. Temperatures remain above freezing in the oceans, coastal areas, and parts of the Tropics, but photosynthesis is severely inhibited for the first 1 y to 2 y, and freezing temperatures persist at middle latitudes for 3 y to 4 y. Refugia from these effects would have been very limited. The transient climate perturbation ends abruptly as the stratosphere cools and becomes supersaturated, causing rapid dehydration that removes all remaining soot via wet deposition.
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Global climate change driven by soot at the K-Pg boundary as the cause of the mass extinction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28427. [PMID: 27414998 PMCID: PMC4944614 DOI: 10.1038/srep28427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass extinction of life 66 million years ago at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, marked by the extinctions of dinosaurs and shallow marine organisms, is important because it led to the macroevolution of mammals and appearance of humans. The current hypothesis for the extinction is that an asteroid impact in present-day Mexico formed condensed aerosols in the stratosphere, which caused the cessation of photosynthesis and global near-freezing conditions. Here, we show that the stratospheric aerosols did not induce darkness that resulted in milder cooling than previously thought. We propose a new hypothesis that latitude-dependent climate changes caused by massive stratospheric soot explain the known mortality and survival on land and in oceans at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. The stratospheric soot was ejected from the oil-rich area by the asteroid impact and was spread globally. The soot aerosols caused sufficiently colder climates at mid–high latitudes and drought with milder cooling at low latitudes on land, in addition to causing limited cessation of photosynthesis in global oceans within a few months to two years after the impact, followed by surface-water cooling in global oceans in a few years. The rapid climate change induced terrestrial extinctions followed by marine extinctions over several years.
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The rise of angiosperm-dominated herbaceous floras: Insights from Ranunculaceae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27259. [PMID: 27251635 PMCID: PMC4890112 DOI: 10.1038/srep27259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of angiosperms has been regarded as a trigger for the Cretaceous revolution of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the timeframe of the rise angiosperm-dominated herbaceous floras (ADHFs) is lacking. Here, we used the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) as a proxy to provide insights into the rise of ADHFs. An integration of phylogenetic, molecular dating, ancestral state inferring, and diversification analytical methods was used to infer the early evolutionary history of Ranunculaceae. We found that Ranunculaceae became differentiated in forests between about 108–90 Ma. Diversification rates markedly elevated during the Campanian, mainly resulted from the rapid divergence of the non-forest lineages, but did not change across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Our data for Ranunculaceae indicate that forest-dwelling ADHFs may have appeared almost simultaneously with angiosperm-dominated forests during the mid-Cretaceous, whereas non-forest ADHFs arose later, by the end of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Furthermore, ADHFs were relatively unaffected by the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction.
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Severity of ocean acidification following the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6556-61. [PMID: 25964350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418604112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most paleo-episodes of ocean acidification (OA) were either too slow or too small to be instructive in predicting near-future impacts. The end-Cretaceous event (66 Mya) is intriguing in this regard, both because of its rapid onset and also because many pelagic calcifying species (including 100% of ammonites and more than 90% of calcareous nannoplankton and foraminifera) went extinct at this time. Here we evaluate whether extinction-level OA could feasibly have been produced by the asteroid impact. Carbon cycle box models were used to estimate OA consequences of (i) vaporization of up to 60 × 10(15) mol of sulfur from gypsum rocks at the point of impact; (ii) generation of up to 5 × 10(15) mol of NOx by the impact pressure wave and other sources; (iii) release of up to 6,500 Pg C as CO2 from vaporization of carbonate rocks, wildfires, and soil carbon decay; and (iv) ocean overturn bringing high-CO2 water to the surface. We find that the acidification produced by most processes is too weak to explain calcifier extinctions. Sulfuric acid additions could have made the surface ocean extremely undersaturated (Ωcalcite <0.5), but only if they reached the ocean very rapidly (over a few days) and if the quantity added was at the top end of literature estimates. We therefore conclude that severe ocean acidification might have been, but most likely was not, responsible for the great extinctions of planktonic calcifiers and ammonites at the end of the Cretaceous.
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Persistent ecological shifts in marine molluscan assemblages across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7207-12. [PMID: 25941366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422248112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary biodiversity loss and population declines threaten to push the biosphere toward a tipping point with irreversible effects on ecosystem composition and function. As a potential example of a global-scale regime shift in the geological past, we assessed ecological changes across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction based on molluscan assemblages at four well-studied sites. By contrasting preextinction and postextinction rank abundance and numerical abundance in 19 molluscan modes of life--each defined as a unique combination of mobility level, feeding mode, and position relative to the substrate--we find distinct shifts in ecospace utilization, which significantly exceed predictions from null models. The magnitude of change in functional traits relative to normal temporal fluctuations at far-flung sites indicates that molluscan assemblages shifted to differently structured systems and faunal response was global. The strengths of temporal ecological shifts, however, are mostly within the range of preextinction site-to-site variability, demonstrating that local ecological turnover was similar to geographic variation over a broad latitudinal range. In conjunction with varied site-specific temporal patterns of individual modes of life, these spatial and temporal heterogeneities argue against a concerted phase shift of molluscan assemblages from one well-defined regime to another. At a broader ecological level, by contrast, congruent tendencies emerge and suggest deterministic processes. These patterns comprise the well-known increase of deposit-feeding mollusks in postextinction assemblages and increases in predators and predator-resistant modes of life, i.e., those characterized by elevated mobility and infaunal life habits.
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Landman NH, Goolaerts S, Jagt JW, Jagt-Yazykova EA, Machalski M. Ammonites on the Brink of Extinction: Diversity, Abundance, and Ecology of the Order Ammonoidea at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) Boundary. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9633-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Blonder B, Royer DL, Johnson KR, Miller I, Enquist BJ. Plant ecological strategies shift across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001949. [PMID: 25225914 PMCID: PMC4165584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The End-Cretaceous Impact Winter Killed Off Slow-Growing Plants The end-Cretaceous mass extinction caused the selective extinction of plant species with slow-growth strategies, consistent with an impact winter hypothesis. The Chicxulub bolide impact caused the end-Cretaceous mass extinction of plants, but the associated selectivity and ecological effects are poorly known. Using a unique set of North Dakota leaf fossil assemblages spanning 2.2 Myr across the event, we show among angiosperms a reduction of ecological strategies and selection for fast-growth strategies consistent with a hypothesized recovery from an impact winter. Leaf mass per area (carbon investment) decreased in both mean and variance, while vein density (carbon assimilation rate) increased in mean, consistent with a shift towards “fast” growth strategies. Plant extinction from the bolide impact resulted in a shift in functional trait space that likely had broad consequences for ecosystem functioning. Sixty-six million years ago the Chicxulub bolide impacted the Earth, marking the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (KPB). This event caused the planet's most recent mass extinction, but the selectivity and functional consequences of the extinction on terrestrial plants has been largely unknown. A key untested hypothesis has been that a subsequent impact winter would have selected against slow-growing evergreen species, a possible cause of the modern dominance of high-productivity deciduous angiosperm forests. We tested this hypothesis using fossil leaf assemblages across a 2-million-year interval spanning the KPB. We assess two key ecological strategy axes—carbon assimilation rate and carbon investment—using leaf minor vein density and leaf mass per area as proxies, respectively. We show that species that survive the KPB have fast-growth ecological strategies corresponding to high assimilation rates and low carbon investment. This finding is consistent with impact winter leading to the nonrandom loss of slow-growing evergreen species. Our study reveals a dramatic example of the effect of rapid catastrophic environmental change on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dana L. Royer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kirk R. Johnson
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ian Miller
- Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, United States of America
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
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