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Zou J, Kyndt T, Yu J, Zhou J. Plant-nematode battle: engagement of complex signaling network. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:846-857. [PMID: 39142937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are widely distributed and highly adaptable. To evade the invasion and infection of PPNs, plants initiate a series of defense responses. In turn, PPNs secrete effectors into the host tissues to suppress plant defense. In this ongoing battle between PPNs and plants, complex signal transduction processes are typically involved. This article aims to review the plant signaling network involved in host perception by the nematode, nematode perception, and downstream activation of plant defense signaling and how nematodes attempt to interfere with this network. Our goal is to establish a foundation for elucidating the signaling and regulatory mechanisms of plant-nematode interactions, and to provide insights and tools for developing PPN-resistant crops and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Regulation, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Regulation, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Regulation, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Liu X, Mitchum MG. Evaluation of Chemical-Inducible Gene Expression Systems for Beet Cyst Nematode Infection Assays in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:611-618. [PMID: 38862124 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-24-0042-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes co-opt plant developmental programs for the establishment of a permanent feeding site called a syncytium in plant roots. In recent years, the role of plant developmental genes in syncytium formation has gained much attention. One main obstacle in studying the function of development-related genes in syncytium formation is that mutation or ectopic expression of such genes can cause pleiotropic phenotypes, making it difficult to interpret nematode-related phenotypes or, in some cases, impossible to carry out infection assays due to aberrant root development. Here, we tested three commonly used inducible gene expression systems for their application in beet cyst nematode infection assays of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that even a low amount of ethanol diminished nematode development, deeming the ethanol-based system unsuitable for use in cyst nematode infection assays, whereas treatment with estradiol or dexamethasone did not negatively affect cyst nematode viability. Dose and time course responses showed that in both systems, a relatively low dose of inducer (1 μM) is sufficient to induce high transgene expression within 24 h of treatment. Transgene expression peaked at 3 to 5 days post-induction and began to decline thereafter, providing a perfect window for inducible transgenes to interfere with syncytium establishment while minimizing any adverse effects on root development. These results indicate that both estradiol- and dexamethasone-based inducible gene expression systems are suitable for cyst nematode infection assays. The employment of such systems provides a powerful tool to investigate the function of essential plant developmental genes in syncytium formation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunliang Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
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3
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Domínguez-Figueroa J, Gómez-Rojas A, Escobar C. Functional studies of plant transcription factors and their relevance in the plant root-knot nematode interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1370532. [PMID: 38784063 PMCID: PMC11113014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1370532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are polyphagous parasitic nematodes that cause severe losses in the agriculture worldwide. They enter the root in the elongation zone and subtly migrate to the root meristem where they reach the vascular cylinder and establish a feeding site called gall. Inside the galls they induce a group of transfer cells that serve to nurture them along their parasitic stage, the giant cells. Galls and giant cells develop through a process of post-embryogenic organogenesis that involves manipulating different genetic regulatory networks within the cells, some of them through hijacking some molecular transducers of established plant developmental processes, such as lateral root formation or root regeneration. Galls/giant cells formation involves different mechanisms orchestrated by the nematode´s effectors that generate diverse plant responses in different plant tissues, some of them include sophisticated mechanisms to overcome plant defenses. Yet, the plant-nematode interaction is normally accompanied to dramatic transcriptomic changes within the galls and giant cells. It is therefore expected a key regulatory role of plant-transcription factors, coordinating both, the new organogenesis process induced by the RKNs and the plant response against the nematode. Knowing the role of plant-transcription factors participating in this process becomes essential for a clear understanding of the plant-RKNs interaction and provides an opportunity for the future development and design of directed control strategies. In this review, we present the existing knowledge of the TFs with a functional role in the plant-RKN interaction through a comprehensive analysis of current scientific literature and available transcriptomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Domínguez-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and Instituto de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Cientificas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Gómez-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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4
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Hawk TE, Piya S, Sultana MS, Zadegan SB, Shipp S, Coffey N, McBride NB, Rice JH, Hewezi T. Soybean MKK2 establishes intricate signalling pathways to regulate soybean response to cyst nematode infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13461. [PMID: 38695657 PMCID: PMC11064803 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades play central signalling roles in plant immunity and stress response. The soybean orthologue of MPK kinase2 (GmMKK2) was recently identified as a potential signalling node whose expression is upregulated in the feeding site induced by soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines). To investigate the role of GmMKK2 in soybean-SCN interactions, we overexpressed a catabolically inactive variant referred to as kinase-dead variant (KD-GmMKK2) using transgenic hairy roots. KD-GmMKK2 overexpression caused significant reduction in soybean susceptibility to SCN, while overexpression of the wild-type variant (WT-GmMKK2) exhibited no effect on susceptibility. Transcriptome analysis indicated that KD-GmMKK2 overexpressing plants are primed for SCN resistance via constitutive activation of defence signalling, particularly those related to chitin, respiratory burst, hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid. Phosphoproteomic profiling of the WT-GmMKK2 and KD-GmMKK2 root samples upon SCN infection resulted in the identification of 391 potential targets of GmMKK2. These targets are involved in a broad range of biological processes, including defence signalling, vesicle fusion, chromatin remodelling and nuclear organization among others. Furthermore, GmMKK2 mediates phosphorylation of numerous transcriptional and translational regulators, pointing to the presence of signalling shortcuts besides the canonical MAPK cascades to initiate downstream signalling that eventually regulates gene expression and translation initiation. Finally, the functional requirement of specific phosphorylation sites for soybean response to SCN infection was validated by overexpressing phospho-mimic and phospho-dead variants of two differentially phosphorylated proteins SUN1 and IDD4. Together, our analyses identify GmMKK2 impacts on signalling modules that regulate soybean response to SCN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E. Hawk
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | | | | | - Sarah Shipp
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Nicole Coffey
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Natalie B. McBride
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - John H. Rice
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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5
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Argueso CT, Kieber JJ. Cytokinin: From autoclaved DNA to two-component signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1429-1450. [PMID: 38163638 PMCID: PMC11062471 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Since its first identification in the 1950s as a regulator of cell division, cytokinin has been linked to many physiological processes in plants, spanning growth and development and various responses to the environment. Studies from the last two and one-half decades have revealed the pathways underlying the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinin and have elucidated the mechanisms of its perception and signaling, which reflects an ancient signaling system evolved from two-component elements in bacteria. Mutants in the genes encoding elements involved in these processes have helped refine our understanding of cytokinin functions in plants. Further, recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms of intracellular and long-distance cytokinin transport and the identification of several proteins that operate downstream of cytokinin signaling. Here, we review these processes through a historical lens, providing an overview of cytokinin metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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6
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Sandor R, Wagh SG, Kelterborn S, Großkinsky DK, Novak O, Olsen N, Paul B, Petřík I, Wu S, Hegemann P, Strnad M, Červený J, Roitsch T. Cytokinin-deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CRISPR-Cas9 mutants show reduced ability to prime resistance of tobacco against bacterial infection. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14311. [PMID: 38715208 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Although microalgae have only recently been recognized as part of the plant and soil microbiome, their application as biofertilizers has a tradition in sustainable crop production. Under consideration of their ability to produce the plant growth-stimulating hormone cytokinin (CK), known to also induce pathogen resistance, we have assessed the biocontrol ability of CK-producing microalgae. All pro- and eukaryotic CK-producing microalgae tested were able to enhance the tolerance of tobacco against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (PsT) infection. Since Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cre) proved to be the most efficient, we functionally characterized its biocontrol ability. We employed the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate the first knockouts of CK biosynthetic genes in microalgae. Specifically, we targeted Cre Lonely Guy (LOG) and isopentenyltransferase (IPT) genes, the key genes of CK biosynthesis. While Cre wild-type exhibits a strong protection, the CK-deficient mutants have a reduced ability to induce plant defence. The degree of protection correlates with the CK levels, with the IPT mutants showing less protection than the LOG mutants. Gene expression analyses showed that Cre strongly stimulates tobacco resistance through defence gene priming. This study functionally verifies that Cre primes defence responses with CK, which contributes to the robustness of the effect. This work contributes to elucidate microalgae-mediated plant defence priming and identifies the role of CKs. In addition, these results underscore the potential of CK-producing microalgae as biologicals in agriculture by combining biofertilizer and biocontrol ability for sustainable and environment-friendly crop management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sandor
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sopan Ganpatrao Wagh
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for translational physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik K Großkinsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln a. d. Donau, Austria
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Niels Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Bichitra Paul
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shujie Wu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Červený
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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7
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Matuszkiewicz M, Sobczak M. Syncytium Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:371-403. [PMID: 37996687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes from the genera Globodera, Heterodera (cyst-forming nematodes), and Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes) are notorious and serious pests of crops. They cause tremendous economic losses between US $80 and 358 billion a year. Nematodes infect the roots of plants and induce the formation of specialised feeding structures (syncytium and giant cells, respectively) that nourish juveniles and adults of the nematodes. The specialised secretory glands enable nematodes to synthesise and secrete effectors that facilitate migration through root tissues and alter the morphogenetic programme of host cells. The formation of feeding sites is associated with the suppression of plant defence responses and deep reprogramming of the development and metabolism of plant cells.In this chapter, we focus on syncytia induced by the sedentary cyst-forming nematodes and provide an overview of ultrastructural changes that occur in the host roots during syncytium formation in conjunction with the most important molecular changes during compatible and incompatible plant responses to infection with nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Aoki MM, Kisiala AB, Mathavarajah S, Schincaglia A, Treverton J, Habib E, Dellaire G, Emery RJN, Brunetti CR, Huber RJ. From biosynthesis and beyond-Loss or overexpression of the cytokinin synthesis gene, iptA, alters cytokinesis and mitochondrial and amino acid metabolism in Dictyostelium discoideum. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23366. [PMID: 38102957 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301936rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of growth-promoting signaling molecules that affect multiple cellular and developmental processes. These phytohormones are well studied in plants, but their presence continues to be uncovered in organisms spanning all kingdoms, which poses new questions about their roles and functions outside of plant systems. Cytokinin production can be initiated by one of two different biosynthetic enzymes, adenylate isopentenyltransfases (IPTs) or tRNA isopentenyltransferases (tRNA-IPTs). In this study, the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum, was used to study the role of CKs by generating deletion and overexpression strains of its single adenylate-IPT gene, iptA. The life cycle of D. discoideum is unique and possesses both single- and multicellular stages. Vegetative amoebae grow and divide while food resources are plentiful, and multicellular development is initiated upon starvation, which includes distinct life cycle stages. CKs are produced in D. discoideum throughout its life cycle and their functions have been well studied during the later stages of multicellular development of D. discoideum. To investigate potential expanded roles of CKs, this study focused on vegetative growth and early developmental stages. We found that iptA-deficiency results in cytokinesis defects, and both iptA-deficiency and overexpression results in dysregulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and amino acid metabolism, as well as increased levels of adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Collectively, these findings extend our understanding of CK function in amoebae, indicating that iptA loss and overexpression alter biological processes during vegetative growth that are distinct from those reported during later development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Aoki
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna B Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Jared Treverton
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elias Habib
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig R Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Zhang L, Zhao J, Kong L, Huang W, Peng H, Peng D, Meksem K, Liu S. No Pairwise Interactions of GmSNAP18, GmSHMT08 and AtPR1 with Suppressed AtPR1 Expression Enhance the Susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Beet Cyst Nematode. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4118. [PMID: 38140445 PMCID: PMC10747334 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT08 are two major genes conferring soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance in soybean. Overexpression of either of these two soybean genes would enhance the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to beet cyst nematode (BCN), while overexpression of either of their corresponding orthologs in Arabidopsis, AtSNAP2 and AtSHMT4, would suppress it. However, the mechanism by which these two pairs of orthologous genes boost or inhibit BCN susceptibility of Arabidopsis still remains elusive. In this study, Arabidopsis with simultaneously overexpressed GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT0 suppressed the growth of underground as well as above-ground parts of plants. Furthermore, Arabidopsis that simultaneously overexpressed GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT08 substantially stimulated BCN susceptibility and remarkably suppressed expression of AtPR1 in the salicylic acid signaling pathway. However, simultaneous overexpression of GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT08 did not impact the expression of AtJAR1 and AtHEL1 in the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways. GmSNAP18, GmSHMT08, and a pathogenesis-related (PR) protein, GmPR08-Bet VI, in soybean, and AtSNAP2, AtSHMT4, and AtPR1 in Arabidopsis could interact pair-wisely for mediating SCN and BCN resistance in soybean and Arabidopsis, respectively. Both AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 were localized on the plasma membrane, and AtSHMT4 was localized both on the plasma membrane and in the nucleus of cells. Nevertheless, after interactions, AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 could partially translocate into the cell nucleus. GmSNAP18 interacted with AtSHMT4, and GmSHMT4 interacted with AtSNAP2. However, neither GmSNAP18 nor GmSHMT08 interacted with AtPR1. Thus, no pairwise interactions among α-SNAPs, SHMTs, and AtPR1 occurred in Arabidopsis overexpressing either GmSNAP18 or GmSHMT08, or both of them. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing either GmSNAP18 or GmSHMT08 substantially suppressed AtPR1 expression, while transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing either AtSNAP2 or AtSHMT4 remarkably enhanced it. Taken together, no pairwise interactions of GmSNAP18, GmSHMT08, and AtPR1 with suppressed expression of AtPR1 enhanced BCN susceptibility in Arabidopsis. This study may provide a clue that nematode-resistant or -susceptible functions of plant genes likely depend on both hosts and nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Lingan Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Wenkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Shiming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (L.K.); (W.H.); (H.P.); (D.P.)
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10
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Hawk TE, Piya S, Zadegan SB, Li P, Rice JH, Hewezi T. The soybean immune receptor GmBIR1 regulates host transcriptome, spliceome, and immunity during cyst nematode infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2335-2352. [PMID: 37337845 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE1 (BIR1) is a negative regulator of various aspects of disease resistance and immune responses. Here, we investigated the functional role of soybean (Glycine max) BIR1 (GmBIR1) during soybean interaction with soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) and the molecular mechanism through which GmBIR1 regulates plant immunity. Overexpression of wild-type variant of GmBIR1 (WT-GmBIR1) using transgenic soybean hairy roots significantly increased soybean susceptibility to SCN, whereas overexpression of kinase-dead variant (KD-GmBIR1) significantly increased plant resistance. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes oppositely regulated in WT-GmBIR1 and KD-GmBIR1 upon SCN infection were enriched primarily in defense and immunity-related functions. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis identified 208 proteins as putative substrates of the GmBIR1 signaling pathway, 114 of which were differentially phosphorylated upon SCN infection. In addition, the phosphoproteomic data pointed to a role of the GmBIR1 signaling pathway in regulating alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Genome-wide analysis of splicing events provided compelling evidence supporting a role of the GmBIR1 signaling pathway in establishing alternative splicing during SCN infection. Our results provide novel mechanistic insights into the function of the GmBIR1 signaling pathway in regulating soybean transcriptome and spliceome via differential phosphorylation of splicing factors and regulation of splicing events of pre-mRNA decay- and spliceosome-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E Hawk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Sobhan Bahrami Zadegan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Peitong Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - John H Rice
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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11
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Zhou D, Godinez-Vidal D, He J, Teixeira M, Guo J, Wei L, Van Norman JM, Kaloshian I. A G-type lectin receptor kinase negatively regulates Arabidopsis immunity against root-knot nematodes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:721-735. [PMID: 37103588 PMCID: PMC10469371 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp., RKN) are responsible for extensive crop losses worldwide. During infection, they penetrate plant roots, migrate between plant cells, and establish feeding sites, known as giant cells, near the root vasculature. Previously, we found that nematode perception and early responses in plants were similar to those of microbial pathogens and required the BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE3 (BAK1/SERK3) coreceptor in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we implemented a reverse genetic screen for resistance or sensitivity to RKN using Arabidopsis T-DNA alleles of genes encoding transmembrane receptor-like kinases to identify additional receptors involved in this process. This screen identified a pair of allelic mutations with enhanced resistance to RKN in a gene we named ENHANCED RESISTANCE TO NEMATODES1 (ERN1). ERN1 encodes a G-type lectin receptor kinase (G-LecRK) with a single-pass transmembrane domain. Further characterization showed that ern1 mutants displayed stronger activation of MAP kinases, elevated levels of the defense marker MYB51, and enhanced H2O2 accumulation in roots upon RKN elicitor treatments. Elevated MYB51 expression and ROS bursts were also observed in leaves of ern1 mutants upon flg22 treatment. Complementation of ern1.1 with 35S- or native promoter-driven ERN1 rescued the RKN infection and enhanced defense phenotypes. Our results indicate that ERN1 is an important negative regulator of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Damaris Godinez-Vidal
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiangman He
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Marcella Teixeira
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jingzhe Guo
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jaimie M Van Norman
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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12
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Fiutek N, Couger MB, Pirro S, Roy SW, de la Torre JR, Connor EF. Genomic Assessment of the Contribution of the Wolbachia Endosymbiont of Eurosta solidaginis to Gall Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119613. [PMID: 37298563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the genome of the Wolbachia strain, wEsol, symbiotic with the plant-gall-inducing fly Eurosta solidaginis with the goal of determining if wEsol contributes to gall induction by its insect host. Gall induction by insects has been hypothesized to involve the secretion of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin and/or proteinaceous effectors to stimulate cell division and growth in the host plant. We sequenced the metagenome of E. solidaginis and wEsol and assembled and annotated the genome of wEsol. The wEsol genome has an assembled length of 1.66 Mbp and contains 1878 protein-coding genes. The wEsol genome is replete with proteins encoded by mobile genetic elements and shows evidence of seven different prophages. We also detected evidence of multiple small insertions of wEsol genes into the genome of the host insect. Our characterization of the genome of wEsol indicates that it is compromised in the synthesis of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and S-adenosyl L-methionine (SAM), which are precursors required for the synthesis of cytokinins and methylthiolated cytokinins. wEsol is also incapable of synthesizing tryptophan, and its genome contains no enzymes in any of the known pathways for the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan. wEsol must steal DMAPP and L-methionine from its host and therefore is unlikely to provide cytokinin and auxin to its insect host for use in gall induction. Furthermore, in spite of its large repertoire of predicted Type IV secreted effector proteins, these effectors are more likely to contribute to the acquisition of nutrients and the manipulation of the host's cellular environment to contribute to growth and reproduction of wEsol than to aid E. solidaginis in manipulating its host plant. Combined with earlier work that shows that wEsol is absent from the salivary glands of E. solidaginis, our results suggest that wEsol does not contribute to gall induction by its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fiutek
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - Matthew B Couger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stacy Pirro
- Iridian Genomes Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Scott W Roy
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - José R de la Torre
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - Edward F Connor
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
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13
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Nadeem H, Khan A, Gupta R, Anees A, Ahmad F. A Seinhorst Model Determined the Host-Parasite Relationships of Meloidogyne Javanica Infecting Fenugreek Cv. UM202. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230005. [PMID: 36880013 PMCID: PMC9984803 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) have been shown to be challenging and persistent pests of economic crops worldwide. Among RKNs, Meloidogyne javanica is particularly important, as it rapidly spreads and has a diverse host range. Measuring its damaging threshold level will help us to develop management strategies for adequate plant protection against nematodes. In our study, we observed the relationship between a linear series of 12 initial population densities (Pi) of M. javanica, i.e., 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 second-staged juveniles (J2s) g-1 soil, and fenugreek cv. UM202 growth parameters were investigated using a Seinhorst model. A Seinhorst model was fitted to shoot length and dry weight data for fenugreek plants. A positive correlation was found between J2s inoculum levels and percent reductions in growth parameters. The 1.3 J2s of M. javanica g-1 soil were found to damage threshold levels with respect to shoot length and shoot dry weight of fenugreek plants. The minimum relative values (m) for shoot length and shoot dry weight were 0.15 and 0.17, respectively, at Pi =128 J2s g-1 soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate (Pf /Pi) was 31.6 at an initial population density (Pi) of 2 J2s g-1 soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera Nadeem
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, India
| | - Amir Khan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, India
| | - Rishil Gupta
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, India
| | - Arshi Anees
- Centre for Agricultural Education, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, India
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002, India
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14
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Kong F, Yang L. Pathogen-triggered changes in plant development: Virulence strategies or host defense mechanism? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122947. [PMID: 36876088 PMCID: PMC9975269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, are constantly exposed to pathogens in nature. Plants rely on physical barriers, constitutive chemical defenses, and sophisticated inducible immunity to fight against pathogens. The output of these defense strategies is highly associated with host development and morphology. Successful pathogens utilize various virulence strategies to colonize, retrieve nutrients, and cause disease. In addition to the overall defense-growth balance, the host-pathogen interactions often lead to changes in the development of specific tissues/organs. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogen-induced changes in plants' development. We discuss that changes in host development could be a target of pathogen virulence strategies or an active defense strategy of plants. Current and ongoing research about how pathogens shape plant development to increase their virulence and causes diseases could give us novel views on plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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15
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Suzuki R, Kanno Y, Abril-Urias P, Seo M, Escobar C, Tsai AYL, Sawa S. Local auxin synthesis mediated by YUCCA4 induced during root-knot nematode infection positively regulates gall growth and nematode development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019427. [PMID: 36466293 PMCID: PMC9709418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasites and pathogens are known to manipulate the host's endogenous signaling pathways to facilitate the infection process. In particular, plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) are known to elicit auxin response at the infection sites, to aid the development of root galls as feeding sites for the parasites. Here we describe the role of local auxin synthesis induced during RKN infection. Exogenous application of auxin synthesis inhibitors decreased RKN gall formation rates, gall size and auxin response in galls, while auxin and auxin analogues produced the opposite effects, re-enforcing the notion that auxin positively regulates RKN gall formation. Among the auxin biosynthesis enzymes, YUCCA4 (YUC4) was found to be dramatically up-regulated during RKN infection, suggesting it may be a major contributor to the auxin accumulation during gall formation. However, yuc4-1 showed only very transient decrease in gall auxin levels and did not show significant changes in RKN infection rates, implying the loss of YUC4 is likely compensated by other auxin sources. Nevertheless, yuc4-1 plants produced significantly smaller galls with fewer mature females and egg masses, confirming that auxin synthesized by YUC4 is required for proper gall formation and RKN development within. Interestingly, YUC4 promoter was also activated during cyst nematode infection. These lines of evidence imply auxin biosynthesis from multiple sources, one of them being YUC4, is induced upon plant endoparasitic nematode invasion and likely contribute to their infections. The coordination of these different auxins adds another layer of complexity of hormonal regulations during plant parasitic nematode interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reira Suzuki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Patricia Abril-Urias
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Carolina Escobar
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Peptide signaling is an emerging paradigm in molecular plant-microbe interactions with vast implications for our understanding of plant-nematode interactions and beyond. Plant-like peptide hormones, first discovered in cyst nematodes, are now recognized as an important class of peptide effectors mediating several different types of pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. Here, we summarize what has been learned about nematode-secreted CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) peptide effectors since the last comprehensive review on this topic a decade ago. We also highlight new discoveries of a diverse array of peptide effectors that go beyond the CLE peptide effector family in not only phytonematodes but in organisms beyond the phylum Nematoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Mitchum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; ,
| | - Xunliang Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; ,
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17
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Zhao J, Liu S. Beet cyst nematode HsSNARE1 interacts with both AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 and promotes disease in Arabidopsis. J Adv Res 2022; 47:27-40. [PMID: 35872350 PMCID: PMC10173200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plant parasitic cyst nematodes secrete a number of effectors into hosts to initiate formation of syncytia and infection causing huge yield losses. OBJECTIVES The identified cyst nematode effectors are still limited, and the cyst nematode effectors-involved interaction mechanisms between cyst nematodes and plants remain largely unknown. METHODS The t-SNARE domain-containing effector in beet cyst nematode (BCN) was identified by In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry analyses. The mutant of effector gene was designed by protein structure modeling analysis. The functions of effector gene and its mutant were analyzed by genetic transformation in Arabidopsis and infection by BCN. The protein-protein interaction was analyzed by yeast two hybrid, BiFC and pulldown assays. Gene expression was assayed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS A t-SNARE domain-containing BCN HsSNARE1 was identified as an effector, and its mutant HsSNARE1-M1 carrying three mutations (E141D, A143T and -148S) that altered regional structure from random coils to α-helixes was designed and constructed. Transgenic analyses indicated that expression of HsSNARE1 significantly enhanced while expression of HsSNARE1-M1 and highly homologous HgSNARE1 remarkably suppressed BCN susceptibility of Arabidopsis. HsSNARE1 interacted with AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 via its t-SNARE domain and N-terminal, respectively, while HsSNARE1-M1/HgSNARE1 could not interact with AtPR1 but bound AtSNAP2. AtSNAP2, AtSHMT4 and AtPR1 interacted pairwise, but neither HsSNARE1 nor HsSNARE1-M1/HgSNARE1 could interact with AtSHMT4. Expression of HsSNARE1 significantly suppressed while expression of HsSNARE1-M1/HgSNARE1 considerably induced both AtSHMT4 and AtPR1 in transgenic Arabidopsis infected with BCN. Overexpression of AtPR1 significantly suppressed BCN susceptibility of Arabidopsis. CONCLUSIONS This work identified a t-SNARE-domain containing cyst nematode effector HsSNARE1 and deciphered a molecular mode of action of the t-SNARE-domain containing cyst nematode effectors that HsSNARE1 promotes cyst nematode disease by interaction with both AtSNAP2 and AtPR1 and significant suppression of both AtSHMT4 and AtPR1, which is mediated by three structure change-causing amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shiming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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18
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Hasan MS, Chopra D, Damm A, Koprivova A, Kopriva S, Meyer AJ, Müller‐Schüssele S, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Glutathione contributes to plant defence against parasitic cyst nematodes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1048-1059. [PMID: 35352464 PMCID: PMC9190975 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes (CNs) are an important group of root-infecting sedentary endoparasites that severely damage many crop plants worldwide. An infective CN juvenile enters the host's roots and migrates towards the vascular cylinder, where it induces the formation of syncytial feeding cells, which nourish the CN throughout its parasitic stages. Here, we examined the role of glutathione (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) in Arabidopsis thaliana on infection with the CN Heterodera schachtii. Arabidopsis lines with mutations pad2, cad2, or zir1 in the glutamate-cysteine ligase (GSH1) gene, which encodes the first enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, displayed enhanced CN susceptibility, but susceptibility was reduced for rax1, another GSH1 allele. Biochemical analysis revealed differentially altered thiol levels in these mutants that was independent of nematode infection. All glutathione-deficient mutants exhibited impaired activation of defence marker genes as well as genes for biosynthesis of the antimicrobial compound camalexin early in infection. Further analysis revealed a link between glutathione-mediated plant resistance to CN infection and the production of camalexin on nematode infection. These results suggest that glutathione levels affect plant resistance to CN by fine-tuning the balance between the cellular redox environment and the production of compounds related to defence against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shamim Hasan
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
- Department of Plant PathologyFaculty of AgricultureHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Anika Damm
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Anna Koprivova
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Andreas J. Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Chemical SignallingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Stefanie Müller‐Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Chemical SignallingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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19
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Zhang X, Liu D, Gao D, Zhao W, Du H, Qiu Z, Huang J, Wen P, Wang Y, Li Q, Wang W, Xu H, He J, Liu Y, Wan J. Cytokinin Confers Brown Planthopper Resistance by Elevating Jasmonic Acid Pathway in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5946. [PMID: 35682620 PMCID: PMC9180265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated defense system that employs various hormone pathways to defend against attacks by insect pests. Cytokinin (CK) plays an important role in plant growth and stress tolerance, but the role of CKs in plant-insect interaction remains largely unclear. Here, we report that CKs act as a positive regulator in rice resistance against brown planthopper (BPH), a devastating insect pest of rice. We found that BPH feeding promotes CK biosynthesis and signaling in rice. Exogenous application of CKs significantly increased the rice resistance to BPH. Increasing endogenous CKs by knocking out cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (OsCKXs) led to enhanced resistance to BPH. Moreover, the levels of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and the expression of JA-responsive genes were elevated by CK treatment and in OsCKXs knockout plants. Furthermore, JA-deficient mutant og1 was more susceptible to BPH, and CK-induced BPH resistance was suppressed in og1. These results indicate that CK-mediated BPH resistance is JA-dependent. Our findings provide the direct evidence for the novel role of CK in promoting insect resistance, and demonstrate that CK-induced insect resistance is JA-dependent. These results provide important guidance for effective pest management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Daoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Weining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Huaying Du
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Zeyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Peizheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Haosen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Plant Gene Editing Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (D.L.); (D.G.); (W.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Q.); (J.H.); (P.W.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (W.W.); (H.X.); (J.H.)
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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20
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Klimov PB, Chetverikov PE, Dodueva IE, Vishnyakov AE, Bolton SJ, Paponova SS, Lutova LA, Tolstikov AV. Symbiotic bacteria of the gall-inducing mite Fragariocoptes setiger (Eriophyoidea) and phylogenomic resolution of the eriophyoid position among Acari. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3811. [PMID: 35264574 PMCID: PMC8907322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eriophyoid mites represent a hyperdiverse, phytophagous lineage with an unclear phylogenetic position. These mites have succeeded in colonizing nearly every seed plant species, and this evolutionary success was in part due to the mites' ability to induce galls in plants. A gall is a unique niche that provides the inducer of this modification with vital resources. The exact mechanism of gall formation is still not understood, even as to whether it is endogenic (mites directly cause galls) or exogenic (symbiotic microorganisms are involved). Here we (i) investigate the phylogenetic affinities of eriophyoids and (ii) use comparative metagenomics to test the hypothesis that the endosymbionts of eriophyoid mites are involved in gall formation. Our phylogenomic analysis robustly inferred eriophyoids as closely related to Nematalycidae, a group of deep-soil mites belonging to Endeostigmata. Our comparative metagenomics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy experiments identified two candidate endosymbiotic bacteria shared across samples, however, it is unlikely that they are gall inducers (morphotype1: novel Wolbachia, morphotype2: possibly Agrobacterium tumefaciens). We also detected an array of plant pathogens associated with galls that may be vectored by the mites, and we determined a mite pathogenic virus (Betabaculovirus) that could be tested for using in biocontrol of agricultural pest mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel B Klimov
- X-BIO Institute, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia, 625003.
| | | | - Irina E Dodueva
- Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | | | - Samuel J Bolton
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA
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21
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Anjam MS, Siddique S, Marhavy P. RNA Isolation from Nematode-Induced Feeding Sites in Arabidopsis Roots Using Laser Capture Microdissection. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2494:313-324. [PMID: 35467217 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2297-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are diverse multicellular organisms that are most abundantly found in the soil. Most nematodes are free-living and feed on a range of organisms. Based on their feeding habits, soil nematodes can be classified into four groups: bacterial, omnivorous, fungal, and plant-feeding. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a serious threat to global food security, causing substantial losses to the agricultural sector. Root-knot and cyst nematodes are the most important of PPNs, significantly limiting the yield of commercial crops such as sugar beet, mustard, and cauliflower. The life cycle of these nematodes consists of four molting stages (J1-J4) that precede adulthood. Nonetheless, only second-stage juveniles (J2), which hatch from eggs, are infective worms that can parasitize the host's roots. The freshly hatched juveniles (J2) of beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, establish a permanent feeding site inside the roots of the host plant. A cocktail of proteinaceous secretions is injected into a selected cell which later develops into a syncytium via local cell wall dissolution of several hundred neighboring cells. The formation of syncytium is accompanied by massive transcriptional, metabolic, and proteomic changes inside the host tissues. It creates a metabolic sink in which solutes are translocated to feed the nematodes throughout their life cycle. Deciphering the molecular signaling cascades during syncytium establishment is thus essential in studying the plant-nematode interactions and ensuring sustainability in agricultural practices. However, isolating RNA, protein, and metabolites from syncytial cells remains challenging. Extensive use of laser capture microdissection (LCM) in animal and human tissues has shown this approach to be a powerful technique for isolating a single cell from complex tissues. Here, we describe a simplified protocol for Arabidopsis-Heterodera schachtii infection assays, which is routinely applied in several plant-nematode laboratories. Next, we provide a detailed protocol for isolating high-quality RNA from syncytial cells induced by Heterodera schachtii in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter Marhavy
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden.
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22
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Dabravolski SA, Isayenkov SV. Evolution of the Cytokinin Dehydrogenase (CKX) Domain. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:665-677. [PMID: 34757471 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-10035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone cytokinins are important regulators of plant development, response to environmental stresses and interplay with other plant hormones. Cytokinin dehydrogenases (CKXs) are proteins responsible for the irreversible break-down of cytokinins to the adenine and aldehyde. Even though plant CKXs have been extensively studied, homologous proteins from other taxa remain mainly uncharacterised. Here we present our study on the molecular evolution and divergence of the CKX from bacteria, fungi, amoeba and viridiplantae. Although CKXs are present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, they are missing in algae and metazoan taxa. The prevalent domain architecture consists of the FAD-binding and cytokinin binding domains, whereas some bacteria appear to have only cytokinin binding domain proteins. The CKXs play important role in the various aspects of plant life including control of plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stress, influence nutrition. Results of our study suggested that CKX originates from the FAD-linked C-terminal oxidase and has a defence-oriented function. The obtained results significantly extend the current understanding of the cytokinin dehydrogenases structure-function from the relationship to homologues from other taxa and provide a starting point baseline for their future functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], Dovatora str. 7/11, 21002, Vitebsk, Belarus
| | - Stanislav V Isayenkov
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, NAS of Ukraine, Osipovskogo str., 2a, Kyiv-123, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
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23
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Wu D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bai L, Yu F. Emerging roles of pathogen-secreted host mimics in plant disease development. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:1082-1095. [PMID: 34627670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens and parasites use multiple virulence factors to successfully infect plants. While most plant-pathogen interaction studies focus on pathogen effectors and their functions in suppressing plant immunity or interfering with normal cellular processes, other virulence factors likely also contribute. Here we highlight another important strategy used by pathogens to promote virulence: secretion of mimics of host molecules, including peptides, phytohormones, and small RNAs, which play diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. Pathogen-secreted mimics hijack the host endogenous signaling pathways, thereby modulating host cellular functions to the benefit of the pathogen and promoting infection. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogen-secreted host mimics will expand our knowledge of host-pathogen coevolution and interactions, while providing new targets for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dousheng Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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24
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McIntyre KE, Bush DR, Argueso CT. Cytokinin Regulation of Source-Sink Relationships in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677585. [PMID: 34504504 PMCID: PMC8421792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones known for their role in mediating plant growth. First discovered for their ability to promote cell division, this class of hormones is now associated with many other cellular and physiological functions. One of these functions is the regulation of source-sink relationships, a tightly controlled process that is essential for proper plant growth and development. As discovered more recently, cytokinins are also important for the interaction of plants with pathogens, beneficial microbes and insects. Here, we review the importance of cytokinins in source-sink relationships in plants, with relation to both carbohydrates and amino acids, and highlight a possible function for this regulation in the context of plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. McIntyre
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Daniel R. Bush
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Cristiana T. Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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25
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Costa JL, Paschoal D, da Silva EM, Silva JS, do Carmo RM, Carrera E, López-Díaz I, Rossi ML, Freschi L, Mieczkowski P, Peres LEP, Teixeira PJPL, Figueira A. Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao, interferes with cytokinin metabolism during infection of Micro-Tom tomato and promotes symptom development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:365-381. [PMID: 33826751 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa causes witches' broom disease of cacao and inflicts symptoms suggestive of hormonal imbalance. We investigated whether infection of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) model system Micro-Tom (MT) by the Solanaceae (S)-biotype of Moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes stem swelling and hypertrophic growth of axillary shoots, results from changes in host cytokinin metabolism. Inoculation of an MT-transgenic line that overexpresses the Arabidopsis CYTOKININ OXIDASE-2 gene (35S::AtCKX2) resulted in a reduction in disease incidence and stem diameter. RNA-sequencing analysis of infected MT and 35S::AtCKX2 revealed the activation of cytokinin-responsive marker genes when symptoms were conspicuous. The expression of an Moniliophthora perniciosa tRNA-ISOPENTENYL-TRANSFERASE suggests the production of isopentenyladenine (iP), detected in mycelia grown in vitro. Inoculated MT stems showed higher levels of dihydrozeatin and trans-zeatin but not iP. The application of benzyladenine induced symptoms similar to infection, whereas applying the cytokinin receptor inhibitors LGR-991 and PI55 decreased symptoms. Moniliophthora perniciosa produces iP that might contribute to cytokinin synthesis by the host, which results in vascular and cortex enlargement, axillary shoot outgrowth, reduction in root biomass and an increase in fruit locule number. This strategy may be associated with the manipulation of sink establishment to favour infection by the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L Costa
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Daniele Paschoal
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Eder M da Silva
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Jamille S Silva
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael M do Carmo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Esther Carrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elío s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elío s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Mônica L Rossi
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão 321, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7264, USA
| | - Lazaro E P Peres
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7264, USA
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
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26
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Garcia-Ruiz H, Szurek B, Van den Ackerveken G. Stop helping pathogens: engineering plant susceptibility genes for durable resistance. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:187-195. [PMID: 34153774 PMCID: PMC8878094 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternatives to protect crops against diseases are desperately needed to secure world food production and make agriculture more sustainable. Genetic resistance to pathogens utilized so far is mostly based on single dominant resistance genes that mediate specific recognition of invaders and that is often rapidly broken by pathogen variants. Perturbation of plant susceptibility (S) genes offers an alternative providing plants with recessive resistance that is proposed to be more durable. S genes enable the establishment of plant disease, and their inactivation provides opportunities for resistance breeding of crops. However, loss of S gene function can have pleiotropic effects. Developments in genome editing technology promise to provide powerful methods to precisely interfere with crop S gene functions and reduce tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Boris Szurek
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
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27
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Hoang XLT, Prerostova S, Thu NBA, Thao NP, Vankova R, Tran LSP. Histidine Kinases: Diverse Functions in Plant Development and Responses to Environmental Conditions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:297-323. [PMID: 34143645 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-093057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The two-component system (TCS), which is one of the most evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway systems, has been known to regulate multiple biological activities and environmental responses in plants. Significant progress has been made in characterizing the biological functions of the TCS components, including signal receptor histidine kinase (HK) proteins, signal transducer histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and effector response regulator proteins. In this review, our scope is focused on the diverse structure, subcellular localization, and interactions of the HK proteins, as well as their signaling functions during development and environmental responses across different plant species. Based on data collected from scientific studies, knowledge about acting mechanisms and regulatory roles of HK proteins is presented. This comprehensive summary ofthe HK-related network provides a panorama of sophisticated modulating activities of HK members and gaps in understanding these activities, as well as the basis for developing biotechnological strategies to enhance the quality of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lan Thi Hoang
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; , ,
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Sylva Prerostova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; ,
| | - Nguyen Binh Anh Thu
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; , ,
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Thao
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; , ,
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic; ,
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA;
- Stress Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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28
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Wiśniewska A, Wojszko K, Różańska E, Lenarczyk K, Kuczerski K, Sobczak M. Arabidopsis thaliana Myb59 Gene Is Involved in the Response to Heterodera schachtii Infestation, and Its Overexpression Disturbs Regular Development of Nematode-Induced Syncytia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126450. [PMID: 34208611 PMCID: PMC8235393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are proteins that directly bind to regulatory sequences of genes to modulate and adjust plants’ responses to different stimuli including biotic and abiotic stresses. Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes, such as beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, have developed molecular tools to reprogram plant cell metabolism via the sophisticated manipulation of genes expression, to allow root invasion and the induction of a sequence of structural and physiological changes in plant tissues, leading to the formation of permanent feeding sites composed of modified plant cells (commonly called a syncytium). Here, we report on the AtMYB59 gene encoding putative MYB transcription factor that is downregulated in syncytia, as confirmed by RT-PCR and a promoter pMyb59::GUS activity assays. The constitutive overexpression of AtMYB59 led to the reduction in A. thaliana susceptibility, as indicated by decreased numbers of developed females, and to the disturbed development of nematode-induced syncytia. In contrast, mutant lines with a silenced expression of AtMYB59 were more susceptible to this parasite. The involvement of ABA in the modulation of AtMYB59 gene transcription appears feasible by several ABA-responsive cis regulatory elements, which were identified in silico in the gene promoter sequence, and experimental assays showed the induction of AtMYB59 transcription after ABA treatment. Based on these results, we suggest that AtMYB59 plays an important role in the successful parasitism of H. schachtii on A. thaliana roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.W.); (K.L.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-593-2533 or +48-22-593-2521; Fax: +48-22-593-2521
| | - Kamila Wojszko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.W.); (K.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (E.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Klaudia Lenarczyk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.W.); (K.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Karol Kuczerski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.W.); (K.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (E.R.); (M.S.)
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29
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Oosterbeek M, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A. Sedentary Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Alter Auxin Homeostasis via Multiple Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668548. [PMID: 34122488 PMCID: PMC8193132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasites such as cyst and root-knot nematodes infect many important food crops and are major agro-economical pests worldwide. These plant-parasitic nematodes exploit endogenous molecular and physiological pathways in the roots of their host to establish unique feeding structures. These structures function as highly active transfer cells and metabolic sinks and are essential for the parasites' growth and reproduction. Plant hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are a fundamental component in the formation of these feeding complexes. However, their underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are still elusive despite recent advances in the field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of known functions of various auxins in plant-parasitic nematode infection sites, based on a systematic analysis of current literature. We evaluate multiple aspects involved in auxin homeostasis in plants, including anabolism, catabolism, transport, and signalling. From these analyses, a picture emerges that plant-parasitic nematodes have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate auxin homeostasis to establish a successful parasitic relationship with their host. Additionally, there appears to be a potential role for auxins other than IAA in plant-parasitic nematode infections that might be of interest to be further elucidated.
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30
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Paľová M, Ručová D, Goga M, Kolarčik V. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Endopolyploidy in Mosses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:E27. [PMID: 33375487 PMCID: PMC7824635 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic polyploidy or endopolyploidy is common in the plant kingdom; it ensures growth and allows adaptation to the environment. It is present in the majority of plant groups, including mosses. Endopolyploidy had only been previously studied in about 65 moss species, which represents less than 1% of known mosses. We analyzed 11 selected moss species to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of endopolyploidy using flow cytometry to identify patterns in ploidy levels among gametophytes and sporophytes. All of the studied mosses possessed cells with various ploidy levels in gametophytes, and four of six species investigated in sporophytic stage had endopolyploid sporophytes. The proportion of endopolyploid cells varied among organs, parts of gametophytes and sporophytes, and ontogenetic stages. Higher ploidy levels were seen in basal parts of gametophytes and sporophytes than in apical parts. Slight changes in ploidy levels were observed during ontogenesis in cultivated mosses; the youngest (apical) parts of thalli tend to have lower levels of endopolyploidy. Differences between parts of cauloid and phylloids of Plagiomnium ellipticum and Polytrichum formosum were also documented; proximal parts had higher levels of endopolyploidy than distal parts. Endopolyploidy is spatially and temporally differentiated in the gametophytes of endopolyploid mosses and follows a pattern similar to that seen in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladislav Kolarčik
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.P.); (D.R.); (M.G.)
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Dolzblasz A, Banasiak A, Vereecke D. A sustained CYCLINB1;1 and STM expression in the neoplastic tissues induced by Rhodococcus fascians on Arabidopsis underlies the persistence of the leafy gall structure. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1816320. [PMID: 32897774 PMCID: PMC7676816 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1816320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
is a gram-positive phytopathogen that infects a wide range of plant species. The actinomycete induces the formation of neoplastic growths, termed leafy galls, that consist of a gall body covered by small shoots of which the outgrowth is arrested due to an extreme form of apical dominance. In our previous work, we demonstrated that in the developing gall, auxin drives the transdifferentiation of parenchyma cells into vascular elements. In this work, with the use of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants carrying molecular reporters for cell division (pCYCB1;1:GUS) and meristematic activity (pSTM:GUS), we analyzed the fate of cells within the leafy gall. Our results indicate that the size of the gall body is determined by ongoing mitotic cell divisions as illustrated by strong CYCB1;1 expression combined with the de novo formation of new meristematic areas triggered by STM expression. The shoot meristems that develop in the peripheral parts of the gall are originating from high ectopic STM expression. Altogether the presented data provide further insight into the cellular events that accompany the development of leafy galls in response to R. fascians infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Dolzblasz
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Sciences, New Mexico State University, NM, USA
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Cytokinin and Ethylene Cell Signaling Pathways from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112526. [PMID: 33238457 PMCID: PMC7700396 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) and ethylene (ET) are among the most ancient organic chemicals on Earth. A wide range of organisms including plants, algae, fungi, amoebae, and bacteria use these substances as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes. Because of their ancestral origin and ubiquitous occurrence, CKs and ET are also considered to be ideal molecules for inter-kingdom communication. Their signal transduction pathways were first historically deciphered in plants and are related to the two-component systems, using histidine kinases as primary sensors. Paradoxically, although CKs and ET serve as signaling molecules in different kingdoms, it has been supposed for a long time that the canonical CK and ET signaling pathways are restricted to terrestrial plants. These considerations have now been called into question following the identification over recent years of genes encoding CK and ET receptor homologs in many other lineages within the tree of life. These advances shed new light on the dissemination and evolution of these hormones as both intra- and inter-specific communication molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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Vieira P, Shao J, Vijayapalani P, Maier TR, Pellegrin C, Eves-van den Akker S, Baum TJ, Nemchinov LG. A new esophageal gland transcriptome reveals signatures of large scale de novo effector birth in the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:738. [PMID: 33096989 PMCID: PMC7585316 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans is a migratory plant-parasitic nematode responsible for economically important losses in a wide number of crops. Despite the importance of P. penetrans, the molecular mechanisms employed by this nematode to promote virulence remain largely unknown. RESULTS Here we generated a new and comprehensive esophageal glands-specific transcriptome library for P. penetrans. In-depth analysis of this transcriptome enabled a robust identification of a catalogue of 30 new candidate effector genes, which were experimentally validated in the esophageal glands by in situ hybridization. We further validated the expression of a multifaceted network of candidate effectors during the interaction with different plants. To advance our understanding of the "effectorome" of P. penetrans, we adopted a phylogenetic approach and compared the expanded effector repertoire of P. penetrans to the genome/transcriptome of other nematode species with similar or contrasting parasitism strategies. Our data allowed us to infer plausible evolutionary histories that shaped the effector repertoire of P. penetrans, as well as other close and distant plant-parasitic nematodes. Two remarkable trends were apparent: 1) large scale effector birth in the Pratylenchidae in general and P. penetrans in particular, and 2) large scale effector death in sedentary (endo) plant-parasitic nematodes. CONCLUSIONS Our study doubles the number of validated Pratylenchus penetrans effectors reported in the literature. The dramatic effector gene gain in P. penetrans could be related to the remarkable ability of this nematode to parasitize a large number of plants. Our data provide valuable insights into nematode parasitism and contribute towards basic understating of the adaptation of P. penetrans and other root lesion nematodes to specific host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA.
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Jonathan Shao
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | | | - Thomas R Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Clement Pellegrin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lev G Nemchinov
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
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Favery B, Dubreuil G, Chen MS, Giron D, Abad P. Gall-Inducing Parasites: Convergent and Conserved Strategies of Plant Manipulation by Insects and Nematodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:1-22. [PMID: 32853101 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gall-inducing insects and nematodes engage in sophisticated interactions with their host plants. These parasites can induce major morphological and physiological changes in host roots, leaves, and other tissues. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, root-knot and cyst nematodes in particular, as well as gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, manipulate plant development to form unique organs that provide them with food from feeding cells. Sometimes, infected tissues may undergo a developmental switch resulting in the formation of aberrant and spectacular structures (clubs or galls). We describe here the complex interactions between these plant-reprogramming sedentary endoparasites and their infected hosts, focusing on similarities between strategies of plant manipulation. We highlight progress in our understanding of the host plant response to infection and focus on the nematode and insect molecules secreted in planta. We suggest thatlooking at similarities may identify convergent and conserved strategies and shed light on the promise they hold for the development of new management strategies in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, ISA, F-06600 Sophia-Antipolis, France;
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, UMR 7261, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, UMR 7261, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, ISA, F-06600 Sophia-Antipolis, France;
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Lakhssassi N, Piya S, Bekal S, Liu S, Zhou Z, Bergounioux C, Miao L, Meksem J, Lakhssassi A, Jones K, Kassem MA, Benhamed M, Bendahmane A, Lambert K, Boualem A, Hewezi T, Meksem K. A pathogenesis-related protein GmPR08-Bet VI promotes a molecular interaction between the GmSHMT08 and GmSNAP18 in resistance to Heterodera glycines. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1810-1829. [PMID: 31960590 PMCID: PMC7336373 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is the most devastating pest affecting soybean production worldwide. SCN resistance requires both the GmSHMT08 and the GmSNAP18 in 'Peking'-type resistance. Here, we describe the molecular interaction between GmSHMT08 and GmSNAP18, which is potentiated by a pathogenesis-related protein GmPR08-Bet VI. Like GmSNAP18 and GmSHMT08, GmPR08-Bet VI expression was induced in response to SCN and its overexpression decreased SCN cysts by 65% in infected transgenic soybean roots. Overexpression of GmPR08-Bet VI did not have an effect on SCN resistance when the two cytokinin-binding sites in GmPR08-Bet VI were mutated, indicating a new role of GmPR08-Bet VI in SCN resistance. GmPR08-Bet VI was mapped to a QTL for resistance to SCN using different mapping populations. GmSHMT08, GmSNAP18 and GmPR08-Bet VI localize to the cytosol and plasma membrane. GmSNAP18 expression and localization hyper-accumulated at the plasma membrane and was specific to the root cells surrounding the nematode in SCN-resistant soybeans. Genes encoding key components of the salicylic acid signalling pathway were induced under SCN infection. GmSNAP18 and GmPR08-Bet VI were also induced under salicylic acid and cytokinin exogenous treatments, while GmSHMT08 was induced only when the resistant GmSNAP18 was present, pointing to the presence of a molecular crosstalk between SCN-resistant genes and defence genes. Expression analysis of GmSHMT08 and GmSNAP18 identified the need of a minimum expression requirement to trigger the SCN resistance reaction. These results provide insight into a new response mechanism towards plant nematode resistance involving haplotype compatibility, gene dosage and hormone signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoufal Lakhssassi
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural SystemsSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleILUSA
| | - Sarbottam Piya
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Sadia Bekal
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural SystemsSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleILUSA
| | - Shiming Liu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural SystemsSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleILUSA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural SystemsSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleILUSA
| | - Catherine Bergounioux
- INRAInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSUniversité Paris‐SudOrsayFrance
| | - Long Miao
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Aicha Lakhssassi
- Faculty of Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of LorraineNancyFrance
| | - Karen Jones
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural SystemsSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleILUSA
| | | | - Moussa Benhamed
- INRAInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSUniversité Paris‐SudOrsayFrance
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- INRAInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSUniversité Paris‐SudOrsayFrance
| | - Kris Lambert
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | - Adnane Boualem
- INRAInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSUniversité Paris‐SudOrsayFrance
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural SystemsSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleILUSA
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Eisermann I, Motyka V, Kümmel S, Dobrev PI, Hübner K, Deising HB, Wirsel SGR. CgIPT1 is required for synthesis of cis-zeatin cytokinins and contributes to stress tolerance and virulence in Colletotrichum graminicola. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 143:103436. [PMID: 32693088 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola is able to synthesise cytokinins (CKs). However, it remained unsettled whether fungal CK production is essential for virulence in this hemibiotrophic fungus. Here, we identified a candidate gene, CgIPT1, that is homologous to MOD5 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and genes from other fungi and plants, which encode tRNA-isopentenyltransferases (IPTs). We show that the wild type strain mainly synthesises cis-zeatin-type (cisZ) CKs whereas ΔCgipt1 mutants are severely impeded to do so. The spectrum of CKs produced confirms bioinformatical analyses predicting that CgIpt1 is a tRNA-IPT. The virulence of the ΔCgipt1 mutants is moderately reduced. Furthermore, the mutants exhibit increased sensitivities to osmotic stress imposed by sugar alcohols and salts, as well as cell wall stress imposed by Congo red. Amendment of media with CKs did not reverse this phenotype suggesting that fungal-derived CKs do not explain the role of CgIpt1 in mediating abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, the mutants still cause green islands on senescing maize leaves indicating that the cisZ-type CKs produced by the fungus do not cause this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eisermann
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stefanie Kümmel
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Konstantin Hübner
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan G R Wirsel
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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37
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Wixom AQ, Casavant NC, Sonnen TJ, Kuhl JC, Xiao F, Dandurand LM, Caplan AB. Initial responses of the trap-crop, Solanum sisymbriifolium, to Globodera pallida invasions. THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20016. [PMID: 33016605 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers today are looking for mechanisms underlying plant defenses against nematodes by identifying differentially expressed genes in domesticated hosts. In order to provide a different perspective, we analyzed the root transcriptome of an undomesticated non-host species, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamark (SSI) before and after Globodera pallida infection. Utilizing RNAseq analyses, we identified changes in the expression of 277 transcripts. Many of these genes were not annotated; however, the annotated set included peroxidases, reactive oxygen species-producing proteins, and regulators of cell death. Importantly, 60% of the nematode-responsive genes did not respond to physical damage to root tissues, or to exogenous treatments with either salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate. Based on this, we speculate that the majority of changes in SSI gene expression were promoted by either nematode effectors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), or by exposure to untested endogenous signaling molecules such as ethylene, or by exposure to multiple stimuli. This study incorporates our findings into a model that accounts for part of this plant's unusual resistance to nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q Wixom
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| | - N Carol Casavant
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| | | | - Joseph C Kuhl
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
| | - Louise-Marie Dandurand
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2329, USA
| | - Allan B Caplan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2333, USA
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Anjam MS, Shah SJ, Matera C, Różańska E, Sobczak M, Siddique S, Grundler FMW. Host factors influence the sex of nematodes parasitizing roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1160-1174. [PMID: 32103526 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes induce hypermetabolic syncytial nurse cells in the roots of their host plants. Syncytia are their only food source. Cyst nematodes are sexually dimorphic, with their differentiation into male or female strongly influenced by host environmental conditions. Under favourable conditions with plenty of nutrients, more females develop, whereas mainly male nematodes develop under adverse conditions such as in resistant plants. Here, we developed and validated a method to predict the sex of beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) during the early stages of its parasitism in the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We collected root segments containing male-associated syncytia (MAS) or female-associated syncytia (FAS), isolated syncytial cells by laser microdissection, and performed a comparative transcriptome analysis. Genes belonging to categories of defence, nutrient deficiency, and nutrient starvation were over-represented in MAS as compared with FAS. Conversely, gene categories related to metabolism, modification, and biosynthesis of cell walls were over-represented in FAS. We used β-glucuronidase analysis, qRT-PCR, and loss-of-function mutants to characterize FAS- and MAS-specific candidate genes. Our results demonstrate that various plant-based factors, including immune response, nutrient availability, and structural modifications, influence the sexual fate of the cyst nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Syed Jehangir Shah
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Matera
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
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39
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Dodueva IE, Lebedeva MA, Kuznetsova KA, Gancheva MS, Paponova SS, Lutova LL. Plant tumors: a hundred years of study. PLANTA 2020; 251:82. [PMID: 32189080 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The review provides information on the mechanisms underlying the development of spontaneous and pathogen-induced tumors in higher plants. The activation of meristem-specific regulators in plant tumors of various origins suggests the meristem-like nature of abnormal plant hyperplasia. Plant tumor formation has more than a century of research history. The study of this phenomenon has led to a number of important discoveries, including the development of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technique and the discovery of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to plants. There are two main groups of plant tumors: pathogen-induced tumors (e.g., tumors induced by bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects, etc.), and spontaneous ones, which are formed in the absence of any pathogen in plants with certain genotypes (e.g., interspecific hybrids, inbred lines, and mutants). The causes of the transition of plant cells to tumor growth are different from those in animals, and they include the disturbance of phytohormonal balance and the acquisition of meristematic characteristics by differentiated cells. The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanisms underlying the development of most known examples of plant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina E Dodueva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Maria A Lebedeva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Kuznetsova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S Gancheva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Paponova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ludmila L Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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40
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Wang C, Wang G, Gao Y, Lu G, Habben JE, Mao G, Chen G, Wang J, Yang F, Zhao X, Zhang J, Mo H, Qu P, Liu J, Greene TW. A cytokinin-activation enzyme-like gene improves grain yield under various field conditions in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:373-388. [PMID: 31872309 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-edited variants at the 3'-end of OsLOGL5's coding sequence (CDS), significantly increased rice grain yield under well-watered, drought, normal nitrogen, and low nitrogen field conditions at multiple geographical locations. Cytokinins impact numerous aspects of plant growth and development. This study reports that constitutive ectopic overexpression of a rice cytokinin-activation enzyme-like gene, OsLOGL5, significantly reduced primary root growth, tiller number, and yield. Conversely, mutations at the 3'-end of OsLOGL5 CDS resulted in normal rice plant morphology but with increased grain yield under well-watered, drought, normal nitrogen, and low nitrogen field conditions at multiple geographical locations. Six gene edited variants (Edit A to F) were created and tested in the field. Edit-B and Edit-F plants increased, but Edit-D and Edit-E plants decreased, the panicle number per plant. All OsLOGL5-edited plants significantly increased seed setting rate, total grain numbers, full-filled grain numbers per panicle, and thousand seed weight under drought conditions, suggesting that OsLOGL5 is likely involved in the regulation of both seed development and grain filling processes. Our results indicate that the C-terminal end of OsLOGL5 protein plays an important role in regulating rice yield improvement under different abiotic stress conditions, and OsLOGL5 is important for rice yield enhancement and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgui Wang
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Guokui Wang
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA.
| | | | - Guanfan Mao
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwu Chen
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhao
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Mo
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Pingping Qu
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Sinobioway Bio-Agriculture Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China.
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Akhtar SS, Mekureyaw MF, Pandey C, Roitsch T. Role of Cytokinins for Interactions of Plants With Microbial Pathogens and Pest Insects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1777. [PMID: 32140160 PMCID: PMC7042306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that cytokinins are plant hormones that influence not only numerous aspects of plant growth, development and physiology, including cell division, chloroplast differentiation and delay of senescence but the interaction with other organisms, including pathogens. Cytokinins are not only produced by plants but are also by other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organism such as bacteria, fungi, microalgae and insects. Notably, cytokinins are produced both by pathogenic and also beneficial microbes and are known to induce resistance in plants against pathogen infections. In this review the contrasting role of cytokinin for the defence and susceptibility of plants against bacterial and fungal pathogen and pest insects is assessed. We also discuss the cross talk of cytokinins with other phytohormones and the underlying mechanism involved in enhancing plant immunity against pathogen infections and explore possible practical applications in crop plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Saleem Akhtar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mengistu F. Mekureyaw
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chandana Pandey
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, CAS, Brno, Czechia
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Andreas P, Kisiala A, Emery RJN, De Clerck-Floate R, Tooker JF, Price PW, Miller III DG, Chen MS, Connor EF. Cytokinins Are Abundant and Widespread Among Insect Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E208. [PMID: 32041320 PMCID: PMC7076654 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of compounds that have long been thought to be exclusively plant growth regulators. Interestingly, some species of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi have been shown to, and gall-inducing insects have been hypothesized to, produce CKs and use them to manipulate their host plants. We used high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to examine concentrations of a wide range of CKs in 17 species of phytophagous insects, including gall- and non-gall-inducing species from all six orders of Insecta that contain species known to induce galls: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. We found CKs in all six orders of insects, and they were not associated exclusively with gall-inducing species. We detected 24 different CK analytes, varying in their chemical structure and biological activity. Isoprenoid precursor nucleotide and riboside forms of trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) were most abundant and widespread across the surveyed insect species. Notably, the observed concentrations of CKs often markedly exceeded those reported in plants suggesting that insects are synthesizing CKs rather than obtaining them from the host plant via tissue consumption, compound sequestration, and bioaccumulation. These findings support insect-derived CKs as means for gall-inducing insects to manipulate their host plant to facilitate cell proliferation, and for both gall- and non-gall-inducing insects to modify nutrient flux and plant defenses during herbivory. Furthermore, wide distribution of CKs across phytophagous insects, including non-gall-inducing species, suggests that insect-borne CKs could be involved in manipulation of source-sink mechanisms of nutrient allocation to sustain the feeding site and altering plant defensive responses, rather than solely gall induction. Given the absence of any evidence for genes in the de novo CK biosynthesis pathway in insects, we postulate that the tRNA-ipt pathway is responsible for CK production. However, the unusually high concentrations of CKs in insects, and the tendency toward dominance of their CK profiles by tZ and iP suggest that the tRNA-ipt pathway functions differently and substantially more efficiently in insects than in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andreas
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada; (P.A.); (A.K.); (R.J.N.E.)
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada; (P.A.); (A.K.); (R.J.N.E.)
| | - R. J. Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada; (P.A.); (A.K.); (R.J.N.E.)
| | | | - John F. Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Peter W. Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA;
| | - Donald G. Miller III
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA;
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Edward F. Connor
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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Potential Molecular Mimicry Proteins Responsive to α-pinene in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030982. [PMID: 32024175 PMCID: PMC7037625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a nematode species that has damaged pine trees worldwide, but its pathogenesis has not been fully characterized. α-pinene helps protect host species during the early B. xylophilus infection and colonization stages. In this study, we identified potential molecular mimicry proteins based on a comparative transcriptomic analysis of B. xylophilus. The expression levels of three genes encoding secreted B. xylophilus proteins were influenced by α-pinene. We cloned one gene encoding a thaumatin-like protein, Bx-tlp-2 (accession number MK000287), and another gene encoding a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Bx-cpi (accession number MK000288). Additionally, α-pinene appeared to induce Bx-tlp-1 expression, but had the opposite effect on Bx-cpi expression. An analysis of the expression of the potential molecular mimicry proteins in B. xylophilus infecting pine trees revealed that the α-pinene content was consistent with the expression levels of Bx-tlp-1 (Bx-cpi) and Pm-tlp (Pm-cpi) over time. Thus, these genes likely have important roles contributing to the infection of pine species by B. xylophilus. The results of this study may be relevant for future investigations of the functions of Bx-tlp-1, Bx-tlp-2 and Bx-cpi, which may provide a point to explore the relationship between B. xylophilus and host pines.
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Kabbara S, Bidon B, Kilani J, Osman M, Hamze M, Stock AM, Papon N. Cytokinin Sensing in Bacteria. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E186. [PMID: 31991754 PMCID: PMC7072313 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has long been known that bacteria detect and react to plant chemicals to establish an interaction, the cellular signaling mechanisms involved in these perception processes have hitherto remained obscure. Some exciting recent advances in the field have described, for the first time, how some phytopathogenic bacteria sense the host plant hormones, cytokinins. These discoveries not only advance the understanding of cell signaling circuitries engaged in cytokinin sensing in non-plant organisms, but also increase our knowledge of the broad role of these ancient molecules in regulating intra- and interspecific communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Kabbara
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, F-49333 Angers, France; (S.K.); (B.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Baptiste Bidon
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, F-49333 Angers, France; (S.K.); (B.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaafar Kilani
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, F-49333 Angers, France; (S.K.); (B.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (M.O.); (M.H.)
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (M.O.); (M.H.)
| | - Ann M. Stock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, F-49333 Angers, France; (S.K.); (B.B.); (J.K.)
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45
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Holbein J, Franke RB, Marhavý P, Fujita S, Górecka M, Sobczak M, Geldner N, Schreiber L, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Root endodermal barrier system contributes to defence against plant-parasitic cyst and root-knot nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:221-236. [PMID: 31322300 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause tremendous yield losses worldwide in almost all economically important crops. The agriculturally most important PPNs belong to a small group of root-infecting sedentary endoparasites that includes cyst and root-knot nematodes. Both cyst and root-knot nematodes induce specialized long-term feeding structures in root vasculature from which they obtain their nutrients. A specialized cell layer in roots called the endodermis, which has cell walls reinforced with suberin deposits and a lignin-based Casparian strip (CS), protects the vascular cylinder against abiotic and biotic threats. To date, the role of the endodermis, and especially of suberin and the CS, during plant-nematode interactions was largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the role of suberin and CS during interaction between Arabidopsis plants and two sedentary root-parasitic nematode species, the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. We found that nematode infection damages the endodermis leading to the activation of suberin biosynthesis genes at nematode infection sites. Although feeding sites induced by both cyst and root-knot nematodes are surrounded by endodermis during early stages of infection, the endodermis is degraded during later stages of feeding site development, indicating periderm formation or ectopic suberization of adjacent tissue. Chemical suberin analysis showed a characteristic suberin composition resembling peridermal suberin in nematode-infected tissue. Notably, infection assays using Arabidopsis lines with CS defects and impaired compensatory suberization, revealed that the CS and suberization impact nematode infectivity and feeding site size. Taken together, our work establishes the role of the endodermal barrier system in defence against a soil-borne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holbein
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rochus B Franke
- IZMB - Ecophysiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Marhavý
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mirosława Górecka
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- IZMB - Ecophysiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Carotenuto G, Volpe V, Russo G, Politi M, Sciascia I, de Almeida-Engler J, Genre A. Local endoreduplication as a feature of intracellular fungal accommodation in arbuscular mycorrhizas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:430-446. [PMID: 11386364 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is a paradigmatic feature of this plant symbiosis that depends on the activation of a dedicated signaling pathway and the extensive reprogramming of host cells, including striking changes in nuclear size and transcriptional activity. By combining targeted sampling of early root colonization sites, detailed confocal imaging, flow cytometry and gene expression analyses, we demonstrate that local, recursive events of endoreduplication are triggered in the Medicago truncatula root cortex during AM colonization. AM colonization induces an increase in ploidy levels and the activation of endocycle specific markers. This response anticipates the progression of fungal colonization and is limited to arbusculated and neighboring cells in the cortical tissue. Furthermore, endoreduplication is not induced in M. truncatula mutants for symbiotic signaling pathway genes. On this basis, we propose endoreduplication as part of the host cell prepenetration responses that anticipate AM fungal accommodation in the root cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Politi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Sciascia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Que F, Hou XL, Wang GL, Xu ZS, Tan GF, Li T, Wang YH, Khadr A, Xiong AS. Advances in research on the carrot, an important root vegetable in the Apiaceae family. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31231527 PMCID: PMC6544626 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Carrots (Daucus carota L.), among the most important root vegetables in the Apiaceae family, are cultivated worldwide. The storage root is widely utilized due to its richness in carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins and other nutrients. Carrot extracts, which serve as sources of antioxidants, have important functions in preventing many diseases. The biosynthesis, metabolism, and medicinal properties of carotenoids in carrots have been widely studied. Research on hormone regulation in the growth and development of carrots has also been widely performed. Recently, with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, many efficient tools have been adopted in carrot research. A large amount of sequence data has been produced and applied to improve carrot breeding. A genome editing system based on CRISPR/Cas9 was also constructed for carrot research. In this review, we will briefly summarize the origins, genetic breeding, resistance breeding, genome editing, omics research, hormone regulation, and nutritional composition of carrots. Perspectives about future research work on carrots are also briefly provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Que
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Xi-Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, 223003 Huaian, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmed Khadr
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, 210095 Nanjing, China
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Gheysen G, Mitchum MG. Phytoparasitic Nematode Control of Plant Hormone Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1212-1226. [PMID: 30397024 PMCID: PMC6446774 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytoparasitic nematodes use multiple tactics to influence phytohormone physiology and alter plant developmental programs to establish feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Gheysen
- Ghent University, Department of Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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49
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Cortleven A, Leuendorf JE, Frank M, Pezzetta D, Bolt S, Schmülling T. Cytokinin action in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:998-1018. [PMID: 30488464 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin was originally discovered as a regulator of cell division. Later, it was described to be involved in regulating numerous processes in plant growth and development including meristem activity, tissue patterning, and organ size. More recently, diverse functions for cytokinin in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses have been reported. Cytokinin is required for the defence against high light stress and to protect plants from a novel type of abiotic stress caused by an altered photoperiod. Additionally, cytokinin has a role in the response to temperature, drought, osmotic, salt, and nutrient stress. Similarly, the full response to certain plant pathogens and herbivores requires a functional cytokinin signalling pathway. Conversely, different types of stress impact cytokinin homeostasis. The diverse functions of cytokinin in responses to stress and crosstalk with other hormones are described. Its emerging roles as a priming agent and as a regulator of growth-defence trade-offs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Erik Leuendorf
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Frank
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Pezzetta
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Bolt
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Perrine-Walker F. Interactions of endoparasitic and ectoparasitic nematodes within the plant root system. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:295-303. [PMID: 32172739 DOI: 10.1071/fp18176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot and cyst nematodes have sophisticated mechanisms to invade their plant hosts to reprogram the plant developmental program to induce feeding structures essential for nematode survival and reproduction. This has a detrimental effect on the plant as this sedentary endoparasitic interaction affects the growth and yields of many crop plants. However, other migratory endoparasitic nematodes that do not establish root feeding sites are as aggressive on many crop plants. With new information gained from the genome and transcriptomes of the migratory endoparasitic nematode, Pratylenchus spp., this review compares the different lifestyles and the pathogenic interactions these nematodes have with their plant host. Pratylenchus spp. utilises a common arsenal of effectors involved in plant cell wall degradation and the manipulation of plant host innate immunity. The absence of specific cell reprogramming effector genes may explain its migratory endoparasitic lifestyle, making it relevant to pest management approaches in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perrine-Walker
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Biomedical Building C81, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia. Email
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