1
|
Kumar D, Hegde P, Arun BS, Gogoi MM, Babu SS. Anthropogenic sources and liquid water drive secondary organic aerosol formation over the eastern Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175072. [PMID: 39084378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have a serious impact on altering the radiation balance of the vulnerable Himalayan atmosphere. Organic aerosol (OA), one of the least resolved aerosol fractions in the Himalayas, constrain our competence to assess their climate impacts on the region. Here we investigate water-soluble OA molecules in PM10 samples collected from March to May 2019 at Lachung (27.4°N and 88.4°E), a high-altitude location (2700 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Himalaya, to elucidate their origin and formation process. The dominance of oxalic acid (C2) reveals that water-soluble OA in the eastern Himalaya are atmospherically processed. Backward air mass trajectories and mass concentration ratios of organic tracers as well as relationships with inorganic species (K+, SO42-, NH4+) suggest an anthropogenic origin of water-soluble OA with significant atmospheric processing during long-range transport to the eastern Himalayan region. We used the thermodynamic prediction of aerosol liquid water (ALW) to examine the formation mechanism of secondary OA (SOA) such as oxalic acid. Correlations of ALW with SO42- and water-soluble organic matter show that ALW is sensitive to both anthropogenic sulfate and water-soluble organic compounds in Himalayan aerosols. A strong positive relationship of C2 acid with predicted ALW provides evidence of extensive SOA formation from precursors via aqueous phase photochemical processes. This inference is supported by positive correlations of C2 acid relative abundance with diagnostic mass concentration ratios of C2 acid to precursor molecules. Our findings underscore the importance of anthropogenic sources and ALW in SOA formation through aqueous phase processes in the eastern Himalaya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Kumar
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India.
| | - B S Arun
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India; Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Mukunda M Gogoi
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernandez RP, Berná L, Tomazzeli OG, Mahajan AS, Li Q, Kinnison DE, Wang S, Lamarque JF, Tilmes S, Skov H, Cuevas CA, Saiz-Lopez A. Arctic halogens reduce ozone in the northern mid-latitudes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401975121. [PMID: 39284062 PMCID: PMC11441494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401975121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
While the dominant role of halogens in Arctic ozone loss during spring has been widely studied in the last decades, the impact of sea-ice halogens on surface ozone abundance over the northern hemisphere (NH) mid-latitudes remains unquantified. Here, we use a state-of-the-art global chemistry-climate model including polar halogens (Cl, Br, and I), which reproduces Arctic ozone seasonality, to show that Arctic sea-ice halogens reduce surface ozone in the NH mid-latitudes (47°N to 60°N) by ~11% during spring. This background ozone reduction follows the southward export of ozone-poor and halogen-rich air masses from the Arctic through polar front intrusions toward lower latitudes, reducing the springtime tropospheric ozone column within the NH mid-latitudes by ~4%. Our results also show that the present-day influence of Arctic halogens on surface ozone destruction is comparatively smaller than in preindustrial times driven by changes in the chemical interplay between anthropogenic pollution and natural halogens. We conclude that the impact of Arctic sea-ice halogens on NH mid-latitude ozone abundance should be incorporated into global models to improve the representation of ozone seasonality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Argentine National Research Council, Mendoza 5501, Argentina
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza 5501, Argentina
| | - Lucas Berná
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Argentine National Research Council, Mendoza 5501, Argentina
- Atmospheric and Environmental Studies Group, National Technological University, Mendoza 5501, Argentina
| | - Orlando G Tomazzeli
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Argentine National Research Council, Mendoza 5501, Argentina
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza 5501, Argentina
| | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune 411008, India
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry, Observations & Modelling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Atmospheric Chemistry, Observations & Modelling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry, Observations & Modelling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid 28006, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barber VP, LeMar LN, Li Y, Zheng JW, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH. Enhanced Organic Nitrate Formation from Peroxy Radicals in the Condensed Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2024; 11:975-980. [PMID: 39280078 PMCID: PMC11391572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Organic alkoxy (RO) and peroxy (RO2) radicals are key intermediates in multiphase atmospheric oxidation chemistry, though most of the study of their chemistry has focused on the gas phase. To better understand how radical chemistry may vary across different phases, we examine the chemistry of a model system, the 1-pentoxy radical, in three phases: the aqueous phase, the condensed organic phase, and the gas phase. In each phase, we generate the 1-pentoxy radical from the photolysis of n-pentyl nitrite, run the chemistry under conditions in which RO2 radicals react with NO, and detect the products in real time using an ammonium chemical ionization mass spectrometer (NH4 + CIMS). The condensed-phase chemistry shows an increase in formation of organic nitrate (RONO2) from the downstream RO2+NO reaction, which is attributed to potential collisional and solvent-cage stabilization of the RO2-NO complex. We further observe an enhancement in the yield of carbonyl relative to hydroxy carbonyl products in the condensed phase, indicating changes to RO radical kinetics. The different branching ratios in the condensed phase impact the product volatility distribution as well as HO x -NO x chemistry, and may have implications for nitrate formation, aqueous aerosol formation, and radical cycling within atmospheric particles and droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P Barber
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lexy N LeMar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yaowei Li
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jonathan W Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Jonge RW, Xavier C, Olenius T, Elm J, Svenhag C, Hyttinen N, Nieradzik L, Sarnela N, Kristensson A, Petäjä T, Ehn M, Roldin P. Natural Marine Precursors Boost Continental New Particle Formation and Production of Cloud Condensation Nuclei. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10956-10968. [PMID: 38868859 PMCID: PMC11210206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Marine dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions are the dominant source of natural sulfur in the atmosphere. DMS oxidizes to produce low-volatility acids that potentially nucleate to form particles that may grow into climatically important cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). In this work, we utilize the chemistry transport model ADCHEM to demonstrate that DMS emissions are likely to contribute to the majority of CCN during the biological active period (May-August) at three different forest stations in the Nordic countries. DMS increases CCN concentrations by forming nucleation and Aitken mode particles over the ocean and land, which eventually grow into the accumulation mode by condensation of low-volatility organic compounds from continental vegetation. Our findings provide a new understanding of the exchange of marine precursors between the ocean and land, highlighting their influence as one of the dominant sources of CCN particles over the boreal forest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlton Xavier
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, Lund SE-22363, Sweden
- Swedish
Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping SE-60176, Sweden
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Swedish
Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping SE-60176, Sweden
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Carl Svenhag
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, Lund SE-22363, Sweden
| | - Noora Hyttinen
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University
of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - Lars Nieradzik
- Department
of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund SE-22362, Sweden
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Adam Kristensson
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, Lund SE-22363, Sweden
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing CN-210023, China
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Department
of Physics, Lund University, Professorsgatan 1, Lund SE-22363, Sweden
- Swedish
Environmental Research Institute IVL, Malmö SE-21119, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Campbell S, La C, Zhou Q, Le J, Galvez-Reyes J, Banach C, Houk KN, Chen JR, Paulson SE. Characterizing Hydroxyl Radical Formation from the Light-Driven Fe(II)-Peracetic Acid Reaction, a Key Process for Aerosol-Cloud Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7505-7515. [PMID: 38619820 PMCID: PMC11064221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of peracetic acid (PAA) and Fe(II) has recently gained attention due to its utility in wastewater treatment and its role in cloud chemistry. Aerosol-cloud interactions, partly mediated by aqueous hydroxyl radical (OH) chemistry, represent one of the largest uncertainties in the climate system. Ambiguities remain regarding the sources of OH in the cloud droplets. Our research group recently proposed that the dark and light-driven reaction of Fe(II) with peracids may be a key contributor to OH formation, producing a large burst of OH when aerosol particles take up water as they grow to become cloud droplets, in which reactants are consumed within 2 min. In this work, we quantify the OH production from the reaction of Fe(II) and PAA across a range of physical and chemical conditions. We show a strong dependence of OH formation on ultraviolet (UV) wavelength, with maximum OH formation at λ = 304 ± 5 nm, and demonstrate that the OH burst phenomenon is unique to Fe(II) and peracids. Using kinetics modeling and density functional theory calculations, we suggest the reaction proceeds through the formation of an [Fe(II)-(PAA)2(H2O)2] complex, followed by the formation of a Fe(IV) complex, which can also be photoactivated to produce additional OH. Determining the characteristics of OH production from this reaction advances our knowledge of the sources of OH in cloudwater and provides a framework to optimize this reaction for OH output for wastewater treatment purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven
J. Campbell
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California at Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chris La
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California at Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jason Le
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California at Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jennyfer Galvez-Reyes
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California at Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Catherine Banach
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California at Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jie Rou Chen
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California at Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Paulson
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California at Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang S, Li Q, Zhang R, Mahajan AS, Inamdar S, Benavent N, Zhang S, Xue R, Zhu J, Jin C, Zhang Y, Fu X, Badia A, Fernandez RP, Cuevas CA, Wang T, Zhou B, Saiz-Lopez A. Typhoon- and pollution-driven enhancement of reactive bromine in the mid-latitude marine boundary layer. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae074. [PMID: 38623452 PMCID: PMC11018124 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropospheric reactive bromine is important for atmospheric chemistry, regional air pollution, and global climate. Previous studies have reported measurements of atmospheric reactive bromine species in different environments, and proposed their main sources, e.g. sea-salt aerosol (SSA), oceanic biogenic activity, polar snow/ice, and volcanoes. Typhoons and other strong cyclonic activities (e.g. hurricanes) induce abrupt changes in different earth system processes, causing widespread destructive effects. However, the role of typhoons in regulating reactive bromine abundance and sources remains unexplored. Here, we report field observations of bromine oxide (BrO), a critical indicator of reactive bromine, on the Huaniao Island (HNI) in the East China Sea in July 2018. We observed high levels of BrO below 500 m with a daytime average of 9.7 ± 4.2 pptv and a peak value of ∼26 pptv under the influence of a typhoon. Our field measurements, supported by model simulations, suggest that the typhoon-induced drastic increase in wind speed amplifies the emission of SSA, significantly enhancing the activation of reactive bromine from SSA debromination. We also detected enhanced BrO mixing ratios under high NOx conditions (ppbv level) suggesting a potential pollution-induced mechanism of bromine release from SSA. Such elevated levels of atmospheric bromine noticeably increase ozone destruction by as much as ∼40% across the East China Sea. Considering the high frequency of cyclonic activity in the northern hemisphere, reactive bromine chemistry is expected to play a more important role than previously thought in affecting coastal air quality and atmospheric oxidation capacity. We suggest that models need to consider the hitherto overlooked typhoon- and pollution-mediated increase in reactive bromine levels when assessing the synergic effects of cyclonic activities on the earth system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Anoop Sharad Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune 411008, India
| | - Swaleha Inamdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nuria Benavent
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Sanbao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ruibin Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chenji Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Alba Badia
- Sostenipra Research Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza M5502JMA, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perraud V, Roundtree K, Morris PM, Smith JN, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Implications for new particle formation in air of the use of monoethanolamine in carbon capture and storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9005-9020. [PMID: 38440810 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Alkanolamines are currently being deployed in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and atmospheric emissions have been found to coincide with locations exhibiting elevated concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA). It is thus critical to understand the fate and potential atmospheric reactions of these chemicals. This study reports the characterization of sub-10 nm nanoparticles produced through the acid-base reaction between gas phase monoethanolamine (MEA) and MSA, a product of organosulfur compound oxidation in air, using a flow reactor under dry and humid (up to ∼60% RH) conditions. Number size distribution measurements show that MEA is even more efficient than methylamine in forming nanoparticles on reaction with MSA. This is attributed to the fact that the MEA structure contains both an -NH2 and an -OH group that facilitate hydrogen bonding within the clusters, in addition to the electrostatic interactions. Due to this already strong H-bond network, water has a relatively small influence on new particle formation (NPF) and growth in this system, in contrast to MSA reactions with alkylamines. Acid/base molar ratios of unity for 4-12 nm particles were measured using thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The data indicate that reaction of MEA with MSA may dominate NPF under some atmospheric conditions. Thus, the unique characteristics of alkanolamines in NPF must be taken into account for accurate predictions of impacts of CCS on visibility, health and climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kanuri Roundtree
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Patricia M Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goss MB, Kroll JH. Chamber studies of OH + dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl disulfide: insights into the dimethyl sulfide oxidation mechanism. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2024; 24:1299-1314. [PMID: 38726054 PMCID: PMC11081431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-1299-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the marine atmosphere represents an important natural source of non-sea-salt sulfate aerosol, but the chemical mechanisms underlying this process remain uncertain. While recent studies have focused on the role of the peroxy radical isomerization channel in DMS oxidation, this work revisits the impact of the other channels (OH addition and OH abstraction followed by bimolecular RO2 reaction) on aerosol formation from DMS. Due to the presence of common intermediate species, the oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) can shed light on these two DMS reaction channels; they are also both atmospherically relevant species in their own right. This work examines the OH oxidation of DMSO and DMDS, using chamber experiments monitored by chemical ionization mass spectrometry and aerosol mass spectrometry to study the full range of sulfur-containing products across a range of NO concentrations. The oxidation of both compounds is found to lead to rapid aerosol formation (which does not involve the intermediate formation of SO2), with a substantial fraction (14%-47 % S yield for DMSO and 5 %-21 % for DMDS) of reacted sulfur ending up in the particle phase and the highest yields observed under elevated NO conditions. Aerosol is observed to consist mainly of sulfate, methanesulfonic acid, and methanesulfinic acid. In the gas phase, the NOx dependence of several products, including SO2 and S2-containing organosulfur species, suggest reaction pathways not included in current mechanisms. Based on the commonalities with the DMS oxidation mechanism, DMSO and DMDS results are used to reconstruct DMS aerosol yields; these reconstructions roughly match DMS aerosol yield measurements from the literature but differ in composition, underscoring remaining uncertainties in sulfur chemistry. This work indicates that both the abstraction and addition channels contribute to rapid aerosol formation from DMS and highlights the need for more study into the fate of small sulfur radical intermediates (e.g., CH3S, CH3SO2, and CH3SO3) that are thought to play central roles in the DMS oxidation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Goss
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang Y, Stanbury DM. Oxidation of Methanesulfinate by Hexachloroiridate(IV) and the Standard Electrode Potential of the Aqueous Methanesulfonyl Radical. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1625-1632. [PMID: 38180901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The aqueous reaction of [IrCl6]2- with CH3SO2- is biphasic and yields a 1:1 mixture of [IrCl6]3- and [IrCl5(H2O)]2- and CH3SO2Cl in the initial rapid phase. The next slow phase corresponds to the hydrolysis of CH3SO2Cl to yield CH3SO3- and Cl-. The initial phase shows kinetic inhibition by [IrCl6]3- that can be minimized by the addition of the radical scavenger propiolic acid. A detailed analysis of the kinetics indicates a mechanism with reversible outer-sphere electron transfer from CH3SO2- to [IrCl6]2- as the first step, followed by the irreversible inner-sphere oxidation of CH3SO2• by [IrCl6]2- to yield [IrCl5(H2O)]2- and CH3SO2Cl. Analysis of the inhibition by [IrCl6]3- and the kinetic effects of propiolic acid enable the determination of the equilibrium constant for the first electron-transfer step. This equilibrium constant then yields E° (CH3SO2•/CH3SO2-) = 1.01 V vs NHE at 25 °C. This is the first report of a standard potential for an alkanesulfonyl radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - David M Stanbury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen J, Lane JR, Bates KH, Kjaergaard HG. Atmospheric Gas-Phase Formation of Methanesulfonic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21168-21177. [PMID: 38051922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite its impact on the climate, the mechanism of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) formation in the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) remains unclear. The DMS + OH reaction is known to form methanesulfinic acid (MSIA), methane sulfenic acid (MSEA), the methylthio radical (CH3S), and hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF). Among them, HPMTF reacts further to form SO2 and OCS, while the other three form the CH3SO2 radical. Based on theoretical calculations, we find that the CH3SO2 radical can add O2 to form CH3S(O)2OO, which can react further to form MSA. The branching ratio is highly temperature sensitive, and the MSA yield increases with decreasing temperature. In warmer regions, SO2 is the dominant product of DMS oxidation, while in colder regions, large amounts of MSA can form. Global modeling indicates that the proposed temperature-sensitive MSA formation mechanism leads to a substantial increase in the simulated global atmospheric MSA formation and burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Joseph R Lane
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Kelvin H Bates
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories & Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jongebloed UA, Schauer AJ, Cole-Dai J, Larrick CG, Porter WC, Tashmim L, Zhai S, Salimi S, Edouard SR, Geng L, Alexander B. Industrial-era decline in Arctic methanesulfonic acid is offset by increased biogenic sulfate aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307587120. [PMID: 37976260 PMCID: PMC10666112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307587120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton are primary producers in ocean ecosystems and emit dimethyl sulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere. DMS emissions are the largest biological source of atmospheric sulfur and are one of the largest uncertainties in global climate modeling. DMS is oxidized to methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfur dioxide, and hydroperoxymethyl thioformate, all of which can be oxidized to sulfate. Ice core records of MSA are used to investigate past DMS emissions but rely on the implicit assumption that the relative yield of oxidation products from DMS remains constant. However, this assumption is uncertain because there are no long-term records that compare MSA to other DMS oxidation products. Here, we share the first long-term record of both MSA and DMS-derived biogenic sulfate concentration in Greenland ice core samples from 1200 to 2006 CE. While MSA declines on average by 0.2 µg S kg-1 over the industrial era, biogenic sulfate from DMS increases by 0.8 µg S kg-1. This increasing biogenic sulfate contradicts previous assertions of declining North Atlantic primary productivity inferred from decreasing MSA concentrations in Greenland ice cores over the industrial era. The changing ratio of MSA to biogenic sulfate suggests that trends in MSA could be caused by time-varying atmospheric chemistry and that MSA concentrations alone should not be used to infer past primary productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Schauer
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Jihong Cole-Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD57007
| | - Carleigh G. Larrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD57007
| | - William C. Porter
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Linia Tashmim
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Shuting Zhai
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Sara Salimi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Shana R. Edouard
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Lei Geng
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China230052
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Taghvaee S, Shen J, Banach C, La C, Campbell SJ, Paulson SE. Robust quantification of the burst of OH radicals generated by ambient particles in nascent cloud droplets using a direct-to-reagent approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165736. [PMID: 37495143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in chemistry in cloud water, as well as in other aqueous phases such as lung fluid and in wastewater treatment. Recently, work simulating nascent cloud droplets showed that aerosol particles produce a large burst of OH radicals when they first take up water. This activity stops abruptly, within two minutes. The source of the OH radicals is not well understood, but it likely includes the aqueous phase chemistry of ROS and/or organic hydroperoxides and redox active metals such as iron and copper. ROS and their precursors are in general highly reactive and labile, and thus may not survive during traditional sampling methods, which typically involve multi-hour collection on a filter or direct sampling into water or another collection liquid. Further, these species may further decay during storage. Here, we develop a technique to grow aerosol particles into small droplets and capture the droplets directly into a vial containing the terephthalate probe in water, which immediately scavenges OH radicals produced by aerosol particles. The method uses a Liquid Spot Sampler. Extensive characterization of the approach reveals that the collection liquid picks up substantial OH/OH precursors from the gas phase. This issue is effectively addressed by adding an activated carbon denuder. We then compared OH formation measured with the direct-to-reagent approach vs. filter collection. We find that after a modest correction for OH formed in the collection liquid, the samples collected into the reagent produce about six times those collected on filters, for both PM2.5 and total suspended particulate. This highlights the need for direct-to-reagent measurement approaches to accurately quantify OH production from ambient aerosol particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Taghvaee
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Catherine Banach
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chris La
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven J Campbell
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou S, Chen Y, Wang F, Bao Y, Ding X, Xu Z. Assessing the Intensity of Marine Biogenic Influence on the Lower Atmosphere: An Insight into the Distribution of Marine Biogenic Aerosols over the Eastern China Seas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12741-12751. [PMID: 37578487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine biological activities make a non-negligible contribution to atmospheric aerosols, leading to potential impacts on the regional atmospheric environment and climate. The eastern China seas are highly productive with significant emissions of biogenic substances, but the spatiotemporal variations of marine biogenic aerosols are not well known. Air mass exposure to chlorophyll a (AEC) can be used to indicate the influence of biogenic sources on the atmosphere to a certain degree. In this study, the 12 year (2009-2020) daily AEC were calculated over the eastern China seas, showing the spatial and seasonal patterns of marine biogenic influence intensity which were co-controlled by surface phytoplankton biomass and boundary layer height. By combining the AEC values, relevant meteorological parameters, and extensive observations of a typical biogenic secondary aerosol component, methanesulfonate (MSA), a parameterization scheme for MSA simulation was successfully constructed. This AEC-based approach with observation constraints provides a new insight into the distribution of marine biogenic aerosols. Meanwhile, the wintertime air mass retention over land exhibited a significant decrease, showing a decadal weakening trend of terrestrial transport, which is probably related to the weakening of the East Asian winter monsoon. Thus, marine biogenic aerosols may play an increasingly important role in the studied region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengqian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Wetland Ecosystem in Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Fanghui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiping Ding
- Pudong New District Environmental Monitoring Station, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Zongjun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Berndt T, Hoffmann EH, Tilgner A, Stratmann F, Herrmann H. Direct sulfuric acid formation from the gas-phase oxidation of reduced-sulfur compounds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4849. [PMID: 37563153 PMCID: PMC10415363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfuric acid represents a fundamental precursor for new nanometre-sized atmospheric aerosol particles. These particles, after subsequent growth, may influence Earth´s radiative forcing directly, or indirectly through affecting the microphysical and radiative properties of clouds. Currently considered formation routes yielding sulfuric acid in the atmosphere are the gas-phase oxidation of SO2 initiated by OH radicals and by Criegee intermediates, the latter being of little relevance. Here we report the observation of immediate sulfuric acid production from the OH reaction of emitted organic reduced-sulfur compounds, which was speculated about in the literature for decades. Key intermediates are the methylsulfonyl radical, CH3SO2, and, even more interestingly, its corresponding peroxy compound, CH3SO2OO. Results of modelling for pristine marine conditions show that oxidation of reduced-sulfur compounds could be responsible for up to ∼50% of formed gas-phase sulfuric acid in these areas. Our findings provide a more complete understanding of the atmospheric reduced-sulfur oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Berndt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Erik H Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Stratmann
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department (AMP), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kecorius S, Hoffmann EH, Tilgner A, Barrientos-Velasco C, van Pinxteren M, Zeppenfeld S, Vogl T, Madueño L, Lovrić M, Wiedensohler A, Kulmala M, Paasonen P, Herrmann H. Rapid growth of Aitken-mode particles during Arctic summer by fog chemical processing and its implication. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad124. [PMID: 37152675 PMCID: PMC10156171 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Arctic, new particle formation (NPF) and subsequent growth processes are the keys to produce Aitken-mode particles, which under certain conditions can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs). The activation of Aitken-mode particles increases the CCN budget of Arctic low-level clouds and, accordingly, affects Arctic climate forcing. However, the growth mechanism of Aitken-mode particles from NPF into CCN range in the summertime Arctic boundary layer remains a subject of current research. In this combined Arctic cruise field and modeling study, we investigated Aitken-mode particle growth to sizes above 80 nm. A mechanism is suggested that explains how Aitken-mode particles can become CCN without requiring high water vapor supersaturation. Model simulations suggest the formation of semivolatile compounds, such as methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in fog droplets. When the fog droplets evaporate, these compounds repartition from CCNs into the gas phase and into the condensed phase of nonactivated Aitken-mode particles. For MSA, a mass increase factor of 18 is modeled. The postfog redistribution mechanism of semivolatile acidic and basic compounds could explain the observed growth of >20 nm h-1 for 60-nm particles to sizes above 100 nm. Overall, this study implies that the increasing frequency of NPF and fog-related particle processing can affect Arctic cloud properties in the summertime boundary layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik H Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Carola Barrientos-Velasco
- Department of Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Processes, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Manuela van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeppenfeld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Teresa Vogl
- Institute of Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Leizel Madueño
- Atmospheric Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Mario Lovrić
- Department of Methods and Algorithms for AI, Know-Center, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Alfred Wiedensohler
- Atmospheric Microphysics, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Pauli Paasonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huff AK, Love N, Leopold KR. Microwave and Computational Study of Methanesulfonic Acid and Its Complex with Water. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3658-3667. [PMID: 37043823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Spectra of methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H, MSA) and its complex with water have been studied by microwave spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. For the monomer, spectra were obtained for both the parent and -OD isotopologues and, in each case, revealed a pair of tunneling states that are attributed to large amplitude motion of the hydroxyl hydrogen about the S-O(H) bond. Transitions crossing between tunneling states were not found in the parent spectrum and are estimated to be outside the range of the spectrometer, thus precluding the direct determination of the tunneling energy. For the -OD form, however, the tunneling energy was determined to be ΔE = 6471.9274(18) MHz from direct measurement of the cross-state c-type transitions. In its complex with water, the acidic hydrogen of the MSA forms a hydrogen bond with the water oxygen. A secondary hydrogen bond involving the water hydrogen and an SO3 oxygen completes a six-membered ring, forming a cyclic structure typical of hydrated oxyacids. No evidence of internal motion was observed. Rotational spectra of the CH3SO3H···D2O and CH3SO3D···D2O isotopologues were also obtained and analyzed. Comparison with theoretical calculations confirms the cyclic structure, though the orientation of the unbound water hydrogen is ambiguous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nathan Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kenneth R Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Naik BR, Gauns MU, Shenoy DM. Light stress induced DMS(P) production in Skeletonema costatum: An experimental approach and field observation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114738. [PMID: 36842280 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsulphide is a dominant biogenic sulphur anti-greenhouse gas produced by marine phytoplankton. A non-axenic culture of Skeletonema costatum was studied to comprehend the effects of different growth stages and light stress on DMSP/DMS production. The intracellular DMSP concentration increased during late exponential to mid-stationary phase and attained a maximum (0.59 pg S cell-1) during the stationary phase, indicating more contribution from actively dividing smaller cells. Likewise, exposure to first light after a 12-hour dark phase caused stress, invariably leading to elevated levels of DMS (~9 fold). These observations were upheld by additional laboratory and field experiments, and a field time-series observation, which recorded higher DMS concentrations during exposure to first light after a dark cycle and during early mornings, respectively. While our study depicts the variable DMSP and DMS concentrations during different growth stages of S. costatum, it gives new information on the effect of light stress on DMS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mangesh U Gauns
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Damodar M Shenoy
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Assaf E, Finewax Z, Marshall P, Veres PR, Neuman JA, Burkholder JB. Measurement of the Intramolecular Hydrogen-Shift Rate Coefficient for the CH 3SCH 2OO Radical between 314 and 433 K. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2336-2350. [PMID: 36862996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c09095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The intramolecular hydrogen-shift rate coefficient of the CH3SCH2O2 (methylthiomethylperoxy, MSP) radical, a product formed in the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), was measured using a pulsed laser photolysis flow tube reactor coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer that measured the formation of the DMS degradation end product HOOCH2SCHO (hydroperoxymethyl thioformate). Measurements performed over the temperature range of 314-433 K yielded a hydrogen-shift rate coefficient of k1(T) = (2.39 ± 0.7) × 109 exp(-(7278 ± 99)/T) s-1 Arrhenius expression and a value extrapolated to 298 K of 0.06 s-1. The potential energy surface and the rate coefficient have also been theoretically investigated using density functional theory at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level combined with approximate CCSD(T)/CBS energies yielding k1(273-433 K) = 2.4 × 1011 × exp(-8782/T) s-1 and k1(298 K) = 0.037 s-1 in fair agreement with the experimental results. Present results are compared with the previously reported values of k1(293-298 K).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Assaf
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado 80305-3327, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zachary Finewax
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado 80305-3327, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Paul Marshall
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado 80305-3327, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Patrick R Veres
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado 80305-3327, United States
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado 80305-3327, United States
| | - James B Burkholder
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado 80305-3327, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vogt LI, Cotelesage JJH, Dolgova NV, Boyes C, Qureshi M, Sokaras D, Sharifi S, George SJ, Pickering IJ, George GN. Sulfur X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy of Organic Sulfones. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3692-3704. [PMID: 36912654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The sulfones are a widespread group of organo-sulfur compounds, which contain the sulfonyl SO2 group attached to two carbons and have a formal sulfur oxidation state of +2. We have examined the sulfur K near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of a range of different sulfones and find substantial spectroscopic variability depending upon the nature of the coordination to the sulfonyl group. We have also examined the sulfur Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of selected representative sulfones. Density functional theory simulations show satisfactory reproduction of both absorption and emission spectra while enabling assignment of the various transitions comprising the spectra. The correspondence between observed and simulated spectra shows promise for ab initio prediction of sulfur X-ray absorption and emission spectra of sulfones of any substituent. The absorption spectra and, to a lesser extent, the emission spectra are sensitive to the nature of the organic groups bound to the sulfonyl (SO2) moiety, clearly showing the potential of X-ray spectroscopy as an in situ probe of sulfone chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda I Vogt
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Julien J H Cotelesage
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Natalia V Dolgova
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Curtis Boyes
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Muhammad Qureshi
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Samin Sharifi
- Chevron Energy Technology Company, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Simon J George
- Simon Scientific, P.O. Box 71024, Richmond, California 94807, United States
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang H, Gao R, Li H, Li Y, Xu Y, Chai F. Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:54-64. [PMID: 36522013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfuric anhydrides, generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO3 with carboxylic acids, have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF). Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), phthalic acid (PA), isophthalic acid (mPA), and terephthalic acid (PTA)) with SO3 to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory calculations at the level of M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd). As a result, these reactions were found to be feasible in the gas phase with barriers of 0.34, 0.30, 0.18, 0.08 and 0.12 kcal/mol to generate corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides, respectively. The thermodynamic stabilities of clusters containing aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and atmospheric nucleation precursors (sulfuric acid, ammonia and dimethylamine) were further analyzed to identify the potential role of aromatic sulfuric anhydrides in NPF. As the thermodynamic stability of a cluster depends on both the number and strength of hydrogen bonds, the greater stability of the interactions between atmospheric nucleation precursors and aromatic sulfuric anhydrides than with aromatic acids make aromatic sulfuric anhydrides potential participators in the nucleation process of NPF. Moreover, compared with BA, the addition of a -CH2- functional group in PAA has little influence on the reaction barrier with SO3 but an inhibitive effect on the thermodynamic stability of clusters. The position of the two -COOH functional groups in PA, mPA and PTA does not have a consistent impact on the reaction barrier with SO3 or the thermodynamic stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chattopadhyay A, Assaf E, Finewax Z, Burkholder JB. UV absorption spectrum of monochlorodimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH2Cl). J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
23
|
Shen J, Scholz W, He XC, Zhou P, Marie G, Wang M, Marten R, Surdu M, Rörup B, Baalbaki R, Amorim A, Ataei F, Bell DM, Bertozzi B, Brasseur Z, Caudillo L, Chen D, Chu B, Dada L, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, Granzin M, Guida R, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Iyer S, Kemppainen D, Kong W, Krechmer JE, Kürten A, Lamkaddam H, Lee CP, Lopez B, Mahfouz NGA, Manninen HE, Massabò D, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Müller T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Piedehierro AA, Roldin P, Schobesberger S, Simon M, Stolzenburg D, Tham YJ, Tomé A, Umo NS, Wang D, Wang Y, Weber SK, Welti A, Wollesen de Jonge R, Wu Y, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Zust F, Baltensperger U, Curtius J, Flagan RC, Hansel A, Möhler O, Petäjä T, Volkamer R, Kulmala M, Lehtipalo K, Rissanen M, Kirkby J, El-Haddad I, Bianchi F, Sipilä M, Donahue NM, Worsnop DR. High Gas-Phase Methanesulfonic Acid Production in the OH-Initiated Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide at Low Temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13931-13944. [PMID: 36137236 PMCID: PMC9535848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) influences climate via cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation resulting from its oxidation products (mainly methanesulfonic acid, MSA, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4). Despite their importance, accurate prediction of MSA and H2SO4 from DMS oxidation remains challenging. With comprehensive experiments carried out in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at CERN, we show that decreasing the temperature from +25 to -10 °C enhances the gas-phase MSA production by an order of magnitude from OH-initiated DMS oxidation, while H2SO4 production is modestly affected. This leads to a gas-phase H2SO4-to-MSA ratio (H2SO4/MSA) smaller than one at low temperatures, consistent with field observations in polar regions. With an updated DMS oxidation mechanism, we find that methanesulfinic acid, CH3S(O)OH, MSIA, forms large amounts of MSA. Overall, our results reveal that MSA yields are a factor of 2-10 higher than those predicted by the widely used Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.3.1), and the NOx effect is less significant than that of temperature. Our updated mechanism explains the high MSA production rates observed in field observations, especially at low temperatures, thus, substantiating the greater importance of MSA in the natural sulfur cycle and natural CCN formation. Our mechanism will improve the interpretation of present-day and historical gas-phase H2SO4/MSA measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonio Amorim
- CENTRA
and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Campo
Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David M. Bell
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dexian Chen
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Biwu Chu
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki
Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department
of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Guida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics
Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Deniz Kemppainen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Weimeng Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Naser G. A. Mahfouz
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hanna E. Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department
of Physics, University of Genoa & INFN, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roy L. Mauldin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana A. Piedehierro
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen
University, 519082 Zhuhai, China
| | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University
of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan K. Weber
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Zust
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department
of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki
Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics
Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rasmussen FR, Kubečka J, Elm J. Contribution of Methanesulfonic Acid to the Formation of Molecular Clusters in the Marine Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7127-7136. [PMID: 36191242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because of the lack of long-term measurements, new particle formation (NPF) in the marine atmosphere remains puzzling. Using quantum chemical methods, this study elucidates the cluster formation and further growth of sulfuric acid-methanesulfonic acid-dimethylamine (SA-MSA-DMA) clusters, relevant to NPF in the marine atmosphere. The cluster structures and thermochemical parameters of (SA)n(MSA)m(DMA)l (n + m ≤ 4 and l ≤ 4) systems are calculated using density functional theory at the ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory, and the single-point energies are calculated using high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations. The calculated thermochemistry is used as input to the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC) to gain insight into the cluster dynamics. At ambient conditions (298.15 K, 1 atm), we find that the distribution of outgrowing clusters primarily consists of SA and DMA, with a minor contribution from the mixed SA-MSA-DMA clusters. At lower temperature (278.15 K, 1 atm) the distribution broadens, and clusters containing one or more MSA molecules emerge. These findings show that in the cold marine atmosphere MSA likely participates in atmospheric NPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Song C, Becagli S, Beddows DCS, Brean J, Browse J, Dai Q, Dall’Osto M, Ferracci V, Harrison RM, Harris N, Li W, Jones AE, Kirchgäßner A, Kramawijaya AG, Kurganskiy A, Lupi A, Mazzola M, Severi M, Traversi R, Shi Z. Understanding Sources and Drivers of Size-Resolved Aerosol in the High Arctic Islands of Svalbard Using a Receptor Model Coupled with Machine Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11189-11198. [PMID: 35878000 PMCID: PMC9386907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are important drivers of Arctic climate change through aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. However, large uncertainties remain on the sources and processes controlling particle numbers in both fine and coarse modes. Here, we applied a receptor model and an explainable machine learning technique to understand the sources and drivers of particle numbers from 10 nm to 20 μm in Svalbard. Nucleation, biogenic, secondary, anthropogenic, mineral dust, sea salt and blowing snow aerosols and their major environmental drivers were identified. Our results show that the monthly variations in particles are highly size/source dependent and regulated by meteorology. Secondary and nucleation aerosols are the largest contributors to potential cloud condensation nuclei (CCN, particle number with a diameter larger than 40 nm as a proxy) in the Arctic. Nonlinear responses to temperature were found for biogenic, local dust particles and potential CCN, highlighting the importance of melting sea ice and snow. These results indicate that the aerosol factors will respond to rapid Arctic warming differently and in a nonlinear fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congbo Song
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- National
Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), School of Geography, Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jo Browse
- Centre
for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental
Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter
Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Manuel Dall’Osto
- Institute
of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Valerio Ferracci
- Centre
for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy
& Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment
and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil Harris
- Centre
for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy
& Environment, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, U.K.
| | - Weijun Li
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Anna E. Jones
- British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Amélie Kirchgäßner
- British
Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, U.K.
| | - Agung Ghani Kramawijaya
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Alexander Kurganskiy
- Centre
for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Angelo Lupi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Mazzola
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute
of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Severi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- National
Research Council of Italy, Institute of
Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), Via Torino 155, Venice-Mestre 30172, Italy
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang L, Yan J, Saiz-Lopez A, Jiang B, Yue F, Yu X, Xie Z. Mixing state and distribution of iodine-containing particles in Arctic Ocean during summertime. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155030. [PMID: 35390390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine chemistry plays a key role in ozone destruction and new aerosol formation in the marine boundary layer (MBL), especially in polar regions. We investigated iodine-containing particles (0.2-2 μm) in the Arctic Ocean using a ship-based single particle aerosol mass spectrometer from July to August 2017. Seven main particle types were identified: dust, biomass combustion particles, sea salt, organic S, aromatics, hydrocarbon-like compounds, and amines. The number fraction of iodine-containing particles was higher inside the Arctic Circle (>65°N) than outside (55-65°N). According to the air mass back trajectories, the latitudinal distribution of iodine-containing particles can be mainly attributed to iodine emissions from the sea ice edge region. Diurnal trends were found, especially during the second half of cruise, with peak iodine-containing particle number fractions during low-light conditions and relatively low number fractions at midday. These results imply that solar radiation plays a significant role in modulating particulate iodine in the Arctic atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longquan Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinpei Yan
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bei Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fange Yue
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiawei Yu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang Y, Li D, Ma Y, Dubois C, Wang X, Perrier S, Chen H, Wang H, Jing S, Lu Y, Lou S, Yan C, Nie W, Chen J, Huang C, George C, Riva M. Field Detection of Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules in Shanghai by Chemical Ionization-Orbitrap. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7608-7617. [PMID: 35594417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol, formed through atmospheric oxidation processes, plays an important role in affecting climate and human health. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive campaign in the megacity of Shanghai during the 2019 International Import Expo (EXPO), with the first deployment of a chemical ionization─Orbitrap mass spectrometer for ambient measurements. With the ultrahigh mass resolving power of the Orbitrap mass analyzer (up to 140,000 Th/Th) and capability in dealing with massive spectral data sets by positive matrix factorization, we were able to identify the major gas-phase oxidation processes leading to the formation of oxygenated organic molecules (OOM) in Shanghai. Nine main factors from three independent sub-range analysis were identified. More than 90% of OOM are of anthropogenic origin and >60% are nitrogen-containing molecules, mainly dominated by the RO2 + NO and/or NO3 chemistry. The emission control during the EXPO showed that even though the restriction was effectual in significantly lowering the primary pollutants (20-70% decrease), the secondary oxidation products responded less effectively (14% decrease), or even increased (50 to >200%) due to the enhancement of ozone and the lowered condensation sink, indicating the importance of a stricter multi-pollutant coordinated strategy in primary and secondary pollution mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Dandan Li
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Clement Dubois
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xinke Wang
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sheng'ao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiqun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Christian George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Karlsson L, Baccarini A, Duplessis P, Baumgardner D, Brooks IM, Chang RY, Dada L, Dällenbach KR, Heikkinen L, Krejci R, Leaitch WR, Leck C, Partridge DG, Salter ME, Wernli H, Wheeler MJ, Schmale J, Zieger P. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cloud Droplet Residuals and Aerosol Particles During the Arctic Ocean 2018 Expedition. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036383. [PMID: 35859907 PMCID: PMC9285477 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the physical and chemical properties and sources of particles that form clouds is especially important in pristine areas like the Arctic, where particle concentrations are often low and observations are sparse. Here, we present in situ cloud and aerosol measurements from the central Arctic Ocean in August-September 2018 combined with air parcel source analysis. We provide direct experimental evidence that Aitken mode particles (particles with diameters ≲70 nm) significantly contribute to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or cloud droplet residuals, especially after the freeze-up of the sea ice in the transition toward fall. These Aitken mode particles were associated with air that spent more time over the pack ice, while size distributions dominated by accumulation mode particles (particles with diameters ≳70 nm) showed a stronger contribution of oceanic air and slightly different source regions. This was accompanied by changes in the average chemical composition of the accumulation mode aerosol with an increased relative contribution of organic material toward fall. Addition of aerosol mass due to aqueous-phase chemistry during in-cloud processing was probably small over the pack ice given the fact that we observed very similar particle size distributions in both the whole-air and cloud droplet residual data. These aerosol-cloud interaction observations provide valuable insight into the origin and physical and chemical properties of CCN over the pristine central Arctic Ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linn Karlsson
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Duplessis
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric ScienceDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | | | - Ian M. Brooks
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Rachel Y.‐W. Chang
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric ScienceDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | - Lubna Dada
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | | | - Liine Heikkinen
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - W. Richard Leaitch
- Climate Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoONCanada
| | - Caroline Leck
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Daniel G. Partridge
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Matthew E. Salter
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Heini Wernli
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michael J. Wheeler
- Air Quality Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoONCanada
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
| | - Paul Zieger
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhu B, Jiang J, Lu B, Li X, Zeng X. Fluoromethylsulfinyl radicals: spectroscopic characterization and photoisomerization via intramolecular hydrogen shift. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8881-8889. [PMID: 35362501 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Two new sulfinyl radicals, CHF2SO˙ and CH2FSO˙, have been generated in the gas phase through homolytic cleavage of the weak S-S bonds in disulfane oxides CHF2S(O)SCF3 and CH2FS(O)SCF3 by high-vacuum flash pyrolysis (HVFP) at ca. 500 °C. The IR spectroscopy characterization of the two fluoromethylsulfinyl radicals in solid N2 (10 K), Ar (10 K), and Ne (3 K) matrices reveals the presence of two conformers for CHF2SO˙ (gauche and cis) and one conformer for CH2FSO˙ (gauche). Upon 266 nm laser irradiation, these radicals undergo both isomerization and decomposition in the matrices. In addition to the dominant formation of the elusive oxathiyl radicals CHF2OS˙ (gauche and cis) and CH2FOS˙ (gauche) via 1,2-alkyl migration, two higher-energy carbon-centered radicals ˙CF2SOH and ˙CHFSOH bearing similar molecular structures to hydroperoxyalkyl radicals (˙QOOH) form via intramolecular 1,3-hydrogen shift in the two sulfinyl radicals. Additionally, the involvement of 1,3-hydrogen shift in CHF2OS˙ and CH2FOS˙ is also indicated by the observation of the fragmentation species. The identification of these radicals by matrix-isolation IR and UV-vis spectroscopy is aided by the quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory. The stability of the isomers of the two sulfinyl radicals CHF2SO˙ and CH2FSO˙ has been discussed according to the experimental observations and also based on the CCSD(T)-F12a/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) calculated energy profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bifeng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Junjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Spectroscopic characterization of two peroxyl radicals during the O 2-oxidation of the methylthio radical. Commun Chem 2022; 5:19. [PMID: 36697894 PMCID: PMC9814412 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) yields sulfuric acid and methane sulfonic acid (MSA), which are key precursors to new particles formed via homogeneous nucleation and further cluster growth in air masses. Comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies have suggested that the oxidation of DMS involves the formation of the methylthio radical (CH3S•), followed by its O2-oxidation reaction via the intermediacy of free radicals CH3SOx• (x = 1-4). Therefore, capturing these transient radicals and disclosing their reactivity are of vital importance in understanding the complex mechanism. Here, we report an optimized method for efficient gas-phase generation of CH3S• through flash pyrolysis of S-nitrosothiol CH3SNO, enabling us to study the O2-oxidation of CH3S• by combining matrix-isolation spectroscopy (IR and UV-vis) with quantum chemical computations at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(X + d)Z (X = D and T) level of theory. As the key intermediate for the initial oxidation of CH3S•, the peroxyl radical CH3SOO• forms by reacting with O2. Upon irradiation at 830 nm, CH3SOO• undergoes isomerization to the sulfonyl radical CH3SO2• in cryogenic matrixes (Ar, Ne, and N2), and the latter can further combine with O2 to yield another peroxyl radical CH3S(O)2OO• upon further irradiation at 440 nm. Subsequent UV-light irradiation (266 nm) causes dissociation of CH3S(O)2OO• to CH3SO2•, CH2O, SO2, and SO3. The IR spectroscopic identification of the two peroxyl radicals CH3SOO• and CH3S(O)2OO• is also supported by 18O- and 13C-isotope labeling experiments.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rapid cloud removal of dimethyl sulfide oxidation products limits SO 2 and cloud condensation nuclei production in the marine atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110472118. [PMID: 34635596 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110472118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceans emit large quantities of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to the marine atmosphere. The oxidation of DMS leads to the formation and growth of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) with consequent effects on Earth's radiation balance and climate. The quantitative assessment of the impact of DMS emissions on CCN concentrations necessitates a detailed description of the oxidation of DMS in the presence of existing aerosol particles and clouds. In the unpolluted marine atmosphere, DMS is efficiently oxidized to hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF), a stable intermediate in the chemical trajectory toward sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ultimately sulfate aerosol. Using direct airborne flux measurements, we demonstrate that the irreversible loss of HPMTF to clouds in the marine boundary layer determines the HPMTF lifetime (τ HPMTF < 2 h) and terminates DMS oxidation to SO2 When accounting for HPMTF cloud loss in a global chemical transport model, we show that SO2 production from DMS is reduced by 35% globally and near-surface (0 to 3 km) SO2 concentrations over the ocean are lowered by 24%. This large, previously unconsidered loss process for volatile sulfur accelerates the timescale for the conversion of DMS to sulfate while limiting new particle formation in the marine atmosphere and changing the dynamics of aerosol growth. This loss process potentially reduces the spatial scale over which DMS emissions contribute to aerosol production and growth and weakens the link between DMS emission and marine CCN production with subsequent implications for cloud formation, radiative forcing, and climate.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang H, Hao R, Nie L, Hao Z, Zhang Z. Study of heterogeneous reaction of dimethyl sulfide on atmospheric-like particulate TiO 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130771. [PMID: 33975234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) related to solar radiation and greenhouse effect is one of the most important volatile sulfides and its' oxidation products are also important contributors to acid rain. It is of great importance to study the consumption and reactions of DMS in the atmosphere. In this work, atmospheric-like particulate TiO2 was selected to study the reaction mechanism of DMS on TiO2 with the purpose to explore the possible heterogeneous oxidation of DMS. The results showed that the heterogeneous reaction of DMS with TiO2 occurred under the condition of illumination, which is a first-order-like reaction with the rate constant K = 2.83 × 10-4/s, the initial reaction uptake coefficient and the steady reaction uptake coefficient indicated the occupation of products and by-products on the surface of TiO2. The heterogeneous reaction mechanism of DMS studied by aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) suggested that DMS underwent a series of complex chemical reactions with sulfate and various sulfur-containing gas products, in which hydroxyl radicals might play an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Run Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Zhongshen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Elm J. Clusteromics II: Methanesulfonic Acid-Base Cluster Formation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17035-17044. [PMID: 34250361 PMCID: PMC8264942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in atmospheric new particle formation remains highly uncertain. Using state-of-the-art computational methods, we study the electrically neutral (MSA)0-2(base)0-2 clusters, with base = ammonia (A), methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), and ethylenediamine (EDA). The cluster configurations are obtained using the ABCluster program and the number of initial cluster configurations is reduced based on PM7 calculations. Thermochemical parameters are calculated using the quasi-harmonic approximation based on the ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) cluster structures and vibrational frequencies. The single point energies are calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. We find that MSA shows a different interaction pattern with the bases compared to sulfuric acid and does not simply follow the basicity of the bases for these small clusters. In all cases, we find that the MSA-base clusters show very low cluster formation potential, indicating that electrically neutral clusters consisting solely of MSA as the clustering acid are most likely not capable of forming and growing under realistic atmospheric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and
iClimate, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ye C, Chen H, Hoffmann EH, Mettke P, Tilgner A, He L, Mutzel A, Brüggemann M, Poulain L, Schaefer T, Heinold B, Ma Z, Liu P, Xue C, Zhao X, Zhang C, Zhang F, Sun H, Li Q, Wang L, Yang X, Wang J, Liu C, Xing C, Mu Y, Chen J, Herrmann H. Particle-Phase Photoreactions of HULIS and TMIs Establish a Strong Source of H 2O 2 and Particulate Sulfate in the Winter North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7818-7830. [PMID: 34019409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
During haze periods in the North China Plain, extremely high NO concentrations have been observed, commonly exceeding 1 ppbv, preventing the classical gas-phase H2O2 formation through HO2 recombination. Surprisingly, H2O2 mixing ratios of about 1 ppbv were observed repeatedly in winter 2017. Combined field observations and chamber experiments reveal a photochemical in-particle formation of H2O2, driven by transition metal ions (TMIs) and humic-like substances (HULIS). In chamber experiments, steady-state H2O2 mixing ratios of 116 ± 83 pptv were observed upon the irradiation of TMI- and HULIS-containing particles. Correspondingly, H2O2 formation rates of about 0.2 ppbv h-1 during the initial irradiation periods are consistent with the H2O2 rates observed in the field. A novel chemical mechanism was developed explaining the in-particle H2O2 formation through a sequence of elementary photochemical reactions involving HULIS and TMIs. Dedicated box model studies of measurement periods with relative humidity >50% and PM2.5 ≥ 75 μg m-3 agree with the observed H2O2 concentrations and time courses. The modeling results suggest about 90% of the particulate sulfate to be produced from the SO2 reaction with OH and HSO3- oxidation by H2O2. Overall, under high pollution, the H2O2-caused sulfate formation rate is above 250 ng m-3 h-1, contributing to the sulfate formation by more than 70%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Erik H Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Peter Mettke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Martin Brüggemann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Bernd Heinold
- Modeling of Atmospheric Processes Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Zhuobiao Ma
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Siegel K, Karlsson L, Zieger P, Baccarini A, Schmale J, Lawler M, Salter M, Leck C, Ekman AML, Riipinen I, Mohr C. Insights into the molecular composition of semi-volatile aerosols in the summertime central Arctic Ocean using FIGAERO-CIMS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2021; 1:161-175. [PMID: 34278305 PMCID: PMC8262249 DOI: 10.1039/d0ea00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The remote central Arctic during summertime has a pristine atmosphere with very low aerosol particle concentrations. As the region becomes increasingly ice-free during summer, enhanced ocean-atmosphere fluxes of aerosol particles and precursor gases may therefore have impacts on the climate. However, large knowledge gaps remain regarding the sources and physicochemical properties of aerosols in this region. Here, we present insights into the molecular composition of semi-volatile aerosol components collected in September 2018 during the MOCCHA (Microbiology-Ocean-Cloud-Coupling in the High Arctic) campaign as part of the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition with the Swedish Icebreaker Oden. Analysis was performed offline in the laboratory using an iodide High Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO-HRToF-CIMS). Our analysis revealed significant signal from organic and sulfur-containing compounds, indicative of marine aerosol sources, with a wide range of carbon numbers and O : C ratios. Several of the sulfur-containing compounds are oxidation products of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a gas released by phytoplankton and ice algae. Comparison of the time series of particulate and gas-phase DMS oxidation products did not reveal a significant correlation, indicative of the different lifetimes of precursor and oxidation products in the different phases. This is the first time the FIGAERO-HRToF-CIMS was used to investigate the composition of aerosols in the central Arctic. The detailed information on the molecular composition of Arctic aerosols presented here can be used for the assessment of aerosol solubility and volatility, which is relevant for understanding aerosol-cloud interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Siegel
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Linn Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Paul Zieger
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen PSI Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Julia Schmale
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen PSI Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Michael Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine USA
| | - Matthew Salter
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Caroline Leck
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Annica M L Ekman
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rosati B, Christiansen S, Wollesen de Jonge R, Roldin P, Jensen MM, Wang K, Moosakutty SP, Thomsen D, Salomonsen C, Hyttinen N, Elm J, Feilberg A, Glasius M, Bilde M. New Particle Formation and Growth from Dimethyl Sulfide Oxidation by Hydroxyl Radicals. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:801-811. [PMID: 33889792 PMCID: PMC8054244 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is produced by plankton in oceans and constitutes the largest natural emission of sulfur to the atmosphere. In this work, we examine new particle formation from the primary pathway of oxidation of gas-phase DMS by OH radicals. We particularly focus on particle growth and mass yield as studied experimentally under dry conditions using the atmospheric simulation chamber AURA. Experimentally, we show that aerosol mass yields from oxidation of 50-200 ppb of DMS are low (2-7%) and that particle growth rates (8.2-24.4 nm/h) are comparable with ambient observations. An HR-ToF-AMS was calibrated using methanesulfonic acid (MSA) to account for fragments distributed across both the organic and sulfate fragmentation table. AMS-derived chemical compositions revealed that MSA was always more dominant than sulfate in the secondary aerosols formed. Modeling using the Aerosol Dynamics, gas- and particle-phase chemistry kinetic multilayer model for laboratory CHAMber studies (ADCHAM) indicates that the Master Chemical Mechanism gas-phase chemistry alone underestimates experimentally observed particle formation and that DMS multiphase and autoxidation chemistry is needed to explain observations. Based on quantum chemical calculations, we conclude that particle formation from DMS oxidation in the ambient atmosphere will most likely be driven by mixed sulfuric acid/MSA clusters clustering with both amines and ammonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Rosati
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna AT-1090, Austria
| | - Sigurd Christiansen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | | | - Pontus Roldin
- Division
of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund SE-221
00, Sweden
| | - Mads Mørk Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Shamjad P. Moosakutty
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
- Clean Combustion
Research Center, King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology, Thuwal KSA-23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ditte Thomsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Camilla Salomonsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Noora Hyttinen
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University
of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Anders Feilberg
- Department
of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade
12, Aarhus N DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Qureshi M, Nowak SH, Vogt LI, Cotelesage JJH, Dolgova NV, Sharifi S, Kroll T, Nordlund D, Alonso-Mori R, Weng TC, Pickering IJ, George GN, Sokaras D. Sulfur Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy: comparison with sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy for speciation of organosulfur compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 23:4500-4508. [PMID: 33355326 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, sulfur was known as a "spectroscopically silent" element because of a paucity of convenient spectroscopic probes suitable for in situ chemical speciation. In recent years the technique of sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used extensively in sulfur speciation in a variety of different fields. With an initial focus on reduced forms of organic sulfur, we have explored a complementary X-ray based spectroscopy - sulfur Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) - as a potential analytical tool for sulfur speciation in complex samples. We compare and contrast the sensitivity of sulfur Kβ XES with that of sulfur K-edge XAS, and find differing sensitivities for the two techniques. In some cases an approach involving both sulfur K-edge XAS and sulfur Kβ XES may be a powerful combination for deducing sulfur speciation in samples containing complex mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qureshi
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mayer K, Wang X, Santander MV, Mitts BA, Sauer JS, Sultana CM, Cappa CD, Prather KA. Secondary Marine Aerosol Plays a Dominant Role over Primary Sea Spray Aerosol in Cloud Formation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2259-2266. [PMID: 33376786 PMCID: PMC7760463 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols play a critical role in impacting our climate by seeding clouds over the oceans. Despite decades of research, key questions remain regarding how ocean biological activity changes the composition and cloud-forming ability of marine aerosols. This uncertainty largely stems from an inability to independently determine the cloud-forming potential of primary versus secondary marine aerosols in complex marine environments. Here, we present results from a unique 6-day mesocosm experiment where we isolated and studied the cloud-forming potential of primary and secondary marine aerosols over the course of a phytoplankton bloom. The results from this controlled laboratory approach can finally explain the long-observed changes in the hygroscopic properties of marine aerosols observed in previous field studies. We find that secondary marine aerosols, consisting of sulfate, ammonium, and organic species, correlate with phytoplankton biomass (i.e., chlorophyll-a concentrations), whereas primary sea spray aerosol does not. Importantly, the measured CCN activity (κapp = 0.59 ± 0.04) of the resulting secondary marine aerosol matches the values observed in previous field studies, suggesting secondary marine aerosols play the dominant role in affecting marine cloud properties. Given these findings, future studies must address the physical, chemical, and biological factors controlling the emissions of volatile organic compounds that form secondary marine aerosol, with the goal of improving model predictions of ocean biology on atmospheric chemistry, clouds, and climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn
J. Mayer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mitchell V. Santander
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Brock A. Mitts
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Sauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Camille M. Sultana
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- ; Tel: 1-858-822-5312
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao J, Sarwar G, Gantt B, Foley K, Henderson BH, Pye HOT, Fahey K, Kang D, Mathur R, Zhang Y, Li Q, Saiz-Lopez A. Impact of dimethylsulfide chemistry on air quality over the Northern Hemisphere. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2020; 244:117961. [PMID: 33132736 PMCID: PMC7592702 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We implement oceanic dimethylsulfide (DMS) emissions and its atmospheric chemical reactions into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQv53) model and perform annual simulations without and with DMS chemistry to quantify its impact on tropospheric composition and air quality over the Northern Hemisphere. DMS chemistry enhances both sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (S O 4 2 - ) over seawater and coastal areas. It enhances annual mean surface SO2 concentration by +46 pptv andS O 4 2 - by +0.33 μg/m3 and decreases aerosol nitrate concentration by -0.07 μg/m3 over seawater compared to the simulation without DMS chemistry. The changes decrease with altitude and are limited to the lower atmosphere. Impacts of DMS chemistry onS O 4 2 - are largest in the summer and lowest in the fall due to the seasonality of DMS emissions, atmospheric photochemistry and resultant oxidant levels. Hydroxyl and nitrate radical-initiated pathways oxidize 75% of the DMS while halogen-initiated pathways oxidize 25%. DMS chemistry leads to more acidic particles over seawater by decreasing aerosol pH. IncreasedS O 4 2 - from DMS enhances atmospheric extinction while lower aerosol nitrate reduces the extinction so that the net effect of DMS chemistry on visibility tends to remain unchanged over most of the seawater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junri Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brett Gantt
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Kristen Foley
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen Fahey
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daiwen Kang
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vermeuel MP, Novak GA, Jernigan CM, Bertram TH. Diel Profile of Hydroperoxymethyl Thioformate: Evidence for Surface Deposition and Multiphase Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12521-12529. [PMID: 32866385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS; CH3SCH3), a biogenically produced trace gas emitted from the ocean, accounts for a large fraction of natural sulfur released to the marine atmosphere. The oxidation of DMS in the marine boundary layer (MBL), via the hydrogen abstraction pathway, yields the short-lived methylthiomethylperoxy radical (MSP; CH3SCH2OO). In the remote MBL, unimolecular isomerization of MSP outpaces bimolecular chemistry leading to the efficient formation of hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF; HOOCH2SCHO). Here, we report the first ground observations and diurnal profiles of HPMTF mixing ratios, vertical fluxes, and deposition velocities to the ocean surface. Average daytime HPMTF mixing ratios, fluxes, and deposition velocities were recorded at 12.1 pptv, -0.11 pptv m s-1, and 0.75 cm s-1, respectively. The deposition velocity of HPMTF is comparable to other soluble gas phase compounds (e.g., HCOOH and HNO3), resulting in a deposition lifetime of 30 h under typical windspeeds (3 m s-1). A box model analysis incorporating the current mechanistic understanding of DMS oxidation chemistry and geostationary satellite cloud imagery data suggests that the lifetime of HPMTF in the MBL at this sampling location is likely controlled by heterogeneous loss to aerosol and uptake to clouds in the morning and evening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Vermeuel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Gordon A Novak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Christopher M Jernigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li S, Sarwar G, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Chen Y, Yang G, Saiz-Lopez A. Modeling the impact of marine DMS emissions on summertime air quality over the coastal East China Seas. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 7:e2020EA001220. [PMID: 33365363 PMCID: PMC7751828 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
[1] Biogenic emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from seawater is the major natural source of sulfur into the atmosphere. In this study, we use an advanced air quality model (CMAQv5.2) with DMS chemistry to examine the impact of DMS emissions from seawater on summertime air quality over China. A national scale database of DMS concentration in seawater is established based on a five-year observational record in the East China seas including the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. We employ a commonly used global database and also the newly developed local database of oceanic DMS concentration, calculate DMS emissions using three different parameterization schemes, and perform five different model simulations for July, 2018. Results indicate that in large coastal areas of China, the average DMS emissions flux obtained with the local database is three times higher than that resulting from the global database, with a mean value of 9.1 μmol m-2 d-1 in the Bohai Sea, 8.4 μmol m-2 d-1 in the Yellow Sea and 13.4 μmol m-2 d-1 in the East China Sea. The total DMS emissions flux calculated with the Nightingale scheme is 42% higher than that obtained with the Liss and Merlivat scheme, but is 15% lower than that obtained with the Wanninkhof scheme. Among the three parameterizations, results of the Liss and Merlivat scheme agree better with the ship-based observations over China's coastal waters. DMS emissions with the Liss and Merlivat parametrization increase atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (SO4 2-) concentration over the East China seas by 6.4% and 3.3%, respectively. Our results indicate that although the anthropogenic source is still the dominant contributor of atmospheric sulfur burden in China, biogenic DMS emissions source is nonnegligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Junri Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shenqian Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guipeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vogt LI, Cotelesage JJH, Dolgova NV, Titus CJ, Sharifi S, George SJ, Pickering IJ, George GN. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of organic sulfoxides. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26229-26238. [PMID: 35519739 PMCID: PMC9055334 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic sulfoxides, a group of compounds containing the sulfinyl S[double bond, length as m-dash]O group, are widespread in nature, important in health and disease, and used in a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. We have examined the sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectra of a range of different sulfoxides and find that their spectra are remarkably similar. Spectra show an intense absorption peak that is comprised of two transitions; a S 1s → (S-O)σ* and a S 1s → [(S-O)π* + (S-C)σ*] transition. In most cases these are sufficiently close in energy that they are not properly resolved; however for dimethylsulfoxide the separation between these transitions increases in aqueous solution due to hydrogen bonding to the sulfinyl oxygen. We also examined tetrahydrothiophene sulfoxide using both the sulfur and oxygen K-edge. This compound has a mild degree of ring strain at the sulfur atom, which changes the energies of the two transitions so that the S 1s → [(S-O)π* + (S-C)σ*] is below the S 1s → (S-O)σ*. A comparison of the oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectra of tetrahydrothiophene sulfoxide with that of an unhindered sulfoxide shows little change, indicating that the electronic environment of oxygen is very similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda I Vogt
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 Canada
| | - Julien J H Cotelesage
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 Canada
| | - Natalia V Dolgova
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 Canada
| | - Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Samin Sharifi
- Chevron Energy Technology Company Richmond California 94802 USA
| | - Simon J George
- Simon Scientific 200 Allston Way, Unit 232 Berkeley California 94701 USA
| | - Ingrid J Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Estep ML, Moore KB, Schaefer HF. Assessing the Viability of the Methylsulfinyl Radical‐Ozone Reaction. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1289-1294. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Estep
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
- Department of Applied Liberal Arts Patrick Henry College Purcellville VA 20132 USA
| | - Kevin B. Moore
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - H. F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Novak GA, Bertram TH. Reactive VOC Production from Photochemical and Heterogeneous Reactions Occurring at the Air-Ocean Interface. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1014-1023. [PMID: 32369349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ocean surface serves as a source and sink for a diverse set of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), reactive halogens, and oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds. The exchange of reactive trace gases between the atmosphere and ocean has been shown to alter atmospheric oxidant concentrations and drive particle nucleation and growth. Uncertainties in cloud radiative forcing and aerosol-cloud interactions are among the largest uncertainties in current global climate models. Climate models are particularly sensitive to cloud cover over the remote ocean due to large changes in albedo between the ocean surface and cloud tops. Oceanic emissions contribute to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, either through the direct emission of particles during wave breaking or through the formation of secondary aerosol particles following the emission of reactive gas-phase compounds. Despite generally small and diffuse oceanic emission rates for reactive trace gases, it has been shown that oxidant and particle number concentrations are acutely sensitive to air-sea trace gas exchange rates and the chemical composition of emitted species. To date, field measurements of air-sea reactive gas exchange have focused primarily on the emission of gases of biological origin, such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS). While DMS emissions are relatively well constrained, the gas-phase oxidation that connects DMS to sulfate aerosol is less well understood. Recent laboratory measurements suggest that heterogeneous and photochemical reactions occurring at the air-sea interface can also lead to the production and emission of a wide array of reactive VOC. When laboratory-based measurements are used to derive global scale emissions, the calculated sea-to-air fluxes of reactive VOC generated from heterogeneous and photochemical processes are comparable or larger in magnitude to the sea-to-air flux of DMS. It is not yet clear how the mechanisms proposed in these laboratory experiments translate to atmospheric conditions. The proposed abiotic emissions are also a potential source of VOC in regions of low biological activity, which carries important implications for regional and global modeling.This Account reviews recent laboratory and field experiments of biotic and abiotic ocean VOC emissions, with a specific focus on exploring open questions related to proposed abiotic reactive VOC emissions and the impact of including a large, abiotic VOC emission source on atmospheric oxidants and aerosol particles. To date, abiotic emissions are not typically included in global chemical transport models. The proposed abiotic emissions mechanisms discussed here have the potential to drive significant changes to current understanding of chemistry in the marine atmosphere if present at the magnitudes suggested by laboratory studies. In order to validate their proposed significance, a coordinated set of laboratory, field, and modeling studies under ocean-relevant conditions are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A. Novak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tang S, Zhou X, Zhang J, Xue L, Luo Y, Song J, Wang W. Characteristics of water-soluble organic acids in PM 2.5 during haze and Chinese Spring Festival in winter of Jinan, China: concentrations, formations, and source apportionments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12122-12137. [PMID: 31989492 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 aerosols from Jinan (36°256'N, 117°106'E) in the North China Plain region were investigated for water-soluble organic acids (WSOAs, i.e., oxalic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and lactic acid) during 30 December 2016 to 21 February 2017. The average PM2.5 concentration was 168.77 μg/m3 with about 90.74% samples beyond the National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards (Grade II). The total concentration of the measured WSOAs averaged at 1.34 μg/m3, contributing to 0.80% of PM2.5 mass. In the observation, acetic acid was the most abundant WSOA, followed by oxalic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, and MSA. During the period, serious haze events frequently happened. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and every WSOA species were higher in haze than those in non-haze. The correlations among species suggested that WSOAs in haze had complicated sources and secondary pathways, especially aqueous-phase reactions which played an important role on WSOAs. The concentrations of WSOAs declined in the Spring Festival compared with those in the non-Spring Festival due to holiday effect. Fireworks burning during the Spring Festival had different influences on WSOAs with slight increases for acetic acid and lactic acid. Five source factors were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model for five WSOAs, respectively, and the results revealed that secondary reactions were the main sources of WSOAs in haze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Tang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Jingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Song
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cvitešić Kušan A, Kroflič A, Grgić I, Ciglenečki I, Frka S. Chemical characterization of fine aerosols in respect to water-soluble ions at the eastern Middle Adriatic coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10249-10264. [PMID: 31933087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations at the Middle Adriatic coastal site of Croatia were affected by different air-mass inflows and/or local sources and meteorological conditions, and peaked in summer. More polluted continental air-mass inflows mostly affected the area in the winter period, while southern marine pathways had higher impact in spring and summer. Chemical characterization of the water-soluble inorganic and organic ionic constituents is discussed with respect to seasonal trends, possible sources, and air-mass inputs. The largest contributors to the PM2.5 mass were sea salts modified by the presence of secondary sulfate-rich aerosols indicated also by principal component analysis. SO42- was the prevailing anion, while the anthropogenic SO42- (anth-nssSO42-) dominantly constituted the major non-sea-salt SO42- (nssSO42-) fraction. Being influenced by the marine origin, its biogenic fraction (bio-nssSO42-) increased particularly in the spring. During the investigated period, aerosols were generally acidic. High Cl- deficit was observed at Middle Adriatic location for which the acid displacement is primarily responsible. With nssSO42- being dominant in Cl- depletion, sulfur-containing species from anthropogenic pollution emissions may have profound impact on atmospheric composition through altering chlorine chemistry in this region. However, when accounting for the neutralization of H2SO4 by NH3, the potential of HNO3 and organic acids to considerably influence Cl- depletion is shown to increase. Intensive open-fire events substantially increased the PM2.5 concentrations and changed the water-soluble ion composition and aerosol acidity in summer of 2015. To our knowledge, this work presents the first time-resolved data evaluating the seasonal composition of water-soluble ions and their possible sources in PM2.5 at the Middle Adriatic area. This study contributes towards a better understanding of atmospheric composition in the coastal Adriatic area and serves as a basis for the comparison with future studies related to the air quality at the coastal Adriatic and/or Mediterranean regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cvitešić Kušan
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Ciglenečki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ma X, Zhao X, Huang Z, Wang J, Lv G, Xu F, Zhang Q, Wang W. Determination of reactions between Criegee intermediates and methanesulfonic acid at the air-water interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135804. [PMID: 31862431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Criegee chemistry has become an important research focus due to its relevance in regulating concentrations of tropospheric OH radicals, hydroperoxides, sulfates, nitrates, and aerosols. However, to date, its interface behavior remains poorly understood. Thus, in this study, we used the Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulation method to explore the reaction mechanisms between Criegee intermediates (CIs) and methylsulfonic acid (MSA) at the air-water interface, then compared the observed behaviors with those in the gas phase. The addition of Criegee intermediates to MSA is nearly a barrierless reaction and follows a loop-structure mechanism in the gas phase. The high rate constants indicate that the Criegee intermediates and MSA reactions are the main acid removal channels. At the water's surface, the interaction of Criegee intermediates with MSA includes three main channels: 1) direct addition reaction, 2) H2O-mediated hydroperoxide formation, and 3) MSA-mediated Criegee hydration. These reaction channels follow a loop-structure or a stepwise mechanism and proceed at the picosecond time-scale. The results of this work broaden our understanding of Criegee atmospheric behaviors in polluted urban and marine areas, which in turn will aid in developing more effective pollution control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xianwei Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zixiao Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Guochun Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Global airborne sampling reveals a previously unobserved dimethyl sulfide oxidation mechanism in the marine atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4505-4510. [PMID: 32071211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919344117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the oceans, is the most abundant biological source of sulfur to the marine atmosphere. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized to condensable products that form secondary aerosols that affect Earth's radiative balance by scattering solar radiation and serving as cloud condensation nuclei. We report the atmospheric discovery of a previously unquantified DMS oxidation product, hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF, HOOCH2SCHO), identified through global-scale airborne observations that demonstrate it to be a major reservoir of marine sulfur. Observationally constrained model results show that more than 30% of oceanic DMS emitted to the atmosphere forms HPMTF. Coincident particle measurements suggest a strong link between HPMTF concentration and new particle formation and growth. Analyses of these observations show that HPMTF chemistry must be included in atmospheric models to improve representation of key linkages between the biogeochemistry of the ocean, marine aerosol formation and growth, and their combined effects on climate.
Collapse
|
50
|
Unraveling the role of additional OH-radicals in the H–Abstraction from Dimethyl sulfide using quantum chemical computations. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|