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Han SM, Nahmgoong H, Yim KM, Kim JB. How obesity affects adipocyte turnover. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00185-1. [PMID: 39095230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cellular turnover is fundamental for tissue homeostasis and integrity. Adipocyte turnover, accounting for 4% of the total cellular mass turnover in humans, is essential for adipose tissue homeostasis during metabolic stress. In obesity, an altered adipose tissue microenvironment promotes adipocyte death. To clear dead adipocytes, macrophages are recruited and form a distinctive structure known as crown-like structure; subsequently, new adipocytes are generated from adipose stem and progenitor cells in the adipogenic niche to replace dead adipocytes. Accumulating evidence indicates that adipocyte death, clearance, and adipogenesis are sophisticatedly orchestrated during adipocyte turnover. In this Review, we summarize our current understandings of each step in adipocyte turnover, discussing its key players and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mun Han
- National Leader Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Nahmgoong
- National Leader Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Yim
- National Leader Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Leader Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Ahmed B, Farb MG, Gokce N. Cardiometabolic implications of adipose tissue aging. Obes Rev 2024:e13806. [PMID: 39076025 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a large endocrine organ that serves numerous physiological functions. As we age, adipose tissue remodels and can develop functional changes that alters its phenotype, potentially contributing to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Aging adipose tissue is characterized by regional redistribution of fat, accumulation of senescent cells, fibrosis, and decline in adipocyte differentiation capacities, which collectively impact adipose tissue function and whole body health. A notable transformation involves increased accumulation of intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue and ectopic fat around internal organs such as the heart, blood vessels, liver, and kidneys that alter their functions. Other changes associated with aging include alterations in adipokine secretion and changes in adipocyte size and numbers. Aging adipocytes play a role in mediating chronic inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Visceral adipose tissue, which increases in volume with aging, is in particular associated with inflammation, angiogenic dysfunction, and microvascular abnormalities, and mediators released by visceral fat may have adverse consequences systemically in multiple target organs, including the cardiovascular system. Understanding mechanisms underlying adipose tissue aging and its impact on cardiovascular health are important for developing interventions and treatments to promote healthy aging and reduce cardiometabolic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulbul Ahmed
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa G Farb
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Lee J, Mani A, Shin MJ, Krauss RM. Leveraging altered lipid metabolism in treating B cell malignancies. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101288. [PMID: 38964473 PMCID: PMC11347096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
B cell malignancies, comprising over 80 heterogeneous blood cancers, pose significant prognostic challenges due to intricate oncogenic signaling. Emerging evidence emphasizes the pivotal role of disrupted lipid metabolism in the development of these malignancies. Variations in lipid species, such as phospholipids, cholesterol, sphingolipids, and fatty acids, are widespread across B cell malignancies, contributing to uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival. Phospholipids play a crucial role in initial signaling cascades leading to B cell activation and malignant transformation through constitutive B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Dysregulated cholesterol and sphingolipid homeostasis support lipid raft integrity, crucial for propagating oncogenic signals. Sphingolipids impact malignant B cell stemness, proliferation, and survival, while glycosphingolipids in lipid rafts modulate BCR activation. Additionally, cancer cells enhance fatty acid-related processes to meet heightened metabolic demands. In obese individuals, the obesity-derived lipids and adipokines surrounding adipocytes rewire lipid metabolism in malignant B cells, evading cytotoxic therapies. Genetic drivers such as MYC translocations also intrinsically alter lipid metabolism in malignant B cells. In summary, intrinsic and extrinsic factors converge to reprogram lipid metabolism, fostering aggressive phenotypes in B cell malignancies. Therefore, targeting altered lipid metabolism has translational potential for improving risk stratification and clinical management of diverse B cell malignancy subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoong Lee
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Arya Mani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Min-Jeong Shin
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Ziari N, Hellerstein MK. PyMIDA: A Graphical User Interface for Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2303-2308. [PMID: 38306584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA) is an analytical technique that measures the synthesis rate of biological polymers using combinatorial probabilities and stable isotope labeling. Over the past few decades, this method has been developed and applied to a wide range of uses that have increased our understanding of metabolism and the etiology and monitoring of disease. There is currently no publicly available piece of software for performing MIDA calculations in a targeted manner without its functionality being limited to a specific use case. We present a cross-platform Python graphical user interface implementation for research to obtain kinetic parameters easily from stable-isotope labeling studies and provide the code and user manual on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ziari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 California, United States
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5
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Sakaguchi M. Adipose Tissue Plasticity and Insulin Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetol Int 2024; 15:28-33. [PMID: 38264220 PMCID: PMC10800324 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-023-00676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major cause of various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular diseases, in modern times. Fat tissue originally evolved as an organ to prepare for food shortages. However, when individuals consume excessive calories and engage in insufficient physical activity, it can lead to the excessive accumulation of lipids in white adipose tissue, potentially causing problems. In response to this excessive lipid accumulation extending to other tissues, insulin resistance is triggered in the body as a physiological response to prevent harmful effects. Additionally, in mammals, brown adipose tissue has evolved to generate energy and maintain body temperature. These inconspicuous defense mechanisms function coordinately to protect against systemic metabolic abnormalities affecting multiple organs. Understanding the dynamic nature of adipose tissues is now crucial for elucidating the details of the molecular abnormalities in obesity-associated metabolic diseases. This review outlines adipocyte plasticity and function with a focus on the physiological relevance and new pathways of insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaji Sakaguchi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuoku, Kumamoto 860-8556 Japan
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Asano H, Elhelaly AE, Hyodo F, Iwasaki R, Noda Y, Kato H, Ichihashi K, Tomita H, Murata M, Mori T, Matsuo M. Deuterium Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Deuterated Water-Induced 2H-Tissue Labeling Allows Monitoring Cancer Treatment at Clinical Field Strength. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:5173-5182. [PMID: 37732903 PMCID: PMC10722130 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An accurate and noninvasive assessment of tumor response following treatment other than traditional anatomical imaging techniques is essential. Deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) imaging has been demonstrated as an alternative for cancer metabolic imaging by high-field MRI using deuterium-labeled molecules. The study aim was to use 2H tissue labeling and deuterium MRI at clinical field strength for tumor visualization and assessment of three anticancer therapies in pancreatic cancer model mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma and C26 colorectal carcinoma models of BALB/c-nu mice was prepared, and repeated deuterium MRI was performed during the first 10 days of free drinking of 30% D2O to track 2H distribution in tissues. 2H accumulation in the tumor after irradiation, bevacizumab administration, or gemcitabine administration was also measured in MIA PaCa-2-bearing mice. Confirmatory proton MRI, ex vivo metabolic hyperpolarization 13C-MRS, and histopathology were performed. RESULTS The mouse's whole-body distribution of 2H was visible 1 day after drinking, and the signal intensity increased daily. Although the tumor size did not change 1 and 3 days after irradiation, the amount of 2H decreased significantly. The 2H image intensity of the tumor also significantly decreased after the administration of bevacizumab or gemcitabine. Metabolic hyperpolarization 13C-MRS, proton MRI, and 2H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed the efficacy of the anticancer treatments. CONCLUSIONS Deuterium MRI at 1.5T proved feasible to track 2H distribution throughout mouse tissues during D2O administration and revealed a higher 2H accumulation in the tumor xenografts. This research demonstrated a promising successful method for preliminary assessment of radiotherapy and chemotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Asano
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Abdelazim Elsayed Elhelaly
- Department of Radiology, Frontier Science for Imaging, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fuminori Hyodo
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryota Iwasaki
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koki Ichihashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Open Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Lecoutre S, Maqdasy S, Lambert M, Breton C. The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Adipose Progenitor Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3252. [PMID: 38137473 PMCID: PMC10741630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) postulates that adult-onset metabolic disorders may originate from suboptimal conditions during critical embryonic and fetal programming windows. In particular, nutritional disturbance during key developmental stages may program the set point of adiposity and its associated metabolic diseases later in life. Numerous studies in mammals have reported that maternal obesity and the resulting accelerated growth in neonates may affect adipocyte development, resulting in persistent alterations in adipose tissue plasticity (i.e., adipocyte proliferation and storage) and adipocyte function (i.e., insulin resistance, impaired adipokine secretion, reduced thermogenesis, and higher inflammation) in a sex- and depot-specific manner. Over recent years, adipose progenitor cells (APCs) have been shown to play a crucial role in adipose tissue plasticity, essential for its development, maintenance, and expansion. In this review, we aim to provide insights into the developmental timeline of lineage commitment and differentiation of APCs and their role in predisposing individuals to obesity and metabolic diseases. We present data supporting the possible implication of dysregulated APCs and aberrant perinatal adipogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms as a primary mechanism responsible for long-lasting adipose tissue dysfunction in offspring born to obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lecoutre
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approach Research Group, Nutriomics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Salwan Maqdasy
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet Hospital, C2-94, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Mélanie Lambert
- U978 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-93022 Bobigny, France;
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Alliance Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Inflamex, F-93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Christophe Breton
- Maternal Malnutrition and Programming of Metabolic Diseases, Université de Lille, EA4489, F-59000 Lille, France
- U1283-UMR8199-EGID, Université de Lille, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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8
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Reeves DB, Bacchus-Souffan C, Fitch M, Abdel-Mohsen M, Hoh R, Ahn H, Stone M, Hecht F, Martin J, Deeks SG, Hellerstein MK, McCune JM, Schiffer JT, Hunt PW. Estimating the contribution of CD4 T cell subset proliferation and differentiation to HIV persistence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6145. [PMID: 37783718 PMCID: PMC10545742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistence of HIV in people living with HIV (PWH) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been linked to physiological mechanisms of CD4+ T cells. Here, in the same 37 male PWH on ART we measure longitudinal kinetics of HIV DNA and cell turnover rates in five CD4 cell subsets: naïve (TN), stem-cell- (TSCM), central- (TCM), transitional- (TTM), and effector-memory (TEM). HIV decreases in TTM and TEM but not in less-differentiated subsets. Cell turnover is ~10 times faster than HIV clearance in memory subsets, implying that cellular proliferation consistently creates HIV DNA. The optimal mathematical model for these integrated data sets posits HIV DNA also passages between CD4 cell subsets via cellular differentiation. Estimates are heterogeneous, but in an average participant's year ~10 (in TN and TSCM) and ~104 (in TCM, TTM, TEM) proviruses are generated by proliferation while ~103 proviruses passage via cell differentiation (per million CD4). In simulations, therapies blocking proliferation and/or enhancing differentiation could reduce HIV DNA by 1-2 logs over 3 years. In summary, HIV exploits cellular proliferation and differentiation to persist during ART but clears faster in more proliferative/differentiated CD4 cell subsets and the same physiological mechanisms sustaining HIV might be temporarily modified to reduce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | | | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, University Avenue and Oxford St, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94100, USA
| | - Haelee Ahn
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94100, USA
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear St Suite 200, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94100, USA
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94100, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, University Avenue and Oxford St, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5th Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94100, USA
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Palacios-Marin I, Serra D, Jimenez-Chillarón J, Herrero L, Todorčević M. Adipose Tissue Dynamics: Cellular and Lipid Turnover in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:3968. [PMID: 37764752 PMCID: PMC10535304 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming increase in obesity and its related metabolic health complications, such as type 2 diabetes, has evolved into a global pandemic. Obesity is mainly characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, primarily due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Prolonged positive energy balance leads to the expansion of existing adipocytes (hypertrophy) and/or an increase in preadipocyte and adipocyte number (hyperplasia) to accommodate excess energy intake. However, obesity is not solely defined by increases in adipocyte size and number. The turnover of adipose tissue cells also plays a crucial role in the development and progression of obesity. Cell turnover encompasses the processes of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, which collectively regulate the overall cell population within adipose tissue. Lipid turnover represents another critical factor that influences how adipose tissue stores and releases energy. Our understanding of adipose tissue lipid turnover in humans remains limited due to the slow rate of turnover and methodological constraints. Nonetheless, disturbances in lipid metabolism are strongly associated with altered adipose tissue lipid turnover. In obesity, there is a decreased rate of triglyceride removal (lipolysis followed by oxidation), leading to the accumulation of triglycerides over time. This review provides a comprehensive summary of findings from both in vitro and in vivo methods used to study the turnover of adipose cells and lipids in metabolic health and disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cellular and lipid turnover in obesity is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of excess adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Palacios-Marin
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, E-08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Jimenez-Chillarón
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, E-08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, E-08907 L’Hospitalet, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marijana Todorčević
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Brender JR, Assmann JC, Farthing DE, Saito K, Kishimoto S, Warrick KA, Maglakelidze N, Larus TL, Merkle H, Gress RE, Krishna MC, Buxbaum NP. In vivo deuterium magnetic resonance imaging of xenografted tumors following systemic administration of deuterated water. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14699. [PMID: 37679461 PMCID: PMC10485001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo deuterated water (2H2O) labeling leads to deuterium (2H) incorporation into biomolecules of proliferating cells and provides the basis for its use in cell kinetics research. We hypothesized that rapidly proliferating cancer cells would become preferentially labeled with 2H and, therefore, could be visualized by deuterium magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) following a brief period of in vivo systemic 2H2O administration. We initiated systemic 2H2O administration in two xenograft mouse models harboring either human colorectal, HT-29, or pancreatic, MiaPaCa-2, tumors and 2H2O level of ~ 8% in total body water (TBW). Three schemas of 2H2O administration were tested: (1) starting at tumor seeding and continuing for 7 days of in vivo growth with imaging on day 7, (2) starting at tumor seeding and continuing for 14 days of in vivo growth with imaging on day 14, and (3) initiation of labeling following a week of in vivo tumor growth and continuing until imaging was performed on day 14. Deuterium chemical shift imaging of the tumor bearing limb and contralateral control was performed on either day 7 of 14 after tumor seeding, as described. After 14 days of in vivo tumor growth and 7 days of systemic labeling with 2H2O, a clear deuterium contrast was demonstrated between the xenografts and normal tissue. Labeling in the second week after tumor implantation afforded the highest contrast between neoplastic and healthy tissue in both models. Systemic labeling with 2H2O can be used to create imaging contrast between tumor and healthy issue, providing a non-radioactive method for in vivo cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julian C Assmann
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Don E Farthing
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathrynne A Warrick
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natella Maglakelidze
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terri L Larus
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hellmut Merkle
- Laboratory for Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nataliya P Buxbaum
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Pediatric Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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11
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Kibodeaux D, Savoie J, Ravussin E, Fitch M, Hellerstein MK, White U. Measuring In Vivo Adipose Tissue Kinetics in Humans Using the Deuterium (2H)-Labeling Approach. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/64883. [PMID: 37590512 PMCID: PMC10521058 DOI: 10.3791/64883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue is a highly plastic organ that is necessary to maintain whole-body energy homeostasis. The adipose tissue mass and changes in the fat mass or distribution are regulated by changes in the synthesis and breakdown (i.e., turnover) of adipose cells and triacylglycerols. Evidence suggests that the manner and magnitude of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion (i.e., hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia) and turnover can influence metabolic health, as adipogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and related diseases. Despite the potential role of adipose turnover in human health, there is a lack of knowledge about the in vivo kinetics of adipose cells. This is due, in part, to the slow turnover rate of the cells in adipose tissue and the practical complexity of directly labeling their metabolic precursors in vivo. Herein, we describe methods to measure in vivo adipose kinetics and turnover rates in humans through the consumption of deuterium (2H)-labeled water. The incorporation of 2H into the deoxyribonucleotide moieties of DNA in pre-adipocytes and adipocytes provides an accurate measure of cell formation and death (adipose turnover). Overall, this is an innovative approach to measuring in vivo adipose kinetics and represents a substantive departure from other in vitro assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereck Kibodeaux
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System
| | - Jonathan Savoie
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System
| | | | | | - Ursula White
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System;
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12
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Kenney HM, Peng Y, de Mesy Bentley KL, Xing L, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM. The Enigmas of Lymphatic Muscle Cells: Where Do They Come From, How Are They Maintained, and Can They Regenerate? Curr Rheumatol Rev 2023; 19:246-259. [PMID: 36705238 PMCID: PMC10257750 DOI: 10.2174/1573397119666230127144711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic muscle cell (LMC) contractility and coverage of collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) are integral to effective lymphatic drainage and tissue homeostasis. In fact, defects in lymphatic contractility have been identified in various conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. However, the fundamental role of LMCs in these pathologic processes is limited, primarily due to the difficulty in directly investigating the enigmatic nature of this poorly characterized cell type. LMCs are a unique cell type that exhibit dual tonic and phasic contractility with hybrid structural features of both vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and cardiac myocytes. While advances have been made in recent years to better understand the biochemistry and function of LMCs, central questions regarding their origins, investiture into CLVs, and homeostasis remain unanswered. To summarize these discoveries, unexplained experimental results, and critical future directions, here we provide a focused review of current knowledge and open questions related to LMC progenitor cells, recruitment, maintenance, and regeneration. We also highlight the high-priority research goal of identifying LMC-specific genes towards genetic conditional- inducible in vivo gain and loss of function studies. While our interest in LMCs has been focused on understanding lymphatic dysfunction in an arthritic flare, these concepts are integral to the broader field of lymphatic biology, and have important potential for clinical translation through targeted therapeutics to control lymphatic contractility and drainage.
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Grants
- R01AG059775,R01AG059775,R01AG059775 NIA NIH HHS
- R01AR056702,R01AR069000,T32AR076950,P30AR069655,R01AR056702,R01AR069000,P30AR069655,T32AR076950,R01AR056702,R01AR069000,T32AR076950,P30AR069655 NIAMS NIH HHS
- P30 AR069655 NIAMS NIH HHS
- R01 AR069000 NIAMS NIH HHS
- T32 GM007356 NIGMS NIH HHS
- R01 AG059775 NIA NIH HHS
- T32GM007356,T32GM007356,T32GM007356,T32GM007356 NIGMS NIH HHS
- T32 AR076950 NIAMS NIH HHS
- R01 AR056702 NIAMS NIH HHS
- F30 AG076326 NIA NIH HHS
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yue Peng
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karen L. de Mesy Bentley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher T. Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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13
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Chen PY, Qin L, Simons M. TGFβ signaling pathways in human health and disease. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1113061. [PMID: 37325472 PMCID: PMC10267471 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is named for the function it was originally discovered to perform-transformation of normal cells into aggressively growing malignant cells. It became apparent after more than 30 years of research, however, that TGFβ is a multifaceted molecule with a myriad of different activities. TGFβs are widely expressed with almost every cell in the human body producing one or another TGFβ family member and expressing its receptors. Importantly, specific effects of this growth factor family differ in different cell types and under different physiologic and pathologic conditions. One of the more important and critical TGFβ activities is the regulation of cell fate, especially in the vasculature, that will be the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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14
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White U. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity, health, and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1188844. [PMID: 37181756 PMCID: PMC10169629 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1188844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) expands under physiological conditions via an increase in adipocyte size (hypertrophy) and/or number (hyperplasia; adipogenesis), and the ability of WAT to expand to accommodate energy demands is a significant determinant of metabolic health status. Obesity is associated with impaired WAT expansion and remodeling, which results in the deposition of lipids to other non-adipose organs, leading to metabolic derangements. Although increased hyperplasia has been implicated as a cornerstone in promoting healthy WAT expansion, recent developments suggest that the role of adipogenesis as a contributing factor in the transition from impaired subcutaneous WAT expansion to impaired metabolic health remains up for debate. This mini-review will summarize recent developments and highlight emerging concepts on the features of WAT expansion and turnover, and the significance in obesity, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula White
- Clinical Science Division, LSU Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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15
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Hasper J, Welle K, Hryhorenko J, Ghaemmaghami S, Buchwalter A. Turnover and replication analysis by isotope labeling (TRAIL) reveals the influence of tissue context on protein and organelle lifetimes. Mol Syst Biol 2023; 19:e11393. [PMID: 36929723 PMCID: PMC10090950 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifespans of proteins range from minutes to years within mammalian tissues. Protein lifespan is relevant to organismal aging, as long-lived proteins accrue damage over time. It is unclear how protein lifetime is shaped by tissue context, where both cell turnover and proteolytic degradation contribute to protein turnover. We develop turnover and replication analysis by 15 N isotope labeling (TRAIL) to quantify protein and cell lifetimes with high precision and demonstrate that cell turnover, sequence-encoded features, and environmental factors modulate protein lifespan across tissues. Cell and protein turnover flux are comparable in proliferative tissues, while protein turnover outpaces cell turnover in slowly proliferative tissues. Physicochemical features such as hydrophobicity, charge, and disorder influence protein turnover in slowly proliferative tissues, but protein turnover is much less sequence-selective in highly proliferative tissues. Protein lifetimes vary nonrandomly across tissues after correcting for cell turnover. Multiprotein complexes such as the ribosome have consistent lifetimes across tissues, while mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets have variable lifetimes. TRAIL can be used to explore how environment, aging, and disease affect tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hasper
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Welle
- University of Rochester Mass Spectrometry Resource Laboratory, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Hryhorenko
- University of Rochester Mass Spectrometry Resource Laboratory, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sina Ghaemmaghami
- University of Rochester Mass Spectrometry Resource Laboratory, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Buchwalter
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Kim J, Seo S, Kim TY. Metabolic deuterium oxide (D 2O) labeling in quantitative omics studies: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1242:340722. [PMID: 36657897 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an invaluable tool for sensitive detection and characterization of individual biomolecules in omics studies. MS combined with stable isotope labeling enables the accurate and precise determination of quantitative changes occurring in biological samples. Metabolic isotope labeling, wherein isotopes are introduced into biomolecules through biosynthetic metabolism, is one of the main labeling strategies. Among the precursors employed in metabolic isotope labeling, deuterium oxide (D2O) is cost-effective and easy to implement in any biological systems. This tutorial review aims to explain the basic principle of D2O labeling and its applications in omics research. D2O labeling incorporates D into stable C-H bonds in various biomolecules, including nucleotides, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Typically, D2O labeling is performed at low enrichment of 1%-10% D2O, which causes subtle changes in the isotopic distribution of a biomolecule, instead of the complete separation between labeled and unlabeled samples in a mass spectrum. D2O labeling has been employed in various omics studies to determine the metabolic flux, turnover rate, and relative quantification. Moreover, the advantages and challenges of D2O labeling and its future prospects in quantitative omics are discussed. The economy, versatility, and convenience of D2O labeling will be beneficial for the long-term omics studies for higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Seungwoo Seo
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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17
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Shi Y, Weng N, Jian W. Measurement of protein in vivo turnover rate with metabolic labeling using LC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2023:e5583. [PMID: 36634055 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the protein dynamics of a drug target is important for pharmaceutical research because it provides insight into drug design, target engagement, pharmacodynamics and drug efficacy. Nonradioactive isotope labeling has been the method of choice for protein turnover measurement thanks to the advancement of high-resolution mass spectrometry. While the changes in proteome in cell cultures can be monitored precisely, as the culture media can be completely replaced with 2 H-, 15 N- or 13 C-labeled essential amino acids, quantifying rates of protein synthesis in vivo is more challenging. The amount of isotope tracer that can be administered into the body is relatively small compared with the existing protein, thus requiring more sensitive detection, and the precursor-product labeling relationship is more complicated to interpret. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the principles of in vivo protein turnover studies using deuterium water (2 H2 O) with an emphasis on targeted protein analysis by hybrid LC-MS assay platforms. The pursuit of these opportunities will facilitate drug discovery and research in preclinical and clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Shi
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Naidong Weng
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Wenying Jian
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
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18
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Bax M, Romanov V, Junday K, Giannoulatou E, Martinac B, Kovacic JC, Liu R, Iismaa SE, Graham RM. Arterial dissections: Common features and new perspectives. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1055862. [PMID: 36561772 PMCID: PMC9763901 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1055862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial dissections, which involve an abrupt tear in the wall of a major artery resulting in the intramural accumulation of blood, are a family of catastrophic disorders causing major, potentially fatal sequelae. Involving diverse vascular beds, including the aorta or coronary, cervical, pulmonary, and visceral arteries, each type of dissection is devastating in its own way. Traditionally they have been studied in isolation, rather than collectively, owing largely to the distinct clinical consequences of dissections in different anatomical locations - such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and renal failure. Here, we review the shared and unique features of these arteriopathies to provide a better understanding of this family of disorders. Arterial dissections occur commonly in the young to middle-aged, and often in conjunction with hypertension and/or migraine; the latter suggesting they are part of a generalized vasculopathy. Genetic studies as well as cellular and molecular investigations of arterial dissections reveal striking similarities between dissection types, particularly their pathophysiology, which includes the presence or absence of an intimal tear and vasa vasorum dysfunction as a cause of intramural hemorrhage. Pathway perturbations common to all types of dissections include disruption of TGF-β signaling, the extracellular matrix, the cytoskeleton or metabolism, as evidenced by the finding of mutations in critical genes regulating these processes, including LRP1, collagen genes, fibrillin and TGF-β receptors, or their coupled pathways. Perturbances in these connected signaling pathways contribute to phenotype switching in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of the affected artery, in which their physiological quiescent state is lost and replaced by a proliferative activated phenotype. Of interest, dissections in various anatomical locations are associated with distinct sex and age predilections, suggesting involvement of gene and environment interactions in disease pathogenesis. Importantly, these cellular mechanisms are potentially therapeutically targetable. Consideration of arterial dissections as a collective pathology allows insight from the better characterized dissection types, such as that involving the thoracic aorta, to be leveraged to inform the less common forms of dissections, including the potential to apply known therapeutic interventions already clinically available for the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Bax
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Valentin Romanov
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Keerat Junday
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason C. Kovacic
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Renjing Liu
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Siiri E. Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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19
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Borowik AK, Davidyan A, Peelor FF, Voloviceva E, Doidge SM, Bubak MP, Mobley CB, McCarthy JJ, Dupont-Versteegden EE, Miller BF. Skeletal Muscle Nuclei in Mice are not Post-mitotic. FUNCTION 2022; 4:zqac059. [PMID: 36569816 PMCID: PMC9772608 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle research field generally accepts that nuclei in skeletal muscle fibers (ie, myonuclei) are post-mitotic and unable to proliferate. Because our deuterium oxide (D2O) labeling studies showed DNA synthesis in skeletal muscle tissue, we hypothesized that resident myonuclei can replicate in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we used a mouse model that temporally labeled myonuclei with GFP followed by D2O labeling during normal cage activity, functional overload, and with satellite cell ablation. During normal cage activity, we observed deuterium enrichment into myonuclear DNA in 7 out of 7 plantaris (PLA), 6 out of 6 tibialis anterior (TA), 5 out of 7 gastrocnemius (GAST), and 7 out of 7 quadriceps (QUAD). The average fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of DNA in myonuclei were: 0.0202 ± 0.0093 in PLA, 0.0239 ± 0.0040 in TA, 0.0076 ± 0. 0058 in GAST, and 0.0138 ± 0.0039 in QUAD, while there was no replication in myonuclei from EDL. These FSR values were largely reproduced in the overload and satellite cell ablation conditions, although there were higher synthesis rates in the overloaded PLA muscle. We further provided evidence that myonuclear replication is through endoreplication, which results in polyploidy. These novel findings contradict the dogma that skeletal muscle nuclei are post-mitotic and open potential avenues to harness the intrinsic replicative ability of myonuclei for muscle maintenance and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Borowik
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Arik Davidyan
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Frederick F Peelor
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Evelina Voloviceva
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stephen M Doidge
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Matthew P Bubak
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | - John J McCarthy
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 S Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, 921 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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20
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Tsuji-Tamura K, Tamura M. Basic fibroblast growth factor uniquely stimulates quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells and induces proliferation and dedifferentiation. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1686-1699. [PMID: 35363891 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels normally remain stable over the long-term. However, in atherosclerosis, vascular cells leave the quiescent state and enter an activated state. Here, we investigated the factors that trigger breakage of the quiescent state by screening growth factors and cytokines using a vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) line and an endothelial cell (EC) line. Despite known functions of the tested factors, only basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was identified as a potent trigger of quiescence breakage in SMCs, but not ECs. bFGF disrupted tight SMC-monolayers, and caused morphological changes, proliferation and dedifferentiation. Human primary SMCs, but not ECs, also showed similar results. Aberrant SMC-proliferation is a critical histological event in atherosclerosis. We thus provide further insights into the role of bFGF in vascular pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomi Tsuji-Tamura
- Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
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21
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Monji A, Zhang Y, Kumar GN, Guillermier C, Kim S, Olenchock B, Steinhauser ML. A Cycle of Inflammatory Adipocyte Death and Regeneration in Murine Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2022; 71:412-423. [PMID: 35040481 PMCID: PMC8893943 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) expands by a combination of two fundamental cellular mechanisms: hypertrophic growth of existing adipocytes or through generation of new adipocytes, also known as hyperplastic growth. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a limited capacity for hyperplastic growth of AT in adulthood and that adipocyte number is relatively stable, even with fluctuations in AT mass. If the adipocyte number is stable in adulthood, despite well-documented birth and death of adipocytes, then this would suggest that birth may be coupled to death in a regenerative cycle. To test this hypothesis, we examined the dynamics of birth of new fat cells in relationship to adipocyte death by using high-fidelity stable isotope tracer methods in C57Bl6 mice. We discovered birth of new adipocytes at higher frequency in histological proximity to dead adipocytes. In diet-induced obesity, adipogenesis surged after an adipocyte death peak beyond 8 weeks of high-fat feeding. Through transcriptional analyses of AT and fractionated adipocytes, we found that the dominant cell death signals were inflammasome related. Proinflammatory signals were particularly evident in hypertrophied adipocytes or with deletion of a constitutive oxygen sensor and inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor, Egln1. We leveraged the potential role for the inflammasome in adipocyte death to test the adipocyte death-birth hypothesis, finding that caspase 1 loss of function attenuated adipocyte death and birth in murine visceral AT. These data collectively point to a regenerative cycle of adipocyte death and birth as a driver of adipogenesis in adult murine AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Monji
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yang Zhang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - G.V. Naveen Kumar
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christelle Guillermier
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Soomin Kim
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin Olenchock
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew L. Steinhauser
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Corresponding author: Matthew L. Steinhauser,
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22
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Sakers A, De Siqueira MK, Seale P, Villanueva CJ. Adipose-tissue plasticity in health and disease. Cell 2022; 185:419-446. [PMID: 35120662 PMCID: PMC11152570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, colloquially known as "fat," is an extraordinarily flexible and heterogeneous organ. While historically viewed as a passive site for energy storage, we now appreciate that adipose tissue regulates many aspects of whole-body physiology, including food intake, maintenance of energy levels, insulin sensitivity, body temperature, and immune responses. A crucial property of adipose tissue is its high degree of plasticity. Physiologic stimuli induce dramatic alterations in adipose-tissue metabolism, structure, and phenotype to meet the needs of the organism. Limitations to this plasticity cause diminished or aberrant responses to physiologic cues and drive the progression of cardiometabolic disease along with other pathological consequences of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sakers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Mirian Krystel De Siqueira
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7070 USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7070 USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
| | - Claudio J Villanueva
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7070 USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7070 USA.
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23
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Duncan O, Millar AH. Day and night isotope labelling reveal metabolic pathway specific regulation of protein synthesis rates in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:745-763. [PMID: 34997626 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a diurnal separation of metabolic fluxes and a need for differential maintenance of protein machinery in the day and night. To directly assess the output of the translation process and to estimate the ATP investment involved, the individual rates of protein synthesis and degradation of hundreds of different proteins need to be measured simultaneously. We quantified protein synthesis and degradation through pulse labelling with heavy hydrogen in Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes to allow such an assessment of ATP investment in leaf proteome homeostasis on a gene-by-gene basis. Light-harvesting complex proteins were synthesised and degraded much faster in the day (approximately 10:1), while carbon metabolism and vesicle trafficking components were translated at similar rates day or night. Few leaf proteins changed in abundance between the day and the night despite reduced protein synthesis rates at night, indicating that protein degradation rates are tightly coordinated. The data reveal how the pausing of photosystem synthesis and degradation at night allows the redirection of a decreased energy budget to a selective night-time maintenance schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Duncan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Proteomics, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Proteomics, The University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Wang X, Liu NM, Zhao YF, Yang F, Zhu ZJ, Song D. Research Progress in the Medical Application of Heavy Water, Especially in the Field of D 2O-Raman Spectroscopy. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1357-1363. [PMID: 35928718 PMCID: PMC9346379 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.73150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy water is an ideal contrast agent for metabolic activity and can be adapted to a wide range of biological systems owing to its non-invasiveness, universal applicability, and cost-effectiveness. As a new type of probe, the heavy isotope of water has been widely used in the study of cell development, metabolism, tissue homeostasis, aging, and tumor heterogeneity. Herein, we review findings supporting the applications of and research on heavy water in monitoring of bacterial metabolism, rapid detection of drug sensitivity, identification of tumor cells, precision medicine, and evaluation of skin barrier function and promote the use of heavy water as a suitable marker for the development of detection and treatment methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Nai-Meng Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Ya-Fei Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Zi-Jia Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021
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Jameson TSO, Kilroe SP, Fulford J, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Muscle damaging eccentric exercise attenuates disuse-induced declines in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis and transiently prevents muscle atrophy in healthy men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E674-E688. [PMID: 34632796 PMCID: PMC8791791 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00294.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Short-term disuse leads to muscle loss driven by lowered daily myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS). However, disuse commonly results from muscle damage, and its influence on muscle deconditioning during disuse is unknown. Twenty-one males [20 ± 1 yr, BMI = 24 ± 1 kg·m-2 (± SE)] underwent 7 days of unilateral leg immobilization immediately preceded by 300 bilateral, maximal, muscle-damaging eccentric quadriceps contractions (DAM; subjects n = 10) or no exercise (CON; subjects n = 11). Participants ingested deuterated water and underwent temporal bilateral thigh MRI scans and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies of immobilized (IMM) and nonimmobilized (N-IMM) legs. N-IMM quadriceps muscle volume remained unchanged throughout both groups. IMM quadriceps muscle volume declined after 2 days by 1.7 ± 0.5% in CON (P = 0.031; and by 1.3 ± 0.6% when corrected to N-IMM; P = 0.06) but did not change in DAM, and declined equivalently in CON [by 6.4 ± 1.1% (5.0 ± 1.6% when corrected to N-IMM)] and DAM [by 2.6 ± 1.8% (4.0 ± 1.9% when corrected to N-IMM)] after 7 days. Immobilization began to decrease MyoPS compared with N-IMM in both groups after 2 days (P = 0.109), albeit with higher MyoPS rates in DAM compared with CON (P = 0.035). Frank suppression of MyoPS was observed between days 2 and 7 in CON (IMM = 1.04 ± 0.12, N-IMM = 1.86 ± 0.10%·day-1; P = 0.002) but not DAM (IMM = 1.49 ± 0.29, N-IMM = 1.90 ± 0.30%·day-1; P > 0.05). Declines in MyoPS and quadriceps volume after 7 days correlated positively in CON (r2 = 0.403; P = 0.035) but negatively in DAM (r2 = 0.483; P = 0.037). Quadriceps strength declined following immobilization in both groups, but to a greater extent in DAM. Prior muscle-damaging eccentric exercise increases MyoPS and prevents loss of quadriceps muscle volume after 2 (but not 7) days of disuse.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated the impact of prior muscle-damaging eccentric exercise on disuse-induced muscle deconditioning. Two and 7 days of muscle disuse per se lowered quadriceps muscle volume in association with lowered daily myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS). Prior eccentric exercise prevented the decline in muscle volume after 2 days and attenuated the decline in MyoPS after 2 and 7 days. These data indicate eccentric exercise increases MyoPS and transiently prevents quadriceps muscle atrophy during muscle disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S O Jameson
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Kilroe
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Voiding defects in acute radiation cystitis driven by urothelial barrier defect through loss of E-cadherin, ZO-1 and Uroplakin III. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19277. [PMID: 34588475 PMCID: PMC8481534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term-side effects from cancer therapies are a growing health care concern as life expectancy among cancer survivors increases. Damage to the bladder is common in patients treated with radiation therapy for pelvic cancers and can result in radiation (hemorrhagic) cystitis (RC). The disease progression of RC consists of an acute and chronic phase, separated by a symptom-free period. Gaining insight in tissue changes associated with these phases is necessary to develop appropriate interventions. Using a mouse preclinical model, we have previously shown that fibrosis and vascular damage are the predominant pathological features of chronic RC. The goal of this study was to determine the pathological changes during acute RC. We identified that radiation treatment results in a temporary increase in micturition frequency and decrease in void volume 4–8 weeks after irradiation. Histologically, the micturition defect is associated with thinning of the urothelium, loss of urothelial cell–cell adhesion and tight junction proteins and decrease in uroplakin III expression. By 12 weeks, the urothelium had regenerated and micturition patterns were similar to littermate controls. No inflammation or fibrosis were detected in bladder tissues after irradiation. We conclude that functional bladder defects during acute RC are driven primarily by a urothelial defect.
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Zee BM, Poels KE, Yao CH, Kawabata KC, Wu G, Duy C, Jacobus WD, Senior E, Endress JE, Jambhekar A, Lovitch SB, Ma J, Dhall A, Harris IS, Blanco MA, Sykes DB, Licht JD, Weinstock DM, Melnick A, Haigis MC, Michor F, Shi Y. Combined epigenetic and metabolic treatments overcome differentiation blockade in acute myeloid leukemia. iScience 2021; 24:102651. [PMID: 34151238 PMCID: PMC8192696 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the inability of self-renewing malignant cells to mature into a non-dividing terminally differentiated state. This differentiation block has been linked to dysregulation of multiple cellular processes, including transcriptional, chromatin, and metabolic regulation. The transcription factor HOXA9 and the histone demethylase LSD1 are examples of such regulators that promote differentiation blockade in AML. To identify metabolic targets that interact with LSD1 inhibition to promote myeloid maturation, we screened a small molecule library to identify druggable substrates. We found that differentiation caused by LSD1 inhibition is enhanced by combined perturbation of purine nucleotide salvage and de novo lipogenesis pathways, and identified multiple lines of evidence to support the specificity of these pathways and suggest a potential basis of how perturbation of these pathways may interact synergistically to promote myeloid differentiation. In sum, these findings suggest potential drug combination strategies in the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Zee
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kamrine E. Poels
- Department of Data Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cong-Hui Yao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kimihito C. Kawabata
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gongwei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cihangir Duy
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - William D. Jacobus
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Senior
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Ashwini Jambhekar
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott B. Lovitch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiexian Ma
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abhinav Dhall
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Isaac S. Harris
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M. Andres Blanco
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David B. Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Licht
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Florida Health Care Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marcia C. Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Data Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- The Center for Cancer Evolution, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, OX3 7DQ, UK
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28
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Oppezzo P, Navarrete M, Chiorazzi N. AID in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Induction and Action During Disease Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:634383. [PMID: 34041018 PMCID: PMC8141630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.634383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, critical actions for an effective adaptive immune response. However, in addition to the benefits generated by its physiological roles, AID is an etiological factor for the development of human and murine leukemias and lymphomas. This review highlights the pathological role of AID and the consequences of its actions on the development, progression, and therapeutic refractoriness of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) as a model disease for mature lymphoid malignancies. First, we summarize pertinent aspects of the expression and function of AID in normal B lymphocytes. Then, we assess putative causes for AID expression in leukemic cells emphasizing the role of an activated microenvironment. Thirdly, we discuss the role of AID in lymphomagenesis, in light of recent data obtained by NGS analyses on the genomic landscape of leukemia and lymphomas, concentrating on the frequency of AID signatures in these cancers and correlating previously described tumor-gene drivers with the presence of AID off-target mutations. Finally, we discuss how these changes could affect tumor suppressor and proto-oncogene targets and how they could be associated with disease progression. Collectively, we hope that these sections will help to better understand the complex paradox between the physiological role of AID in adaptive immunity and its potential causative activity in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Oppezzo
- Research Laboratory on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, New York, NY, United States
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The Aging of Adipocytes Increases Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Chronologically. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050292. [PMID: 34062781 PMCID: PMC8147339 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a significant producer of pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese and old individuals. However, there is no direct evidence of whether and how aged adipocytes enhance the production of pro-inflammatory markers. We aimed to investigate whether the aging adipocytes increase pro-inflammatory markers. Swiss mouse embryonic-tissue-derived 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated into adipocytes and maintained for 60 days in the conditioned medium or 35 days in the unconditioned medium. Additionally, 20-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard chow diet for 37 weeks until they were extremely aged, when ~75% of mice died because of aging. Accumulated lipids, pro-inflammatory markers, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway markers from differentiated adipocytes were analyzed. Pro-inflammatory markers and NF-κB pathway markers of epididymal white adipose tissues (EWATs) and adipocytes from EWATs were also analyzed. We found that the aging adipocytes chronologically accumulated lipids and increased pro-inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); at the same time, NF-κB p50 markers were also increased while IκBα protein was decreased significantly in conditioned medium. Similar results were observed when differentiated adipocytes were maintained in the unconditioned medium and the adipocytes from EWATs of aged mice. We demonstrated that aging augmented chronic inflammation through the NF-κB signaling pathway in adipocytes and adipose tissue.
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30
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Kimura K, Ramirez K, Nguyen TAV, Yamashiro Y, Sada A, Yanagisawa H. Contribution of PDGFRα-positive cells in maintenance and injury responses in mouse large vessels. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8683. [PMID: 33883668 PMCID: PMC8060414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The maladaptive remodeling of vessel walls with neointima formation is a common feature of proliferative vascular diseases. It has been proposed that neointima formation is caused by the dedifferentiation of mature smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Recent evidence suggests that adventitial cells also participate in neointima formation; however, their cellular dynamics are not fully understood. In this study, we utilized a lineage tracing model of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRa) cells and examined cellular behavior during homeostasis and injury response. PDGFRa marked adventitial cells that were largely positive for Sca1 and a portion of medial SMCs, and both cell types were maintained for 2 years. Upon carotid artery ligation, PDGFRa-positive (+) cells were slowly recruited to the neointima and exhibited an immature SMC phenotype. In contrast, in a more severe wire denudation injury, PDGFRa+ cells were recruited to the neointima within 14 days and fully differentiated into SMCs. Under pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction, PDGFRa+ cells developed marked adventitial fibrosis. Taken together, our observations suggest that PDGFRa+ cells serve as a reservoir of adventitial cells and a subset of medial SMCs and underscore their context-dependent response to vascular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kimura
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Karina Ramirez
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tram Anh Vu Nguyen
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshito Yamashiro
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Aiko Sada
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Exercise reduced the formation of new adipocytes in the adipose tissue of mice in vivo. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244804. [PMID: 33471817 PMCID: PMC7817033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has beneficial effects on metabolism and health. Although the skeletal muscle has been a primary focus, exercise also mediates robust adaptations in white adipose tissue. To determine if exercise affects in vivo adipocyte formation, fifty-two, sixteen-week-old C57BL/6J mice were allowed access to unlocked running wheels [Exercise (EX) group; n = 13 males, n = 13 females] or to locked wheels [Sedentary (SED) group; n = 13 males, n = 13 females] for 4-weeks. In vivo adipocyte formation was assessed by the incorporation of deuterium (2H) into the DNA of newly formed adipocytes in the inguinal and gonadal adipose depots. A two-way ANOVA revealed that exercise significantly decreased new adipocyte formation in the adipose tissue of mice in the EX group relative to the SED group (activity effect; P = 0.02). This reduction was observed in male and female mice (activity effect; P = 0.03). Independent analysis of the depots showed a significant reduction in adipocyte formation in the inguinal (P = 0.05) but not in the gonadal (P = 0.18) of the EX group. We report for the first time that exercise significantly reduced in vivo adipocyte formation in the adipose tissue of EX mice using a physiologic metabolic 2H2O-labeling protocol.
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32
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White U, Fitch MD, Beyl RA, Hellerstein MK, Ravussin E. Adipose depot-specific effects of 16 weeks of pioglitazone on in vivo adipogenesis in women with obesity: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2021; 64:159-167. [PMID: 33001232 PMCID: PMC7718382 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In vitro and rodent studies suggest that pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, can promote adipogenesis in adipose tissue (AT); however, there is a lack of in vivo studies in humans to support these findings. The objectives of this randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm trial were to test if pioglitazone stimulates in vivo adipogenesis in the subcutaneous adipose tissue depots and if these measures were related to metabolic health outcomes in women with obesity. METHODS Forty-one healthy women with obesity (20 black; 21 white; 29 ± 6 years; BMI 32.0 ± 1.7 kg/m2; 44.0 ± 3.6% body fat) were randomised to consume 30 mg/day of pioglitazone (n = 21) or placebo (n = 20) for 16 weeks. SAS v9.4 was used to generate the block randomisation code sequence (stored in password-protected files) with a 1:1 allocation ratio. The participants and study staff involved in assessing and analysing data outcomes were blinded to the group assignments. The trial was conducted at Pennington Biomedical Research Center and ended in 2016. At baseline and post-intervention, subcutaneous abdominal (scABD) and femoral (scFEM) AT biopsies were collected, and in vivo cellular kinetics (primary endpoint of the trial) were assessed by an 8 week labelling protocol of deuterium (2H) into the DNA of adipose cells. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), scABD and visceral AT (VAT) by MRI, ectopic fat by 1H-MRS, and insulin sensitivity by an OGTT. RESULTS After the 16 week intervention, there was a significant decrease in visceral fat (VAT:total abdominal AT [as a %]; p = 0.002) and an increase in the Matsuda index (i.e. improved insulin sensitivity; p = 0.04) in the pioglitazone group relative to the placebo group. A significant increase in the formation of new adipocytes was observed in the scFEM (Δ = 3.3 ± 1.6%; p = 0.04) but not the scABD depot (Δ = 2.0 ± 2.1%; p = 0.32) in the pioglitazone group relative to the placebo group. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Pioglitazone may elicit distinct differences in in vivo adipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose depots in women with obesity, with increased rates in the protective scFEM. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01748994 Funding This study was funded by R01DK090607, P30DK072476, and R03DK112006 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. U54 GM104940 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health. The Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Foundation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula White
- Physiology of Human Adipose Tissue, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Mark D Fitch
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robbie A Beyl
- Biostatistics, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Human Translational Physiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Cross KM, Granados JZ, Ten Have GAM, Thaden JJ, Engelen MPKJ, Lightfoot JT, Deutz NEP. Protein fractional synthesis rates within tissues of high- and low-active mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242926. [PMID: 33253250 PMCID: PMC7703944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rise in physical inactivity and its related diseases, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in physical activity regulation. Biological factors regulating physical activity are studied to establish a possible target for improving the physical activity level. However, little is known about the role metabolism plays in physical activity regulation. Therefore, we studied protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of multiple organ tissues of 12-week-old male mice that were previously established as inherently low-active (n = 15, C3H/HeJ strain) and high-active (n = 15, C57L/J strain). Total body water of each mouse was enriched to 5% deuterium oxide (D2O) via intraperitoneal injection and maintained with D2O enriched drinking water for about 24 h. Blood samples from the jugular vein and tissues (kidney, heart, lung, muscle, fat, jejunum, ileum, liver, brain, skin, and bone) were collected for enrichment analysis of alanine by LC-MS/MS. Protein FSR was calculated as -ln(1-enrichment). Data are mean±SE as fraction/day (unpaired t-test). Kidney protein FSR in the low-active mice was 7.82% higher than in high-active mice (low-active: 0.1863±0.0018, high-active: 0.1754±0.0028, p = 0.0030). No differences were found in any of the other measured organ tissues. However, all tissues resulted in a generally higher protein FSR in the low-activity mice compared to the high-activity mice (e.g. lung LA: 0.0711±0.0015, HA: 0.0643±0.0020, heart LA: 0.0649± 0.0013 HA: 0.0712±0.0073). Our observations suggest that high-active mice in most organ tissues are no more inherently equipped for metabolic adaptation than low-active mice, but there may be a connection between protein metabolism of kidney tissue and physical activity level. In addition, low-active mice have higher organ-specific baseline protein FSR possibly contributing to the inability to achieve higher physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Cross
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jorge Z. Granados
- Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Gabriella A. M. Ten Have
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - John J. Thaden
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Marielle P. K. J. Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - J. Timothy Lightfoot
- Biology of Physical Activity Laboratory, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Nicolaas E. P. Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Downes DP, Kasumov T, Daurio NA, Wood NB, Previs MJ, Sheth PR, McLaren DG, Previs SF. Isotope Fractionation during Gas Chromatography Can Enhance Mass Spectrometry-Based Measures of 2H-Labeling of Small Molecules. Metabolites 2020; 10:E474. [PMID: 33233825 PMCID: PMC7699861 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope tracers can be used to quantify the activity of metabolic pathways. Specifically, 2H-water is quite versatile, and its incorporation into various products can enable measurements of carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic acid kinetics. However, since there are limits on how much 2H-water can be administered and since some metabolic processes may be slow, it is possible that one may be challenged with measuring small changes in isotopic enrichment. We demonstrate an advantage of the isotope fractionation that occurs during gas chromatography, namely, setting tightly bounded integration regions yields a powerful approach for determining isotope ratios. We determined how the degree of isotope fractionation, chromatographic peak width and mass spectrometer dwell time can increase the apparent isotope labeling. Relatively simple changes in the logic surrounding data acquisition and processing can enhance gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measures of low levels of 2H-labeling, this is especially useful when asymmetrical peaks are recorded at low signal:background. Although we have largely focused attention on alanine (which is of interest in studies of protein synthesis), it should be possible to extend the concepts to other analytes and/or hardware configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Downes
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.P.D.); (N.A.D.); (P.R.S.); (D.G.M.)
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
| | - Natalie A. Daurio
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.P.D.); (N.A.D.); (P.R.S.); (D.G.M.)
| | - Neil B. Wood
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (N.B.W.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Michael J. Previs
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (N.B.W.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Payal R. Sheth
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.P.D.); (N.A.D.); (P.R.S.); (D.G.M.)
| | - David G. McLaren
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.P.D.); (N.A.D.); (P.R.S.); (D.G.M.)
| | - Stephen F. Previs
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (D.P.D.); (N.A.D.); (P.R.S.); (D.G.M.)
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Snijders T, Aussieker T, Holwerda A, Parise G, Loon LJC, Verdijk LB. The concept of skeletal muscle memory: Evidence from animal and human studies. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13465. [PMID: 32175681 PMCID: PMC7317456 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the current paradigm of the myonuclear domain theory, it is postulated that a linear relationship exists between muscle fibre size and myonuclear content. The myonuclear domain is kept (relatively) constant by adding additional nuclei (supplied by muscle satellite cells) during muscle fibre hypertrophy and nuclear loss (by apoptosis) during muscle fibre atrophy. However, data from recent animal studies suggest that myonuclei that are added to support muscle fibre hypertrophy are not lost within various muscle atrophy models. Such myonuclear permanence has been suggested to constitute a mechanism allowing the muscle fibre to (re)grow more efficiently during retraining, a phenomenon referred to as "muscle memory." The concept of "muscle memory by myonuclear permanence" has mainly been based on data attained from rodent experimental models. Whether the postulated mechanism also holds true in humans remains largely ambiguous. Nevertheless, there are several studies in humans that provide evidence to potentially support or contradict (parts of) the muscle memory hypothesis. The goal of the present review was to discuss the evidence for the existence of "muscle memory" in both animal and human models of muscle fibre hypertrophy as well as atrophy. Furthermore, to provide additional insight in the potential presence of muscle memory by myonuclear permanence in humans, we present new data on previously performed exercise training studies. Finally, suggestions for future research are provided to establish whether muscle memory really exists in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Thorben Aussieker
- Department of Human Biology NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Andy Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Luc J. C. Loon
- Department of Human Biology NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands
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Kahn CR, Wang G, Lee KY. Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:3990-4000. [PMID: 31573548 DOI: 10.1172/jci129187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, great progress has been made in understanding the complexity of adipose tissue biology and its role in metabolism. This includes new insights into the multiple layers of adipose tissue heterogeneity, not only differences between white and brown adipocytes, but also differences in white adipose tissue at the depot level and even heterogeneity of white adipocytes within a single depot. These inter- and intra-depot differences in adipocytes are developmentally programmed and contribute to the wide range of effects observed in disorders with fat excess (overweight/obesity) or fat loss (lipodystrophy). Recent studies also highlight the underappreciated dynamic nature of adipose tissue, including potential to undergo rapid turnover and dedifferentiation and as a source of stem cells. Finally, we explore the rapidly expanding field of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, and how adipose tissue communicates with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism both centrally and peripherally through secretion of adipocyte-derived peptide hormones, inflammatory mediators, signaling lipids, and miRNAs packaged in exosomes. Together these attributes and complexities create a robust, multidimensional signaling network that is central to metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guoxiao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Miller BF, Reid JJ, Price JC, Lin HJL, Atherton PJ, Smith K. CORP: The use of deuterated water for the measurement of protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1163-1176. [PMID: 32213116 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00855.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of deuterium oxide (D2O) has greatly expanded the scope of what is possible for the measurement of protein synthesis. The greatest asset of D2O labeling is that it facilitates the measurement of synthesis rates over prolonged periods of time from single proteins through integrated tissue-based measurements. Because the ease of administration, the method is amenable for use in a variety of models and conditions. Although the method adheres to the same rules as other isotope methods, the flexibility can create conditions that are not the same as other approaches and thus requires careful execution to maintain validity and reliability. For this CORP article, we provide a history that gave rise to the method and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the method, the critical assumptions, guidelines, and best practices based on instrumentation, models, and experimental design. The goal of this CORP article is to propagate additional use of D2O in a manner that produces reliable and valid data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Justin J Reid
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - John C Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Hsien-Jung L Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Center for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Center for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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Eckel-Mahan K, Ribas Latre A, Kolonin MG. Adipose Stromal Cell Expansion and Exhaustion: Mechanisms and Consequences. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040863. [PMID: 32252348 PMCID: PMC7226766 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is comprised of a diverse number of cell types, including adipocytes, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and infiltrating leukocytes. Adipose stromal cells (ASCs) are a mixed population containing adipose progenitor cells (APCs) as well as fibro-inflammatory precursors and cells supporting the vasculature. There is growing evidence that the ability of ASCs to renew and undergo adipogenesis into new, healthy adipocytes is a hallmark of healthy fat, preventing disease-inducing adipocyte hypertrophy and the spillover of lipids into other organs, such as the liver and muscles. However, there is building evidence indicating that the ability for ASCs to self-renew is not infinite. With rates of ASC proliferation and adipogenesis tightly controlled by diet and the circadian clock, the capacity to maintain healthy AT via the generation of new, healthy adipocytes appears to be tightly regulated. Here, we review the contributions of ASCs to the maintenance of distinct adipocyte pools as well as pathogenic fibroblasts in cancer and fibrosis. We also discuss aging and diet-induced obesity as factors that might lead to ASC senescence, and the consequences for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Aleix Ribas Latre
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research Center, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Mikhail G. Kolonin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Endurance-Type Exercise Increases Bulk and Individual Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates in Rats. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:153–164. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity increases muscle protein synthesis rates. However, the impact of exercise on the coordinated up- and/or downregulation of individual protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle tissue remains unclear. The authors assessed the impact of exercise on mixed muscle, myofibrillar, and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates as well as individual protein synthesis rates in vivo in rats. Adult Lewis rats either remained sedentary (n = 3) or had access to a running wheel (n = 3) for the last 2 weeks of a 3-week experimental period. Deuterated water was injected and subsequently administered in drinking water over the experimental period. Blood and soleus muscle were collected and used to assess bulk mixed muscle, myofibrillar, and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and individual muscle protein synthesis rates using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (i.e., dynamic proteomic profiling). Wheel running resulted in greater myofibrillar (3.94 ± 0.26 vs. 3.03 ± 0.15%/day; p < .01) and mitochondrial (4.64 ± 0.24 vs. 3.97 ± 0.26%/day; p < .05), but not mixed muscle (2.64 ± 0.96 vs. 2.38 ± 0.62%/day; p = .71) protein synthesis rates, when compared with the sedentary condition. Exercise impacted the synthesis rates of 80 proteins, with the difference from the sedentary condition ranging between −64% and +420%. Significantly greater synthesis rates were detected for F1-ATP synthase, ATP synthase subunit alpha, hemoglobin, myosin light chain-6, and synaptopodin-2 (p < .05). The skeletal muscle protein adaptive response to endurance-type exercise involves upregulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis rates, but it is highly coordinated as reflected by the up- and downregulation of various individual proteins across different bulk subcellular protein fractions.
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40
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Kloehn J, McConville MJ. Analysis of the Physiological and Metabolic State of Leishmania Using Heavy Water Labeling. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2116:587-609. [PMID: 32221944 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0294-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes the use of heavy water (2H2O) labeling to determine the growth rate and metabolic state of Leishmania parasites in culture and in infected animals. In vitro labeling studies are undertaken by cultivating defined parasite developmental stages in standard medium supplemented with 5% 2H2O, resulting in the incorporation of deuterium (2H) into a range of metabolic precursors used in macromolecule (DNA, RNA, protein, lipid, and glycan) synthesis. The rate of turnover of different parasite macromolecules can subsequently be determined by analysis of deuterium enrichment in the different constituents of these macromolecules by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To measure the growth rate and physiological state of parasite stages in lesion tissue, infected mice were provided with 9% 2H2O in their drinking water for various periods of time and 2H-enrichment in the macromolecular constituents of isolated lesion-derived parasite stages determined by GC-MS. This protocol provides quantitative information on key cellular processes, such as replication (DNA turnover), transcription (RNA turnover), translation (protein turnover), membrane biogenesis (lipid turnover), and central carbon metabolism (glycan turnover) that define the growth state and phenome of different parasite stages in vitro and in vivo. This approach can be used to assess the impact of host immune responses on parasite growth and physiology (using different Leishmania strains/species, mouse lines), characterize different parasite populations during chronic and acute infections, and assess parasite responses to drug treatments. It is also broadly applicable to other microbial pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Protozoan/analysis
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/metabolism
- Deuterium Oxide/chemistry
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Humans
- Isotope Labeling/methods
- Leishmania mexicana/isolation & purification
- Leishmania mexicana/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Life Cycle Stages/physiology
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Protozoan Proteins/analysis
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Protozoan/analysis
- RNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- RNA, Protozoan/metabolism
- Skin/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Hao W, Bahnson HT, Speake C, Cerosaletti K, Greenbaum CJ. In-vivo assessment of T cell kinetics in individuals at risk for type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:50-55. [PMID: 31557315 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously assessed the kinetics of T cell turnover in vivo by labeling cells with 2 H-H2 O over 42 days in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and demonstrated an increased turnover of CD4 memory T cells. We have now tested T cell turnover in individuals at risk for T1D using a 3-4-day labeling protocol with 2 H-glucose. We studied 30 relatives with T1D with and without autoantibodies, and 10 healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were flow-sorted into T cell subsets of interest; 2 H-DNA enrichment was measured by mass spectrometry and in-vivo turnover was calculated as maximum fractional enrichment of deuterated adenosine (Fmax ). Among CD4+ cells, Fmax was highest in regulatory T cells (Treg ), followed by effector and central memory T cells and lowest in naive cells. Similarly, CD8+ central and effector memory T cells had a higher turnover than CD8+ terminally differentiated effector memory T cells (TEMRA) and CD8+ -naive T cells. Relatives as a group showed significantly increased Treg turnover by Fmax compared to controls (1·733 ± 0·6784% versus 1·062 ± 0·3787%, P = 0·004), suggesting pre-existing immune dysfunction within families with T1D. However, there was no significant difference in Fmax between groups according to autoantibody or glucose tolerance status. Repeat testing in 20 subjects 1 year later demonstrated relatively higher within-subject compared to between-subject variability for the measurement of Fmax in various T cell subsets. The short labeling protocol with 2 H-glucose should be applied in the context of a clinical trial in which the therapy is expected to have large effects on T cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hao
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H T Bahnson
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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Holm L, Dideriksen K, Nielsen RH, Doessing S, Bechshoeft RL, Højfeldt G, Moberg M, Blomstrand E, Reitelseder S, van Hall G. An exploration of the methods to determine the protein-specific synthesis and breakdown rates in vivo in humans. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14143. [PMID: 31496135 PMCID: PMC6732504 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explores the methods to determine human in vivo protein-specific myofibrillar and collagenous connective tissue protein fractional synthesis and breakdown rates. We found that in human myofibrillar proteins, the protein-bound tracer disappearance method to determine the protein fractional breakdown rate (FBR) (via 2 H2 O ingestion, endogenous labeling of 2 H-alanine that is incorporated into proteins, and FBR quantified by its disappearance from these proteins) has a comparable intrasubject reproducibility (range: 0.09-53.5%) as the established direct-essential amino acid, here L-ring-13 C6 -phenylalanine, incorporation method to determine the muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) (range: 2.8-56.2%). Further, the determination of the protein breakdown in a protein structure with complex post-translational processing and maturation, exemplified by human tendon tissue, was not achieved in this experimentation, but more investigation is encouraged to reveal the possibility. Finally, we found that muscle protein FBR measured with an essential amino acid tracer prelabeling is inappropriate presumably because of significant and prolonged intracellular recycling, which also may become a significant limitation for determination of the myofibrillar FSR when repeated infusion trials are completed in the same participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Kasper Dideriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Rie H. Nielsen
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Simon Doessing
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Rasmus L. Bechshoeft
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Marcus Moberg
- Aastrand LaboratorySwedish School of Sport and Health SciencesStockholmSweden
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- Aastrand LaboratorySwedish School of Sport and Health SciencesStockholmSweden
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery MBispebjerg HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core FacilityDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. It's not just about protein turnover: the role of ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cells in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:952-963. [PMID: 30741116 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1569726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has indispensable roles in regulating whole body health (e.g. glycemic control, energy consumption) and, in being central in locomotion, is crucial in maintaining quality-of-life. Therefore, understanding the regulation of muscle mass is of significant importance. Resistance exercise training (RET) combined with supportive nutrition is an effective strategy to achieve muscle hypertrophy by driving chronic elevations in muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The regulation of muscle protein synthesis is a coordinated process, in requiring ribosomes to translate mRNA and sufficient myonuclei density to provide the platform for ribosome and mRNA transcription; as such MPS is determined by both translational efficiency (ribosome activity) and translational capacity (ribosome number). Moreover, as the muscle protein pool expands during hypertrophy, translation capacity (i.e. ribosomes and myonuclei content) could theoretically become rate-limiting such that an inability to expand these pools through ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cell (SC) mediated myonuclear addition could limit growth potential. Simple measures of RNA (ribosome content) and DNA (SC/Myonuclei number) concentrations reveal that these pools do increase with hypertrophy; yet whether these adaptations are a pre-requisite or a limiting factor for hypertrophy is unresolved and highly debated. This is primarily due to methodological limitations and many assumptions being made on static measures or correlative associations. However recent advances within the field using stable isotope tracers shows promise in resolving these questions in muscle adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stewart Brook
- a MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham , Derby , UK
- b National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham , Derby , UK
| | - Daniel James Wilkinson
- a MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham , Derby , UK
- b National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham , Derby , UK
| | - Ken Smith
- a MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham , Derby , UK
- b National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham , Derby , UK
| | - Philip James Atherton
- a MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham , Derby , UK
- b National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham , Derby , UK
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Borghans JAM, Tesselaar K, de Boer RJ. Current best estimates for the average lifespans of mouse and human leukocytes: reviewing two decades of deuterium-labeling experiments. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:233-248. [PMID: 30129193 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium is a non-toxic, stable isotope that can safely be administered to humans and mice to study their cellular turnover rates in vivo. It is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA strands during cell division, without interference with the kinetics of cells, and the accumulation and loss of deuterium in the DNA of sorted (sub-)populations of leukocytes can be used to estimate their cellular production rates and lifespans. In the past two decades, this powerful technology has been used to estimate the turnover rates of various types of leukocytes. Although it is the most reliable technique currently available to study leukocyte turnover, there are remarkable differences between the cellular turnover rates estimated by some of these studies. We have recently established that part of this variation is due to (a) difficulties in estimating deuterium availability in some deuterium-labeling studies, and (b) assumptions made by the mathematical models employed to fit the data. Being aware of these two problems, we here aim to approach a consensus on the life expectancies of different types of T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils in mice and men. We address remaining outstanding problems whenever appropriate and discuss for which immune subpopulations we currently have too little information to draw firm conclusions about their turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A M Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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White U, Ravussin E. Dynamics of adipose tissue turnover in human metabolic health and disease. Diabetologia 2019; 62:17-23. [PMID: 30267179 PMCID: PMC6476187 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue is a highly plastic organ and is an important regulator of whole-body metabolism and energy balance. The magnitude of adipose tissue mass is determined by dynamic changes in the synthesis and breakdown (i.e. turnover) of adipocytes and triacylglycerols (TGs). Obesity is a disorder characterised by excessive adiposity and is a risk factor for diseases, including the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue expansion is necessary to accommodate chronic excess energy intake and is characterised by enlargement of existing adipocytes (hypertrophy) and by increase in pre-adipocyte and adipocyte numbers (hyperplasia). Evidence suggests that the manner of subcutaneous adipose expansion can influence metabolic health, as impaired adipogenesis, namely restricted hyperplasia, may lead to ectopic lipid deposition in the liver and skeletal muscle, contributing to the pathogenesis of obesity-related disorders. Despite the plausible role of adipose turnover in human health and pathology, little is known about the in vivo kinetics of adipose tissue components (both adipose cells and TGs). This is due, in part, to the slow turnover rate of adipose tissue and the complexity of directly labelling pathway precursors. This review provides a brief summary of findings derived from in vitro techniques, as well as an overview of two in vivo methods that are being implemented to assess the turnover of adipose cells and TGs. Finally, the role of adipose tissue turnover in metabolic health and disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula White
- Physiology of Human Adipose Tissue Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Human Translational Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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46
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Mazzarello AN, Fitch M, Hellerstein MK, Chiorazzi N. Measurement of Leukemic B-Cell Growth Kinetics in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1881:129-151. [PMID: 30350203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8876-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of every neoplastic disease as well as many other types of illness. Labeling of newly replicated DNA with deuterium (2H), a nonradioactive isotope of hydrogen, administered to the patients in drinking water (2H2O) is a safe and reliable method to measure the in vivo birth rates of cells. Here, we describe a protocol to measure chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell birth/proliferation and death rates over time using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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47
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Zhu J, Bing C, Wilding JPH. 1α,25(OH) 2D 3 attenuates IL-6 and IL-1β-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophage conditioned medium-stimulated human white preadipocytes by modulating p44/42 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:9. [PMID: 30697360 PMCID: PMC6346557 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is characterized by macrophage infiltration and inflammatory responses-metaflammation in adipose tissue. IL-6 and IL-1β could mediate the inflammatory responses in macrophage stimulated-preadipocytes by modulating MAPK and NF-κB pathways. To test this hypothesis we used antibodies to block IL-6 and IL-1β action in macrophage conditioned medium (MacCM)-stimulated human white preadipocytes. Moreover, as interventions that prevent this could potentially be used to treat or prevent metabolic syndrome, and 1α,25(OH)2D3 has previously been reported to exert an anti-inflammatory action on macrophage-stimulated adipocytes, in this study we also investigated whether 1α,25(OH)2D3 could attenuate inflammatory responses in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes, and explored the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms. METHODS Human white preadipocytes were cultured with 25% MacCM for 24 h to elicit inflammatory responses. This was confirmed by measuring the concentrations and mRNA levels of major pro-inflammatory factors [IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)] by ELISA and qPCR, respectively. IL-6 and IL-1β actions were blocked using IL-6 antibody (300 ng/ml) and IL-1β antibody (15 μg/ml), respectively. Potential anti-inflammatory effects of 1α,25(OH)2D3 were investigated by pre-treatment and treatment of 1α,25(OH)2D3 (0.01 to 10 nM) for 48 h in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. In parallel, western blotting was used to determine inflammatory signaling molecules including relA of the NF-κB pathway and p44/42 MAPK modified during these processes. RESULTS MacCM enhanced the secretion and gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES by increasing the phosphorylation levels of relA and p44/42 MAPK in preadipocytes, whereas blocking IL-6 and IL-1β action inhibited the inflammatory responses by decreasing p44/42 MAPK and relA phosphorylation, respectively. Furthermore, 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)2D3 generally inhibited the IL-6 and IL-1β-mediated inflammatory responses, and reduced both p44/42 MAPK and relA phosphorylation in MacCM-stimulated preadipocytes. CONCLUSIONS 1α,25(OH)2D3 attenuates IL-6 and IL-1β-mediated inflammatory responses, probably by inhibiting p44/42 MAPK and relA phosphorylation in MacCM-stimulated human white preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhu
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX UK
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Bing
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX UK
| | - John P. H. Wilding
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX UK
- Clinical Science Center, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool, L9 7AL UK
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48
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Zlatska A, Gordiienko I, Vasyliev R, Zubov D, Gubar O, Rodnichenko A, Syroeshkin A, Zlatskiy I. In Vitro Study of Deuterium Effect on Biological Properties of Human Cultured Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. ScientificWorldJournal 2018; 2018:5454367. [PMID: 30519147 PMCID: PMC6241234 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5454367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In current in vitro study we have shown the impact of deuterium content in growth medium on proliferation rate of human cultured adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC). ADSCs have also demonstrated morphological changes when cultured in deuterated growth medium: the cell cultures did not reach confluence but acquired polygonal morphology with pronounced stress fibers. At high deuterium concentrations the ADSCs population doubling time increased which indicated the cell cycle retardation and decrease of cell proliferation rate. The deuterated and deuterium-depleted growth media demonstrated acute and chronic cytotoxicity, respectively. The minimal migration ability was observed in deuterated medium whereas the highest migration activity was observed in the medium with the deuterium content close to natural. The cells in deuterated growth medium demonstrated decrease in metabolic activity after three days in culture. In contrast, in deuterium-depleted medium there was an increase in ADSC metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Zlatska
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Biotechnology Laboratory Ilaya Regeneration, Medical Company Ilaya®, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Inna Gordiienko
- Biotechnology Laboratory Ilaya Regeneration, Medical Company Ilaya®, Kyiv, Ukraine
- RE Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Vasyliev
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Biotechnology Laboratory Ilaya Regeneration, Medical Company Ilaya®, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy Zubov
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Biotechnology Laboratory Ilaya Regeneration, Medical Company Ilaya®, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Gubar
- Biotechnology Laboratory Ilaya Regeneration, Medical Company Ilaya®, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anzhela Rodnichenko
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Biotechnology Laboratory Ilaya Regeneration, Medical Company Ilaya®, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anton Syroeshkin
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Igor Zlatskiy
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
- Dumanskii Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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49
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Sadygov RG, Avva J, Rahman M, Lee K, Ilchenko S, Kasumov T, Borzou A. d2ome, Software for in Vivo Protein Turnover Analysis Using Heavy Water Labeling and LC-MS, Reveals Alterations of Hepatic Proteome Dynamics in a Mouse Model of NAFLD. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3740-3748. [PMID: 30265007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic labeling with heavy water followed by LC-MS is a high throughput approach to study proteostasis in vivo. Advances in mass spectrometry and sample processing have allowed consistent detection of thousands of proteins at multiple time points. However, freely available automated bioinformatics tools to analyze and extract protein decay rate constants are lacking. Here, we describe d2ome-a robust, automated software solution for in vivo protein turnover analysis. d2ome is highly scalable, uses innovative approaches to nonlinear fitting, implements Grubbs' outlier detection and removal, uses weighted-averaging of replicates, applies a data dependent elution time windowing, and uses mass accuracy in peak detection. Here, we discuss the application of d2ome in a comparative study of protein turnover in the livers of normal vs Western diet-fed LDLR-/- mice (mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), which contained 256 LC-MS experiments. The study revealed reduced stability of 40S ribosomal protein subunits in the Western diet-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rovshan G Sadygov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine , The University of Texas Medical Branch , 301 University Blvd. , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Jayant Avva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine , The University of Texas Medical Branch , 301 University Blvd. , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine , The University of Texas Medical Branch , 301 University Blvd. , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Northeast Ohio Medical University , Rootstown , Ohio 44272 , United States
| | - Sergei Ilchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Northeast Ohio Medical University , Rootstown , Ohio 44272 , United States
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Northeast Ohio Medical University , Rootstown , Ohio 44272 , United States
| | - Ahmad Borzou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine , The University of Texas Medical Branch , 301 University Blvd. , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
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50
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Shi L, Zheng C, Shen Y, Chen Z, Silveira ES, Zhang L, Wei M, Liu C, de Sena-Tomas C, Targoff K, Min W. Optical imaging of metabolic dynamics in animals. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2995. [PMID: 30082908 PMCID: PMC6079036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct visualization of metabolic dynamics in living animals with high spatial and temporal resolution is essential to understanding many biological processes. Here we introduce a platform that combines deuterium oxide (D2O) probing with stimulated Raman scattering (DO-SRS) microscopy to image in situ metabolic activities. Enzymatic incorporation of D2O-derived deuterium into macromolecules generates carbon-deuterium (C-D) bonds, which track biosynthesis in tissues and can be imaged by SRS in situ. Within the broad vibrational spectra of C-D bonds, we discover lipid-, protein-, and DNA-specific Raman shifts and develop spectral unmixing methods to obtain C-D signals with macromolecular selectivity. DO-SRS microscopy enables us to probe de novo lipogenesis in animals, image protein biosynthesis without tissue bias, and simultaneously visualize lipid and protein metabolism and reveal their different dynamics. DO-SRS microscopy, being noninvasive, universally applicable, and cost-effective, can be adapted to a broad range of biological systems to study development, tissue homeostasis, aging, and tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chaogu Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yihui Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Zhixing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Luyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mian Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Kimara Targoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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