1
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Smith DL, Mitchell SE, Johnson MS, Gibbs VK, Dickinson S, Henschel B, Li R, Kaiser KA, Chusyd DE, Brown AW, Allison DB, Speakman JR, Nagy TR. Benefits of calorie restriction in mice are mediated via energy imbalance, not absolute energy or protein intake. GeroScience 2024; 46:4809-4826. [PMID: 38850387 PMCID: PMC11336014 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) results in reduced energy and protein intake, raising questions about protein restriction's contribution to CR longevity benefits. We kept ad libitum (AL)-fed male C57BL/6J mice at 27°C (AL27) and pair-fed (PF) mice at 22°C (22(PF27)). The 22(PF27) group was fed to match AL27 while restricted for calories due to cold-induced metabolism. The 22(PF27) mice had significantly lower body weight, lean mass, fat mass, leptin, IGF-1, and TNF-α levels than AL27 mice (p<0.001 for all). Manipulations over ~11 weeks resulted in significant differences in body temperature, physical activity, and expression of key genes linked to hunger in the hypothalamus. Survival was significantly greater in 22(PF27) compared to AL27 overall (p<0.001). CR in the context of equivalent energy and protein intake resulted in hormonal, metabolic, and physiological benefits and extended longevity. Hence, energy imbalance, rather than low energy or protein intake per se, mediates the benefits of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Scotland, Scotland, UK
| | - Maria S Johnson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victoria K Gibbs
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie Dickinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Beate Henschel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kathryn A Kaiser
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniella E Chusyd
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrew W Brown
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - David B Allison
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Scotland, Scotland, UK.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Tim R Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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2
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Mitchell SE, Togo J, Green CL, Derous D, Hambly C, Speakman JR. The Effects of Graded Levels of Calorie Restriction: XX. Impact of Long-Term Graded Calorie Restriction on Survival and Body Mass Dynamics in Male C57BL/6J Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1953-1963. [PMID: 37354128 PMCID: PMC10613020 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) typically promotes a reduction in body mass, which correlates with increased lifespan. We evaluated the overall changes in survival, body mass dynamics, and body composition following long-term graded CR (580 days/19 months) in male C57BL/6J mice. Control mice (0% restriction) were fed ad libitum in the dark phase only (12-hour ad libitum [12AL]). CR groups were restricted by 10%-40% of their baseline food intake (10CR, 20CR, 30CR, and 40CR). Body mass was recorded daily, and body composition was measured at 8 time points. At 728 days/24 months, all surviving mice were culled. A gradation in survival rate over the CR groups was found. The pattern of body mass loss differed over the graded CR groups. Whereas the lower CR groups rapidly resumed an energy balance with no significant loss of fat or fat-free mass, changes in the 30 and 40CR groups were attributed to higher fat-free mass loss and protection of fat mass. Day-to-day changes in body mass were less variable under CR than for the 12AL group. There was no indication that body mass was influenced by external factors. Partial autocorrelation analysis examined the relationship between daily changes in body masses. A negative correlation between mass on Day 0 and Day +1 declined with age in the 12AL but not the CR groups. A reduction in the correlation with age suggested body mass homeostasis is a marker of aging that declines at the end of life and is protected by CR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Togo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Cara L Green
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
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3
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Fasting and Fasting Mimicking Diets in Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2022; 33:699-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Rubio-Tomás T, Rueda-Robles A, Plaza-Díaz J, Álvarez-Mercado AI. Nutrition and cellular senescence in obesity-related disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 99:108861. [PMID: 34517097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is vital for immune homeostasis. However, the incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide due to the adoption of the Western diet and a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation which alters the function of adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and the nervous system. Inflammation is related to cellular senescence, distinguished by irreversible cell cycle arrest. Senescent cells secrete the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) which contains pro-inflammatory factors. Targeting processes in senescence might have a salutary approach to obesity. The present review highlights the impact of an unhealthy diet on tissues affected by obesity, and the mechanisms that promote the consequent inflammation and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, University of Crete, Herakleion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ascensión Rueda-Robles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada Spain.
| | - Ana I Álvarez-Mercado
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada Spain.
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5
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Obesity and aging: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101268. [PMID: 33556548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity is a major challenge for health policymakers due to its far-reaching effects on population health and potentially overwhelming financial burden on healthcare systems. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Interestingly, the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity is similar to that observed in normal aging, and substantial evidence suggests the potential of obesity to accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of fat tissue dysfunction in obesity could provide insights into the processes that contribute to the metabolic dysfunction associated with the aging process. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying both obesity and aging, and how obesity and aging can predispose individuals to chronic health complications. The potential of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to counter obesity and obesity-related pathologies, as well as aging, is also addressed.
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Singh P, Mishra G. Are the effects of hunger stage-specific? A case study in an aphidophagous ladybird beetle. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 111:66-72. [PMID: 32539897 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food availability is a fundamental factor determining an animal's potential fitness. Carry-over effects of food limitation from development to adulthood are known to influence reproduction, ageing, and tolerance to stress. We have examined the effect of stage-specific variation (before adult emergence or pre-emergence, post-emergence and post-mating) in food availability in Propylea dissecta (Mulsant). Larvae were reared separately on two different pre-emergence food regimes (abundant or restricted) until pupation. Newly emerged adults were further split into two groups and placed on abundant or restricted post-emergence regimes. After mating, females were split and reared on any one of two post-mating regimes. The results revealed that: (i) time to commence mating declined with increased food availability in pre- and post-emergence stages, (ii) mating duration increased with food availability post-emergence, (iii) highest reproduction output was observed in individuals who had abundant food pre- and post-emergence. However, food availability at the time of oviposition also had a strong influence on fecundity. Solo bouts of scarcity, regardless of which stage suffered them, were effectively managed in at least two of the three stages (pre-emergence, post-emergence, post-mating) had abundant food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Ladybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, India
| | - Geetanjali Mishra
- Ladybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226007, India
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7
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Vatner SF, Zhang J, Oydanich M, Berkman T, Naftalovich R, Vatner DE. Healthful aging mediated by inhibition of oxidative stress. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101194. [PMID: 33091597 PMCID: PMC7710569 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The progressive increase in lifespan over the past century carries with it some adversity related to the accompanying burden of debilitating diseases prevalent in the older population. This review focuses on oxidative stress as a major mechanism limiting longevity in general, and healthful aging, in particular. Accordingly, the first goal of this review is to discuss the role of oxidative stress in limiting longevity, and compare healthful aging and its mechanisms in different longevity models. Secondly, we discuss common signaling pathways involved in protection against oxidative stress in aging and in the associated diseases of aging, e.g., neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and cancer. Much of the literature has focused on murine models of longevity, which will be discussed first, followed by a comparison with human models of longevity and their relationship to oxidative stress protection. Finally, we discuss the extent to which the different longevity models exhibit the healthful aging features through physiological protective mechanisms related to exercise tolerance and increased β-adrenergic signaling and also protection against diabetes and other metabolic diseases, obesity, cancer, neurological diseases, aging-induced cardiomyopathy, cardiac stress and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marko Oydanich
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tolga Berkman
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rotem Naftalovich
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
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8
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An HS, Lee JY, Choi EB, Jeong EA, Shin HJ, Kim KE, Park KA, Jin Z, Lee JE, Koh JS, Kwak W, Kim WH, Roh GS. Caloric restriction reverses left ventricular hypertrophy through the regulation of cardiac iron homeostasis in impaired leptin signaling mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7176. [PMID: 32346034 PMCID: PMC7188880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin-deficient and leptin-resistant mice manifest obesity, insulin resistance, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH); however, LVH’s mechanisms are not fully understood. Cardiac iron dysregulation has been recently implicated in cardiomyopathy. Here we investigated the protective effects of caloric restriction on cardiac remodeling in impaired leptin signaling obese mice. RNA-seq analysis was performed to assess the differential gene expressions in the heart of wild-type and ob/ob mice. In particular, to investigate the roles of caloric restriction on iron homeostasis-related gene expressions, 10-week-old ob/ob and db/db mice were assigned to ad libitum or calorie-restricted diets for 12 weeks. Male ob/ob mice exhibited LVH, cardiac inflammation, and oxidative stress. Using RNA-seq analysis, we identified that an iron uptake-associated gene, transferrin receptor, was upregulated in obese ob/ob mice with LVH. Caloric restriction attenuated myocyte hypertrophy, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in ob/ob and db/db mice. Furthermore, we found that caloric restriction reversed iron homeostasis-related lipocalin 2, divalent metal transporter 1, transferrin receptor, ferritin, ferroportin, and hepcidin expressions in the heart of ob/ob and db/db mice. These findings demonstrate that the cardioprotective effects of caloric restriction result from the cellular regulation of iron homeostasis, thereby decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiac remodeling. We suggest that decreasing iron-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation offers new therapeutic approaches for obesity-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Seok An
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bee Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ae Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sin Koh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Kwak
- C&K genomics, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ho Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea. .,Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The relationship of evolution with diet and environment can provide insights into modern disease. Fossil evidence shows apes, and early human ancestors were fruit eaters living in environments with strongly seasonal climates. Rapid cooling at the end of the Middle Miocene (15-12 Ma: millions of years ago) increased seasonality in Africa and Europe, and ape survival may be linked with a mutation in uric acid metabolism. Climate stabilized in the later Miocene and Pliocene (12-5 Ma), and fossil apes and early hominins were both adapted for life on ground and in trees. Around 2.5 Ma, early species of Homo introduced more animal products into their diet, and this coincided with developing bipedalism, stone tool technology and increase in brain size. Early species of Homo such as Homo habilis still lived in woodland habitats, and the major habitat shift in human evolution occurred at 1.8 Ma with the origin of Homo erectus. Homo erectus had increased body size, greater hunting skills, a diet rich in meat, control of fire and understanding about cooking food, and moved from woodland to savannah. Group size may also have increased at the same time, facilitating the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next. The earliest fossils of Homo sapiens appeared about 300 kyr, but they had separated from Neanderthals by 480 kyr or earlier. Their diet shifted towards grain-based foods about 100 kyr ago, and settled agriculture developed about 10 kyr ago. This pattern remains for many populations to this day and provides important insights into current burden of lifestyle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andrews
- From the, Natural History Museum, London University College, London, UK
| | - R J Johnson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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10
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Dodds SG, Parihar M, Javors M, Nie J, Musi N, Dave Sharp Z, Hasty P. Acarbose improved survival for Apc +/Min mice. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13088. [PMID: 31903726 PMCID: PMC6996958 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acarbose blocks the digestion of complex carbohydrates, and the NIA Intervention Testing Program (ITP) found that it improved survival when fed to mice. Yet, we do not know if lifespan extension was caused by its effect on metabolism with regard to the soma or cancer suppression. Cancer caused death for ~80% of ITP mice. The ITP found rapamycin, an inhibitor to the pro-growth mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) pathway, improved survival and it suppressed tumors in Apc+/Min mice providing a plausible rationale to ask if acarbose had a similar effect. Apc+/Min is a mouse model prone to intestinal polyposis and a mimic of familial adenomatous polyposis in people. Polyp-associated anemia contributed to their death. To address this knowledge gap, we fed two doses of acarbose to Apc+/Min mice. Acarbose improved median survival at both doses. A cross-sectional analysis was performed next. At both doses, ACA fed mice exhibited reduced intestinal crypt depth, weight loss despite increased food consumption and reduced postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin, indicative of improved insulin sensitivity. Dose-independent and dose-dependent compensatory liver responses were observed for AMPK and mTORC1 activities, respectively. Only mice fed the high dose diet exhibited reductions in tumor number with higher hematocrits. Because low-dose acarbose improved lifespan but failed to reduced tumors, its effects seem to be independent of cancer. These data implicate the importance of improved carbohydrate metabolism on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry G. Dodds
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Manish Parihar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Martin Javors
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Jia Nie
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
- San Antonio Geriatric ResearchEducation, and Clinical CenterSouth Texas Veterans Health Care SystemSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Zelton Dave Sharp
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
- Mays Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Paul Hasty
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
- Mays Cancer CenterUniversity of Texas HealthSan AntonioTXUSA
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11
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Unnikrishnan A, Kurup K, Salmon AB, Richardson A. Is Rapamycin a Dietary Restriction Mimetic? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:4-13. [PMID: 30854544 PMCID: PMC6909904 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial suggestion that rapamycin, an inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR) nutrient signaling, increased lifespan comparable to dietary restriction, investigators have viewed rapamycin as a potential dietary restriction mimetic. Both dietary restriction and rapamycin increase lifespan across a wide range of evolutionarily diverse species (including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice) as well as reducing pathology and improving physiological functions that decline with age in mice. The purpose of this article is to review the research comparing the effect of dietary restriction and rapamycin in mice. The current data show that dietary restriction and rapamycin have different effects on many pathways and molecular processes. In addition, these interventions affect the lifespan of many genetically manipulated mouse models differently. In other words, while dietary restriction and rapamycin may have similar effects on some pathways and processes; overall, they affect many pathways/processes quite differently. Therefore, rapamycin is likely not a true dietary restriction mimetic. Rather dietary restriction and rapamycin appear to be increasing lifespan and retarding aging largely through different mechanisms/pathways, suggesting that a combination of dietary restriction and rapamycin will have a greater effect on lifespan than either manipulation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Unnikrishnan
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Kavitha Kurup
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Sam and Ann Barhop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Geratric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma,Address correspondence to: Arlan Richardson, PhD, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1372, Oklahoma City, OK 73104. E-mail:
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12
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Haefke A, Ewald C. Tail Tendon Break Time for the Assessment of Aging and Longitudinal Healthspan in Mice. Bio Protoc 2020. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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13
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Aires V, Labbé J, Deckert V, Pais de Barros JP, Boidot R, Haumont M, Maquart G, Le Guern N, Masson D, Prost-Camus E, Prost M, Lagrost L. Healthy adiposity and extended lifespan in obese mice fed a diet supplemented with a polyphenol-rich plant extract. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9134. [PMID: 31235831 PMCID: PMC6591401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity may not be consistently associated with metabolic disorders and mortality later in life, prompting exploration of the challenging concept of healthy obesity. Here, the consumption of a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet produces hyperglycaemia and hypercholesterolaemia, increases oxidative stress, increases endotoxaemia, expands adipose tissue (with enlarged adipocytes, enhanced macrophage infiltration and the accumulation of cholesterol and oxysterols), and reduces the median lifespan of obese mice. Despite the persistence of obesity, supplementation with a polyphenol-rich plant extract (PRPE) improves plasma lipid levels and endotoxaemia, prevents macrophage recruitment to adipose tissues, reduces adipose accumulation of cholesterol and cholesterol oxides, and extends the median lifespan. PRPE drives the normalization of the HF/HS-mediated functional enrichment of genes associated with immunity and inflammation (in particular the response to lipopolysaccharides). The long-term limitation of immune cell infiltration in adipose tissue by PRPE increases the lifespan through a mechanism independent of body weight and fat storage and constitutes the hallmark of a healthy adiposity trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Aires
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France. .,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France. .,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Jérôme Labbé
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Deckert
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France.,Lipidomic Platform, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France.,Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000, Dijon, France.,Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumours, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marc Haumont
- LARA-Spiral Laboratories, F-21560, Couternon, France
| | - Guillaume Maquart
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Naig Le Guern
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France.,University Hospital of Dijon (CHU), F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Michel Prost
- LARA-Spiral Laboratories, F-21560, Couternon, France.,VITAGORA Competitiveness Cluster, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France. .,INSERM U1231 "Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer", F-21000, Dijon, France. .,LipSTIC LabEx, F-21000, Dijon, France. .,LARA-Spiral Laboratories, F-21560, Couternon, France. .,VITAGORA Competitiveness Cluster, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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14
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Xiong S, Krishnan J, Peuß R, Rohner N. Early adipogenesis contributes to excess fat accumulation in cave populations of Astyanax mexicanus. Dev Biol 2018; 441:297-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Davy PMC, Allsopp RC, Donlon TA, Morris BJ, Willcox DC, Willcox BJ. FOXO3 and Exceptional Longevity: Insights From Hydra to Humans. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 127:193-212. [PMID: 29433738 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex, multifactorial process with significant plasticity. While several biological pathways appear to influence aging, few genes have been identified that are both evolutionarily conserved and have a strong impact on aging and age-related phenotypes. The FoxO3 gene (FOXO3), and its homologs in model organisms, appears especially important, forming a key gene in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-signaling pathway, and influencing life span across diverse species. We highlight some of the key findings that are associated with FoxO3 protein, its gene and homologs in relation to lifespan in different species, and the insights these findings might provide about the molecular, cellular, and physiological processes that modulate aging and longevity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M C Davy
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Richard C Allsopp
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Timothy A Donlon
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, United States; Ohana Genetics, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brian J Morris
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, United States; John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States; School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donald Craig Willcox
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, United States; John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States; Okinawa International University, Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Kuakini Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, United States; John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States.
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16
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Calorie restriction in rodents: Caveats to consider. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 39:15-28. [PMID: 28610949 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The calorie restriction paradigm has provided one of the most widely used and most useful tools for investigating mechanisms of aging and longevity. By far, rodent models have been employed most often in these endeavors. Over decades of investigation, claims have been made that the paradigm produces the most robust demonstration that aging is malleable. In the current review of the rodent literature, we present arguments that question the robustness of the paradigm to increase lifespan and healthspan. Specifically, there are several questions to consider as follows: (1) At what age does CR no longer produce benefits? (2) Does CR attenuate cognitive decline? (3) Are there negative effects of CR, including effects on bone health, wound healing, and response to infection? (4) How important is schedule of feeding? (5) How long does CR need to be imposed to be effective? (6) How do genotype and gender influence CR? (7) What role does dietary composition play? Consideration of these questions produce many caveats that should guide future investigations to move the field forward.
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17
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Azain MJ, Broderson JR, Martin RJ. Effect of Long-Term Somatotropin Treatment on Body Composition and Life Span in Aging Obese Zucker Rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:76-83. [PMID: 16380647 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to test the hypothesis that a somatotropin (STH)-induced reduction in body fat would prolong the life span of the obese Zucker rat. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, male and female, lean and obese Zucker rats were treated with STH (0 or 2 mg/d bovine STH) for 4 weeks, beginning at 7 months of age. Across phenotypes, STH treatment increased the growth rate by 159%, muscle weights by 14%, and circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 by 23%, and decreased carcass fat by 21% (P < 0.05). The second experiment was a longevity trial to determine whether these changes in body composition would increase the life span of the obese rat. Beginning at 7 months of age, individually housed, male and female, lean and obese rats were assigned to daily STH treatments (0 or 2 mg/d). Rats were monitored daily, and sick or moribund rats were euthanized and necropsied to determine existing pathologies. The average life span of the lean rats was 661 days and was unaffected by STH treatment (639 days, NS) or gender. Average life span of the vehicle-injected obese rats (435 days) was less than that of the lean group (P < 0.001). STH treatment of the obese rats resulted in a further reduction of life span (349 days, P < 0.02). The predominant pathology observed across the treatment groups was renal disease, characterized by progressive glomerulonephropathy. Thus, although exogenous STH was able to reduce carcass lipid and to increase lean tissue mass in obese rats, there was no improvement in longevity. In contrast to the hypothesis, STH actually reduced the life span of the obese rat. It is likely that STH treatment accelerated the development of progressive glomerulonephropathy in the obese rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Azain
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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18
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Mitchell SE, Delville C, Konstantopedos P, Hurst J, Derous D, Green C, Chen L, Han JJD, Wang Y, Promislow DEL, Lusseau D, Douglas A, Speakman JR. The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: II. Impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on circulating hormone levels, glucose homeostasis and oxidative stress in male C57BL/6 mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23213-37. [PMID: 26061745 PMCID: PMC4695113 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Limiting food intake attenuates many of the deleterious effects of aging, impacting upon healthspan and leading to an increased lifespan. Whether it is the overall restriction of calories (calorie restriction: CR) or the incidental reduction in macronutrients such as protein (protein restriction: PR) that mediate these effects is unclear. The impact of 3 month CR or PR, (10 to 40%), on C57BL/6 mice was compared to controls fed ad libitum. Reductions in circulating leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were relative to the level of CR and individually associated with morphological changes but remained unchanged following PR. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were improved following CR but not affected by PR. There was no indication that CR had an effect on oxidative damage, however CR lowered antioxidant activity. No biomarkers of oxidative stress were altered by PR. CR significantly reduced levels of major urinary proteins suggesting lowered investment in reproduction. Results here support the idea that reduced adipokine levels, improved insulin/IGF-1 signaling and reduced reproductive investment play important roles in the beneficial effects of CR while, in the short-term, attenuation of oxidative damage is not applicable. None of the positive effects were replicated with PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Camille Delville
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Jane Hurst
- Mammalian Behaviour & Evolution Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Cara Green
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jackie J D Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
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19
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Kiilerich P, Myrmel LS, Fjære E, Hao Q, Hugenholtz F, Sonne SB, Derrien M, Pedersen LM, Petersen RK, Mortensen A, Licht TR, Rømer MU, Vogel UB, Waagbø LJ, Giallourou N, Feng Q, Xiao L, Liu C, Liaset B, Kleerebezem M, Wang J, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. Effect of a long-term high-protein diet on survival, obesity development, and gut microbiota in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E886-99. [PMID: 27026084 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a regular low-fat diet or high-fat diets combined with either high or low protein-to-sucrose ratios during their entire lifespan to examine the long-term effects on obesity development, gut microbiota, and survival. Intake of a high-fat diet with a low protein/sucrose ratio precipitated obesity and reduced survival relative to mice fed a low-fat diet. By contrast, intake of a high-fat diet with a high protein/sucrose ratio attenuated lifelong weight gain and adipose tissue expansion, and survival was not significantly altered relative to low-fat-fed mice. Our findings support the notion that reduced survival in response to high-fat/high-sucrose feeding is linked to obesity development. Digital gene expression analyses, further validated by qPCR, demonstrated that the protein/sucrose ratio modulated global gene expression over time in liver and adipose tissue, affecting pathways related to metabolism and inflammation. Analysis of fecal bacterial DNA using the Mouse Intestinal Tract Chip revealed significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in relation to host age and dietary fat content, but not the protein/sucrose ratio. Accordingly, dietary fat rather than the protein/sucrose ratio or adiposity is a major driver shaping the gut microbiota, whereas the effect of a high-fat diet on survival is dependent on the protein/sucrose ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kiilerich
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Secher Myrmel
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Fjære
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Qin Hao
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Si Brask Sonne
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Muriel Derrien
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lone Møller Pedersen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Koefoed Petersen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alicja Mortensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Maria Unni Rømer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bjørn Liaset
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Wang
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China, Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,
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20
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Derous D, Mitchell SE, Green CL, Chen L, Han JJ, Wang Y, Promislow DE, Lusseau D, Speakman JR, Douglas A. The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: VI. Impact of short-term graded calorie restriction on transcriptomic responses of the hypothalamic hunger and circadian signaling pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:642-63. [PMID: 26945906 PMCID: PMC4925820 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Food intake and circadian rhythms are regulated by hypothalamic neuropeptides and circulating hormones, which could mediate the anti-ageing effect of calorie restriction (CR). We tested whether these two signaling pathways mediate CR by quantifying hypothalamic transcripts of male C57BL/6 mice exposed to graded levels of CR (10 % to 40 %) for 3 months. We found that the graded CR manipulation resulted in upregulation of core circadian rhythm genes, which correlated negatively with circulating levels of leptin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In addition, key components in the hunger signaling pathway were expressed in a manner reflecting elevated hunger at greater levels of restriction, and which also correlated negatively with circulating levels of insulin, TNF-α, leptin and IGF-1. Lastly, phenotypes, such as food anticipatory activity and body temperature, were associated with expression levels of both hunger genes and core clock genes. Our results suggest modulation of the hunger and circadian signaling pathways in response to altered levels of circulating hormones, that are themselves downstream of morphological changes resulting from CR treatment, may be important elements in the response to CR, driving some of the key phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Derous
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3RL, UK
| | - Sharon E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Cara L. Green
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jing‐Dong J. Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences‐Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Daniel E.L. Promislow
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biology, University of Washington at Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
- State Key laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3RL, UK
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21
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Speakman JR, Mitchell SE, Mazidi M. Calories or protein? The effect of dietary restriction on lifespan in rodents is explained by calories alone. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:28-38. [PMID: 27006163 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Almost exactly 100years ago Osborne and colleagues demonstrated that restricting the food intake of a small number of female rats extended their lifespan. In the 1930s experiments on the impact of diet on lifespan were extended by Slonaker, and subsequently McCay. Slonaker concluded that there was a strong impact of protein intake on lifespan, while McCay concluded that calories are the main factor causing differences in lifespan when animals are restricted (Calorie restriction or CR). Hence from the very beginning the question of whether food restriction acts on lifespan via reduced calorie intake or reduced protein intake was disputed. Subsequent work supported the idea that calories were the dominant factor. More recently, however, this role has again been questioned, particularly in studies of insects. Here we review the data regarding previous studies of protein and calorie restriction in rodents. We show that increasing CR (with simultaneous protein restriction: PR) increases lifespan, and that CR with no PR generates an identical effect. None of the residual variation in the impact of CR (with PR) on lifespan could be traced to variation in macronutrient content of the diet. Other studies show that low protein content in the diet does increase median lifespan, but the effect is smaller than the CR effect. We conclude that CR is a valid phenomenon in rodents that cannot be explained by changes in protein intake, but that there is a separate phenomenon linking protein intake to lifespan, which acts over a different range of protein intakes than is typical in CR studies. This suggests there may be a fundamental difference in the responses of insects and rodents to CR. This may be traced to differences in the physiology of these groups, or reflect a major methodological difference between 'restriction' studies performed on rodents and insects. We suggest that studies where the diet is supplied ad libitum, but diluted with inert components, should perhaps be called dietary or caloric dilution, rather than dietary or caloric restriction, to distinguish these potentially important methodological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Speakman
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - S E Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - M Mazidi
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Le Couteur DG, Solon-Biet S, Cogger VC, Mitchell SJ, Senior A, de Cabo R, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ. The impact of low-protein high-carbohydrate diets on aging and lifespan. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1237-52. [PMID: 26718486 PMCID: PMC11108352 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Most research on nutritional effects on aging has focussed on the impact of manipulating single dietary factors such as total calorie intake or each of the macronutrients individually. More recent studies using a nutritional geometric approach called the Geometric Framework have facilitated an understanding of how aging is influenced across a landscape of diets that vary orthogonally in macronutrient and total energy content. Such studies have been performed using ad libitum feeding regimes, thus taking into account compensatory feeding responses that are inevitable in a non-constrained environment. Geometric Framework studies on insects and mice have revealed that diets low in protein and high in carbohydrates generate longest lifespans in ad libitum-fed animals while low total energy intake (caloric restriction by dietary dilution) has minimal effect. These conclusions are supported indirectly by observational studies in humans and a heterogeneous group of other types of interventional studies in insects and rodents. Due to compensatory feeding for protein dilution, low-protein, high-carbohydrate diets are often associated with increased food intake and body fat, a phenomenon called protein leverage. This could potentially be mitigated by supplementing these diets with interventions that influence body weight through physical activity and ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.
- Ageing and Alzheimers Institute and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Concord, 2139, Australia.
| | - Samantha Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
- Ageing and Alzheimers Institute and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Concord, 2139, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
- Ageing and Alzheimers Institute and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Concord, 2139, Australia
| | - Sarah J Mitchell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute ON Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Alistair Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.
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23
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Jura M, Kozak LP. Obesity and related consequences to ageing. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:23. [PMID: 26846415 PMCID: PMC5005878 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major public health problem. Given the current increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of obesity also raises steadily among older age groups. The increase in life expectancy is often accompanied with additional years of susceptibility to chronic ill health associated with obesity in the elderly. Both obesity and ageing are conditions leading to serious health problems and increased risk for disease and death. Ageing is associated with an increase in abdominal obesity, a major contributor to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Obesity in the elderly is thus a serious concern and comprehension of the key mechanisms of ageing and age-related diseases has become a necessary matter. Here, we aimed to identify similarities underlying mechanisms related to both obesity and ageing. We bring together evidence that age-related changes in body fat distribution and metabolism might be key factors of a vicious cycle that can accelerate the ageing process and onset of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jura
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Haluszka D, Lőrincz K, Molnár G, Tamás G, Kolonics A, Szipőcs R, Kárpáti S, Wikonkál NM. In vivo second-harmonic generation and ex vivo coherent anti-stokes raman scattering microscopy to study the effect of obesity to fibroblast cell function using an Yb-fiber laser-based CARS extension unit. Microsc Res Tech 2015. [PMID: 26208320 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy techniques are being increasingly used to perform in vivo studies in dermatology. These methods enable us to investigate the morphology and monitor the physiological process in the skin by the use of femtosecond lasers operating in the red, near-infrared spectral range (680-1,300 nm). In this work we used two different techniques that require no labeling: second harmonic generation (SHG) for collagen detection and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) to assess lipid distribution in genetically obese murine skin. Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems due to its high and increasing prevalence and the associated risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Other than these diseases, nearly half of patients with diabetes mellitus suffer from dermatological complications such as delayed wound healing, foot ulcers and several other skin changes. In our experiment we investigated and followed the effects of obesity on dermal collagen alterations and adipocyte enlargement using a technique not reported in the literature so far. Our results indicate that the in vivo SHG and ex vivo CARS imaging technique might be an important tool for diagnosis of diabetes-related skin disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Haluszka
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University Hungary, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Applied and Nonlinear Optics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kende Lőrincz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Molnár
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tamás
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Kolonics
- Department of Applied and Nonlinear Optics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary.,R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Szipőcs
- Department of Applied and Nonlinear Optics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Budapest, Hungary.,R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert M Wikonkál
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Mitchell SE, Tang Z, Kerbois C, Delville C, Konstantopedos P, Bruel A, Derous D, Green C, Aspden RM, Goodyear SR, Chen L, Han JJ, Wang Y, Promislow DE, Lusseau D, Douglas A, Speakman JR. The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: I. impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on body composition in the C57BL/6 mouse. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15902-30. [PMID: 26079539 PMCID: PMC4599246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Faced with reduced levels of food, animals must adjust to the consequences of the shortfall in energy. We explored how C57BL/6 mice withdrew energy from different body tissues during three months of food restriction at graded levels up to 40% (calorie restriction: CR). We compared this to the response to equivalent levels of protein restriction (PR) without a shortfall in calories. Under CR there was a dynamic change in body mass over 30 days and thereafter it stabilized. The time to reach stability was independent of the level of restriction. At the end of three months whole body dissections revealed differential utilization of the different tissues. Adipose tissue depots were the most significantly utilized tissue, and provided 55.8 to 60.9% of the total released energy. In comparison, reductions in the sizes of structural tissues contributed between 29.8 and 38.7% of the energy. The balance was made up by relatively small changes in the vital organs. The components of the alimentary tract grew slightly under restriction, particularly the stomach, and this was associated with a parallel increase in assimilation efficiency of the food (averaging 1.73%). None of the changes under CR were recapitulated by equivalent levels of PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Zhanhui Tang
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Celine Kerbois
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Camille Delville
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Penelope Konstantopedos
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Aurélie Bruel
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Cara Green
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard M. Aspden
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon R. Goodyear
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jackie J.D. Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel E.L. Promislow
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
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26
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Emran S, Yang M, He X, Zandveld J, Piper MDW. Target of rapamycin signalling mediates the lifespan-extending effects of dietary restriction by essential amino acid alteration. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:390-8. [PMID: 24861087 PMCID: PMC4069266 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR), defined as a moderate reduction in food intake short of malnutrition, has been shown to extend healthy lifespan in a diverse range of organisms, from yeast to primates. Reduced signalling through the insulin/IGF-like (IIS) and Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathways also extend lifespan. In Drosophila melanogaster the lifespan benefits of DR can be reproduced by modulating only the essential amino acids in yeast based food. Here, we show that pharmacological downregulation of TOR signalling, but not reduced IIS, modulates the lifespan response to DR by amino acid alteration. Of the physiological responses flies exhibit upon DR, only increased body fat and decreased heat stress resistance phenotypes correlated with longevity via reduced TOR signalling. These data indicate that lowered dietary amino acids promote longevity via TOR, not by enhanced resistance to molecular damage, but through modified physiological conditions that favour fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Emran
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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27
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Zhang Y, Fischer KE, Soto V, Liu Y, Sosnowska D, Richardson A, Salmon AB. Obesity-induced oxidative stress, accelerated functional decline with age and increased mortality in mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 576:39-48. [PMID: 25558793 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a serious chronic disease that increases the risk of numerous co-morbidities including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and cancer as well as increases risk of mortality, leading some to suggest this condition represents accelerated aging. Obesity is associated with significant increases in oxidative stress in vivo and, despite the well-explored relationship between oxidative stress and aging, the role this plays in the increased mortality of obese subjects remains an unanswered question. Here, we addressed this by undertaking a comprehensive, longitudinal study of a group of high fat-fed obese mice and assessed both their changes in oxidative stress and in their performance in physiological assays known to decline with aging. In female C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet starting in adulthood, mortality was significantly increased as was oxidative damage in vivo. High fat-feeding significantly accelerated the decline in performance in several assays, including activity, gait, and rotarod. However, we also found that obesity had little effect on other markers of function and actually improved performance in grip strength, a marker of muscular function. Together, this first comprehensive assessment of longitudinal, functional changes in high fat-fed mice suggests that obesity may induce segmental acceleration of some of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhang
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen E Fischer
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vanessa Soto
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Danuta Sosnowska
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Adam B Salmon
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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28
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Zhang J, Liu F. Tissue-specific insulin signaling in the regulation of metabolism and aging. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:485-95. [PMID: 25087968 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, insulin signaling regulates glucose homeostasis and plays an essential role in metabolism, organ growth, development, fertility, and lifespan. The defects in this signaling pathway contribute to various metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. However, reducing the insulin signaling pathway has been found to increase longevity and delay the aging-associated diseases in various animals, ranging from nematodes to mice. These seemly paradoxical findings raise an interesting question as to how modulation of the insulin signaling pathway could be an effective approach to improve metabolism and aging. In this review, we summarize current understanding on tissue-specific functions of insulin signaling in the regulation of metabolism and lifespan. We also discuss the potential benefits and limitations in modulating tissue-specific insulin signaling pathway to improve metabolism and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education; Diabetes Center, Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Sohal RS, Forster MJ. Caloric restriction and the aging process: a critique. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:366-82. [PMID: 24941891 PMCID: PMC4111977 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this review is to provide an appraisal of the current status of the relationship between energy intake and the life span of animals. The concept that a reduction in food intake, or caloric restriction (CR), retards the aging process, delays the age-associated decline in physiological fitness, and extends the life span of organisms of diverse phylogenetic groups is one of the leading paradigms in gerontology. However, emerging evidence disputes some of the primary tenets of this conception. One disparity is that the CR-related increase in longevity is not universal and may not even be shared among different strains of the same species. A further misgiving is that the control animals, fed ad libitum (AL), become overweight and prone to early onset of diseases and death, and thus may not be the ideal control animals for studies concerned with comparisons of longevity. Reexamination of body weight and longevity data from a study involving over 60,000 mice and rats, conducted by a National Institute on Aging-sponsored project, suggests that CR-related increase in life span of specific genotypes is directly related to the gain in body weight under the AL feeding regimen. Additionally, CR in mammals and "dietary restriction" in organisms such as Drosophila are dissimilar phenomena, albeit they are often presented to be the very same. The latter involves a reduction in yeast rather than caloric intake, which is inconsistent with the notion of a common, conserved mechanism of CR action in different species. Although specific mechanisms by which CR affects longevity are not well understood, existing evidence supports the view that CR increases the life span of those particular genotypes that develop energy imbalance owing to AL feeding. In such groups, CR lowers body temperature, rate of metabolism, and oxidant production and retards the age-related pro-oxidizing shift in the redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajindar S Sohal
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Michael J Forster
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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30
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Lorenzini A. How Much Should We Weigh for a Long and Healthy Life Span? The Need to Reconcile Caloric Restriction versus Longevity with Body Mass Index versus Mortality Data. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:121. [PMID: 25126085 PMCID: PMC4115619 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Total caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition is a well-established experimental approach to extend life span in laboratory animals. Although CR in humans is capable of shifting several endocrinological parameters, it is not clear where the minimum inflection point of the U-shaped curve linking body mass index (BMI) with all-cause mortality lies. The exact trend of this curve, when used for planning preventive strategies for public health is of extreme importance. Normal BMI ranges from 18.5 to 24.9; many epidemiological studies show an inverse relationship between mortality and BMI inside the normal BMI range. Other studies show that the lowest mortality in the entire range of BMI is obtained in the overweight range (25-29.9). Reconciling the extension of life span in laboratory animals by experimental CR with the BMI-mortality curve of human epidemiology is not trivial. In fact, one interpretation is that the CR data are identifying a known: "excess fat is deleterious for health"; although a second interpretation may be that: "additional leanness from a normal body weight may add health and life span delaying the process of aging." This short review hope to start a discussion aimed at finding the widest consensus on which weight range should be considered the "healthiest" for our species, contributing in this way to the picture of what is the correct life style for a long and healthy life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Lorenzini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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31
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Mitterberger MC, Mattesich M, Zwerschke W. Bariatric surgery and diet-induced long-term caloric restriction protect subcutaneous adipose-derived stromal/progenitor cells and prolong their life span in formerly obese humans. Exp Gerontol 2014; 56:106-13. [PMID: 24747059 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A key effect of prolonged reducing diets and bariatric surgeries in formerly obese people is long-term caloric restriction (CR). The analysis of the impact of these interventions on specific tissues will contribute to a better understanding of their mechanisms of action. The physiological functions of subcutaneous white adipose tissues are mainly fulfilled by adipocytes arising out of adipose-derived stromal/progenitor cells (ASCs), which are crucial for adipose tissue homeostasis. In the present study we analyzed ASC from age-matched long-term calorically restricted formerly obese (CRD), obese (OD) and normal weight donors (NWDs). We demonstrate that ASC derived from CRD has a significant longer replicative lifespan than ASC isolated from OD and NWD. This correlated with strongly reduced DNA-damage and improved survival of the CRD ASC, both are hallmarks of CR. The adipogenic capacity was significantly lower in ASC derived from CRD than that from OD, as shown by reduced expression of the adipogenic key regulator PPARγ2 and the differentiation marker FABP4. The adipogenic capacity of ASCs from CRD and NWD differed only slightly. In conclusion, we provide evidence that bariatric surgery and diet-induced long-term CR substantially reprogram ASCs in formerly obese humans, comprising reduced DNA-damage, improved viability, extended replicative lifespan and reduced adipogenic differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Mitterberger
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Mattesich
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Zwerschke
- Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
PURPOSE While the impact of caloric restriction on human health is not fully understood, there is strong evidence to support further studies of its influence on cardiovascular health. The purpose of this review was to update the state of the science by examining the relevant literature regarding calorie-restriction effects on aging and cardiovascular health and to discuss the possible role(s) of calorie restriction in preserving cardiovascular function in humans. METHODS For purpose of this review, we have defined calorie restriction as a reduction in energy intake well below the amount of calories that would be consumed ad libitum (≥10% in humans, ≥20% in animals). We examined the relevant literature on calorie-restriction effects on longevity and cardiovascular health, with an emphasis on the state of the science regarding calorie restriction in humans. We have emphasized the importance of the preliminary and expected findings from the Comprehensive Assessment of the Long-term Effect of Reducing Intake of Energy trial. RESULTS Evidence from animal studies and a limited number of human trials indicates that calorie restriction has the potential to both delay cardiac aging and help prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease via beneficial effects on blood pressure, lipids, inflammatory processes, and potentially other mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of its known benefits to cardiometabolic health, including modest calorie restriction in a combined lifestyle program is likely to improve heart health and prevent subsequent cardiovascular events in overweight and obese individuals. Additional study is needed to further illuminate its long-term applicability for older adults and for those with significant comorbidities, such as heart failure.
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Carr SK, Chen JH, Cooper WN, Constância M, Yeo GSH, Ozanne SE. Maternal diet amplifies the hepatic aging trajectory of Cidea in male mice and leads to the development of fatty liver. FASEB J 2014; 28:2191-201. [PMID: 24481968 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-242727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the early environment on long-term heath and life span is well documented. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects remain poorly understood. Male offspring from a maternal protein restriction model, in which animals are exposed to a low-protein diet while in utero and then are cross-fostered to normally fed dams, demonstrate low birth weight, catch-up growth, and reduced life span (recuperated offspring). In the current study, we used microarray analysis to identify hepatic genes that changed with age. Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor, α subunit-like effector A (Cidea), a transcriptional coactivator that has been implicated in lipid accumulation demonstrated one of the largest age-associated increases in expression (200-fold, P<0.001). This increase was exaggerated ∼3-fold in recuperated offspring. These demonstrated increased hepatic lipid accumulation, higher levels of transcription factors important in lipid regulation, and greater oxidative stress. In vitro analysis revealed that Cidea expression was regulated by oxidative stress and DNA methylation. These findings suggest that maternal diet modulates the age-associated changes in Cidea expression through several mechanisms. This expression affects hepatic lipid metabolism in these animals and thus provides a mechanism by which maternal diet can contribute to the metabolic health and ultimately the life span of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Carr
- 1University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK.
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Wanders D, Ghosh S, Stone KP, Van NT, Gettys TW. Transcriptional impact of dietary methionine restriction on systemic inflammation: relevance to biomarkers of metabolic disease during aging. Biofactors 2014; 40:13-26. [PMID: 23813805 PMCID: PMC3796060 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition increases lifespan and produces significant improvements in biomarkers of metabolic health. The improvements are attributable in part to effects of CR on energy balance, which limit fat accumulation by restricting energy intake. Normal age-associated increases in adiposity and insulin resistance are associated with development of a systemic proinflammatory state, while chronic CR limits fat deposition and expression of inflammatory markers. Dietary methionine restriction (MR) has emerged as an effective CR mimetic because it produces a comparable extension in lifespan. MR also reduces adiposity through a compensatory increase in energy expenditure that effectively limits fat accumulation, but essentially nothing is known about the effects of MR on systemic inflammation. Here, we review the relationships between these two interventions and discuss their transcriptional impact. In addition, using tissues from rats after long-term consumption of CR or MR diets, transcriptional profiling was used to examine retrospectively the systems biology of 59 networks of molecules annotated to inflammation. Transcriptional effects of both diets occurred primarily in white adipose tissue and liver, and the responses to MR were far more robust than those to CR. The primary transcriptional targets of MR in both liver and white adipose tissue were phagocytes and macrophages, where expression of genes associated with immune cell infiltration and quantity was reduced. These findings support the conclusion that anti-inflammatory responses produced by CR and MR are not strictly dependent upon reduced adiposity but are significantly influenced by the metabolic mechanisms through which energy balance is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Wanders
- Laboratories of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Computational Biology Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Kirsten P. Stone
- Laboratories of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Nancy T. Van
- Laboratories of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Thomas W. Gettys
- Laboratories of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Baton Rouge, LA
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35
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Finelli C, Sommella L, Gioia S, La Sala N, Tarantino G. Should visceral fat be reduced to increase longevity? Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:996-1004. [PMID: 23764746 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiologic studies have implicated visceral fat as a major risk factor for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic syndrome and death. Utilizing novel models of visceral obesity, numerous studies have demonstrated that the relationship between visceral fat and longevity is causal while the accrual of subcutaneous fat does not appear to play an important role in the etiology of disease risk. Specific recommended intake levels vary based on a number of factors, including current weight, activity levels, and weight loss goals. It is discussed the need of reducing the visceral fat as a potential treatment strategy to prevent or delay age-related diseases and to increase longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Finelli
- Center of Obesity and Eating Disorders, Stella Maris Mediterraneum Foundation, Chiaromonte, Potenza, Italy.
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Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic studies have implicated abdominal obesity as a major risk factor for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic syndrome and its further expression, i.e., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and death. Using novel models of visceral obesity, several studies have demonstrated that the relationship between visceral fat and longevity is causal, while the accrual of subcutaneous fat does not appear to play an important role in the etiology of disease risk. The need of reducing the visceral fat to improve survival, mainly taking into account the strict link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the coronary artery disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Finelli
- Center of Obesity and Eating Disorder, Stella Maris Mediterraneo Foundation Chiaromonte, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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37
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O'Rourke EJ, Kuballa P, Xavier R, Ruvkun G. ω-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids extend life span through the activation of autophagy. Genes Dev 2013; 27:429-40. [PMID: 23392608 DOI: 10.1101/gad.205294.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to nutrient scarcity depends on the activation of metabolic programs to efficiently use internal reserves of energy. Activation of these programs in abundant food regimens can extend life span. However, the common molecular and metabolic changes that promote adaptation to nutritional stress and extend life span are mostly unknown. Here we present a response to fasting, enrichment of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which promotes starvation resistance and extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span. Upon fasting, C. elegans induces the expression of a lipase, which in turn leads to an enrichment of ω-6 PUFAs. Supplementing C. elegans culture media with these ω-6 PUFAs increases their resistance to starvation and extends their life span in conditions of food abundance. Supplementation of C. elegans or human epithelial cells with these ω-6 PUFAs activates autophagy, a cell recycling mechanism that promotes starvation survival and slows aging. Inactivation of C. elegans autophagy components reverses the increase in life span conferred by supplementing the C. elegans diet with these fasting-enriched ω-6 PUFAs. We propose that the salubrious effects of dietary supplementation with ω-3/6 PUFAs (fish oils) that have emerged from epidemiological studies in humans may be due to a similar activation of autophagic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyleen J O'Rourke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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38
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Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature 2012; 489:318-21. [PMID: 22932268 DOI: 10.1038/nature11432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR), a reduction of 10–40% in intake of a nutritious diet, is often reported as the most robust non-genetic mechanism to extend lifespan and healthspan. CR is frequently used as a tool to understand mechanisms behind ageing and age-associated diseases. In addition to and independently of increasing lifespan, CR has been reported to delay or prevent the occurrence of many chronic diseases in a variety of animals. Beneficial effects of CR on outcomes such as immune function, motor coordination and resistance to sarcopenia in rhesus monkeys have recently been reported. We report here that a CR regimen implemented in young and older age rhesus monkeys at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) has not improved survival outcomes. Our findings contrast with an ongoing study at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC), which reported improved survival associated with 30% CR initiated in adult rhesus monkeys (7–14 years) and a preliminary report with a small number of CR monkeys. Over the years, both NIA and WNPRC have extensively documented beneficial health effects of CR in these two apparently parallel studies. The implications of the WNPRC findings were important as they extended CR findings beyond the laboratory rodent and to a long-lived primate. Our study suggests a separation between health effects, morbidity and mortality, and similar to what has been shown in rodents, study design, husbandry and diet composition may strongly affect the life-prolonging effect of CR in a long-lived nonhuman primate.
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Nelson JF, Strong R, Bokov A, Diaz V, Ward W. Probing the relationship between insulin sensitivity and longevity using genetically modified mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:1332-8. [PMID: 23089336 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interference in insulin and/or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling can extend invertebrate life span, and interference in IGF-1 signaling can extend murine life span. Whether interference with murine insulin signaling, which can be diabetogenic and pathological, is also life-extending is controversial. We therefore measured life span in 3 murine strains genetically modified to reduce or increase insulin sensitivity. Mice with reduced insulin sensitivity were hemizygous for a null mutation in the insulin receptor (insulin receptor knockout mice; IRKO(+/-)). Mice with increased insulin sensitivity either had a null mutation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B(-/-)) or overexpressed Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α coactivator (PGC)-1α (PGC-1α(TG)). Life span of insulin insensitive IRKO(+/) mice was increased (males) or unaffected (females). Life spans of mice with increased insulin sensitivity were shortened overall (PTP-1B(-/-) mice) or partially (PGC-1α(TG): survival at the 25th percentile was reduced). These results show that insulin sensitivity in some murine genotypes is inversely related to longevity and provide further evidence for evolutionary conservation of this pathway as a modulator of longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Nelson
- Department of Physiology, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA.
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Schleit J, Wasko BM, Kaeberlein M. Yeast as a model to understand the interaction between genotype and the response to calorie restriction. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2868-73. [PMID: 22828279 PMCID: PMC4016815 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction is reported to enhance survival and delay the onset of age-related decline in many different species. Several proteins have been proposed to play a role in mediating the response to calorie restriction, including the target of rapamycin kinase, sirtuins, and AMP kinase. An enhanced mechanistic understanding of calorie restriction has popularized the concept of "calorie restriction mimetics", drugs that mimic the beneficial effects of caloire restriction without requiring a reduction in nutrient intake. In theory, such drugs should delay the onset and progression of multiple age-related diseases, similar to calorie restriction in mammals. Despite the potential benefits of such calorie restriction mimetics, however, relatively little is known about the interaction between genetic variation and individual response to calorie restriction. Limited evidence from model systems indicates that genotype plays a large role in determining both the magnitude and direction of effect that calorie restriction has on longevity. Here we present an overview of these data from the perspective of using yeast as a model to study aging and describe an approach we are taking to further characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying genotype-dependent responses to calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schleit
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian M. Wasko
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China
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Intramyocellular fatty-acid metabolism plays a critical role in mediating responses to dietary restriction in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Metab 2012; 16:97-103. [PMID: 22768842 PMCID: PMC3400463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Changes in fat content have been associated with dietary restriction (DR), but whether they play a causal role in mediating various responses to DR remains unknown. We demonstrate that upon DR, Drosophila melanogaster shift their metabolism toward increasing fatty-acid synthesis and breakdown, which is required for various responses to DR. Inhibition of fatty-acid synthesis or oxidation genes specifically in the muscle tissue inhibited life-span extension upon DR. Furthermore, DR enhances spontaneous activity of flies, which was found to be dependent on the enhanced fatty-acid metabolism. This increase in activity was found to be at least partially required for the life-span extension upon DR. Overexpression of adipokinetic hormone (dAKH), the functional ortholog of glucagon, enhances fat metabolism, spontaneous activity, and life span. Together, these results suggest that enhanced fat metabolism in the muscle and physical activity play a key role in the protective effects of DR.
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Swindell WR. Dietary restriction in rats and mice: a meta-analysis and review of the evidence for genotype-dependent effects on lifespan. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:254-70. [PMID: 22210149 PMCID: PMC3299887 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory survival experiments have shown that dietary restriction (DR) can increase median and maximum lifespan. This paper provides a meta-analysis of laboratory experiments that have evaluated the effects of DR on lifespan in rats and mice (1934-present). In rats, DR increased median lifespan by 14-45% in half of all experiments, but in mice the effects of DR have been much weaker (4-27%). The least favorable effects of DR on lifespan have been observed among inbred rather than non-inbred mouse strains. In fact, some inbred mouse strains do not necessarily live longer with DR, including DBA/2 male mice and several strains from the ILSXISS recombinant inbred panel. Shortening of lifespan with DR has also been observed and confirmed for ILSXISS strain 114. Importantly, all rodent studies may be biased by the effects of laboratory breeding, since one study has shown that median lifespan is not improved by DR in wild-derived mice. These findings suggest that the set of genetic backgrounds studied in rodent DR experiments should be diversified. This will broaden the scope of genotypes studied in aging research, but may also be critical for translation of findings from rodents to historically outbred and genetically heterogeneous primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Swindell
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Liao CY, Rikke BA, Johnson TE, Gelfond JAL, Diaz V, Nelson JF. Fat maintenance is a predictor of the murine lifespan response to dietary restriction. Aging Cell 2011; 10:629-39. [PMID: 21388497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR), one of the most robust life-extending manipulations, is usually associated with reduced adiposity. This reduction is hypothesized to be important in the life-extending effect of DR, because excess adiposity is associated with metabolic and age-related disease. Previously, we described remarkable variation in the lifespan response of 41 recombinant inbred strains of mice to DR, ranging from life extension to life shortening. Here, we used this variation to determine the relationship of lifespan modulation under DR to fat loss. Across strains, DR life extension correlated inversely with fat reduction, measured at midlife (males, r= -0.41, P<0.05, n=38 strains; females, r= -0.63, P<0.001, n=33 strains) and later ages. Thus, strains with the least reduction in fat were more likely to show life extension, and those with the greatest reduction were more likely to have shortened lifespan. We identified two significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting fat mass under DR in males but none for lifespan, precluding the confirmation of these loci as coordinate modulators of adiposity and longevity. Our data also provide evidence for a QTL previously shown to affect fuel efficiency under DR. In summary, the data do not support an important role for fat reduction in life extension by DR. They suggest instead that factors associated with maintaining adiposity are important for survival and life extension under DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Liao
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Sloan C, Tuinei J, Nemetz K, Frandsen J, Soto J, Wride N, Sempokuya T, Alegria L, Bugger H, Abel ED. Central leptin signaling is required to normalize myocardial fatty acid oxidation rates in caloric-restricted ob/ob mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:1424-34. [PMID: 21441440 PMCID: PMC3292315 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ob/ob and db/db mice manifest myocardial hypertrophy, insulin resistance, altered substrate utilization, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lipid accumulation. This study was designed to determine the contribution of central and peripheral leptin signaling to myocardial metabolism and function in ob/ob and db/db mice in the absence of diabetes and morbid obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Male ob/ob mice (aged 4 weeks) were caloric restricted by pairfeeding to a leptin-treated ob/ob group. In addition to determining glucose tolerance and circulating lipid concentrations, myocardial substrate metabolism and mitochondrial function were determined in saponin-permeabilized cardiac fibers. Second, experiments were performed to determine whether leptin treatment by intraperitoneal injection or intracerebroventricular infusion could normalize myocardial palmitate oxidation in caloric-restricted ob/ob mouse hearts. RESULTS Despite normalizing body weight and glucose tolerance, fat mass and circulating lipid levels remained increased in caloric-restricted ob/ob animals. Palmitate oxidation remained elevated in caloric-restricted ob/ob hearts and was normalized by intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular leptin. Intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular treatment also normalized circulating free fatty acid levels, myocardial fatty acid oxidation gene expression, and myocardial insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that impaired hypothalamic leptin signaling is sufficient to increase myocardial fatty acid oxidation by increasing delivery of free fatty acid substrates and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α ligands to the heart.
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Bruss MD, Thompson ACS, Aggarwal I, Khambatta CF, Hellerstein MK. The effects of physiological adaptations to calorie restriction on global cell proliferation rates. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E735-45. [PMID: 21285400 PMCID: PMC3279299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00661.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) reduces the rate of cell proliferation in mitotic tissues. It has been suggested that this reduction in cell proliferation may mediate CR-induced increases in longevity. However, the mechanisms that lead to CR-induced reductions in cell proliferation rates remain unclear. To evaluate the CR-induced physiological adaptations that may mediate reductions in cell proliferation rates, we altered housing temperature and access to voluntary running wheels to determine the effects of food intake, energy expenditure, percent body fat, and body weight on proliferation rates of keratinocytes, liver cells, mammary epithelial cells, and splenic T-cells in C57BL/6 mice. We found that ∼20% CR led to a reduction in cell proliferation rates in all cell types. However, lower cell proliferation rates were not observed with reductions in 1) food intake and energy expenditure in female mice housed at 27°C, 2) percent body fat in female mice provided running wheels, or 3) body weight in male mice provided running wheels compared with ad libitum-fed controls. In contrast, reductions in insulin-like growth factor I were associated with decreased cell proliferation rates. Taken together, these data suggest that CR-induced reductions in food intake, energy expenditure, percent body fat, and body weight do not account for the reductions in global cell proliferation rates observed in CR. In addition, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced cell proliferation rates could be useful as a biomarker of interventions that increase longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Bruss
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, 94720-3104, USA.
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Sell DR, Monnier VM. Aging of Long‐Lived Proteins: Extracellular Matrix (Collagens, Elastins, Proteoglycans) and Lens Crystallins. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Carrillo AE, Flouris AD. Caloric restriction and longevity: effects of reduced body temperature. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:153-62. [PMID: 20969980 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) causes a reduction in body temperature (T(b)) which is suggested to contribute to changes that increase lifespan. Moreover, low T(b) has been shown to improve health and longevity independent of CR. In this review we examine the connections between CR, T(b) and mechanisms that influence longevity and ageing. Recent findings regarding the overlapping mechanisms of CR and T(b) that benefit longevity are discussed, including changes in body composition, hormone regulation, and gene expression, as well as reductions in low-level inflammation and reactive oxygen species-induced molecular damage. This information is summarized in a model describing how CR and low T(b), both synergistically and independently, increase lifespan. Moreover, the nascent notion that the rate of ageing may be pre-programmed in response to environmental influences at critical periods of early development is also considered. Based on current evidence, it is concluded that low T(b) plays an integral role in mediating the effects of CR on health and longevity, and that low T(b) may exert independent biological changes that increase lifespan. Our understanding of the overlap between CR- and T(b)-mediated longevity remains incomplete and should be explored in future research.
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Tsutsumi A, Motoshima H, Kondo T, Kawasaki S, Matsumura T, Hanatani S, Igata M, Ishii N, Kinoshita H, Kawashima J, Taketa K, Furukawa N, Tsuruzoe K, Nishikawa T, Araki E. Caloric restriction decreases ER stress in liver and adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 404:339-44. [PMID: 21134353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Although caloric restriction (CR) improves obesity-related disorders, the effects of CR on ER stress in obesity remain unknown. To investigate how CR affects ER stress in obesity, ob/ob mice were assigned to either ad libitum (AL) (ob-AL) or CR (ob-CR) feeding (2 g food/day) for 1-4 weeks. The body weight (BW) of ob-CR mice decreased to the level of lean AL-fed littermates (lean-AL) within 2 weeks. BW of lean-AL and ob-CR mice was less than that of ob-AL mice. The ob-CR mice showed improved glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin action compared with ob-AL mice. Levels of ER stress markers such as phosphorylated PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and the mRNA expression of activating transcription factor 4 were significantly higher in the liver and epididymal fat from ob-AL mice compared with lean-AL mice. CR for 2 and 4 weeks significantly reduced all of these markers to less than 35% and 50%, respectively, of the levels in ob-AL mice. CR also significantly reduced the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) in ob/ob mice. The CR-mediated decrease in PERK phosphorylation was similar to that induced by 4-phenyl butyric acid, which reduces ER stress in vivo. In conclusion, CR reduced ER stress and improved hepatic insulin action by suppressing JNK-mediated IRS-1 serine-phosphorylation in ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyuki Tsutsumi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Sloane LB, Stout JT, Austad SN, McClearn GE. Tail tendon break time: a biomarker of aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 66:287-94. [PMID: 21059835 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has attempted to identify biomarkers of aging that are predictive of longevity and specific age-related changes during animal life span. Tail tendon break time (TTBT), one presumed biomarker, measures collagen cross-linking, known to increase with age. Significant differences in the rate of increase of TTBT with age have been reported between mouse strains and animal species. We measured both TTBT and longevity in C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and 23 recombinant inbred (RI) strains (B×D RIs), with TTBT measured at 200, 500, and 800 days of age. Longevity demonstrated considerable variability among these strains (116-951 days). TTBT, also highly variable, increased significantly with age in both sexes and all genotypes. Neither TTBT nor its rate of change correlated significantly with life span. There were suggestive trends for rate of TTBT change to correlate with male longevity and strain longevity to correlate with female TTBT. We conclude that for the range of genetic variation found among these mouse genotypes, TTBT cannot be considered a robust biomarker of longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Sloane
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, STCBM Room 3.325, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA.
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