1
|
He Y, Zhou J, Gao H, Liu C, Zhan P, Liu X. Broad-spectrum antiviral strategy: Host-targeting antivirals against emerging and re-emerging viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116069. [PMID: 38160620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections are amongst the most prevalent diseases that pose a significant threat to human health. Targeting viral proteins or host factors represents two primary strategies for the development of antiviral drugs. In contrast to virus-targeting antivirals (VTAs), host-targeting antivirals (HTAs) offer advantages in terms of overcoming drug resistance and effectively combating a wide range of viruses, including newly emerging ones. Therefore, targeting host factors emerges as an extremely promising strategy with the potential to address critical challenges faced by VTAs. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the discovery and development of HTAs, leading to the approval of maraviroc, a chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonist used for the treatment of HIV-1 infected individuals, with several other potential treatments in various stages of development for different viral infections. This review systematically summarizes advancements made in medicinal chemistry regarding various host targets and classifies them into four distinct catagories based on their involvement in the viral life cycle: virus attachment and entry, biosynthesis, nuclear import and export, and viral release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Huizhan Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Chuanfeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Padron A, Prakash P, Pandhare J, Luban J, Aiken C, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C. Emerging role of cyclophilin A in HIV-1 infection: from producer cell to the target cell nucleus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0073223. [PMID: 37843371 PMCID: PMC10688351 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00732-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 genome encodes a small number of proteins with structural, enzymatic, regulatory, and accessory functions. These viral proteins interact with a number of host factors to promote the early and late stages of HIV-1 infection. During the early stages of infection, interactions between the viral proteins and host factors enable HIV-1 to enter the target cell, traverse the cytosol, dock at the nuclear pore, gain access to the nucleus, and integrate into the host genome. Similarly, the viral proteins recruit another set of host factors during the late stages of infection to orchestrate HIV-1 transcription, translation, assembly, and release of progeny virions. Among the host factors implicated in HIV-1 infection, Cyclophilin A (CypA) was identified as the first host factor to be packaged within HIV-1 particles. It is now well established that CypA promotes HIV-1 infection by directly binding to the viral capsid. Mechanistic models to pinpoint CypA's role have spanned from an effect in the producer cell to the early steps of infection in the target cell. In this review, we will describe our understanding of the role(s) of CypA in HIV-1 infection, highlight the current knowledge gaps, and discuss the potential role of this host factor in the post-nuclear entry steps of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Padron
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schulz S, Sletta H, Fløgstad Degnes K, Krysenko S, Williams A, Olsen SM, Vernstad K, Mitulski A, Wohlleben W. Optimization of FK-506 production in Streptomyces tsukubaensis by modulation of Crp-mediated regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2871-2886. [PMID: 36949330 PMCID: PMC10033298 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
FK-506 is a potent immunosuppressive macrocyclic polyketide with growing pharmaceutical interest, produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis. However, due to low levels synthesized by the wild-type strain, biotechnological production of FK-506 is rather limited. Optimization strategies to enhance the productivity of S. tsukubaensis by means of genetic engineering have been established. In this work primarily global regulatory aspects with respect to the FK-506 biosynthesis have been investigated with the focus on the global Crp (cAMP receptor protein) regulator. In expression analyses and protein-DNA interaction studies, the role of Crp during FK-506 biosynthesis was elucidated. Overexpression of Crp resulted in two-fold enhancement of FK-506 production in S. tsukubaensis under laboratory conditions. Further optimizations using fermentors proved that the strategy described in this study can be transferred to industrial scale, presenting a new approach for biotechnological FK-506 production. KEY POINTS: • The role of the global Crp (cAMP receptor protein) regulator for FK-506 biosynthesis in S. tsukubaensis was demonstrated • Crp overexpression in S. tsukubaensis was applied as an optimization strategy to enhance FK-506 and FK-520 production resulting in two-fold yield increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Schulz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Novartis AG, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kristin Fløgstad Degnes
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sergii Krysenko
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Valent BioSciences, 1910 Innovation Wy Suite 100, Libertyville, IL, 60048, USA
| | - Alicia Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silje Malene Olsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kai Vernstad
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Sem Sælands veg 2a, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Agnieszka Mitulski
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence 'Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections', University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poshekhontseva VY, Fokina VV, Tarlachkov SV, Machulin AV, Shutov AA, Donova MV. Streptomyces tsukubensis VKM Aс-2618D-an Effective Producer of Tacrolimus. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021; 57:939-948. [PMID: 34924587 PMCID: PMC8670718 DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821090064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Streptomyces sp. VKM Ac-2618D strain has been identified, and its morphological and physiological features have been studied in relation to the production of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus. The phenotypic variability of the strain was analyzed, and a dissociant with a high level of tacrolimus production was selected. Based on a comprehensive study of morphological, physiological, and chemotaxonomic properties and on phylogenetic analysis, the strain was named Streptomyces tsukubensis VKM Ac-2618D. The strain genome contains the full version of the tacrolimus biosynthetic gene cluster. The advantages of fed-batch cultivation mode for tacrolimus biosynthesis are shown. The results broaden the understanding of the characteristics of polyketide biosynthesis and can be used in the development of technology for tacrolimus production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Poshekhontseva
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia.,Pharmins, Ltd, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - V V Fokina
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia.,Pharmins, Ltd, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - S V Tarlachkov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia.,Branch of the Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - A V Machulin
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - A A Shutov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia.,Pharmins, Ltd, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| | - M V Donova
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia.,Pharmins, Ltd, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow oblast Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Devaux CA, Melenotte C, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Delteil C, Raoult D. Cyclosporin A: A Repurposable Drug in the Treatment of COVID-19? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:663708. [PMID: 34552938 PMCID: PMC8450353 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.663708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now at the forefront of major health challenge faced globally, creating an urgent need for safe and efficient therapeutic strategies. Given the high attrition rates, high costs, and quite slow development of drug discovery, repurposing of known FDA-approved molecules is increasingly becoming an attractive issue in order to quickly find molecules capable of preventing and/or curing COVID-19 patients. Cyclosporin A (CsA), a common anti-rejection drug widely used in transplantation, has recently been shown to exhibit substantial anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity and anti-COVID-19 effect. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of action of CsA in order to highlight why this molecule seems to be an interesting candidate for the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients. We conclude that CsA could have at least three major targets in COVID-19 patients: (i) an anti-inflammatory effect reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines, (ii) an antiviral effect preventing the formation of the viral RNA synthesis complex, and (iii) an effect on tissue damage and thrombosis by acting against the deleterious action of angiotensin II. Several preliminary CsA clinical trials performed on COVID-19 patients report lower incidence of death and suggest that this strategy should be investigated further in order to assess in which context the benefit/risk ratio of repurposing CsA as first-line therapy in COVID-19 is the most favorable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Melenotte
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Piercecchi-Marti
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University Hospital Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Delteil
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University Hospital Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salionov DS, Poshekhontseva VY, Fokina VV, Shutov AA, Nikolaeva VM, Vasiarov GG, Titova EV, Karasev VS, Staroverov SM, Donova MV. Biosynthesis of Tacrolimus by the Streptomyces tsukubensis VKM Ac-2618D Strain in the Presence of Polymeric Sorbents and Development of a Method for Its Isolation and Purification. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820060150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Poshekhontseva VY, Fokina VV, Sukhodolskaya GV, Shutov AA, Donova MV. Study of the Effect of Lower Eukaryotes on Tacrolimus (FK-506) Biosynthesis by the Streptomyces tsukubensis Strain VKM Ac-2618D. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820080062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Sauerhering L, Kupke A, Meier L, Dietzel E, Hoppe J, Gruber AD, Gattenloehner S, Witte B, Fink L, Hofmann N, Zimmermann T, Goesmann A, Nist A, Stiewe T, Becker S, Herold S, Peteranderl C. Cyclophilin inhibitors restrict Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus via interferon-λ in vitro and in mice. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.01826-2019. [PMID: 32616594 PMCID: PMC7331652 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01826-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While severe coronavirus infections, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), cause lung injury with high mortality rates, protective treatment strategies are not approved for clinical use. We elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which the cyclophilin inhibitors cyclosporin A (CsA) and alisporivir (ALV) restrict MERS-CoV to validate their suitability as readily available therapy in MERS-CoV infection. Calu-3 cells and primary human alveolar epithelial cells (hAECs) were infected with MERS-CoV and treated with CsA or ALV or inhibitors targeting cyclophilin inhibitor-regulated molecules including calcineurin, nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATs) or mitogen-activated protein kinases. Novel CsA-induced pathways were identified by RNA sequencing and manipulated by gene knockdown or neutralising antibodies. Viral replication was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR and 50% tissue culture infective dose. Data were validated in a murine MERS-CoV infection model. Both CsA and ALV reduced MERS-CoV titres and viral RNA replication in Calu-3 cells and hAECs, improving epithelial integrity. While neither calcineurin nor NFAT inhibition reduced MERS-CoV propagation, blockade of c-Jun N-terminal kinase diminished infectious viral particle release but not RNA accumulation. Importantly, CsA induced interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), a pronounced type III interferon (IFNλ) response and expression of antiviral genes. Downregulation of IRF1 or IFNλ increased MERS-CoV propagation in the presence of CsA. Importantly, oral application of CsA reduced MERS-CoV replication in vivo, correlating with elevated lung IFNλ levels and improved outcome. We provide evidence that cyclophilin inhibitors efficiently decrease MERS-CoV replication in vitro and in vivo via upregulation of inflammatory antiviral cell responses, in particular IFNλ. CsA might therefore represent a promising candidate for treating MERS-CoV infection. The cyclophilin inhibitors cyclosporin A and alisporivir activate host innate immunity by induction of interferon-λ via activation of IRF1 in human lung epithelial cells and in vivo, resulting in a significant inhibition of MERS-CoVhttps://bit.ly/37gzIBH
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Sauerhering
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Member of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kupke
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Member of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars Meier
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Member of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Dietzel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Member of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany
| | - Judith Hoppe
- Dept of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Dept of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Biruta Witte
- Dept of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ludger Fink
- Institut für Pathologie und Zytologie, Wetzlar, Germany
| | - Nina Hofmann
- Bioinformatics and System Biology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Zimmermann
- Bioinformatics and System Biology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and System Biology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Member of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Emerging Infections, Marburg, Germany.,Equal contribution
| | - Susanne Herold
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Equal contribution
| | - Christin Peteranderl
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Equal contribution
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hwang HP, Yu HC, Kang KP, Kim W, Park SK, Ku JS, Kim H, Lee S. Kidney transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a report of two cases and a review of the literatures. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2019; 33:60-64. [PMID: 35769407 PMCID: PMC9186908 DOI: 10.4285/jkstn.2019.33.3.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was traditionally considered an absolute contraindication for transplantation because of concerns about HIV disease progression due to immunosuppression. Since potent antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have become widely available, the prognosis of HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients has dramatically improved. Recent results of prospective multicenter trials on kidney transplantation (KT) in HIV-positive candidates have demonstrated the success and challenges of transplantation in this population. Several studies have reported comparable patient and graft outcomes between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected recipients after KT in the era of potent combined ARTs. We report two cases of HIV-infected patients who underwent KT at our hospital. In this paper, we present a detailed report of two cases and provide a short review of the existing literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pil Hwang
- Department of General Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hee Chul Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kyung Pyo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National Universi
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National Universi
| | - Sung Kwang Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National Universi
| | - Jeong Sang Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National Universi
| | - Hyeongwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National Universi
| | - Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National Universi
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jean MJ, Fiches G, Hayashi T, Zhu J. Current Strategies for Elimination of HIV-1 Latent Reservoirs Using Chemical Compounds Targeting Host and Viral Factors. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1-24. [PMID: 30351168 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), rates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) mortality, morbidity, and newly acquired infections have decreased dramatically. In fact, HIV-1-infected individuals under effective suppressive cART approach normal life span and quality of life. However, long-term therapy is required because the virus establish a reversible state of latency in memory CD4+ T cells. Two principle strategies, namely "shock and kill" approach and "block and lock" approach, are currently being investigated for the eradication of these HIV-1 latent reservoirs. Actually, both of these contrasting approaches are based on the use of small-molecule compounds to achieve the cure for HIV-1. In this review, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in designing and developing small-molecule compounds for both strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime J. Jean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Guillaume Fiches
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ordóñez-Robles M, Santos-Beneit F, Martín JF. Unraveling Nutritional Regulation of Tacrolimus Biosynthesis in Streptomyces tsukubaensis through omic Approaches. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7020039. [PMID: 29724001 PMCID: PMC6022917 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces tsukubaensis stands out among actinomycetes by its ability to produce the immunosuppressant tacrolimus. Discovered about 30 years ago, this macrolide is widely used as immunosuppressant in current clinics. Other potential applications for the treatment of cancer and as neuroprotective agent have been proposed in the last years. In this review we introduce the discovery of S. tsukubaensis and tacrolimus, its biosynthetic pathway and gene cluster (fkb) regulation. We have focused this work on the omic studies performed in this species in order to understand tacrolimus production. Transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have improved our knowledge about the fkb transcriptional regulation and have given important clues about nutritional regulation of tacrolimus production that can be applied to improve production yields. Finally, we address some points of S. tsukubaensis biology that deserve more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ordóñez-Robles
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León 24071, Spain.
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Avda. Real no. 1, León 24006, Spain.
| | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Avda. Real no. 1, León 24006, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
| | - Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León 24071, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Takizawa N, Yamasaki M. Current landscape and future prospects of antiviral drugs derived from microbial products. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:ja2017115. [PMID: 29018267 PMCID: PMC7091927 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are a major global health threat. Over the last 50 years, significant efforts have been devoted to the development of antiviral drugs and great success has been achieved for some viruses. However, other virus infections, such as epidemic influenza, still spread globally and new threats continue to arise from emerging and re-emerging viruses and drug-resistant viruses. In this review, the contributions of microbial products isolated in Institute of Microbial Chemistry for antiviral research are summarized. In addition, the current state of development of antiviral drugs that target influenza virus and hepatitis B virus, and the future prospects for antivirals from natural products are described and discussed.The Journal of Antibiotics advance online publication, 11 October 2017; doi:10.1038/ja.2017.115.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takizawa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo Japan
| | - Manabu Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bulli L, Apolonia L, Kutzner J, Pollpeter D, Goujon C, Herold N, Schwarz SM, Giernat Y, Keppler OT, Malim MH, Schaller T. Complex Interplay between HIV-1 Capsid and MX2-Independent Alpha Interferon-Induced Antiviral Factors. J Virol 2016; 90:7469-7480. [PMID: 27279606 PMCID: PMC4984639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00458-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Type I interferons (IFNs), including IFN-α, upregulate an array of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and potently suppress Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity in CD4(+) T cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and dendritic cells. Recently, we and others identified ISG myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2) as an inhibitor of HIV-1 nuclear entry. However, additional antiviral blocks exist upstream of nuclear import, but the ISGs that suppress infection, e.g., prior to (or during) reverse transcription, remain to be defined. We show here that the HIV-1 CA mutations N74D and A105T, both of which allow escape from inhibition by MX2 and the truncated version of cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 6 (CPSF6), as well as the cyclophilin A (CypA)-binding loop mutation P90A, all increase sensitivity to IFN-α-mediated inhibition. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology, we demonstrate that the IFN-α hypersensitivity of these mutants in THP-1 cells is independent of MX2 or CPSF6. As expected, CypA depletion had no additional effect on the behavior of the P90A mutant but modestly increased the IFN-α sensitivity of wild-type virus. Interestingly, the infectivity of wild-type or P90A virus could be rescued from the MX2-independent IFN-α-induced blocks in THP-1 cells by treatment with cyclosporine (Cs) or its nonimmunosuppressive analogue SDZ-NIM811, indicating that Cs-sensitive host cell cyclophilins other than CypA contribute to the activity of IFN-α-induced blocks. We propose that cellular interactions with incoming HIV-1 capsids help shield the virus from recognition by antiviral effector mechanisms. Thus, the CA protein is a fulcrum for the dynamic interplay between cell-encoded functions that inhibit or promote HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 is the causative agent of AIDS. During acute HIV-1 infection, numerous proinflammatory cytokines are produced, including type I interferons (IFNs). IFNs can limit HIV-1 replication by inducing the expression of a set of antiviral genes that inhibit HIV-1 at multiple steps in its life cycle, including the postentry steps of reverse transcription and nuclear import. This is observed in cultured cell systems, as well as in clinical trials in HIV-1-infected patients. The identities of the cellular antiviral factors, their viral targets, and the underpinning mechanisms are largely unknown. We show here that the HIV-1 Capsid protein plays a central role in protecting the virus from IFN-induced inhibitors that block early postentry steps of infection. We further show that host cell cyclophilins play an important role in regulating these processes, thus highlighting the complex interplay between antiviral effector mechanisms and viral survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bulli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luis Apolonia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darja Pollpeter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Astrid Lindgrens Children's Hospital, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah-Marie Schwarz
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yannick Giernat
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Traber R, Kobel H, Loosli HR, Senn H, Rosenwirth B, Lawen A. [Melle4]Cyclosporin, a Novel Natural Cyclosporin with anti-HIV Activity: Structural Elucidation, Biosynthesis and Biological Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From fermentations of Tolypocladium niveum supplemented with D-threonine, a novel natural cyclosporin, [Melle4]cyclosporin, was isolated. Its structural elucidation is based on amino acid analysis and spectroscopic data; the amino acid sequence was deduced from two-dimensional NMR investigations applied to the iso-derivative of [Melle4]cyclosporin which, in contrast to the natural product, is present as one homogenous conformation in solution. We show that one of the four N-methyl-L-leucine units of cyclosporin A, namely that in position 4, is replaced by N-methyl-L-isoleucine. The putative mechanism by which D-threonine induces in vivo biosynthesis of [Melle4]cyclosporin is discussed. In vitro biosynthesis of [Melle4]cyclosporin was achieved using the previously described enzymatic system [Lawen and Traber (1993) J Biol Chem268: 20452–20465], thereby demonstrating the high affinity of cyclosporin synthetase for isoleucine in position 4. In a long series of cyclosporins obtained by in vitro and in vivo biosynthesis, [Melle4]cyclosporin represents the first example that is devoid of immunosuppressive efficacy while retaining strong binding to cyclophilin. It exerts potent in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Traber
- SANDOZ Pharma Ltd, Preclinical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - H. Kobel
- SANDOZ Pharma Ltd, Preclinical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - H.-R. Loosli
- SANDOZ Pharma Ltd, Preclinical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - H. Senn
- SANDOZ Pharma Ltd, Preclinical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - B. Rosenwirth
- SANDOZ Forschungsinstitut GmbH, A-1235 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Lawen
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Franklinstrasse 29, D-10587 Berlin, Germany and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, AG ‘Enzymologie der Peptidbindung’, Weinbergweg 16a, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
DeBoer J, Madson CJ, Belshan M. Cyclophilin B enhances HIV-1 infection. Virology 2016; 489:282-91. [PMID: 26774171 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin B (CypB) is a member of the immunophilin family and intracellular chaperone. It predominantly localizes to the ER, but also contains a nuclear localization signal and is secreted from cells. CypB has been shown to interact with the Gag protein of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1). Several proteomic and genetic studies identified it as a potential factor involved in HIV replication. Herein, we show that over-expression of CypB enhances HIV infection by increasing nuclear import of viral DNA. This enhancement was unaffected by cyclosporine treatment and requires the N-terminus of the protein. The N-terminus contains an ER leader sequence, putative nuclear localization signal, and is required for secretion. Deletion of the N-terminus resulted in mislocalization from the ER and suppression of HIV infection. Passive transfer experiments showed that secreted CypB did not impact HIV infection. Combined, these experiments show that intracellular CypB modulates a pathway of HIV nuclear import.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason DeBoer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Christian J Madson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA; The Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hopkins S, Gallay PA. The role of immunophilins in viral infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2103-10. [PMID: 25445708 PMCID: PMC4491039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tremendous progress has been made in the past 20 years in understanding the roles played by immunophilins, and in particular the cyclophilins, in supporting the replication cycles of human viruses. A growing body of genetic and biochemical evidence and data from clinical trials confirm that cyclophilins are essential cofactors that contribute to establishing a permissive environment within the host cell that supports the replication of HIV-1 and HCV. Cyclophilin A regulates HIV-1 replication kinetics and infectivity, modulates sensitivity to host restriction factors, and cooperates in the transit of the pre-integration complex into the nucleus of infected cells. Cyclophilin A is an essential cofactor whose expression supports HCV-specific RNA replication in human hepatocytes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase inhibitors have been used in clinical trials to validate cyclophilins as antiviral targets for the treatment of HIV-1 and Chronic Hepatitis C virus infection and as molecular probes to identify the roles played by immunophilins in supporting the replication cycles of human viruses. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes emerging research that defines the functions of immunophilins in supporting the replication cycles of HIV-1, HCV, HBV, coronaviruses, and other viral pathogens and describes new information that suggests a role for immunophilins in regulating innate immune responses against chronic viral infection. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The dependence on cyclophilins by evolutionarily distinct viruses for accomplishing various steps in replication such as viral entry, initiation of genomic nucleic acid replication, viral genome uncoating, nuclear import and nuclear entry, emphasizes the potential of cyclophilin inhibitors as therapeutic agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Hopkins
- Department of Clinical Research, Autoimmune Technologies, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
| | - Philippe A Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sekigawa I, Ogasawara H, Naito T, Kaneko H, Hishikawa T, Hashimoto H. Systemic lupus erythematosus and human endogenous retroviruses. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 13:107-13. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-002-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Agarwal DK, Hota JK, Nag N, Mehta SN. Renal transplantation in HIV patients: A series of four cases. Indian J Nephrol 2012; 22:139-42. [PMID: 22787319 PMCID: PMC3391814 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.97139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a patient with end-stage renal disease was considered a contraindication for renal transplantation till now despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy with the apprehension that immunosuppression would further jeopardize the already compromised immune status of the patients. Renal transplantation in HIV patients is rare in developing countries including ours. Here we report a series of four cases of renal transplantation in HIV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Agarwal
- Department of Nephrology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Landrieu I, Hanoulle X, Bonachera F, Hamel A, Sibille N, Yin Y, Wieruszeski JM, Horvath D, Wei Q, Vuagniaux G, Lippens G. Structural Basis for the Non-Immunosuppressive Character of the Cyclosporin A Analogue Debio 025. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4679-86. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Landrieu
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Hanoulle
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fanny Bonachera
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Sibille
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yanxia Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jean-Michel Wieruszeski
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dragos Horvath
- ULP, Laboratoire d'Infochimie, UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - Qun Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | | | - Guy Lippens
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR8576 CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
Infection of domestic cats with virulent strains of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) leads to an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), similar to the pathogenesis induced in humans by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Thus, FIV is a highly relevant model for anti-HIV therapy and vaccine development. FIV is not infectious in humans, so it is also a potentially effective non-toxic gene therapy vector. To make better use of this model, it is important to define the cellular machinery utilized by each virus to produce virus particles so that relevant similarities can be identified. It is well understood that all replication-competent retroviruses encode gag, pol, and env genes, which provide core elements for virus replication. As a result, most antiretroviral therapy targets pol-derived enzymes (protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase) orenv-derived glycoproteins that mediate virus attachment and entry. However, resistance to drugs against these targets is a persistent problem, and novel targets must be identified to produce more effective drugs that can either substitute or be combined with current therapy. Elements of the gag gene (matrix, capsid, nucleocapsid, and "late" domains) have yet to be exploited as antiviral targets, even though the Gag precursor polyprotein is self-sufficient for the assembly and release of virus particles from cells. This process is far better understood in primate lentiviruses, especially HIV-1. However, there has been significant progress in recent years in defining how FIV Gag is targeted to the cellular plasma membrane, assembles into virions, incorporates FIV Env glycoproteins, and utilizes host cell machinery to complete virus release. Recent discoveries of intracellular restriction factors that target HIV-1 and FIV capsids after virus entry have also opened exciting new areas of research. This review summarizes currently known interactions involving HIV-1 and FIV Gag that affect virus release, infectivity, and replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Luttge
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Debio-025 inhibits HIV-1 by interfering with an early event in the replication cycle. Antiviral Res 2010; 85:418-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Abstract
Chronic kidney and end-stage renal disease are important complications of HIV disease and treatment. African Americans with HIV infection are at significantly increased risk for development of chronic kidney disease and for progression to end-stage renal disease. Survival of HIV-positive patients on dialysis has improved dramatically since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appearing to offer similar survival. Renal transplant has been shown to be successful in HIV-positive patients and emerging data suggest a survival benefit over remaining on dialysis, despite data indicating an increased incidence of acute rejection. Immunosuppression dosing is complicated by interactions with antiretroviral therapy, and drug levels must be followed closely. Experience to date suggests that HIV-positive transplant recipients are best cared for in academic institutions with multi-disciplinary teams devoted to their care.
Collapse
|
26
|
Qi M, Aiken C. Nef enhances HIV-1 infectivity via association with the virus assembly complex. Virology 2008; 373:287-97. [PMID: 18191978 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 accessory protein Nef enhances virus infectivity by facilitating an early post-entry step of infection. Nef acts in the virus producer cell, leading to a beneficial modification to HIV-1 particles. Nef itself is incorporated into HIV-1 particles, where it is cleaved by the viral protease during virion maturation. To probe the role of virion-associated Nef in HIV-1 infection, we generated a fusion protein consisting of the host protein cyclophilin A (CypA) linked to the amino terminus of Nef. The resulting CypA-Nef protein enhanced the infectivity of Nef-defective HIV-1 particles and was specifically incorporated into the virions via association with Gag during particle assembly. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of CypA-Nef binding to Gag prevented incorporation of CypA-Nef into virions and inhibited infectivity enhancement. Our results indicate that infectivity enhancement by Nef requires its association with a component of the assembling HIV-1 particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Qi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, A-5301 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
A novel fusion gene, TRIM5-Cyclophilin A in the pig-tailed macaque determines its susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2007; 21 Suppl 8:S19-26. [PMID: 18172386 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000304692.09143.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Old World monkeys, the tripartite motif 5alpha (TRIM5alpha) protein confers resistance to HIV-1 infection following virus entry into host cells. However, the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) is an exception and is susceptible to HIV-1 infection. This study dissects the molecular mechanism of the pig-tailed macaque's susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. METHODS Genomic sequencing and expression analysis of the TRIM5alpha gene was conducted in the pig-tailed macaque. A novel TRIM5-Cyclophilin A fusion gene isoform was identified and subsequently cloned into the pcDNA3.1(+) expression vector. This construct was transfected into HeLa-T4 or HeLa cells which were then infected with the HIV-1IIIB or HIV-GFP-VSVG pseudotyped virus, to examine the effects of the TRIM5-Cyclophilin A fusion protein on HIV-1 infection. RESULTS A novel TRIM5-Cyclophilin A fusion gene (mnTRIMCyp) in the pig-tailed macaque was found and its fusion pattern is different from the known fusion gene in the owl monkey (owlTRIMCyp). TRIMCyp protein expression in transfected cells was confirmed by western blotting. The tests using HIV-1IIIB and HIV-GFP-VSVG pseudotyped virus indicated that mnTRIMCyp did not inhibit HIV-1 replication at various multiplicities of infection. CONCLUSIONS The mnTRIMCyp fusion protein does not restrict replication of HIV-1, which provides a potential molecular mechanism that might explain why the pig-tailed macaque is prone to HIV-1 infection, the only known exception in Old World monkeys.
Collapse
|
28
|
Reis SA, Moussatché N, Damaso CRA. FK506, a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces, presents a novel antiviral activity against Orthopoxvirus infection in cell culture. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:1373-80. [PMID: 16696686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the antiviral potential of the macrolide FK506, produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis, against Orthopoxvirus infection in cell culture, and determine the replicative stage of viral cycle affected by the treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell lines were infected with different Orthopoxviruses and treated with FK506. The macrolide inhibited the replication of the prototypic Orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus strain WR, with an IC50 of 12.05 micromol l(-1). Progeny production of other Orthopoxviruses was also inhibited by FK506 at noncytotoxic concentrations, as evaluated by the neutral-red uptake assay and metabolic labelling of cellular proteins. By Western blot assay, we detected a severe inhibition (approximately 87.6% +/- 2.78%) of VV strain WR post-replicative protein synthesis. A similar reduction of virus DNA accumulation, as observed by slot-blot assay, probably accounts for the subsequent inhibition of virus late proteins. CONCLUSIONS The macrolide FK506, isolated from S. tsukubaensis, presents a novel anti-poxvirus activity, probably targeting the stage of DNA replication during Orthopoxvirus infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The secondary metabolite FK506, isolated from the culture filtrate of S. tsukubaensis, shows a pleiotropic range of activities, and might be a valuable tool as a lead structure in the generation of non-immunosuppressant analogues with strong anti-poxvirus activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Reis
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Vírus, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has traditionally been considered an absolute contraindication to solid organ transplantation. With improvements in survival and increases in the prevalence of end-stage liver and kidney disease in HIV-positive patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, many transplant centers have begun to reconsider the role of transplantation in patients with well-controlled HIV infection. This article reviews the literature on transplantation in HIV-infected patients, with a focus on kidney transplantation in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Wyatt
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rotamase inhibitors for neurological diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.10.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
31
|
Hatziioannou T, Perez-Caballero D, Cowan S, Bieniasz PD. Cyclophilin interactions with incoming human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsids with opposing effects on infectivity in human cells. J Virol 2005; 79:176-83. [PMID: 15596813 PMCID: PMC538701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.1.176-183.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that binds to the capsid protein (CA) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and by doing so facilitates HIV-1 replication. Although CypA is incorporated into HIV-1 virions by virtue of CypA-Gag interactions that occur during virion assembly, in this study we show that the CypA-CA interaction that occurs following the entry of the viral capsid into target cells is the major determinant of CypA's effects on HIV-1 replication. Specifically, by using normal and CypA-deficient Jurkat cells, we demonstrate that the presence of CypA in the target and not the virus-producing cell enhances HIV-1 infectivity. Moreover, disruption of the CypA-CA interaction with cyclosporine A (CsA) inhibits HIV-1 infectivity only if the target cell expresses CypA. The effect of CsA on HIV-1 infection of human cells varies according to which particular cell line is used as a target, and CA mutations that confer CsA resistance and dependence exert their effects only if target cells, and not if virus-producing cells, are treated with CsA. The differential effects of CsA on HIV-1 infection in different human cells appear not to be caused by polymorphisms in the recently described retrovirus restriction factor TRIM5alpha. We speculate that CypA and/or CypA-related proteins affect the fate of incoming HIV-1 capsid either directly or by modulating interactions with unidentified host cell factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Hatziioannou
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center and Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo C, Luo H, Zheng S, Gui C, Yue L, Yu C, Sun T, He P, Chen J, Shen J, Luo X, Li Y, Liu H, Bai D, Shen J, Yang Y, Li F, Zuo J, Hilgenfeld R, Pei G, Chen K, Shen X, Jiang H. Nucleocapsid protein of SARS coronavirus tightly binds to human cyclophilin A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:557-65. [PMID: 15358143 PMCID: PMC7092810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is responsible for SARS infection. Nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SARS-CoV (SARS_NP) functions in enveloping the entire genomic RNA and interacts with viron structural proteins, thus playing important roles in the process of virus particle assembly and release. Protein–protein interaction analysis using bioinformatics tools indicated that SARS_NP may bind to human cyclophilin A (hCypA), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology revealed this binding with the equilibrium dissociation constant ranging from 6 to 160 nM. The probable binding sites of these two proteins were detected by modeling the three-dimensional structure of the SARS_NP–hCypA complex, from which the important interaction residue pairs between the proteins were deduced. Mutagenesis experiments were carried out for validating the binding model, whose correctness was assessed by the observed effects on the binding affinities between the proteins. The reliability of the binding sites derived by the molecular modeling was confirmed by the fact that the computationally predicted values of the relative free energies of the binding for SARS_NP (or hCypA) mutants to the wild-type hCypA (or SARS_NP) are in good agreement with the data determined by SPR. Such presently observed SARS_NP–hCypA interaction model might provide a new hint for facilitating the understanding of another possible SARS-CoV infection pathway against human cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haibin Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Suxin Zheng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liduo Yue
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changying Yu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peilan He
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Donglu Bai
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fangqiu Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nanjing General Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jianping Zuo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gang Pei
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Fax: +86-21-50807088
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Fax: +86-21-50807088
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Baumelou A, Deray G. Antiretroviral and immunosuppressive drug-drug interactions: an update. Kidney Int 2004; 66:532-41. [PMID: 15253704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a chronic disease with more frequent end-stage organ failures. As a result, the question of transplantation in HIV patients is raised more often. However, some of the HAART regimen medications require elimination or metabolism via the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug-resistant protein (MRP) transporters or via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Since these transporters and enzymes are also responsible for the clearance of immunosuppressive drugs, drug-drug interactions are likely to occur. Indeed, profound drug-drug interactions between protease inhibitors and immunosuppressive drugs have been observed and they required reductions in drug dosage. In contrast, HAART using nucleoside or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors without the use of protease inhibitors has been shown to produce less significant drug-drug interactions. It is thus crucial to take into account those potential pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions in order to avoid drug toxicity or a lack of efficacy. The aim of this work was to review and synthesize the international literature on this field in order to give practical recommendations on how to manage immunosuppressive drugs in HIV patients who get transplanted and on how to handle HAART therapy in transplant-recipient patients who get infected with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Izzedine
- Department of Nephrology, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
de la Mata M, Barrera P, Fraga E, Montero JL, de la Torre J, López-Cillero P, Briceño J, Solórzano G, Alonso M. [Liver transplantation in patients with HIV infection]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2004; 27:425-8. [PMID: 15461943 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M de la Mata
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fung J, Eghtesad B, Patel-Tom K, DeVera M, Chapman H, Ragni M. Liver transplantation in patients with HIV infection. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:S39-53. [PMID: 15382219 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Liver transplantation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with end-stage liver disease in the era of highly active retroviral therapy has proven to be an effective treatment. The concerns of HIV progression have not been borne out by the growing worldwide experience. 2. CD4 counts are stable and HIV viral load is controllable with medication following liver transplantation. 3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection in HIV-positive recipients is universal, but the severity of recurrence does not appear to be different from that in HIV-negative patients with HCV liver disease. 4. Complex pharmacokinetic interactions between the calcineurin inhibitors used for immunosuppression along with protease inhibitors are present, but management directed at recognizing the need for monitoring levels does not appear to increase the risk of toxicity. 5. The degree of immunosuppression from iatrogenic drug therapy and HIV does not lead to increased risk of infectious complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Fung
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rafecas A, Rufí G, Figueras J, Fabregat J, Xiol X, Ramos E, Torras J, Lladó L, Serrano T. Liver transplantation without steroid induction in HIV-infected patients. Liver Transpl 2004; 10:1320-3. [PMID: 15376302 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was considered an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation in Spain. We present the first 4 cases of liver transplantation (LT) carried out in our center in patients infected with HIV and coinfected by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A (CyA) and basiliximab, but without steroids. The 4 patients were male, with a mean age of 38.25 +/- 4.5 years. Mean time of HIV infection was 114 +/- 62.3 months and all patients were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HCV genotypes of the 4 patients were 4, 1b, 1b, and 1a. Two patients were classified as Child-Turcotte-Pugh C (10 and 11 points), 1 was B (8 points), and the patient with hepatocellular carcinoma was A (5 points). Immunosuppression consisted of basiliximab and monotherapy with CyA. There were no postoperative infections. With a follow-up of 17 +/- 8 months, all patients are alive. There was only 1 acute rejection episode, and this was solved with steroid pulses. Three patients showed HCV recurrence with enzymatic and histological changes and were treated with interferon and ribavirin. One patient had negative HCV-ribonucleic acid after 6 months of treatment. In conclusion, HIV infection should not be considered an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation. The evolution of this type of patients will probably depend on the HCV infection. Immunosuppression without steroids may reduce opportunistic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rafecas
- Liver Transplant Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Since the decline in HIV-related morbidity and mortality after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, liver disease caused by chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients infected parenterally with HCV in more developed countries. A third of HIV-infected individuals in Europe and the USA have HCV co-infection. HIV accelerates HCV liver disease especially when HIV-associated immunodeficiency progresses. With the introduction of pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, greatly improved treatment options for patients with HIV and HCV co-infection have become available and have led to sustained virological response rates of up to 40%. Furthermore, recent cohort analyses have shown that immune reconstitution induced by HAART can improve the course of hepatitis C leading to a decline in liver-related mortality. However, patients with HCV co-infection are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity from HAART. Owing to the high rates of HIV and HCV co-infection worldwide, new improved treatment strategies and guidelines for the management of co-infection remain a major future goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kurt Rockstroh
- HIV Outpatient Clinic, and Department of Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Narayan S, Young JAT. Reconstitution of retroviral fusion and uncoating in a cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7721-6. [PMID: 15128947 PMCID: PMC419673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401312101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular events underlying the immediate steps of retroviral uncoating, occurring after membrane fusion and leading to the formation of an active reverse transcription complex, are not known. To better understand these processes, we have developed a cell-free system that recapitulates these early steps of retroviral replication by using avian sarcoma and leukosis virus as a model retrovirus. The substrates used in this system are viral particles that are trapped before completing membrane fusion. These virions are induced to fuse out of endosomes and the viral cores are released into solution where they are amenable to biochemical manipulation. This system revealed that membrane fusion is not sufficient to stimulate the formation of a reverse transcription complex. Instead, ATP hydrolysis and cellular factors >5 kDa in size are required. Furthermore, later steps of avian sarcoma and leukosis virus reverse transcription were stimulated by nuclear factors. The cell-free system should now allow for the definition of retroviral uncoating mechanisms and facilitate the identification and characterization of the cellular factors involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Narayan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program and Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved to coordinate its replication with the activation state of the host CD4T cell. To this end, it taps into major host cell signaling pathways and their associated transcription factors. Of these, T-cell activation and the transcription factor NF-kappaB, respectively, have become the best-studied examples. The past several years have revealed compelling evidence that another transcription factor family involved in T-cell activation, the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), plays an important role in the regulation of HIV-1. Major advances have been made in our understanding of the interaction of HIV-1 with this intriguing transcription factor. The duplicated NF-kappaB binding sites in the HIV-1 enhancer surprisingly also bind NFAT proteins and appear to be the most important targets for NFAT transactivation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. The crystal structure of NFAT1 bound to one of these duplicated sites was solved recently. Interestingly, it showed that NFAT1 binds to this site as a homodimer and occupies the core of the NF-kappaB site, suggesting mutually exclusive binding and alternate transactivation by these two factors. NFAT also regulates HIV-1 infection indirectly, as it can relieve a block to reverse transcription in quiescent T cells. In turn, HIV-1, and particularly its Tat and Nef gene products, can upregulate NFAT expression and activity. This reciprocal regulation between virus and transcription factor potentially creates a positive feedback loop, which may facilitate the establishment of early HIV-1 infection and, later, the transition from latent to productive infection. The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibits NFAT activity and thus represents a potential treatment for HIV-1 infection. Recent small-scale clinical trials have yielded optimistic results, suggesting roles for CsA after organ transplantation in HIV-1+ individuals and as adjunct treatment in stable early HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Pessler
- Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Watashi K, Hijikata M, Hosaka M, Yamaji M, Shimotohno K. Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology 2003; 38:1282-8. [PMID: 14578868 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Searching for a substance with anti-HCV potential, we examined the effects of a variety of compounds on HCV replication using a HCV subgenomic replicon cell culture system. Consequently, the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) was found to have a suppressive effect on the HCV replicon RNA level and HCV protein expression in these cells. CsA also inhibited multiplication of the HCV genome in a cultured human hepatocyte cell line infected with HCV using HCV-positive plasma. This anti-HCV activity of CsA appeared to be independent of its immunosuppressive function. In conclusion, our results suggest that CsA may represent a new approach for the development of anti-HCV therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Watashi
- Laboratory of Human Tumor Viruses, Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Weiner NJ, Goodman JW, Kimmel PL. The HIV-associated renal diseases: current insight into pathogenesis and treatment. Kidney Int 2003; 63:1618-31. [PMID: 12675837 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of a new renal syndrome in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the middle 1980s, much has been learned regarding the association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and renal disease. The HIV-associated renal diseases represent a spectrum of clinical and histopathologic conditions. In this review, epidemiologic and clinical aspects of HIV-associated renal diseases are presented. Particular attention is placed on the pathologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in HIV-associated focal glomerulosclerosis, immune complex-mediated disease, and thrombotic microangiopathies. Pharmaceutical treatment options, including the use of glucocorticoids, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and highly active antiretroviral therapy, are discussed. The therapeutic option of renal transplantation is presented, with insight into new clinical and basic research supporting a possible role of immunosuppressive therapy in this already immunocompromised patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Weiner
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Toso C, Berney T, Oberholzer J, Chave JP, Martin PY, Zeender E, Bosco D, Morel P. Kidney-pancreas transplantation in a long-term non-progressor HIV-infected recipient. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:631-3. [PMID: 12752321 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV infection has become a chronic disease with more frequent end-stage organ failures. As a result, the question of transplantation in HIV patients is raised more often. Although still subject to controversies, HIV infection is no longer an absolute contraindication to solid organ transplantation. We report a case of combined kidney-pancreas transplantation in a HIV recipient. HIV has remained stable without any antiviral therapy for up to 2 years after transplantation and has reached criteria for inclusion in the long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) group. Grafted organs demonstrated good function without rejection. This case emphasizes the need to consider LTNP HIV patients as a specific subgroup, when discussing solid organ transplantation. HAART is not required, thus sparing drug interactions and their unique immunological features, such as CCR5 mutation, might prevent rejection. This subgroup of HIV patients should be offered less restricted access to transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Toso
- Transplantation Unit, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Neff GW, Bonham A, Tzakis AG, Ragni M, Jayaweera D, Schiff ER, Shakil O, Fung JJ. Orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus and end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:239-47. [PMID: 12619020 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2003.50054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) most often have hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B (HBV) virus coinfection, or both, as a cause of their liver disease. Recent survival statistics show that patients infected with HIV treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can expect a significant prolongation of life by interfering with the natural progression of HIV to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therefore, HIV-positive patients experiencing complications of liver failure are at greater immediate risk of dying from their end-stage liver disease (ESLD) rather than their HIV. Many transplant centers still consider HIV infection as a contraindication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). At our two institutions, we believe that patients with HIV suffering from ESLD should be considered for OLT. This study evaluates the survival of patients undergoing OLT with HIV under HAART therapy. OLT was performed in 16 patients with HIV suffering from ESLD as a result of chronic HCV, chronic HBV, or fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Collected data include patient demographics, patient and graft survival, pre-OLT assessments, and postoperative complications (including opportunistic infections). Ten patients at Pittsburgh and 6 patients at Miami received OLT. Of the 16 patients who received OLT, 14 remain alive to date. Thirteen of 16 patients are more than 12 months post-OLT, whereas the last patient is currently 6 months post-OLT. Five patients at Miami and 9 of 10 patients at Pittsburgh received HAART therapy before OLT, although 2 of the Pittsburgh patients had their HAART therapy discontinued before OLT because of significant liver dysfunction. The pre-OLT viral loads were undetectable in 13 of 16 patients. The cluster determinant (CD)4 count was less than 200 in 6 patients and greater than 100 in 2 patients before OLT. In all patients, CD4 counts increased above 200 in the post-OLT period. Tacrolimus toxicity associated with the pharmacologic inhibition of cytochrome p450 metabolism caused by protease inhibitors occurred in 6 patients after OLT. Six patients (38%) experienced acute cellular rejection immediately after OLT. Our experience suggests that OLT is effective in selected HIV-positive patients suffering from ESLD. Patient and graft survival was similar to non-HIV-positive patients suffering from the same indications for OLT. Acute cellular rejection was no less frequent that seen in non-HIV-positive patients. Given the complex pharmacologic interactions between the protease inhibitors and tacrolimus, careful monitoring, and attention is required to prevent toxicity or underdosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy W Neff
- Department of Medicine, Division of GI Transplant, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Damaso CRA, Oliveira MF, Massarani SM, Moussatché N. Azathioprine inhibits vaccinia virus replication in both BSC-40 and RAG cell lines acting on different stages of virus cycle. Virology 2002; 300:79-91. [PMID: 12202208 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we demonstrate that azathioprine (AZA) inhibits vaccinia virus (VV) replication in both BSC-40 and RAG cell lines, acting on different stages of virus cycle. In BSC-40 cells, early protein synthesis was not significantly affected, but late gene expression was severely impaired. In RAG cells all stages of gene expression were completed during synchronous infection in the presence of the drug. The onset of DNA replication was not affected in RAG cells, but a severe inhibition was observed in BSC-40 cells. Electron microscopic analysis of VV-infected RAG cells treated with AZA revealed brick-shaped particles presenting abnormal definition of the internal structure. Purified virions from AZA-treated RAG cells presented several modifications of the protein content, a lesser amount of DNA, and a lower PFU:particle ratio. Our results suggest that in VV-infected RAG cells AZA interfered with virus morphogenesis, whereas in BSC-40 cells the replicative cycle was inhibited at the DNA replication stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R A Damaso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Vi;rus, Instituto de Biofi;sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Calabrese LH, Lederman MM, Spritzler J, Coombs RW, Fox L, Schock B, Yen-Lieberman B, Johnson R, Mildvan D, Parekh N. Placebo-controlled trial of cyclosporin-A in HIV-1 disease: implications for solid organ transplantation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29:356-62. [PMID: 11917239 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200204010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Earlier open-label clinical trials have provided conflicting data on the effects of cyclosporin-A (CsA) on the clinical course and immune status of patients with HIV disease. With the prospects for wider use of CsA in the setting of solid organ transplantation in HIV-infected persons, data on the safety and immunologic activity of this agent are needed. We report here the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety and immunologic activity of CsA administration in early HIV disease. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with confirmed HIV infection, CD4 cell counts greater than 500 x 106/L, and plasma HIV RNA >600 copies/mL were randomized to receive 2 mg/kg of CsA (Neoral) twice daily or identical placebo for 12 weeks. Subjects were stratified for the presence or absence of stable concomitant antiviral therapy. The primary end point was the effect of therapy on immune activation as assessed by the levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors. Secondary end points included safety and effects of treatment on plasma HIV RNA, CD4 cell count, and other markers of immune activation and function. RESULTS The low dose of CsA used in this study did not suppress immune activation or increase circulating CD4 cell counts. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were not affected; however, lymphocyte proliferative responses tended to decrease. CsA-treated patients experienced a small but significant rise in plasma HIV RNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose CsA has no benefit in patients with stable early HIV disease, and its administration may be associated with an increase in plasma HIV RNA. The use of CsA in HIV-infected patients undergoing organ transplantation should be undertaken with caution
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Calabrese
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the cause of AIDS, remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the planet. Although reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors have substantially slowed the virus, viral resistance complicates therapy. Because HIV-1 relies on its host's transcriptional machinery for its own replication, strategies for targeting activation-dependent transcription factors in CD4 T cells are being considered for adjunctive therapy in HIV-1-infected individuals. The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors is one such target. On T-cell stimulation, NFAT proteins translocate to the nucleus, where they activate a large number of early response genes, including cytokines such as interleukin-2. Activation and nuclear translocation of NFAT proteins are abrogated by the powerful immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506. Over the last several years, various investigators have demonstrated that NFAT proteins bind to the HIV-1 LTR promoter and increase viral transcription. In this report, further evidence supporting a role for NFAT proteins in augmenting HIV-1 transcription is presented. In addition, other mechanisms of HIV-1 inhibition by CsA are reviewed, and the rationale for the use of CsA to treat AIDS is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Q Cron
- Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fishman JA, Rubin RH. Solid organ transplantation in HIV-infected individuals: obstacles and opportunities. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1310-4. [PMID: 11267303 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Fishman
- Transplant Infectious Disease Program, Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Florio G, Petraroli A, Patella V, Triggiani M, Marone G. The immunoglobulin superantigen-binding site of HIV-1 gp120 activates human basophils. AIDS 2000; 14:931-8. [PMID: 10853974 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200005260-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism whereby HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 from four different isolates obtained in three different countries induces proinflammatory mediator release from normal human basophils. METHODS Histamine, cysteinyl leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) release into the supernatant was measured in gp120-stimulated peripheral blood basophils from HIV-1 and HIV-2 negative subjects. RESULTS The HIV glycoprotein was a potent stimulus for release of these mediators in basophils purified from donors negative for HIV-1 and HIV-2. There was also a correlation (r = 0.58; P < 0.01) between the maximum IL-4 release from basophils induced by gp120 and by anti-IgE. Basophils from which IgE had been dissociated by brief exposure to lactic acid no longer released histamine in response to gp120 and anti-IgE. Anti-IgE specifically desensitized basophils to a subsequent challenge with anti-IgE and gp120. Human monoclonal IgM carrying the VH3 domain, but not that carrying the VH6 domain, inhibited gp120-induced secretion of histamine from basophils in a concentration-dependent manner. Synthetic peptides identical to regions distant from the N- and C-termini of gp120MN inhibited its activating capacity. CONCLUSIONS gp120 acts as a viral superantigen interacting with the VH3 domain of IgE to induce the release of preformed and de novo synthesized mediators from human cells carrying the Fc fragment Fc epsilonRI receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Florio
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|