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Tanaka Y, Sato-Matsubara M, Tsuruta D, Tanaka H, Kadono C, Sugawara K, Kawada N, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Yoshizato K. Cytoglobin functions as a redox regulator of melanogenesis in normal epidermal melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024; 37:276-285. [PMID: 37920136 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal melanocytes are continuously exposed to sunlight-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress generated during the synthesis of melanin. Therefore, they have developed mechanisms that maintain normal redox homeostasis. Cytoglobin (CYGB), a ubiquitously expressed intracellular iron hexacoordinated globin, exhibits antioxidant activity and regulates the redox state of mammalian cells through its activities as peroxidase and nitric oxide (NO) dioxygenase. We postulated that CYGB functions in the melanogenic process as a regulator that maintains oxidative stress within a physiological level. This was examined by characterizing normal human melanocytes with the knockdown (KD) of CYGB using morphological and molecular biological criteria. CYGB-KD cells were larger, had more dendrites, and generated more melanin granules in the advanced stages of melanogenesis than control cells. The expression levels of major melanogenesis-associated genes and proteins were higher in CYGB-KD melanocytes than in wild type (WT) cells. As expected, CYGB-KD melanocytes generated more ROS and NO than WT cells. In conclusion, CYGB physiologically contributes to maintaining redox homeostasis in the melanogenic activity of normal melanocytes by controlling the intracellular levels of ROS and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Tanaka
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misako Sato-Matsubara
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Donated Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiho Kadono
- Donated Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Donated Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Chen H, Jian M, Teng H, Li Z, Xu X, Li X, Jiang R, Zhao D, Sun L, Liu J. Ginsenoside Rf in wild ginseng adventitious roots extract inhibits melanogenesis via cAMP/PKA and NO/cGMP signalling pathways in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and zebrafish. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38318698 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2312541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The scarcity of more effective wild ginseng has severely limited its use, culturing of adventitious roots from wild ginseng were its good substitute. In this study, we found ginsenoside Rf as the special component in adventitious roots extract significantly decreased melanin levels and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells and zebrafish, and suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and melanogenic enzymes in B16F10 cells. Notably, Rf treatment of B16F10 cells led to reduced cell levels of adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), nitric oxide (NO), and guanoside cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP), and reduced activities of adenylate cyclase (AC), protein kinase A (PKA), guanylate cyclase (GC), and protein kinase G (PKG), which suggest Rf anti-melanogenic activity potentially involved inhibition of AC/cAMP/PKA and NO/GC/cGMP/PKG signalling pathway. This work provides experimental basis for skin-lightening effect of wild ginseng adventitious roots and their functional part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Tonghua, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mengqiong Jian
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Huanhuan Teng
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhenzhuo Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiangzhu Li
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Tonghua, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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3
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Kim S, Na GH, Jung HM, Han SH, Han J, Koo YK. Enzyme-treated caviar extract ameliorates melanogenesis in UVB-induced SKH-1 hairless mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 673:81-86. [PMID: 37364389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated anti-melanogenesis effects of enzyme-treated caviar extract (CV) in murine melanoma B16F10 cells and SKH-1 hairless mice. To induce melanin production in vitro and in vivo studies, B16F10 cells were treated with 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), and SKH-1 hairless mice were irradiated with UVB, respectively. The expression of melnogenesis-related factors and signaling molecules were analyzed by ELISA and western blotting. 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL of CV significantly decreased the melanin contents and the activities of tyrosinase, nitric oxide, glutathione, and cAMP, melanogenesis factor, in B16F10 cells treated IBMX. In addition, CV significantly suppressed the expression of melanogenesis proteins such as pPKA, pCREB, MITF, TRP-1and TRP-2. Similarly, results of oral administration of CV (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 8 weeks in UVB-Induced SKH-1 hairless mice, the expression of melanogenesis-related factor tyrosinase, nitric oxide, and cAMP and protein expression of pPKA, pCREBa, MITF, TRP-1and TRP-2 was significantly reduced. In particular, 100 mg/kg of CV exhibited an excellent effect similar to control group. Therefore, we suggest the possibility of developing CV as a food supplement having skin whitening effects by ameliorating melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- SukJin Kim
- Department of R&I Center, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Hwan Na
- Department of R&I Center, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mook Jung
- Department of R&I Center, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Han
- Almas Caviar, Hwaseoung-si, 18553, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Han
- Almas Caviar, Hwaseoung-si, 18553, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Kyoung Koo
- Department of R&I Center, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam, 13486, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Wang B, Luan F, Bao Y, Peng X, Rao Z, Tang Q, Zeng N. Traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Osmanthus fragrans: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115273. [PMID: 35405258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Osmanthus fragrans Lour., is a medicinal plant distributed widely in some Asian countries including Japan and Korea and southwestern China. It has been used traditionally for the treatment of weakened vision, halitosis, panting, asthma, cough, toothache, stomachache, diarrhea, rheumatism, physique pain and hepatitis. AIM OF THE REVIEW Recent advances in traditional uses, botanical characteristics, distribution, taxonomy, phytochemical constituents, biological effects as well as the toxicities of O. fragrans are comprehensively presented and critically evaluated, and the underlying mechanism associated with the bioactivities of extracts, essential oil and components from this plant is also well summarized. In order to provide comprehensive scientific basis for the medical application and help interested researchers discover food and medicinal natural products from O. fragrans. MATERIALS AND METHODS All information was systematically gathered from globally accepted scientific databases by Internet databases, including Elsevier, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley, Springer, SciFinder, ACS Publications, CNKI, WanFang, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, The Plant List Database, and other literature sources (Ph.D. and MSc dissertations). All published contributions on O. fragrans different languages were included and cited. The chemical structures of all isolated compounds were drawn by using ChemBioDraw Ultra 14.0 software. RESULTS To date, more than 183 compounds were isolated and structurally identified from different plant parts of O. fragrans. Among them, ionone, ionol, flavonoids, polyphenols and iridoids, as the major bioactive substances, have been extensively studied and displayed the best bioactivity. Pharmacological studies demonstrated that O. fragrans and its active components had a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-thrombotic, anti-melanogenesis, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities, etc. CONCLUSION: O. fragrans, as a food and medicinal resource, has a good health care function and important edible and medicinal value, and thus has good prospects for utilization. However, many studies on biological activities were mainly based on extracts and the bioactive ingredients of this plant, and the mechanism responsible for these extracts and ingredients have not been well identified and there is a gap in research regarding clinical effect and safety. Therefore, the detail in vitro and in vivo studies on the mechanisms of action of the pure bioactive compounds and more clinical studies are encouraged to be conducted to ensure safety and effectiveness of the plant for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Yiwen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Xi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Zhili Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Qiong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China.
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Maghfour J, Olayinka J, Hamzavi IH, Mohammad TF. A Focused review on the pathophysiology of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:320-327. [PMID: 35306737 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is one of the most common disorders of acquired hyperpigmentation. It often develops following cutaneous inflammation and is triggered by various stimuli, from inflammatory and autoimmune conditions to iatrogenic causes and mechanical injuries. While it is well established that an increase in melanin production and distribution within the epidermis and dermis is a hallmark feature of this condition, the exact mechanisms underlying PIH are not completely understood. This article aims to review the current evidence on the pathophysiology of PIH as the cellular and molecular mechanism of PIH represents a promising avenue for the development of novel, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Maghfour
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jadesola Olayinka
- Medical School, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Iltefat H Hamzavi
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tasneem F Mohammad
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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6
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Nam G, An SK, Park IC, Bae S, Lee JH. Daphnetin inhibits α-MSH-induced melanogenesis via PKA and ERK signaling pathways in B16F10 melanoma cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:596-609. [PMID: 35325017 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Daphnetin is a dehydroxylated derivative of coumarin isolated from Daphne species. However, the effect of daphnetin on melanogenesis has not been elucidated. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of daphnetin on melanogenesis in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-treated B16F10 cells and its potential mechanism. Melanin content analysis and cellular tyrosinase activity assay showed that daphnetin inhibited melanin biosynthesis in α-MSH-treated B16F10 cells. Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR also indicated that daphnetin suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, a mastering transcription factor of melanogenesis and its downstream melanogenic enzymes including tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related proteins. Moreover, daphnetin downregulated the phosphorylation of PKA, ERK, MSK1, and CREB. Additionally, daphnetin inhibited melanin synthesis in UVB-irradiated HaCaT conditioned medium system suggesting that daphnetin has potential as an antipigmentation activity in a physiological skin condition. Our data propose that daphnetin inhibits melanogenesis via modulating both the PKA/CREB and the ERK/MSK1/CREB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Nam
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwan An
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Chen J, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Qiu J. Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:495-509. [PMID: 34312881 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skin, our first interface to the external environment, is subjected to oxidative stress caused by a variety of factors such as solar ultraviolet, infrared and visible light, environmental pollution, including ozone and particulate matters, and psychological stress. Excessive reactive species, including reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, exacerbate skin pigmentation and aging, which further lead to skin tone unevenness, pigmentary disorder, skin roughness and wrinkles. Besides these, skin microbiota are also a very important factor ensuring the proper functions of skin. While environmental factors such as UV and pollutants impact skin microbiota compositions, skin dysbiosis results in various skin conditions. In this review, we summarize the generation of oxidative stress from exogenous and endogenous sources. We further introduce current knowledge on the possible roles of oxidative stress in skin pigmentation and aging, specifically with emphasis on oxidative stress and skin pigmentation. Meanwhile, we summarize the science and rationale of using three well-known antioxidants, namely vitamin C, resveratrol and ferulic acid, in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Finally, we discuss the strategy for preventing oxidative stress-induced skin pigmentation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Liu
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Shanghai, China
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8
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Wang X, Heraud S, Thepot A, Dos Santos M, Luo Z. The Whitening Properties of the Mixture Composed of Pomegranate, Osmanthus and Olive and the Protective Effects Against Ultraviolet Deleterious Effects. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:561-573. [PMID: 34093030 PMCID: PMC8168835 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s302997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Ultraviolet (UV) rays are the major environmental factor that damage skin physiology causing deleterious effects such as oxidation, photoaging and pigmentation. There has been considerable interest in using botanicals to prevent skin damages caused by UV irradiation. Aim In this study, three plant extracts were tested either individually or combined together (mixture) as well as their corresponding main active compound: pomegranate/punicalagin, osmanthus/verbascoside and olive/hydroxytyrosol. We evaluated the whitening and anti-photoaging properties of the nutritional mixture using 2D human culture model and a 3D full-thickness pigmented skin model exposed to UVB and UVA. Methods For exploring skin pigmentation, oxidation and aging, we performed cell viability, tyrosinase activity and melanin content assays as well as histology analysis (Whartin–Starry staining), immunodetection (PMEL, MDA, collagen type I and elastin) and carbonylated proteins analysis by electrophoresis separation. Results Results showed that the pomegranate extract and the active molecule punicalagin could reduce the tyrosinase activity and melanin content in melanocytes (P < 0.05). The mixture, pomegranate extract and punicalagin inhibited the melanin production and pre-melanosomal protein (PMEL) expression in the 3D skin pigmented model (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mixture treatment repaired the expressions of collagen I and elastin decrease by UV exposure (P < 0.01). The mixture also significantly decreased lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001) and carbonylated proteins (P < 0.05) in the skin model compared to the UV-exposed condition. Conclusion To conclude, the mixture composed of pomegranate, osmanthus and olive extracts protects human skin from UV rays deleterious effects and exhibits antioxidative, anti-aging and skin whitening properties. Our data suggested pomegranate contributed to the whitening properties of the mixture notably through its main active compound, punicalagin. The mixture might be a good candidates for further development as natural antioxidant and skin care product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Infinitus Company Ltd, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Amelie Thepot
- LabSkin Creations, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | - Zhen Luo
- Infinitus Company Ltd, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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9
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Upadhyay PR, Ho T, Abdel-Malek ZA. Participation of keratinocyte- and fibroblast-derived factors in melanocyte homeostasis, the response to UV, and pigmentary disorders. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:762-776. [PMID: 33973367 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal melanocytes play a central role in sensing the environment and protecting the skin from the drastic effects of solar ultraviolet radiation and other environmental toxins or inflammatory agents. Melanocytes survive in the epidermis for decades, which subjects them to chronic environmental insults. Melanocytes have a poor self-renewal capacity; therefore, it is critical to ensure their survival with genomic stability. The function and survival of melanocytes is regulated by an elaborate network of paracrine factors synthesized mainly by epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. A symbiotic relationship exists between epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes on the one hand, and between melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts on the other hand. Melanocytes protect epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts from the damaging effects of solar radiation, and the latter cells synthesize biochemical mediators that maintain the homeostasis, and regulate the stress response of melanocytes. Disruption of the paracrine network results in pigmentary disorders, due to abnormal regulation of melanin synthesis, and compromise of melanocyte survival or genomic stability. This review provides an update of the current knowledge of keratinocyte- and fibroblast-derived paracrine factors and their contribution to melanocyte physiology, and how their abnormal production is involved in the pathogenesis of common pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth R Upadhyay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tina Ho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zalfa A Abdel-Malek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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10
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Moattari CR, Granstein RD. Neuropeptides and neurohormones in immune, inflammatory and cellular responses to ultraviolet radiation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13644. [PMID: 33724698 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to varying amounts of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through sunlight. UVR penetrates into human skin leading to release of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. These messengers released from local sensory nerves, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells, melanocytes and endothelial cells (ECs) modulate local and systemic immune responses, mediate inflammation and promote differing cell biologic effects. In this review, we will focus on both animal and human studies that elucidate the roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), nerve growth factor (NGF), nitric oxide and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives in mediating immune and inflammatory effects of exposure to UVR as well as other cell biologic effects of UVR exposure.
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11
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Xue L, Chang L, Li Y, Dong Y, He X. Stimulation of melanin synthesis by UVB is mediated by NO/cGMP/PKG cascade targeting PAK4 in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:280-289. [PMID: 33638135 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The coat color of mammals is primarily determined by the type, quantity, and distribution of melanin in the skin and hair. As an endogenous gas molecule, nitric oxide (NO) regulates tyrosinase production by modulating the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway, which enhances melanin synthesis. However, some interrelationships have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, mouse melanocytes co-cultured with mouse keratinocytes in vitro, or as monocultures, were used as research models. The results indicated that ultraviolet B irradiation increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and NO production, and increased PKG, p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) levels, as well as tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2 expression, and melanin synthesis. During PKG inhibition, the expression of NO-regulated PAK4 and MITF was decreased. Pigment production was also affected, but remained higher than that in the control and NO inhibitor groups. These findings suggest that ultraviolet light regulates melanin production by activating the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway, which mediates the expression of PAK4, affecting melanin synthesis. On this basis, further elucidation of this regulatory network may improve our understanding of patterns of animal hair color formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxian South Road, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Lucheng Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxian South Road, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxian South Road, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxian South Road, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Kim HO, Kim HR, Kim JC, Kang SY, Jung MJ, Chang SE, Park CW, Chung BY. A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effectiveness of Epidermal Growth Factor-Containing Ointment on the Treatment of Solar Lentigines as Adjuvant Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57020166. [PMID: 33668564 PMCID: PMC7918714 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Little is known about the anti-pigmentation effects of whitening agents on solar lentigines. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been used as a booster for wound healing in the skin, and it has been suggested to have anti-pigmentation effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and safety of EGF-containing ointment for treating solar lentigines with a Q-switched (QS) 532 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (Bluecore company, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Materials and Methods: Subjects who underwent QS 532 nm Nd:YAG laser treatment of solar lentigines were randomly assigned to treatment with an EGF ointment or petrolatum. After the laser procedure, the subjects were administered the test ointment twice a day for 4 weeks. The physician's assessment of the degree of pigment clearance and patient's satisfaction were assessed after 4 and 8 weeks. Additionally, the melanin index (MI), erythema index (EI), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) were evaluated. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04704245). Results: The blinded physician's assessment using 5-grade percentage improvement scale and patient's satisfaction were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group at the 4th and 8th weeks. The MI was significantly higher in the control group than in the study group at the 4th and 8th weeks. The EI and TEWL did not differ significantly between the two groups at either time point. The incidence of PIH was higher in the control group (37.5%) than in the EGF group (7.14%) at the 8th week. Conclusions: The application of EGF-containing ointment on facial solar lentigines with a QS 532 nm Nd:YAG laser showed efficient and safe therapeutic effects, with less PIH. Thus, EGF-containing ointment could be suggested as the promising adjuvant treatment strategy with a QS laser for solar lentigines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea; (H.O.K.); (H.R.K.); (J.C.K.); (S.Y.K.); (M.J.J.)
| | - Hye Ran Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea; (H.O.K.); (H.R.K.); (J.C.K.); (S.Y.K.); (M.J.J.)
| | - Jin Cheol Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea; (H.O.K.); (H.R.K.); (J.C.K.); (S.Y.K.); (M.J.J.)
| | - Seok Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea; (H.O.K.); (H.R.K.); (J.C.K.); (S.Y.K.); (M.J.J.)
| | - Min Je Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea; (H.O.K.); (H.R.K.); (J.C.K.); (S.Y.K.); (M.J.J.)
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Chun Wook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea; (H.O.K.); (H.R.K.); (J.C.K.); (S.Y.K.); (M.J.J.)
- Correspondence: (C.W.P.); (B.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-829-5221 (C.W.P.); +82-2-849-9092 (B.Y.C.)
| | - Bo Young Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea; (H.O.K.); (H.R.K.); (J.C.K.); (S.Y.K.); (M.J.J.)
- Correspondence: (C.W.P.); (B.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-2-829-5221 (C.W.P.); +82-2-849-9092 (B.Y.C.)
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Oliver S, Pham TTP, Li Y, Xu FJ, Boyer C. More than skin deep: using polymers to facilitate topical delivery of nitric oxide. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:391-405. [PMID: 32856653 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01197e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin, the largest organ in the human body, provides several important functions, including providing protection from mechanical impacts, micro-organisms, radiation and chemicals; regulation of body temperature; the sensations of touch and temperature; and the synthesis of several substances including vitamin D, melanin, and keratin. Common dermatological disorders (CDDs) include inflammatory or immune-mediated skin diseases, skin infection, skin cancer, and wounds. In the treatment of skin disorders, topical administration has advantages over other routes of administration, and polymers are widely used as vehicles to facilitate the delivery of topical therapeutic agents, serving as matrices to keep therapeutic agents in contact with the skin. Nitric oxide (NO), a cellular signalling molecule, has attracted significant interest in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including various skin disorders. However, there are a number of challenges in effectively delivering NO. It must be delivered in a controlled manner at sufficient concentrations to be efficacious and the delivery system must be stable during storage. The use of polymer-based systems to deliver NO topically can be an effective strategy to overcome these challenges. There are three main approaches for incorporating NO with polymers in topical delivery systems: (i) physical incorporation of NO donors into polymer bases; (ii) covalent attachment of NO donors to polymers; and (iii) encapsulation of NO donors in polymer-based particles. The latter two approaches provide the greatest control over NO release and have been used by numerous researchers in treating CDDs, including chronic wounds and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2052.
| | - Thi Thu Phuong Pham
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2052.
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN) and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2052.
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14
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Tian X, Cui Z, Liu S, Zhou J, Cui R. Melanosome transport and regulation in development and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107707. [PMID: 33075361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized membrane-bound organelles that synthesize and organize melanin, ultimately providing color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Disorders in melanogenesis and melanosome transport are linked to pigmentary diseases, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and Griscelli syndrome. Clinical cases of these pigmentary diseases shed light on the molecular mechanisms that control melanosome-related pathways. However, only an improved understanding of melanogenesis and melanosome transport will further the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the current literature surrounding melanosomes with particular emphasis on melanosome membrane transport and cytoskeleton-mediated melanosome transport. We also provide perspectives on melanosome regulatory mechanisms which include hormonal action, inflammation, autophagy, and organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ziyong Cui
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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15
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Lv J, An X, Jiang S, Yang Y, Song G, Gao R. Protoporphyrin IX Stimulates Melanogenesis, Melanocyte Dendricity, and Melanosome Transport Through the cGMP/PKG Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:569368. [PMID: 33013408 PMCID: PMC7516199 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.569368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is a heterocyclic organic compound that is the last intermediate in the heme biosynthetic pathway. PPIX, due to its photodynamic effects, is utilized in the treatment of skin diseases. Furthermore, PPIX has been utilized as a melanogenesis-stimulating agent in various studies. However, the exact function and mechanism underlying PPIX action in melanocytes remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we sought to further investigate how PPIX affects melanocyte melanogenesis, and whether PPIX is involved in melanin transport. Our findings demonstrated that PPIX increased melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transport, in addition to increasing melanogenesis. PPIX functions primarily by activating the guanylate cyclase (GC) and cyclic guanosine 3’, 5’-monophosphate/protein kinase G (cGMP/PKG) signaling pathways. Once activated, these pathways increase tyrosinase activity and the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 and -2 (TRP-1 and TRP-2), myosin Va, melanophinin, Ras-related protein Rab-27A (Rab27a), and cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42), promoting melanogenesis, melanocyte dendricity, and melanosome transport. Furthermore, the melanogenic effects of PPIX were confirmed in vivo in a zebrafish model system. Our results indicate that PPIX is not cytotoxic and may, thus, be utilized as a pigmentation enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong An
- Shanghai Jiyan Bio-pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Songzhou Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Rongyin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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16
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Premi S. Role of Melanin Chemiexcitation in Melanoma Progression and Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1305. [PMID: 32850409 PMCID: PMC7425655 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer. Human melanomas often show hyperactivity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX), which, respectively, generate nitric oxide (NO · ) and superoxide (O2 ·- ). The NO · and O2 - react instantly with each other to generate peroxynitrite (ONOO-) which is the driver of melanin chemiexcitation. Melanoma precursors, the melanocytes, are specialized skin cells that synthesize melanin, a potent shield against sunlight's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, melanin chemiexcitation paradoxically demonstrates the melanomagenic properties of melanin. In a loop, the NOS activity regulates melanin synthesis, and melanin is utilized by the chemiexcitation pathway to generate carcinogenic melanin-carbonyls in an excited triplet state. These carbonyl compounds induce UV-specific DNA damage without UV. Additionally, the carbonyl compounds are highly reactive and can make melanomagenic adducts with proteins, DNA and other biomolecules. Here we review the role of the melanin chemiexcitation pathway in melanoma initiation, progression, and drug resistance. We conclude by hypothesizing a non-classical, positive loop in melanoma where melanin chemiexcitation generates carcinogenic reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and DNA damage in normal melanocytes. In parallel, NOS and NOX regulate melanin synthesis generating raw material for chemiexcitation, and the resulting RCS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) regulate cellular proteome and transcriptome in favor of melanoma progression, metastasis, and resistance against targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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17
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Patra V, Gallais Sérézal I, Wolf P. Potential of Skin Microbiome, Pro- and/or Pre-Biotics to Affect Local Cutaneous Responses to UV Exposure. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1795. [PMID: 32560310 PMCID: PMC7353315 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin hosts innumerable microorganisms and maintains homeostasis with the local immune system despite the challenges offered by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR causes cutaneous alterations such as acute (i.e., sunburn) and chronic inflammation, tanning, photoaging, skin cancer, and immune modulation. Phototherapy on the other hand is widely used to treat inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, polymorphic light eruption and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), as well as neoplastic skin diseases such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma, among others. Previous work has addressed the use of pro- and pre-biotics to protect against UVR through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-carcinogenic and/or pro-and contra-melanogenic properties. Herein, we discuss and share perspectives of the potential benefits of novel treatment strategies using microbes and pro- and pre-biotics as modulators of the skin response to UVR, and how they could act both for protection against UVR-induced skin damage and as enhancers of the UVR-driven therapeutic effects on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- VijayKumar Patra
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Irène Gallais Sérézal
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Solna, Sweden;
- Department of Dermatology, Besançon University Hospital, 25000 Besancon, France
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Ivanova K, Hemmersbach R. Guanylyl Cyclase-cGMP Signaling Pathway in Melanocytes: Differential Effects of Altered Gravity in Non-Metastatic and Metastatic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031139. [PMID: 32046325 PMCID: PMC7037284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal melanocytes as melanin producing skin cells represent a crucial barrier against UV-radiation and oxidative stress. It was shown that the intracellular signaling molecule cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP), generated by the guanylyl cyclases (GCs), e.g., the nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive soluble GC (sGC) and the natriuretic peptide-activated particulate GC (GC-A/GC-B), plays a role in the melanocyte response to environmental stress. Importantly, cGMP is involved in NO-induced perturbation of melanocyte–extracellular matrix interactions and in addition, increased NO production during inflammation may lead to loss of melanocytes and support melanoma metastasis. Further, the NO-sensitive sGC is expressed predominantly in human melanocytes and non-metastatic melanoma cells, whereas absence of functional sGC but up-regulated expression of GC-A/GC-B and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) are detected in metastatic cells. Thus, suppression of sGC expression as well as up-regulated expression of GC-A/GC-B/iNOS appears to correlate with tumor aggressiveness. As the cGMP pathway plays important roles in melanocyte (patho)physiology, we present an overview on the differential effects of altered gravity (hypergravity/simulated microgravity) on the cGMP signaling pathway in melanocytes and melanoma cells with different metastatic potential. We believe that future experiments in real microgravity may benefit from considering cGMP signaling as a possible factor for melanocyte transformation and in medication.
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19
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Mo X, Preston S, Zaidi MR. Macroenvironment-gene-microenvironment interactions in ultraviolet radiation-induced melanomagenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:1-54. [PMID: 31349897 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is one of the few major cancers that continue to exhibit a positive rate of increase in the developed world. A wealth of epidemiological data has undisputedly implicated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight and artificial sources as the major risk factor for melanomagenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of this cause-and-effect relationship remain murky and understudied. Recent efforts on multiple fronts have brought unprecedented expansion of our knowledge base on this subject and it is now clear that melanoma is caused by a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposure, primarily to UVR. Here we provide an overview of the effects of the macroenvironment (UVR) on the skin microenvironment and melanocyte-specific intrinsic (mostly genetic) landscape, which conspire to produce one of the deadliest malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Preston
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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20
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Liu J, Xu X, Jiang R, Sun L, Zhao D. Vanillic acid in Panax ginseng root extract inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 cells via inhibition of the NO/PKG signaling pathway. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1205-1215. [PMID: 30999826 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1606694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been widely used in skin care. Our previous study showed that the phenolic acids in ginseng root extract (GRE) impart inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. In this study, we found that as the most abundant component of phenolic acids in GRE, vanillic acid decreased tyrosinase activity and melanin levels with or without α-MSH stimulation and suppressed the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanogenic enzymes in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, vanillic acid downregulated NOS activity, nitric oxide (NO) content, cGMP level, guanylate cyclase (GC) and protein kinase G (PKG) activity, and the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), whereas arbutin had no effect on the NO/PKG pathway. These findings indicate that vanillic acid in GRE suppressed melanogenesis by inhibiting the NO/PKG signaling pathways. This study provides a potential mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of ginseng on melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzeng Liu
- a Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , PR China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- b Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine , the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , PR China
| | - Rui Jiang
- c Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science , Beihua University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- b Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine , the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , PR China.,c Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Science , Beihua University , Jilin , PR China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- a Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy , Changchun University of Chinese Medicine , Changchun , PR China
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21
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Yuan XH, Jin ZH. Paracrine regulation of melanogenesis. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:632-639. [PMID: 28494100 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes are generally characterized by the basic ability of melanin synthesis and transfer to adjacent keratinocytes. This constitutes an individual skin phenotype and provides epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as ultraviolet irradiation, through a complex process called melanogenesis, which can be regulated by autocrine or paracrine factors. Recent evidence has revealed the paracrine effects of keratinocytes on melanogenesis by secreting cytokines, including α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and endothelin-1. In addition to keratinocytes, there are other types of cells in the skin, such as fibroblasts and immune cells, which are also actively involved in the regulation of melanocyte behaviour through the production of paracrine factors. In addition, extracellular matrix proteins, which are secreted mainly by skin-resident cells, not only play direct roles in regulating melanocyte morphology and functions but also provide structural support between the epidermis and dermis to control the distribution of various secreted cytokines from keratinocytes and/or fibroblasts, which are potentially involved in the regulation of melanogenesis. Moreover, understanding the origin of melanocytes (neural crest cells) and the presence of nerve endings in the epidermis can reveal the intimate contact between melanocytes and cutaneous specific nervous system proteins. Melanocytes are associated with all these networks with corresponding receptors expressed on the cell surface. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in determining the intimate relationships between melanocytes and their surrounding elements, which provide insights into the complex nature of the regulation of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzi Street, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133000, China
| | - Z H Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzi Street, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133000, China
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22
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Activated neuro-oxidative and neuro-nitrosative pathways at the end of term are associated with inflammation and physio-somatic and depression symptoms, while predicting outcome characteristics in mother and baby. J Affect Disord 2017; 223:49-58. [PMID: 28719808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine oxidative & nitrosative stress (O&NS) biomarkers at the end of term in relation to perinatal affective symptoms, neuro-immune biomarkers and pregnancy-related outcome variables. METHODS We measured plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), -sulfhydryl (-SH), peroxides (LOOH) and paraoxonase (PON)1 activity in pregnant women with and without prenatal depression and non-pregnant controls. RESULTS Pregnancy is accompanied by significantly increased AOPP and NOx, and lowered TRAP, -SH and LOOH. Increased O&NS and lowered LOOH and -SH levels are associated with prenatal depressive and physio-somatic symptoms (fatigue, pain, dyspepsia, gastro-intestinal symptoms). Increased AOPP and NOx are significantly associated with lowered -SH, TRAP and zinc, and with increased haptoglobin and C-reactive protein levels. Increased O&NS and lowered TRAP and PON 1 activity, at the end of term predict mother (e.g. hyperpigmentation, labor duration, caesarian section, cord length, breast milk flow) and baby (e.g. sleep and feeding problems) outcome characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy is accompanied by interrelated signs of O&NS, lowered antioxidant defenses and activated neuro-immune pathways. Increased O&NS at the end of term is associated with perinatal depressive and physio-somatic symptoms and may predict obstetric and behavioral complications in mother and baby.
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23
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Vaccaro M, Irrera N, Cutroneo G, Rizzo G, Vaccaro F, Anastasi GP, Borgia F, Cannavò SP, Altavilla D, Squadrito F. Differential Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms nNOS and iNOS in Patients with Non-Segmental Generalized Vitiligo. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122533. [PMID: 29186858 PMCID: PMC5751136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in several biological processes, but its role in human melanogenesis is still not well understood. Exposure to UVA and UVB induces nitric oxide production in keratinocytes and melanocytes through the activation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase, increasing tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase over expression might be involved in hypopigmentary disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression were modified in vitiligo skin compared to healthy controls. Skin biopsies were obtained from inflammatory/lesional and white/lesional skin in 12 patients with active, non-segmental vitiligo; site-matched biopsies of normal skin from eight patients were used as controls. Nitric oxide synthase isoforms expression was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Western Blot analysis. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was significantly increased in inflammatory/lesional skin compared to healthy skin; melanocytes showed a moderate neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in white/lesional skin, demonstrating that metabolic function still goes on. The obtained data demonstrated that vitiligo lesions were characterized by modifications of nitric oxide synthase isoforms, thus confirming the hypothesis that nitric oxide imbalance is involved in vitiligo and supporting the idea that nitric oxide synthase inhibitors might be used as a possible therapeutic approach for the management of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Cutroneo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Images, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Federico Vaccaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Images, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe P Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Images, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesco Borgia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Serafinella P Cannavò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Images, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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Al-Amin M, Cao J, Naeem M, Banna H, Kim MS, Jung Y, Chung HY, Moon HR, Yoo JW. Increased therapeutic efficacy of a newly synthesized tyrosinase inhibitor by solid lipid nanoparticles in the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3947-3957. [PMID: 27980392 PMCID: PMC5144896 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s123759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction is a major skin disorder in humans. Inhibition of tyrosinase, a key regulator of melanin production, has been used as an effective strategy to treat hyperpigmentation. In this study, we investigated the use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a highly effective and nontoxic means to deliver a newly synthesized potent tyrosinase inhibitor, MHY498, and to target melanocytes through the skin. MHY498-loaded SLNs (MHY-SLNs) were prepared by an oil-in-water emulsion solvent-evaporation method, and their morphological and physicochemical properties were characterized. MHY-SLNs showed a prolonged drug-release profile and higher skin permeation than that of MHY solution. In an in vivo evaluation of antimelanogenic activity, MHY-SLNs showed a prominent inhibitory effect against ultraviolet B-induced melanogenesis, resulting in no change in the skin color of C57BL/6 mouse, compared with that observed in an MHY solution-treated group and an untreated control group. The antimelanogenic effect of MHY-SLNs was further confirmed through Fontana-Masson staining. Importantly, MHY-SLNs did not induce any toxic effects in the L929 cell line. Overall, these data indicate that MHY-SLNs show promise in the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al-Amin
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jiafu Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hasanul Banna
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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25
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Chen C, Lu J, Hao L, Zheng Z, Zhang N, Wang Z. Discovery and characterization of miRNAs in mouse thymus responses to ionizing radiation by deep sequencing. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:548-557. [PMID: 27686407 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1207821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential regulatory roles of microRNA (miRNA) in mouse response to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced thymus injury, miRNA expression profiles of mouse thymus with or without IR were analyzed using deep sequencing technology. Potential target candidates of the identified miRNA were predicted using RNAhybrid and miRanda. Differently expressed miRNA targets functional annotation and pathways were noted using Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and non-redundant (NR) databases. In this study, there were 112 differently expressed miRNAs identified, including 45 known mature and 67 novel miRNAs, which meanwhile contained 77 up-regulated and 35 down-regulated miRNAs. The results of quantitative RT-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) verification were in agreement with the sequencing analysis. And the target genes of miRNA were annotated. These results revealed the differences of miRNA expression, further extended the biological knowledge and greatly facilitated future studies on the function of miRNA in IR-induced thymus injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- a School of Life Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China
| | - Jike Lu
- a School of Life Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , China ;,b The Quartermaster Equipment Institute of General Logistics Department of People's Liberation Army , Beijing China
| | - Limin Hao
- b The Quartermaster Equipment Institute of General Logistics Department of People's Liberation Army , Beijing China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- b The Quartermaster Equipment Institute of General Logistics Department of People's Liberation Army , Beijing China
| | - Naixun Zhang
- c College of Forestry , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- d Department of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
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26
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Sato K, Ando R, Kobayashi H, Nishio T. 2-Ethoxybenzamide stimulates melanin synthesis in B16F1 melanoma cells via the CREB signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 423:39-52. [PMID: 27633503 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are frequently used for the treatment of inflammation, pain, and fever. In this study, we found that 2-ethoxybenzamide (ETZ) significantly enhanced melanin synthesis in B16F1 melanoma cells, and also induced melanosome formation. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism by which ETZ up-regulated melanin synthesis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that ETZ increased melanogenic protein levels, except that for TRP-2. Moreover, semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that ETZ enhanced the mRNA levels of melanogenic genes, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and melanocortin 1 receptor. We also observed phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) following ETZ treatment. However, ETZ did not affect intracellular cAMP levels. ERK was also activated by ETZ treatment, and melanin content was enhanced upon treatment with the specific ERK inhibitor PD98059. Together, our results indicate that ETZ induces melanin synthesis via CREB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuomi Sato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan. .,Department of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Honoka Kobayashi
- Department of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishio
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
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27
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Integration of Next Generation Sequencing and EPR Analysis to Uncover Molecular Mechanism Underlying Shell Color Variation in Scallops. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161876. [PMID: 27563719 PMCID: PMC5001709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis displays polymorphism in shell colors, which is of great interest for the scallop industry. To identify genes involved in the shell coloration, in the present study, we investigate the transcriptome differences by Illumina digital gene expression (DGE) analysis in two extreme color phenotypes, Red and White. Illumina sequencing yields a total of 62,715,364 clean sequence reads, and more than 85% reads are mapped into our previously sequenced transcriptome. There are 25 significantly differentially expressed genes between Red and White scallops. EPR (Electron paramagnetic resonance) analysis has identified EPR spectra of pheomelanin and eumelanin in the red shells, but not in the white shells. Compared to the Red scallops, the White scallops have relatively higher mRNA expression in tyrosinase genes, but lower expression in other melanogensis-associated genes. Meantime, the relatively lower tyrosinase protein and decreased tyrosinase activity in White scallops are suggested to be associated with the lack of melanin in the white shells. Our findings highlight the functional roles of melanogensis-associated genes in the melanization process of scallop shells, and shed new lights on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in the regulation of tyrosinase activity during the process of melanin synthesis. The present results will assist our molecular understanding of melanin synthesis underlying shell color polymorphism in scallops, as well as other bivalves, and also help the color-based breeding in shellfish aquaculture.
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28
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Xiao Y, Ahadian S, Radisic M. Biochemical and Biophysical Cues in Matrix Design for Chronic and Diabetic Wound Treatment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:9-26. [PMID: 27405960 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progress in biomaterial science and engineering and increasing knowledge in cell biology have enabled us to develop functional biomaterials providing appropriate biochemical and biophysical cues for tissue regeneration applications. Tissue regeneration is particularly important to treat chronic wounds of people with diabetes. Understanding and controlling the cellular microenvironment of the wound tissue are important to improve the wound healing process. In this study, we review different biochemical (e.g., growth factors, peptides, DNA, and RNA) and biophysical (e.g., topographical guidance, pressure, electrical stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic field) cues providing a functional and instructive acellular matrix to heal diabetic chronic wounds. The biochemical and biophysical signals generally regulate cell-matrix interactions and cell behavior and function inducing the tissue regeneration for chronic wounds. Some technologies and devices have already been developed and used in the clinic employing biochemical and biophysical cues for wound healing applications. These technologies can be integrated with smart biomaterials to deliver therapeutic agents to the wound tissue in a precise and controllable manner. This review provides useful guidance in understanding molecular mechanisms and signals in the healing of diabetic chronic wounds and in designing instructive biomaterials to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiao
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- 2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Sunlight's ultraviolet wavelengths induce cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which then cause mutations that lead to melanoma or to cancers of skin keratinocytes. In pigmented melanocytes, we found that CPDs arise both instantaneously and for hours after UV exposure ends. Remarkably, the CPDs arising in the dark originate by a novel pathway that resembles bioluminescence but does not end in light: First, UV activates the enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX), which generate the radicals nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2(-)); these combine to form the powerful oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). A fragment of the skin pigment melanin is then oxidized, exciting an electron to an energy level so high that it is rarely seen in biology. This process of chemically exciting electrons, termed "chemiexcitation", is used by fireflies to generate light but it had never been seen in mammalian cells. In melanocytes, the energy transfers radiationlessly to DNA, inducing CPDs. Chemiexcitation is a new source of genome instability, and it calls attention to endogenous mechanisms of genome maintenance that prevent electronic excitation or dissipate the energy of excited states. Chemiexcitation may also trigger pathogenesis in internal tissues because the same chemistry should arise wherever superoxide and nitric oxide arise near cells that contain melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St./HRT 213, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St./HRT 213, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040 USA.
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30
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Ren H, Wang G, Chen L, Jiang J, Liu L, Li N, Zhao J, Sun X, Zhou P. Genome-wide analysis of long non-coding RNAs at early stage of skin pigmentation in goats (Capra hircus). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:67. [PMID: 26785828 PMCID: PMC4719336 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play roles in almost all biological processes; however, their function and profile in skin development and pigmentation is less understood. In addition, because lncRNAs are species-specific, their function in goats has not been established. Result We systematically identified lncRNAs in 100-day-old fetal skin by deep RNA-sequencing using the Youzhou dark goat (dark skin) and Yudong white goat (white skin) as a model of skin pigmentation. A total of 841,895,634 clean reads were obtained from six libraries (samples). We identified 1336 specific lncRNAs in fetal skin that belonged to three subtypes, including 999 intergenic lncRNAs (lincRNAs), 218 anti-sense lncRNAs, and 119 intronic lncRNAs. Our results demonstrated significant differences in gene architecture and expression among the three lncRNA subtypes, particularly in terms of density and position bias of transpose elements near the transcription start site. We also investigated the impact of lncRNAs on its target genes in cis and trans, indicating that these lncRNAs have a strict tissue specificity and functional conservation during skin development and pigmentation. Conclusion The present study provides a resource for lncRNA studies in diseases involved in pigmentation and skin development. It expands our knowledge about lncRNA biology as well as contributes to the annotation of the goat genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2365-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangxing Ren
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Goats, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Gaofu Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Goats, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Jing Jiang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Goats, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Liangjia Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Goats, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Nianfu Li
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Youyang Animal Husbandry Bureau, Chongqing, 409800, China.
| | - Jinhong Zhao
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Goats, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Goats, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. .,Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Goats, Chongqing, 402460, China.
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31
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Nishio T, Usami M, Awaji M, Shinohara S, Sato K. Dual effects of acetylsalicylic acid on ERK signaling and Mitf transcription lead to inhibition of melanogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 412:101-10. [PMID: 26699907 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used as an analgesic/antipyretic drug. It exhibits a wide range of biological effects, including preventative effects against heart attack and stroke, and the induction of apoptosis in various cancer cells. We previously found that ASA inhibits melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. However, the mechanisms of how ASA down-regulates melanin synthesis remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of ASA on melanogenic pathways, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) transcription. ASA significantly inhibited melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner without oxidative stress and cell death. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the inhibitory effect of ASA might be due to the inhibition of Mitf gene transcription. Interestingly, ASA also induced ERK phosphorylation. Additionally, treatment with PD98059, a specific ERK phosphorylation inhibitor, abolished the anti-melanogenic effect of ASA. These results suggest that the depigmenting effect of ASA results from down-regulation of Mitf, which is induced by both the induction of ERK phosphorylation and the inhibition of Mitf transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishio
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Mai Usami
- Department of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Mizuki Awaji
- Department of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Sumire Shinohara
- Department of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Sato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan. .,Department of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan.
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32
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Gajula RP, Gaddameedhi S. Commentary: Chemiexcitation of melanin derivatives induces DNA photoproducts long after UV exposure. Front Physiol 2015; 6:276. [PMID: 26500557 PMCID: PMC4594339 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Gajula
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, WA, USA
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33
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Sanzhaeva U, Vorontsova Y, Glazachev Y, Slepneva I. Dual effect of nitric oxide on phenoloxidase-mediated melanization. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1063-8. [PMID: 26406272 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1088843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study has demonstrated a dual effect of nitric oxide on phenoloxidase (PO)-mediated DOPA oxidation and melanization process. NO generated at low rates proportionally increased in PO-mediated DOPA oxidation. Competitive PO inhibitor, phenylthiourea, resulted in significant inhibition of NO-mediated DOPA oxidation. Further analysis using fluorescent and EPR methods demonstrated that the effect of NO on DOPA oxidation is explained by oxidation of NO to NO2 at the active site of PO followed by oxidation of DOPA by NO2. On the contrary, the bolus addition of NO gas solution resulted in a significant decrease in observed PO activity. Similar dose-dependent effect of NO was observed for the insect's haemocytes quantified as percentage of melanized cells after treatment with nitric oxide. In conclusion, the results of the study suggest that NO may have a significant regulatory role on melanization process in invertebrates as well as in human and result in protective or damaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urikhan Sanzhaeva
- a Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia and
| | - Yana Vorontsova
- b Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Yuriy Glazachev
- a Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia and
| | - Irina Slepneva
- a Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk , Russia and
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34
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Lee AY. Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:648-60. [PMID: 26230865 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melasma is a common skin pigmentation condition. Given therapeutic difficulty as one of the biggest concerns, understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of melasma becomes essential. UV irradiation, female sex hormones, and inflammatory processes are addressed as triggering factors with genetic predisposition. The mechanism of UV-induced melanogenesis has been extensively investigated as a model system to study melasma pathogenesis. Hitherto, treatment modalities for melasma are similar to other hyperpigmentation disorders. However, individual triggering factors induce a separate pigmentation disease, whose pathogenic mechanisms and clinical phenotypes are different from the ones encountered in melasma. Fortunately, there have been ongoing updates on melasma pathogenesis with regard to major triggering factors. Presence of certain factors working independently of UV exposure and role of dermal factors and microRNAs are being identified as novel discoveries about melasma pathogenesis. In this review, the melasma pathogenesis is reviewed in association with updated and new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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35
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Premi S, Brash DE. Unanticipated role of melanin in causing carcinogenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1033588. [PMID: 27308551 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1033588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) instantaneously generates cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Paradoxically, we recently observed that UV enables the protective pigment melanin to create CPDs in the dark long after the exposure ends. UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidize melanin to create melanin carbonyls in a high-energy quantum state. These energetic melanin carbonyls transfer their energy to DNA in the dark, creating CPDs in the absence of UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT, USA
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36
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Premi S, Wallisch S, Mano CM, Weiner AB, Bacchiocchi A, Wakamatsu K, Bechara EJH, Halaban R, Douki T, Brash DE. Photochemistry. Chemiexcitation of melanin derivatives induces DNA photoproducts long after UV exposure. Science 2015; 347:842-7. [PMID: 25700512 PMCID: PMC4432913 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in sunlight-induced melanoma arise from cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), DNA photoproducts that are typically created picoseconds after an ultraviolet (UV) photon is absorbed at thymine or cytosine. We found that in melanocytes, CPDs are generated for >3 hours after exposure to UVA, a major component of the radiation in sunlight and in tanning beds. These "dark CPDs" constitute the majority of CPDs and include the cytosine-containing CPDs that initiate UV-signature C→T mutations. Dark CPDs arise when UV-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species combine to excite an electron in fragments of the pigment melanin. This creates a quantum triplet state that has the energy of a UV photon but induces CPDs by energy transfer to DNA in a radiation-independent manner. Melanin may thus be carcinogenic as well as protective against cancer. These findings also validate the long-standing suggestion that chemically generated excited electronic states are relevant to mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Silvia Wallisch
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Camila M Mano
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, Brazil
| | - Adam B Weiner
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Antonella Bacchiocchi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, Brazil. Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270 SP, Brazil
| | - Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Thierry Douki
- INAC/LCIB UMR-E3 CEA-UJF/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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37
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Kim TJ, Cho MK, Lee JS, Whang KU, Jin SY, Hoshino T. The Expression of Melanogenic Proteins in Korean Skin after Ultraviolet Irradiation. J Dermatol 2014; 30:665-72. [PMID: 14578556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Accepted: 05/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For proper melanin production, several specific enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase are required. Their expressions are increased after exposure to UVB. However, it is not known how long tyrosinase and TRP-1 activities continue after UV irradiation in vivo. The purpose of this study is to measure the changes in expressions of tyrosinase, TRP1, and MITF after exposure to UV on skin in a Korean population. We established an immunohistochemical staining protocol for specimens which were obtained from UV-irradiated skin in five healthy Korean males on the 2nd, 5th, 7th, 28th, and 56th days after UV irradiation. Tyrosinase, TRP-1, and MITF expressions increased until 7 days after UV irradiation and then dropped to the basal constitutive level 4 and 8 weeks later. Interestingly, tyrosinase increased prior to TRP-1. This study reveals the time-sequence of melanin-synthesized enzymes and provides important information for the clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Amna T, Park KM, Cho IK, Choi TJ, Lee SS, Seo KS, Hwang I. Substantial Effect of Melanin Influencing Factors on In vitro Melanogenesis in Muzzle Melanocytes of Differently Colored Hanwoo. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:1029-37. [PMID: 25049660 PMCID: PMC4092982 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), nitric oxide (NO) and L-cysteine on melanin production and expression of related genes MC1R, Tyr, Tyrp-1 and Tyrp-2 in muzzle melanocytes of differently colored three native Hanwoo cattle. Muzzle samples were taken from black, brindle and brown Hanwoo and purified melanocytes were cultured with α-MSH, nitric oxide and L-cysteine at 100 nM, 50 µM and 0.07 mg/ml of media respectively. The amounts of total melanin, eumelanin and mRNA expression at Tyr, Tyrp-1, Tyrp-2 and MC1R levels were quantified. α-MSH and nitric oxide significantly increased (p<0.05) the amount of total melanin in black and brindle whereas eumelanin production in brown Hanwoo muzzle melanocytes. On the contrary, L-cysteine greatly (p<0.05) depressed the eumelanin production in black color but increased in brown. Simultaneously, up regulation of Tyr by nitric oxide and α-MSH and down regulation of Tyr, Tyrp-2 and MC1R genes by L-cysteine were observed in muzzle melanocytes of all three phenotypes. The results of this study revealed nitric oxide and α-MSH contribute hyper-pigmentation by enhancing eumelanogenesis whereas L-cysteine contributes to pheomelanin production in different colored Hanwoo muzzle melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touseef Amna
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Nambu University, Gwangju 506-706, Korea
| | - Kyoung Mi Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Nambu University, Gwangju 506-706, Korea
| | - In-Kyung Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Nambu University, Gwangju 506-706, Korea
| | - Tae Jeong Choi
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 330-801, Korea
| | - Seung Soo Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 330-801, Korea
| | - Kang-Seok Seo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, 540-742, Korea
| | - Inho Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Nambu University, Gwangju 506-706, Korea
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Depigmenting Mechanisms of All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Retinol on B16 Melanoma Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:2589-97. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hypothesis, modern researches and clinical applications of cutaneous regions in traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-014-0759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chung KW, Jeong HO, Jang EJ, Choi YJ, Kim DH, Kim SR, Lee KJ, Lee HJ, Chun P, Byun Y, Moon HR, Chung HY. Characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of melanogenesis that inhibits tyrosinase activity and scavenges nitric oxide (NO). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4752-61. [PMID: 23769841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive melanin production and accumulation are characteristics of a large number of skin diseases, including melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. During our on-going search for new agents with an inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, we synthesized a new type of tyrosinase inhibitor, 4-(thiazolidin-2-yl)benzene-1,2-diol (MHY-794), which directly inhibits mushroom tyrosinase. METHODS The inhibitory effect of MHY-794 on tyrosinase activity and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity was evaluated in cell free system. Additional experiments were performed using B16F10 melanoma cells to demonstrate the effects of MHY-794 in vitro. HRM2 hairless mice were used to evaluate anti-melanogenic effects of MHY-794 in vivo. RESULTS MHY-794 effectively inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity in cell free system. In silico docking simulation also supported the inhibitory effects of MHY-794 on mushroom tyrosinase. MHY-794 also proved to be effective at scavenging nitric oxide (NO), which serves as an important modulator in the melanogenesis signaling pathway. In addition, MHY-794 effectively inhibited SNP (NO donor)-induced melanogenesis by directly inhibiting tyrosinase and diminishing NO-mediated melanogenesis signaling in B16 melanoma cells. The anti-melanogenic effects of MHY-794 were further confirmed in HRM2 hairless mice. Ultraviolet light (UV) significantly up-regulated NO-mediated melanogenesis signaling in HRM2 hairless mice, but MHY-794 effectively inhibited both melanogenesis and diminished UV-induced NO-signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that MHY-794 is highly effective at inhibiting NO-mediated melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo by direct NO scavenging and directly inhibiting tyrosinase activity, and suggest that MHY-794 be considered a new developmental candidate for the treatment of hyper-pigmentation disorders. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MHY-794, which showed great efficacy on NO-mediated melanogenesis by direct NO scavenging as well as direct inhibition of tyrosinase catalytic activity, might be utilized for the development of a new candidate for treatment of the hyper-pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Kim SH, Choi YJ, Moon KM, Lee HJ, Woo Y, Chung KW, Jung Y, Kim S, Chun P, Byun Y, Ha YM, Moon HR, Chung HY. The inhibitory effect of a synthetic compound, (Z)-5-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-dione (MHY498), on nitric oxide-induced melanogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4332-5. [PMID: 23806552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and the NO/PKG signaling pathway play crucial roles in ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanogenesis, which is known to be related to the induction of tyrosinase. In an attempt to find a novel anti-melanogenic agent, we synthesized (Z)-5-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (MHY498). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of MHY498 on NO levels and on the NO-mediated signaling pathway using an in vitro model of melanogenesis. MHY498 inhibited 200 μM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor)-induced NO generation, dose-dependently and suppressed tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis induced by SNP in B16F10 melanoma cells. To investigate the effect of MHY498 on NO-mediated signaling pathway, guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) activities were measured using a cGMP EIA Kit and western blotting was performed to determine the effects of MHY498 on the gene expressions of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). The increased activity of cGMP by SNP was reduced dose-dependently by pretreatment with MHY498. Furthermore, MHY498 suppressed the expressions of tyrosinase and MITF stimulated by SNP. This study shows that enhancement of tyrosinase gene expression via the cGMP pathway is a probable primary mechanism of NO-induced melanogenesis and that the NO-mediated signaling pathway with the expression of MITF enhances melanogenesis. In addition, MHY498 was found to scavenge NO and to suppress the activity of the NO-mediated signaling pathway, and thus, to subsequently down-regulate tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis. This study suggests that MHY498 is a promising anti-melanogenic agent that targets the NO-induced cGMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Choi YJ, Uehara Y, Park JY, Chung KW, Ha YM, Kim JM, Song YM, Chun P, Park JW, Moon HR, Chung HY. Suppression of melanogenesis by a newly synthesized compound, MHY966 via the nitric oxide/protein kinase G signaling pathway in murine skin. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 68:164-71. [PMID: 23088959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the main physiological stimulus for skin pigmentation. Nitric oxide (NO) and the NO/PKG signaling pathway play an important role in UVB-induced melanogenesis, which is related to the induction of expression of tyrosinase. In an attempt to find a novel anti-melanogenic agent, we synthesized a new compound, 2-bromo-4-(5-chloro-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl) phenol (MHY966). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the action of MHY966 on NO and the NO-mediated signaling pathway using in vitro and in vivo models of melanogenesis. METHODS NO generation, melanin synthesis, and the expression of tyrosinase and PKG were measured in B16F10 melanoma cells to verify the anti-melanogenic effect of MHY966 in vitro. Next, melanin-possessing hairless mice were pre-treated with MHY966 and then irradiated with UVB repeatedly. Morphological, histological, and biochemical analyses including the expressions of PKG, tryosinase and nuclear MITF, and productions of nitric oxide, peroxynitrite and ROS were conducted. RESULTS MHY966 effectively inhibited NO generation and subsequent melanin synthesis induced by sodium nitroprusside, an NO donor, and suppressed the expression of tyrosinase and PKG. Topical application of MHY966 dose-dependently attenuated UVB-induced pigmentation in a mouse model. This hypopigmentation effect induced by MHY966 treatment was mediated by the down-regulation of tyrosinase, PKG, and nuclear MITF, which was accompanied by decreased NO and NO-related oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The novel compound, MHY966 had an inhibitory effect on NO generation and the NO-mediated signaling pathway leading to the down-regulation of tyrosinase. The significance of the present study is the finding of a promising anti-melanogenic agent targeting the NO/PKG signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ja Choi
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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PDE5 inhibitor promotes melanin synthesis through the PKG pathway in B16 melanoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2738-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Graziano ACE, Cardile V, Crascì L, Caggia S, Dugo P, Bonina F, Panico A. Protective effects of an extract from Citrus bergamia against inflammatory injury in interferon-γ and histamine exposed human keratinocytes. Life Sci 2012; 90:968-74. [PMID: 22634580 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present work evaluated the anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activity of a well characterized extract from Citrus bergamia Risso and Poiteau (CBE), containing neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin and other flavonoids, on human NCTC 2544 keratinocytes treated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and histamine (H). MAIN METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detectors was used to characterize and quantify phenolic compounds in CBE. Anti-inflammatory/antioxidant ability on keratinocytes was determined through evaluation of inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by Western blot, production of nitric oxide (NO) with Griess reagent and concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by fluorescent quantitative analysis with 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA). Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2 thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Antioxidant activity was also measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were quantified using 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMB). KEY FINDINGS CBE exhibited high antioxidant activity confirmed by elevated ORAC values related to high capacity in oxygen radical scavenging. The assays on keratinocytes demonstrated that CBE does not inhibit cell proliferation and is shown to significantly reduce dose-dependently ICAM-1, iNOS, NO, ROS and GAG production in cells exposed to IFN-γ and H. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that the pools of compounds of an extract from C. bergamia efficiently block the proinflammatory actions induced by IFN-γ and H on human keratinocytes. CBE may be used for topic employment in some inflammatory diseases of the skin and to represent an important opportunity for the essential oil processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C E Graziano
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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The photoreactions of simple amides with NO. Gaining insight into radical bio-damages through an EPR case study. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jian D, Jiang D, Su J, Chen W, Hu X, Kuang Y, Xie H, Li J, Chen X. Diethylstilbestrol enhances melanogenesis via cAMP-PKA-mediating up-regulation of tyrosinase and MITF in mouse B16 melanoma cells. Steroids 2011; 76:1297-304. [PMID: 21745488 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that melanin synthesis in melanoma cells is controlled by melanogenic enzymes, which regulate the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Estrogen was previously reported to upregulate melanogenesis that is associated with human skin pigmentation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence and mechanism of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on melanogenesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells. METHODS The effects of diethylstilbestrol on cell viability, melanin content, tyrosinase activity, cAMP level, expression of the tyrosinase family and microphthalmia related transcription factor (MITF) were measured in B16 melanoma. Estrogen receptor (ER) expression were detected in B16 melanoma and A375 melanoma. Diethylstilbestrol-induced melanin synthesis were evaluated in the presence and absence of H89 (a PKA-specific inhibitor) and ICI182, 780 (a pure ER antagonist). Tyrosinase activity, the mRNA levels of tyrosinase and MITF were evaluated in the presence and absence of H89. RESULTS In B16 cells, diethylstilbestrol increased cell proliferation, melanin synthesis, tyrosinase activity and expression of the tyrosinase family and MITF. ER expression have not difference in human and mouse melanoma. When ER were inhibited by ICI182, 780, DES-induced melanogenesis was significantly reduced. Diethylstilbestrol enhanced the level of cAMP. The upregulation of melanin content and tyrosinase activity stimulated by diethylstilbestrol was significantly attenuated in the presence of H89. Further, diethylstilbestrol-induced upregulation of tyrosinase and MITF were significantly attenuated when the PKA pathway was blocked. CONCLUSIONS Diethylstilbestrol can enhance melanin synthesis in melanoma cells. This effect is associated with activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway and upregulation of expression and activity of the melanogenesis-related enzyme tyrosinase and MITF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jian
- Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Ahn BY, Jung MY. Antioxidative and Protective Activity of Polysaccharide Extract from Artemisia iwayomogi Kitamura Stems on UVB-Damaged Mouse Epidermis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2011.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Park KT, Kim JK, Hwang D, Yoo Y, Lim YH. Inhibitory effect of mulberroside A and its derivatives on melanogenesis induced by ultraviolet B irradiation. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3038-45. [PMID: 21946069 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mulberroside A was isolated from the ethanol extract of Morus alba roots. The enzymatic hydrolysis of mulberroside A with Pectinex produced oxyresveratrol and oxyresveratrol-3-O-glucoside. We tested oxyresveratrol, oxyresveratrol-3-O-glucoside, and mulberroside A to determine whether they could inhibit ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced melanogenesis in brown guinea pig skin. Topical application of mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, and oxyresveratrol-3-O-glucoside reduced the pigmentation in guinea pig skin. These compounds suppressed the expression of melanogenic enzymes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, and microphthalmia transcription factor. The anti-melanogenesis effect was highest with oxyresveratrol, intermediate with oxyresveratrol-3-O-glucoside, and lowest with mulberroside A. Mulberroside A is a glycosylated stilbene of oxyresveratrol; thus, the deglycosylation of mulberroside A resulted in enhanced inhibition of melanogenesis. Histological analysis with Fontana-Masson staining confirmed that these compounds significantly reduced the melanin content in the epidermis of UVB-irradiated guinea pig skin compared to the vehicle control. Thus, these compounds effectively reduced pigmentation and may be suitable cosmetic agents for skin whitening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Tae Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, South Korea
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Croitoru MD, Ibolya F, Pop MC, Dergez T, Mitroi B, Dogaru MT, Tokés B. Nitrones are able to release nitric oxide in aqueous environment under hydroxyl free radical attack. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:309-15. [PMID: 21645628 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Importance of a nitric oxide donor that can act as a spin trap might bring some new therapeutic possibilities regarding the treatment of ischemic diseases by reducing the intensity of free radical produced reperfusion lesions. These substances might be also used as a new type of photo protectors since they can absorb UV radiation, capture free radicals formed by interaction of UV radiation with tissue constituents, and tanning of the skin will be permitted due to nitric oxide release. The purpose of this work was to measure the ability of nitrones to release nitric oxide and how different factors (temperature, nitrone concentration, and free radicals) influence the releasing ability. Mostly, indirect determination of nitric oxide was carried out, by measuring nitrite and nitrate amounts (as decomposition products of nitric oxide), all nitrones proved to release significant amounts of nitric oxide. Nitrite measurements were made based on an HPLC-VIS method that uses pre-column derivatization of nitrite by forming an azo dye (limit of quantification: 5ng/ml). No good correlation was found between the amount of nitric oxide and temperature for most studied nitrones but between the formation of nitric oxide and nitrone concentration an asymptotic correlation was found. Fenton reagent also yielded formation of nitric oxide from nitrones and formed amounts were not different from those recorded for UV irradiation. Most of the nitrones effectively released about 0.5% of the maximum amount of nitric oxide that is chemically possible and estimated concentrations of 0.1μM were present in the solutions during decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Dumitru Croitoru
- University of Medicine and Farmacy of Târgu Mureş, Nicolae Grigorescu Street, No. 38, Târgu Mureş 540138, Romania.
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