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Li Q, Gao L, Liu L, Wang L, Hu L, Wang L, Song L. Marine thermal fluctuation induced gluconeogenesis by the transcriptional regulation of CgCREBL2 in Pacific oysters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116906. [PMID: 39217871 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Marine thermal fluctuation profoundly influences energy metabolism, physiology, and survival of marine life. In the present study, short-term and long-term high-temperature stresses were found to affect gluconeogenesis by inhibiting PEPCK activity in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), which is a globally distributed species that encounters significant marine thermal fluctuations in intertidal zones worldwide. CgCREBL2, a key molecule in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, plays a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of PEPCK in gluconeogenesis against high-temperature stress. CgCREBL2 was able to increase the transcription of CgPEPCK by either binding the promoter of CgPEPCK gene or activating CgPGC-1α and CgHNF-4α after short-term (6 h) high-temperature stress, while only by binding CgPEPCK after long-term (60 h) high-temperature stress. These findings will further our understanding of the effect of marine thermal fluctuation on energy metabolism on marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Li Hu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China.
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Fan Y, Zeng F, Brown RW, Price JB, Jones TC, Zhu MY. Transcription Factors Phox2a/2b Upregulate Expression of Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Phenotypes in Aged Rat Brains. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:793-807. [PMID: 32617854 PMCID: PMC7484387 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of forced overexpression of Phox2a/2b, two transcription factors, in the locus coeruleus (LC) of aged rats on noradrenergic and dopaminergic phenotypes in brains. Results showed that a significant increase in Phox2a/2b mRNA levels in the LC region was paralleled by marked enhancement in expression of DBH and TH per se. Furthermore, similar increases in TH protein levels were observed in the substantial nigra and striatum, as well as in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Overexpression of Phox2 genes also significantly increased BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and NE levels in the striatum. Moreover, this manipulation significantly improved the cognition behavior. The in vitro experiments revealed that norepinephrine treatments may increase the transcription of TH gene through the epigenetic action on the TH promoter. The results indicate that Phox2 genes may play an important role in improving the function of the noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in aged animals, and regulation of Phox2 gene expression may have therapeutic utility in aging or disorders involving degeneration of noradrenergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Nantong University College of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Remin Hospital of the Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer B Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Thomas C Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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Rapizzi E, Benvenuti S, Deledda C, Martinelli S, Sarchielli E, Fibbi B, Luciani P, Mazzanti B, Pantaleo M, Marroncini G, Vannelli GB, Maggi M, Mannelli M, Luconi M, Peri A. A unique neuroendocrine cell model derived from the human foetal neural crest. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1259-1269. [PMID: 32157664 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nowadays, no human neuroendocrine cell models derived from the neural crest are available. In this study, we present non-transformed long-term primary Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) isolated from the trunk region of the neural crest at VIII-XII gestational weeks of human foetuses obtained from voluntary legal abortion. METHODS AND RESULTS In NCC, quantitative real-time RT PCR demonstrated the expression of neural crest specifier genes, such as Snail1, Snail2/SLUG, Sox10, FoxD3, c-Myc, and p75NTR. Moreover, these cell populations expressed stemness markers (such as Nanog and nestin), as well as markers of motility and invasion (TAGLN, MMP9, CXCR4, and CXCR7), and of neuronal/glial differentiation (MAP2, GFAP, SYP, and TAU). Functional analysis demonstrated that these cells not only possessed high migration properties, but most importantly, they expressed markers of sympatho-adrenal lineage, such as ASCL1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Moreover, the expression of TH increased after the induction with two different protocols of differentiation towards neuronal and sympatho-adrenal phenotypes. Finally, exposure to conditioned culture media from NCC induced a mature phenotype in a neuronal cell model (namely SH-SY5Y), suggesting that NCC may also act like Schwann precursors. CONCLUSION This unique human cell model provides a solid tool for future studies addressing the bases of human neural crest-derived neuroendocrine tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rapizzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Benvenuti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Deledda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - S Martinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - E Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - B Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - P Luciani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - B Mazzanti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Pantaleo
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - G Marroncini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - G B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - M Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Peri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L, Boltshauser E. Area Postrema: Fetal Maturation, Tumors, Vomiting Center, Growth, Role in Neuromyelitis Optica. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 94:21-31. [PMID: 30797593 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The area postrema in the caudal fourth ventricular floor is highly vascular without blood-brain or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In addition to its function as vomiting center, several others are part of the circumventricular organs for vasomotor/angiotensin II regulation, role in neuromyelitis optica related to aquaporin-4, and somatic growth and appetite regulation. Functions are immature at birth. The purpose was to demonstrate neuronal, synaptic, glial, or ependymal maturation in the area postrema of normal fetuses. We describe three area postrema tumors. METHODS Sections of caudal fourth ventricle of 12 normal human fetal brains at autopsy aged six to 40 weeks and three infants aged three to 18 months were examined. Immunocytochemical neuronal and glial markers were applied to paraffin sections. Two infants with area postrema tumors and another with neurocutaneous melanocytosis and pernicious vomiting also studied. RESULTS Area postrema neurons exhibited cytologic maturity and synaptic circuitry by 14 weeks'. Astrocytes coexpressed vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and S-100β protein. The ependyma is thin over area postrema, with fetal ependymocytic basal processes. A glial layer separates area postrema from medullary tegmentum. Melanocytes infiltrated area postrema in the toddler with pernicious vomiting; two children had primary area postrema pilocytic astrocytomas. CONCLUSIONS Although area postrema is cytologically mature by 14 weeks, growth increases and functions mature during postnatal months. We recommend neuroimaging for patients with unexplained vomiting and that area postrema neuropathology includes synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein-2 in patients with suspected dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Laura Flores-Sarnat
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gokozan HN, Baig F, Corcoran S, Catacutan FP, Gygli PE, Takakura AC, Moreira TS, Czeisler C, Otero JJ. Area postrema undergoes dynamic postnatal changes in mice and humans. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1259-69. [PMID: 26400711 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The postnatal period in mammals represents a developmental epoch of significant change in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This study focuses on postnatal development of the area postrema, a crucial ANS structure that regulates temperature, breathing, and satiety, among other activities. We find that the human area postrema undergoes significant developmental changes during postnatal development. To characterize these changes further, we used transgenic mouse reagents to delineate neuronal circuitry. We discovered that, although a well-formed ANS scaffold exists early in embryonic development, the area postrema shows a delayed maturation. Specifically, postnatal days 0-7 in mice show no significant change in area postrema volume or synaptic input from PHOX2B-derived neurons. In contrast, postnatal days 7-20 show a significant increase in volume and synaptic input from PHOX2B-derived neurons. We conclude that key ANS structures show unexpected dynamic developmental changes during postnatal development. These data provide a basis for understanding ANS dysfunction and disease predisposition in premature and postnatal humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Numan Gokozan
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Faisal Baig
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Sarah Corcoran
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Fay Patsy Catacutan
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Patrick Edwin Gygli
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catherine Czeisler
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - José J Otero
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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Ferdaus MZ, Xiao B, Ohara H, Nemoto K, Harada Y, Saar K, Hübner N, Isomura M, Nabika T. Identification of Stim1 as a candidate gene for exaggerated sympathetic response to stress in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95091. [PMID: 24736434 PMCID: PMC3988177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) is known to have exaggerated sympathetic nerve activity to various types of stress, which might contribute to the pathogenesis of severe hypertension and stroke observed in this strain. Previously, by using a congenic strain (called SPwch1.72) constructed between SHRSP and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY), we showed that a 1.8-Mbp fragment on chromosome 1 (Chr1) of SHRSP harbored the responsible gene(s) for the exaggerated sympathetic response to stress. To further narrow down the candidate region, in this study, another congenic strain (SPwch1.71) harboring a smaller fragment on Chr1 including two functional candidate genes, Phox2a and Ship2, was generated. Sympathetic response to cold and restraint stress was compared among SHRSP, SPwch1.71, SPwch1.72 and WKY by three different methods (urinary norepinephrine excretion, blood pressure measurement by the telemetry system and the power spectral analysis on heart rate variability). The results indicated that the response in SPwch1.71 did not significantly differ from that in SHRSP, excluding Phox2a and Ship2 from the candidate genes. As the stress response in SPwch1.72 was significantly less than that in SHRSP, it was concluded that the 1.2-Mbp congenic region covered by SPwch1.72 (and not by SPwch1.71) was responsible for the sympathetic stress response. The sequence analysis of 12 potential candidate genes in this region in WKY/Izm and SHRSP/Izm identified a nonsense mutation in the stromal interaction molecule 1 (Stim1) gene of SHRSP/Izm which was shared among 4 substrains of SHRSP. A western blot analysis confirmed a truncated form of STIM1 in SHRSP/Izm. In addition, the analysis revealed that the protein level of STIM1 in the brainstem of SHRSP/Izm was significantly lower when compared with WKY/Izm. Our results suggested that Stim1 is a strong candidate gene responsible for the exaggerated sympathetic response to stress in SHRSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohara
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kiyomitsu Nemoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Harada
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kathrin Saar
- Department of Experimental Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Department of Experimental Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Minoru Isomura
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Kim S, Park JM, Moon J, Choi HJ. Alpha-synuclein interferes with cAMP/PKA-dependent upregulation of dopamine β-hydroxylase and is associated with abnormal adaptive responses to immobilization stress. Exp Neurol 2013; 252:63-74. [PMID: 24252179 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically characterized not only by motor symptoms but also by non-motor symptoms, such as anxiety and mood changes. Based on our previous study showing that overexpression of wild-type or mutant α-synuclein (α-SYN) interferes with cAMP/PKA-dependent transcriptional activation in norepinephrine (NE)-producing cells, the effect of wild-type and mutant α-SYN on cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated regulation of the NE-synthesizing enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) was evaluated in this study. Overexpression of wild-type or mutant α-SYN interfered with CRE-mediated regulation of DBH transcription in NE-producing SK-N-BE(2) cells. Upon entering the nucleus, α-SYN interacted with the DBH promoter region encompassing the CRE, which interfered with forskolin-induced CREB binding to the CRE region. Interestingly, mutant A53T α-SYN showed much higher tendency to nuclear translocation and interaction with the DBH promoter region encompassing the CRE than wild type. In addition, A53T α-SYN expressing transgenic mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviors under normal conditions and abnormal regulation of DBH expression in response to immobilization stress with abnormal adaptive responses. These data provide an insight into the physiological function of α-SYN in NErgic neuronal cells, which further indicates that the α-SYN mutation may play a causative role in the generation of non-motor symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Min Park
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisook Moon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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Wang W, Zhong Q, Teng L, Bhatnagar N, Sharma B, Zhang X, Luther W, Haynes LP, Burgoyne RD, Vidal M, Volchenboum S, Hill DE, George RE. Mutations that disrupt PHOXB interaction with the neuronal calcium sensor HPCAL1 impede cellular differentiation in neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:3316-24. [PMID: 23873030 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in PHOX2B, a transcriptional regulator of sympathetic neuronal differentiation, predispose to diseases of the sympathetic nervous system, including neuroblastoma and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). Although the PHOX2B variants in CCHS largely involve expansions of the second polyalanine repeat within the C-terminus of the protein, those associated with neuroblastic tumors are nearly always frameshift and truncation mutations. To test the hypothesis that the neuroblastoma-associated variants exert their effects through loss or gain of protein-protein interactions, we performed a large-scale yeast two-hybrid screen using both wild-type (WT) and six different mutant PHOX2B proteins against over 10 000 human genes. The neuronal calcium sensor protein HPCAL1 (VILIP-3) exhibited strong binding to WT PHOX2B and a CCHS-associated polyalanine expansion mutant but only weakly or not at all to neuroblastoma-associated frameshift and truncation variants. We demonstrate that both WT PHOX2B and the neuroblastoma-associated R100L missense and the CCHS-associated alanine expansion variants induce nuclear translocation of HPCAL1 in a Ca(2+)-independent manner, while the neuroblastoma-associated 676delG frameshift and K155X truncation mutants impair subcellular localization of HPCAL1, causing it to remain in the cytoplasm. HPCAL1 did not appreciably influence the ability of WT PHOX2B to transactivate the DBH promoter, nor did it alter the decreased transactivation potential of PHOX2B variants in 293T cells. Abrogation of the PHOX2B-HPCAL1 interaction by shRNA knockdown of HPCAL1 in neuroblastoma cells expressing PHOX2B led to impaired neurite outgrowth with transcriptional profiles indicative of inhibited sympathetic neuronal differentiation. Our results suggest that certain PHOX2B variants associated with neuroblastoma pathogenesis, because of their inability to bind to key interacting proteins such as HPCAL1, may predispose to this malignancy by impeding the differentiation of immature sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Zhong
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Teng
- Chicago Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - N Bhatnagar
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Sharma
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - W Luther
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L P Haynes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R D Burgoyne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Vidal
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Volchenboum
- Chicago Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D E Hill
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R E George
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hoekstra EJ, von Oerthel L, van der Linden AJA, Smidt MP. Phox2b influences the development of a caudal dopaminergic subset. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52118. [PMID: 23251691 PMCID: PMC3522650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neuronal field can be subdivided into several molecularly distinct domains that arise due to spatiotemporally distinct origins of the neurons and distinct transcriptional pathways controlling these neuronal subsets. Two large anatomically and functionally different subdomains are formed that eventually give rise to the SNc and VTA, but more subsets exist which require detailed characterization in order to better understand the development of the functionally different mdDA subsets, and subset-specific vulnerability. In this study, we aimed to characterize the role of transcription factor Phox2b in the development of mdDA neurons. We provide evidence that Phox2b is co-expressed with TH in a dorsal-caudal subset of neurons in the mdDA neuronal field during embryonic development. Moreover, Phox2b transcripts were identified in FAC-sorted Pitx3 positive neurons. Subsequent analysis of Phox2b mutant embryos revealed that in the absence of Phox2b, a decrease of TH expression occurred specifically in the midbrain neuronal subset that normally co-expresses Phox2b with TH. Our data suggest that Phox2b is, next to the known role in the development of the oculomotor complex, involved in the development of a specific caudal mdDA neuronal subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J. Hoekstra
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars von Oerthel
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie J. A. van der Linden
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten P. Smidt
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Fan Y, Huang J, Duffourc M, Kao RL, Ordway GA, Huang R, Zhu MY. Transcription factor Phox2 upregulates expression of norepinephrine transporter and dopamine β-hydroxylase in adult rat brains. Neuroscience 2011; 192:37-53. [PMID: 21763404 PMCID: PMC3166407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in aging and neurodegenerative diseases is well documented. Slowing or reversing this effect may have therapeutic implications. Phox2a and Phox2b are homeodomain transcriptional factors that function as determinants of the noradrenergic phenotype during embryogenesis. In the present study, recombinant lentiviral eGFP-Phox2a and -Phox2b (vPhox2a and vPhox2b) were constructed to study the effects of Phox2a/2b over-expression on dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) levels in central noradrenergic neurons. Microinjection of vPhox2 into the LC of adult rats significantly increased Phox2 mRNA levels in the LC region. Over-expression of either Phox2a or Phox2b in the LC was paralleled by significant increases in mRNA and protein levels of DBH and NET in the LC. Similar increases in DBH and NET protein levels were observed in the hippocampus following vPhox2 microinjection. In the frontal cortex, only NET protein levels were significantly increased by vPhox2 microinjection. Over-expression of Phox2 genes resulted in a significant increase in BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The present study demonstrates an upregulatory effect of Phox2a and Phox2b on the expression of DBH and NET in noradrenergic neurons of rat brains, an effect not previously shown in adult animals. Phox2 genes may play an important role in maintaining the function of the noradrenergic neurons after birth, and regulation of Phox2 gene expression may have therapeutic utility in aging or disorders involving degeneration of noradrenergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michelle Duffourc
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Race L. Kao
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Gregory A. Ordway
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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11
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Shin MH, Mavila N, Wang WH, Vega Alvarez S, Hall MC, Andrisani OM. Time-dependent activation of Phox2a by the cyclic AMP pathway modulates onset and duration of p27Kip1 transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:4878-90. [PMID: 19564421 PMCID: PMC2738275 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01928-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In noradrenergic progenitors, Phox2a mediates cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation by inducing p27(Kip1) transcription in response to activation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway. The mechanism of cAMP-mediated activation of Phox2a is unknown. We identified a cluster of phosphoserine-proline sites in Phox2a by mass spectrometry. Ser206 appeared to be the most prominent phosphorylation site. A phospho-Ser206 Phox2a antibody detected dephosphorylation of Phox2a that was dependent on activation of the cAMP pathway, which occurred prior to neuronal differentiation of noradrenergic CAD cells. Employing serine-to-alanine and serine-to-aspartic acid Phox2a substitution mutants expressed in inducible CAD cell lines, we demonstrated that the transcriptional activity of Phox2a is regulated by two sequential cAMP-dependent events: first, cAMP signaling promotes dephosphorylation of Phox2a in at least one site, Ser206, thereby allowing Phox2a to bind DNA and initiate p27(Kip1) transcription; second, following dephosphorylation of the phosphoserine cluster (Ser202 and Ser208), Phox2a becomes phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) on Ser153, which prevents association of Phox2a with DNA and terminates p27(Kip1) transcription. This represents a novel mechanism by which the same stimulus, cAMP signaling, first activates Phox2a by dephosphorylation of Ser206 and then, after a built-in delay, inactivates Phox2a via PKA-dependent phosphorylation of Ser153, thereby modulating onset and duration of p27(Kip1) transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwa Shin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA
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12
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Fan Y, Huang J, Kieran N, Zhu MY. Effects of transcription factors Phox2 on expression of norepinephrine transporter and dopamine beta-hydroxylase in SK-N-BE(2)C cells. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1502-13. [PMID: 19573018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phox2a and Phox2b are two homeodomain proteins that control the differentiation of noradrenergic neurons during embryogenesis. In the present study, we examined the possible effect of Phox2a/2b on the in vitro expression of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), two important markers of the noradrenergic system. SK-N-BE(2)C cells were transfected with cDNAs or short hairpin RNAs specific to the human Phox2a and Phox2b genes. Transfection of 0.1 to 5 mug of cDNAs of Phox2a or Phox2b significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of NET and DBH in a concentration-dependent manner. As a consequence of the enhanced expression of NET after transfection, there was a parallel increase in the uptake of [(3)H]norepinephrine. Co-transfection of Phox2a and Phox2b did not further increase the expression of noradrenergic markers when compared with transfection of either Phox2a or Phox2b alone. Transfection of shRNAs specific to Phox2a or Phox2b genes significantly reduced mRNA and protein levels of NET and DBH after shutdown of endogenous Phox2, which was accompanied by a decreased [(3)H]norepinephrine uptake. Furthermore, there was an additive effect after cotransfection with both shRNAs specific to Phox2a or Phox2b genes on NET mRNA levels. Finally, the reduced DBH expression caused by the shRNA specific to Phox2a could be reversed by transfection with Phox2b cDNA and vice versa. The present findings verify the determinant role of Phox2a and Phox2b on the expression and function of NET and DBH in vitro. Further clarifying the regulatory role of these two transcription factors on key proteins of the noradrenergic system may open a new avenue for therapeutics of aging-caused dysfunction of the noradrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou, China
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13
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Iigaya K, Kumagai H, Nabika T, Harada Y, Onimaru H, Oshima N, Takimoto C, Kamayachi T, Saruta T, Itoh H. Relation of blood pressure quantitative trait locus on rat chromosome 1 to hyperactivity of rostral ventrolateral medulla. Hypertension 2008; 53:42-8. [PMID: 19047583 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.117804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors that induce essential hypertension have been examined using genome-wide linkage analyses. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) region that is closely linked to hypertension has been found on chromosome 1 in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). We used 2 congenic rats in which the blood pressure QTL on rat chromosome 1 was introgressed from SHRSP/Izm to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY)/Izm (WKYpch1.0) and from WKY/Izm to SHRSP/Izm (SHRSPwch1.0) rats by repeated backcrossing. Previous studies reported that the intermediate phenotype of this QTL for hypertension is characterized by the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system in response to physiological and psychological stress. We performed intracellular patch-clamp recordings of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) neurons from WKY, WKYpch1.0, SHRSPwch1.0, and SHRSPs and compared the basal electrophysiological activities of RVLM neurons and the responses of these neurons to angiotensin II. The basal membrane potential of RVLM neurons from WKYpch1.0 was significantly "shallower" than that of the neurons from WKY. The depolarization of RVLM neurons from WKYpch1.0 in response to angiotensin II was significantly larger than that in neurons from WKY rats, whereas the depolarization of RVLM neurons from SHRSPwch1.0 was significantly smaller than that in neurons from SHRSPs. The response to angiotensin II of RVLM neurons from WKYpch1.0 and SHRSPs was sustained even after the blockade of all of the synaptic transmissions using tetrodotoxin. The QTL on rat chromosome 1 was primarily related to the postsynaptic response of RVLM bulbospinal neurons to brain angiotensin II, whereas both the QTL and other genomic regions influenced the basal activity of RVLM neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamon Iigaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo.
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Murata T, Tsuboi M, Koide N, Hikita K, Kohno S, Kaneda N. Neuronal differentiation elicited by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in adrenal chromaffin cell line tsAM5D immortalized with temperature-sensitive SV40 T-antigen. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1694-710. [PMID: 18293415 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand the characteristics of tsAM5D cells immortalized with the temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen, we first examined the responsiveness of the cells to ligands of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family. tsAM5D cells proliferated at the permissive temperature of 33 degrees C in response to either GDNF or neurturin, but not persephin or artemin. At the nonpermissive temperature of 39 degrees C, GDNF or neurturin caused tsAM5D cells to differentiate into neuron-like cells; however, the differentiated cells died in a time-dependent manner. Interestingly, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) did not affect the GDNF-mediated cell proliferation at 33 degrees C but promoted the survival and differentiation of GDNF-treated cells at 39 degrees C. In the presence of GDNF plus CNTF, the morphological change induced by the temperature shift was associated with up-regulated expression of various neuronal marker genes, indicating that the cells had undergone neuronal differentiation. In addition, tsAM5D cells caused to differentiate by GDNF plus CNTF at 39 degrees C became dependent solely on nerve growth factor (NGF) for their survival and neurite outgrowth. Moreover, upon treatment with GDNF plus CNTF, the dopaminergic phenotype was suppressed by the temperature shift. Thus, we demonstrated that tsAM5D cells had the capacity to differentiate terminally into neuron-like cells in response to GDNF plus CNTF when the oncogene was inactivated by the temperature shift. This cell line provides a useful model system for studying the role of a variety of signaling molecules for GDNF/CNTF-induced neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Murata
- Department of Analytical Neurobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya, Japan
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15
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Kojima M, Suzuki T, Maekawa T, Ishii S, Sumi-Ichinose C, Nomura T, Ichinose H. Increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and anomalous neurites in catecholaminergic neurons of ATF-2 null mice. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:544-52. [PMID: 17896792 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ATF-2/CRE-BP1 was originally identified as a cAMP-responsive element (CRE) binding protein abundant in the brain. We previously reported that phosphorylation of ATF-2 increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis, directly acting on the CRE in the promoter region of the TH gene in PC12D cells (Suzuki et al. [2002] J. Biol. Chem. 277:40768-40774). To examine the role of ATF-2 on transcriptional control of the TH gene in the brain, we investigated the TH expression in ATF-2-/- mice. We found that TH expression was greatly increased in medulla oblongata and locus ceruleus of the ATF-2-deficient embryos. Ectopic expression of TH was observed in the raphe magnus nucleus, where serotonergic neural cell bodies are located. Interestingly, A10 dorsal neurons were lost in the embryos of ATF-2-/- mice. There was no difference in the TH immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb. The data showed that alteration in TH expression by absence of ATF-2 gradually declined from caudal to rostral part of the brain. We also found anomalous neurite extension in catecholaminergic neurons of ATF-2 null mice, i.e., increased dendritic arborization and shortened axons. These data suggest that ATF-2 plays critical roles for proper expression of the TH gene and for neurite extension of catecholaminergic neurons, possibly through a repressor-like action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Kojima
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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16
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Regulation of rat dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene transcription by early growth response gene 1 (Egr1). Brain Res 2007; 1193:1-11. [PMID: 18190898 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Egr1, a transcription factor rapidly induced by various stimuli including stress, can elevate transcription of genes for the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes TH and PNMT. To examine if Egr1 also regulates dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene expression, PC12 cells were transfected with expression vector for full length or truncated inactive Egr1 and various DBH promoter-driven luciferase constructs. While Egr1 elevated TH promoter activity, DBH promoter activity was reduced. The reduction occurred as early as 4 h and reached maximal inhibition 16-40 h after transfection. Egr1 also reduced the expression of endogenous DBH mRNA and the induction of DBH promoter activity by cAMP. These effects were not observed with truncated Egr1 lacking the DNA binding domain. The first 247, but not 200, nucleotides of DBH promoter are sufficient for this suppression. Several putative Egr1 motifs were identified, and mutagenesis showed that the motif at -227/-224 is required. Binding of Egr1 to this region of the DBH promoter was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. This study demonstrates that DBH promoter contains at least one functional Egr1 motif; and indicates, for the first time, that Egr1 can play an inhibitory role in regulation of DBH gene transcription.
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17
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The Drosophila basic helix-loop-helix protein DIMMED directly activates PHM, a gene encoding a neuropeptide-amidating enzyme. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 28:410-21. [PMID: 17967878 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01104-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein DIMMED (DIMM) supports the differentiation of secretory properties in numerous peptidergic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. DIMM is coexpressed with diverse amidated neuropeptides and with the amidating enzyme peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) in approximately 300 cells of the late embryo. Here we confirm that DIMM has transcription factor activity in transfected HEK 293 cells and that the PHM gene is a direct target. The mammalian DIMM orthologue MIST1 also transactivated the PHM gene. DIMM activity was dependent on the basic region of the protein and on the sequences of three E-box sites within PHM's first intron; the sites make different contributions to the total activity. These data suggest a model whereby the three E boxes interact cooperatively and independently to produce high PHM transcriptional activation. This DIMM-controlled PHM regulatory region displayed similar properties in vivo. Spatially, its expression mirrored that of the DIMM protein, and its activity was largely dependent on dimm. Further, in vivo expression was highly dependent on the sequences of the same three E boxes. This study supports the hypothesis that DIMM is a master regulator of a peptidergic cell fate in Drosophila and provides a detailed transcriptional mechanism of DIMM action on a defined target gene.
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18
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Lucas ME, Müller F, Rüdiger R, Henion PD, Rohrer H. The bHLH transcription factor hand2 is essential for noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons. Development 2007; 133:4015-24. [PMID: 17008447 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Hand2, together with Ascl1, Phox2a, Phox2b and Gata2/Gata3, is induced by bone morphogenetic proteins in neural crest-derived precursor cells during sympathetic neuron generation. Hand2 overexpression experiments and the analysis of its function at the Dbh promotor implicated Hand2 in the control of noradrenergic gene expression. Using the zebrafish hand2 deletion mutant hands off, we have now investigated the physiological role of hand2 in the development of sympathetic ganglia. In hands off mutant embryos, sympathetic precursor cells aggregate to form normal sympathetic ganglion primordia characterized by the expression of phox2b, phox2a and the achaete-scute family member zash1a/ascl1. The expression of the noradrenergic marker genes th and dbh is strongly reduced, as well as the transcription factors gata2 and tfap2a (Ap-2alpha). By contrast, generic neuronal differentiation seems to be unaffected, as the expression of elavl3 (HuC) is not reduced in hands off sympathetic ganglia. These results demonstrate in vivo an essential and selective function of hand2 for the noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons, and implicates tfap2a and gata2 as downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha E Lucas
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 105 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Paris M, Wang WH, Shin MH, Franklin DS, Andrisani OM. Homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a, via cyclic AMP-mediated activation, induces p27Kip1 transcription, coordinating neural progenitor cell cycle exit and differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8826-39. [PMID: 16982676 PMCID: PMC1636809 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00575-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms coordinating neural progenitor cell cycle exit and differentiation are incompletely understood. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) is transcriptionally induced, switching specific neural progenitors from proliferation to differentiation. However, neuronal differentiation-specific transcription factors mediating p27(Kip1) transcription have not been identified. We demonstrate the homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a, required for central nervous system (CNS)- and neural crest (NC)-derived noradrenergic neuron differentiation, coordinates cell cycle exit and differentiation by inducing p27(Kip1) transcription. Phox2a transcription and activation in the CNS-derived CAD cell line and primary NC cells is mediated by combined cyclic AMP (cAMP) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signaling. In the CAD cellular model, cAMP and BMP2 signaling initially induces proliferation of the undifferentiated precursors, followed by p27(Kip1) transcription, G(1) arrest, and neuronal differentiation. Small interfering RNA silencing of either Phox2a or p27(Kip1) suppresses p27(Kip1) transcription and neuronal differentiation, suggesting a causal link between p27(Kip1) expression and differentiation. Conversely, ectopic Phox2a expression via the Tet-off expression system promotes accelerated CAD cell neuronal differentiation and p27(Kip1) transcription only in the presence of cAMP signaling. Importantly, endogenous or ectopically expressed Phox2a activated by cAMP signaling binds homeodomain cis-acting elements of the p27(Kip1) promoter in vivo and mediates p27(Kip1)-luciferase expression in CAD and NC cells. We conclude that developmental cues of cAMP signaling causally link Phox2a activation with p27(Kip1) transcription, thereby coordinating neural progenitor cell cycle exit and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Paris
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA
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20
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Sarkar AA, Howard MJ. Perspectives on integration of cell extrinsic and cell intrinsic pathways of signaling required for differentiation of noradrenergic sympathetic ganglion neurons. Auton Neurosci 2006; 126-127:225-31. [PMID: 16647305 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an analysis of current research aimed at deciphering the interplay of cell extrinsic and intrinsic signals required for specification and differentiation of noradrenergic sympathetic ganglion neurons. The development of noradrenergic sympathetic ganglion neurons depends upon expression of a core set of DNA regulatory molecules, including the Phox2 homeodomain proteins and the basic helix-loop-helix proteins, HAND2 and MASH1 whose expression is dependent upon cell extrinsic cues. Both bone morphogenetic protein(s) and cAMP have an integral role in the specification/differentiation of noradrenergic sympathetic ganglion neurons but how signaling downstream of these molecules is integrated and identification of their particular functions is just beginning to be elucidated. Data currently available suggests a model with BMP providing both instructive and permissive cues in a pathway integrated by cAMP and MAPK by activation of both canonical and non-canonical intracellular signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali A Sarkar
- Department of Neurosciences, Program in Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Medical University of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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21
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Rychlik JL, Hsieh M, Eiden LE, Lewis EJ. Phox2 and dHAND transcription factors select shared and unique target genes in the noradrenergic cell type. J Mol Neurosci 2006; 27:281-92. [PMID: 16280598 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:27:3:281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic cell type is characterized by the expression of proteins involved in the biosynthesis, transport, and secretion of noradrenaline and is dependent on the sequential and combinatorial expression of numerous transcription factors, including Phox2a, Phox2b, dHAND, GATA2, GATA3, and MASH1. Phox2a and Phox2b transactivate the promoter of the gene encoding the noradrenergic biosynthetic enzyme, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and dHAND potentiates the activity of Phox2a. In this study, we use chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to identify target genes of the Phox2 proteins and dHAND. All three proteins are bound to the DBH and PHOX2B promoter regions in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The interaction between Phox2a and dHAND is analyzed by fluorescent anisotropy, which demonstrates that dHAND causes an eightfold increase in the affinity of Phox2a for its recognition sites on the DBH promoter region. The Phox2 proteins are not found on the genes encoding other noradrenergic enzymatic or transport proteins but are reciprocally bound to each other's promoters in SH-SY5Y cells. Together with Phox2a and Phox2b, dHAND is bound to the PHOX2B promoter and is also associated with the GATA2 and eHAND genes in the absence of the Phox2 proteins. These results demonstrate the direct interactions of the Phox2 and dHAND transcription factors within a noradrenergic cell type. The Phox2 proteins were found to share all target genes, whereas dHAND binds to genes independently of Phox2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rychlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
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22
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Hsieh MM, Lupas G, Rychlik J, Dziennis S, Habecker BA, Lewis EJ. ERK1/2 is a negative regulator of homeodomain protein Arix/Phox2a. J Neurochem 2005; 94:1719-27. [PMID: 16156742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain protein Arix/Phox2a plays a role in the development and maintenance of the noradrenergic cell type by regulating the transcription of genes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline. Previous work has shown that Arix/Phox2a is a phosphoprotein, and the phosphorylated form of Arix/Phox2a exhibits poorer DNA-binding activity than does the dephosphorylated form. Here, we demonstrate that Arix/Phox2a is phosphorylated by extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2 at two sites within the N-terminal transactivation domain. The phosphorylation level of Arix in cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is reduced when cells are treated with the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitor UO126. Treatment of sympathetic neurons with the MEK1 inhibitor, PD98059, results in an elevation of mRNAs encoding noradrenergic proteins, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), but not tyrosine hydroyxlase (TH). Treatment of neuroblastoma cultures with PD98059 increases the interaction of Arix with DBH and NET genes, but not the TH gene. Together, these results suggest that phosphorylation of Arix by ERK1/2 inhibits its ability to interact with target genes, and that both specificity of expression and modulation by external stimuli are monitored through the same transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene M Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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23
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Chen S, Ji M, Paris M, Hullinger RL, Andrisani OM. The cAMP pathway regulates both transcription and activity of the paired homeobox transcription factor Phox2a required for development of neural crest-derived and central nervous system-derived catecholaminergic neurons. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41025-36. [PMID: 16204240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503537200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent neural crest (NC) cells differentiate to diverse lineages, including the neuronal, sympathoadrenal lineage. In primary NC cultures, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) requires moderate activation of cAMP signaling for induction of the sympathoadrenal lineage. However, the mechanism by which cAMP signaling synergizes with BMP2 to induce the sympathodrenal lineage is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that moderate activation of cAMP signaling induces both transcription and activity of proneural transcription factor Phox2a. In NC cultures inhibition of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-mediated transcription by expression of dominant-negative CREB suppresses Phox2a transcription and sympathoadrenal lineage development. Interestingly, the constitutively active CREB(DIEDML), despite inducing Phox2a transcription, is insufficient for sympathoadrenal lineage development, requiring activation of the cAMP pathway. Because CREB(DIEDML)-mediates cAMP-dependent transcription without requiring activation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), these results identify PKA activation as necessary in sympathoadrenal lineage development. Treatment of NC cultures with the PKA inhibitor H89 or 1-10 nm okadaic acid (OA), a serine/threonine PP2A-like phosphatase inhibitor, suppresses sympathoadrenal lineage development. Likewise, OA treatment of the CNS-derived catecholaminergic CAD cell line inhibits cAMP-mediated neuronal differentiation. Specifically, OA inhibits cAMP-mediated Phox2a dephosphorylation, cAMP-dependent Phox2a DNA binding in vitro, and cAMP- and Phox2a-dependent dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-luciferase reporter expression. Together, these results support cAMP-dependent Phox2a dephosphorylation is required for its activation. We conclude that moderate activation of cAMP signaling has dual inputs in catecholaminergic, sympathoadrenal lineage development; that is, regulation of both Phox2a transcription and activity. These results provide the first mechanistic understanding of how moderate activation of the cAMP pathway in synergy with BMP2 promotes sympathoadrenal lineage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigeng Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
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Zhu MY, Wang WP, Iyo AH, Ordway GA, Kim KS. Age-associated changes in mRNA levels of Phox2, norepinephrine transporter and dopamine beta-hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus and adrenal glands of rats. J Neurochem 2005; 94:828-38. [PMID: 16033425 PMCID: PMC2923405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in the gene expression of the transcription factors, Phox2a and 2b, and two marker proteins, norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), of noradrenergic neurons were characterized in the locus coeruleus (LC) and adrenal glands using in situ hybridization. Analysis of changes was performed in rats that were 1-23 months of age. Compared to 1-month-old rats, there was a 62% increase of Phox2a messenger RNA (mRNA) in the LC of 3-month-old rats, and a decline of 37% in 23-month-old rats. In contrast, levels of Phox2b mRNA in the LC remained unchanged in 3-month-old rats, but declined to a 30% reduction in 23-month-old rats. Interestingly, mRNA levels of NET in the LC decreased with increasing age to a reduction of 29%, 30% and 43% in 3-, 8- and 23-month-old rats, respectively. Similarly, DBH mRNA in the LC declined with increasing age to a 56% reduction in 23-month-old rats. mRNA levels of Phox2a, Phox2b, NET and DBH in the adrenal medulla of 23-month-old rats were significantly lower than those of 1-month-old rats. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription assays of the same genes yielded data similar to in situ hybridization experiments, with beta-actin mRNA levels being unchanged across the ages. Taken together, these data reveal that reduced Phox2 mRNAs in the LC and adrenal medulla of aging rats are accompanied by a coincidental decline in mRNA levels of NET and DBH and suggest a possible relationship between Phox2 genes and the marker genes in noradrenergic neurons after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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25
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Liu H, Margiotta JF, Howard MJ. BMP4 supports noradrenergic differentiation by a PKA-dependent mechanism. Dev Biol 2005; 286:521-36. [PMID: 16165122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of neural crest-derived noradrenergic neurons depends upon signaling mediated downstream of BMP binding to cognate receptors and involving cAMP. Compiled data from many groups suggest that neurogenesis and cell type-specific noradrenergic marker gene regulation is coordinated through the expression and function of the basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding protein HAND2 and the homeodomain DNA binding protein Phox2a. However, information detailing how BMP-mediated signaling and signaling through cAMP are coordinated has been lacking. We now provide compelling data suggesting that differentiation of noradrenergic sympathetic ganglion neurons depends upon both canonical and non-canonical pathways of BMP-mediated signaling. The non-canonical pathway involves the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) independent of cAMP. This is a novel mechanism in neural crest-derived cells and is necessary to support neurogenesis as well as aspects of DBH promoter regulation involving HAND2 phosphorylation and dimerization. The expression of transcripts encoding HAND2 and Phox2a is regulated via canonical BMP signaling and thus affects both neurogenesis and cell type-specific gene expression. Interestingly, cAMP- and MapK-mediated signaling modulate specific target sites in both the canonical and non-canonical BMP pathways. Activity of MapK is required for HAND2 transcription and thus affects neurogenesis. Signaling affected by cAMP is necessary for the transcription of Phox2a as well as regulation of DBH promoter transactivation by Phox2a and HAND2. We suggest a comprehensive model that shows how BMP- and cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling integrate neurogenesis and cell type-specific noradrenergic marker gene expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Program in Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Medical University of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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26
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Hwang DY, Hwang MM, Kim HS, Kim KS. Genetically engineered dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene promoters with better PHOX2-binding sites drive significantly enhanced transgene expression in a noradrenergic cell-specific manner. Mol Ther 2005; 11:132-41. [PMID: 15585414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuously growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation of noradrenergic (NA) neurons is implicated in the etiology and pathophysiology of various human diseases such as depression, drug addiction, and autonomic dysfunction. An efficient NA neuron-specific promoter is potentially valuable to investigate the precise role of NA neurons in normal as well as in diseased brain and to treat the associated disorders by gene therapy. In this study, we tested a novel strategy to modify genetically the promoter of the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase (hDBH) gene to overcome its inherent weakness while maintaining its cell-type specificity. We optimized the nucleotide sequence motifs of PHOX2-binding sites (PRS2 and PRS3) residing within the hDBH promoter. Optimization of both PRS2 and PRS3 motifs significantly increased their binding affinities to PHOX2A, leading to a dramatic increase in the promoter strength (>20-fold). More importantly, these modifications do not alter the level of transgene expression in non-NA cells either in vitro or in vivo, demonstrating tight cell-type specificity. This work shows that a cellular gene promoter can be genetically modified to strengthen its promoter activity without losing cell-type specificity by optimizing critical cis-regulatory elements. Our genetically engineered promoter may be useful for cell-type-specific gene targeting as well as for generating in vivo animal models with altered gene expression in a specific cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youn Hwang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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27
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Howard MJ. Mechanisms and perspectives on differentiation of autonomic neurons. Dev Biol 2005; 277:271-86. [PMID: 15617674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurons share many features in common but are distinguished by expression of phenotypic characteristics that define their specific function, location, or connectivity. One aspect of neuronal fate determination that has been extensively studied is that of neurotransmitter choice. The generation of diversity of neuronal subtypes within the developing nervous system involves integration of extrinsic and intrinsic instructive cues resulting in the expression of a core set of regulatory molecules. This review focuses on mechanisms of growth and transcription factor regulation in the generation of peripheral neural crest-derived neurons. Although the specification and differentiation of noradrenergic neurons are the focus, I have tried to integrate these into a larger picture providing a general roadmap for development of autonomic neurons. There is a core of DNA binding proteins required for the development of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric neurons, including Phox2 and MASH1, whose specificity is regulated by the recruitment of additional transcriptional regulators in a subtype-specific manner. For noradrenergic neurons, the basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding protein HAND2 (dHAND) appears to serve this function. The studies reviewed here support the notion that neurotransmitter identity is closely linked to other aspects of neurogenesis and reveal a molecular mechanism to coordinate expression of pan-neuronal genes with cell type-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe J Howard
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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28
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Li X, Qin C, Burghardt R, Safe S. Hormonal regulation of lactate dehydrogenase-A through activation of protein kinase C pathways in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:625-34. [PMID: 15240094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A) is hormonally regulated in rodents, and increased expression of LDH-A is observed during mammary gland tumorigenesis. The mechanisms of hormonal regulation of LDH-A were investigated using a series of deletion and mutant constructs derived from the rat LDH-A gene promoter. Results of these studies show that constructs containing the -92 to -37 region of the LDH-A promoter are important for basal and E2-induced transactivation, and mutation of the consensus CRE motif within this region results in significant loss of basal activity and hormone-responsiveness. Gel mobility shift assays using nuclear extracts from MCF-7 cells show that both CREB and ATF-1 interact with the CRE. Studies with kinase inhibitors show that E2-induced activation of this CRE is dependent on protein kinase C, and these data indicate that LDH-A is induced through a non-genomic pathway of estrogen action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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29
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Suzuki T, Kurahashi H, Ichinose H. Ras/MEK pathway is required for NGF-induced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:389-96. [PMID: 14766220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are essential for the development and survival of catecholaminergic neurons. However, the critical pathway for expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene induced by neurotrophin is still unclear. Here we found that Ras/MEK pathway is required for NGF-induced expression of the TH gene in PC12D cells. Induction of TH mRNA by NGF was abolished by pretreatment of the cells with U0126, an inhibitor for MEK1/2, but not with inhibitors for p38 MAPK, PI3K, and PKA. U0126 inhibited TH promoter activity at the same concentration as it acted on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. A dominant-negative form of Ras suppressed the NGF-induced activation of the TH reporter gene, and transient transfection of cells with wild-type Ras and an active form of MEK1 increased the TH promoter activity. The reporter assay also demonstrated that the Ras/MEK pathway acted on both the AP-1-binding motif and the cAMP-responsive element in the TH promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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30
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Stanke M, Stubbusch J, Rohrer H. Interaction of Mash1 and Phox2b in sympathetic neuron development. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:374-82. [PMID: 15033166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Revised: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors Mash1 and Phox2b are both essential for sympathetic neuron development. To understand in more detail their function and interaction, Phox2b and Mash1 were ectopically expressed in vivo, in peripheral nerve precursors. Here, we demonstrate that the Phox2b-induced generation of ectopic noradrenergic neurons in chick peripheral nerve involves the induction of Cash1, the chick homolog of Mash1. All Phox2-induced neurons coexpress the noradrenergic marker genes TH and DBH. Conversely, Mash1 induces neuronal differentiation characterized by the expression of generic neuronal genes SCG10, Hu and NF160; however, only a subpopulation of these neurons also displays an autonomic, noradrenergic phenotype. This context-dependent action of Mash1 implicates autonomic codeterminants, required for noradrenergic differentiation in response to Mash1. In contrast, Phox2b coordinates generic and noradrenergic gene expression, recruiting Mash1/Cash1, which may have a major function in the control of pan-neuronal gene expression during noradrenergic neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stanke
- Abteilung Neurochemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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31
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Xu H, Firulli AB, Zhang X, Howard MJ. HAND2 synergistically enhances transcription of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the presence of Phox2a. Dev Biol 2003; 262:183-93. [PMID: 14512028 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenergic neuronal identity and differentiation are controlled by cascades of transcription factors acting downstream of BMP4, including the basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding protein HAND2 and the homeodomain factor Phox2a. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is the penultimate enzyme required for synthesis of norepinephrine and is thus a noradrenergic cell type-specific marker. We have examined the interaction of HAND2 and Phox2a at the DBH promoter. Using transient transfection of P19 or NT-2 cells, HAND2 is shown to synergistically enhance Phox2a-driven transcriptional activity at the DBH promoter, an effect that is enhanced by cAMP. While mutation of the Phox2a homeodomain binding sites HD1, HD2, and HD3 results in the loss of HAND2/Phox2a transactivation of DBH, it is the interaction of HAND2/Phox2a at the CRE/AP1-HD1/2 domains in the DBH enhancer that are required for synergistic activation by HAND2. We find that HAND2 functions as a transcriptional activator without directly binding to E-box sequences in the DBH promoter, suggesting that HAND2-mediated DBH activity occurs by protein-protein interactions with other transcriptional regulators. Although we were unable to detect interaction of HAND2 and Phox2a in IP/Western blots, HAND2 synergistic activation of DBH is blocked by E1A, suggesting that HAND2 interacts with CBP (cAMP response element binding protein) in this transcriptional complex. In the presence of the putative HAND2 dimerization partner, E12, synergistic activation of DBH transcription is titrated away, suggesting that HAND2 does not functionally dimerize with E12 in the DBH transcription complex. Our data suggest that HAND2 regulates cell type-specific expression of norepinephrine in concert with Phox2a by a novel mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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32
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Smits SM, Ponnio T, Conneely OM, Burbach JPH, Smidt MP. Involvement of Nurr1 in specifying the neurotransmitter identity of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:1731-8. [PMID: 14622207 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) system is involved in many brain functions including motor control and motivated behaviour, and is of clinical importance because of its implication in psychiatric disorders and Parkinson's disease. Nurr1, a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors, is essential for establishing the dopaminergic phenotype, because expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, requires Nurr1. In addition, Nurr1 plays an important role in the maintenance of mesDA neurons. Neonatal Nurr1 knockout mice lack expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT), the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) in addition to TH specifically in mesDA neurons. It is unclear whether the lack of expression of these dopaminergic markers is caused by a maintenance defect or whether the induction of these markers depends on Nurr1 expression. To address this problem, the expression of DAT, VMAT2 and AADC was analysed at embryonic day 12.5 and 14.5. Here we demonstrate that induction of VMAT2 and DAT specifically in mesDA neurons requires Nurr1 expression, whereas AADC expression in mesDA neurons is induced independently of Nurr1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Smits
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Dziennis S, Habecker BA. Cytokine suppression of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15897-904. [PMID: 12609984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212480200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic differentiation factors (CDFs) suppress noradrenergic properties and induce cholinergic properties in sympathetic neurons. The CDFs leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) bind to a LIFR.gp130 receptor complex to activate Jak/signal transducers and activators of transcription and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways. Little is known about how these differentiation factors suppress noradrenergic properties. We used sympathetic neurons and SK-N-BE(2)M17 neuroblastoma cells to investigate CDF down-regulation of the norepinephrine synthetic enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). LIF and CNTF activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2 but not p38 or Jun N-terminal kinases in both cell types. Preventing ERK activation with PD98059 blocked CNTF suppression of DBH protein in sympathetic neurons but did not prevent the loss of DBH mRNA. CNTF decreased transcription of a DBH promoter-luciferase reporter construct in SK-N-BE(2)M17 cells, and this was also ERK-independent. Cytokine inhibition of DBH promoter activity did not require a silencer element but was prevented by overexpression of the transcriptional activator Phox2a. Inhibiting ERK activation increased basal DBH transcription in SK-N-BE(2)M17 cells, and DBH mRNA in sympathetic neurons. Transfection of Phox2a into PD98059-treated M17 cells resulted in a synergistic increase in DBH promoter activity compared with Phox2a or PD98059 alone. These data suggest that CDFs down-regulate DBH protein via an ERK-dependent pathway but inhibit DBH gene expression through an ERK-independent pathway. They further suggest that ERK activity inhibits basal DBH gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Dziennis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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34
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Hendricks TJ, Fyodorov DV, Wegman LJ, Lelutiu NB, Pehek EA, Yamamoto B, Silver J, Weeber EJ, Sweatt JD, Deneris ES. Pet-1 ETS gene plays a critical role in 5-HT neuron development and is required for normal anxiety-like and aggressive behavior. Neuron 2003; 37:233-47. [PMID: 12546819 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system is an important modulator of diverse physiological processes and behaviors; however, the transcriptional mechanisms controlling its development are largely unknown. The Pet-1 ETS factor is a precise marker of developing and adult 5-HT neurons and is expressed shortly before 5-HT appears in the hindbrain. Here we show that in mice lacking Pet-1, the majority of 5-HT neurons fail to differentiate. Remaining ones show deficient expression of genes required for 5-HT synthesis, uptake, and storage. Significantly, defective development of the 5-HT system is followed by heightened anxiety-like and aggressive behavior in adults. These findings indicate that Pet-1 is a critical determinant of 5-HT neuron identity and implicate a Pet-1-dependent program in serotonergic modulation of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hendricks
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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35
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Müller F, Rohrer H. Molecular control of ciliary neuron development: BMPs and downstream transcriptional control in the parasympathetic lineage. Development 2002; 129:5707-17. [PMID: 12421710 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of noradrenergic sympathetic neurons is controlled by BMPs and the downstream transcription factors Mash1, Phox2b, Phox2a and dHand. We examined the role of these signals in developing cholinergic parasympathetic neurons. The expression of Mash1 (Cash1), Phox2b and Phox2a in the chick ciliary ganglion is followed by the sequential expression of panneuronal, noradrenergic and cholinergic marker genes. BMPs are expressed at the site where ciliary ganglia form and are essential and sufficient for ciliary neuron development. Unlike sympathetic neurons, ciliary neurons do not express dHand; noradrenergic gene expression is eventually lost but can be maintained by ectopic dHand expression. Together, these results demonstrate a common BMP dependence of sympathetic neurons and parasympathetic ciliary neurons and implicate dHand in the maintenance of noradrenergic gene expression in the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Müller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung Neurochemie, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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36
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Suzuki T, Yamakuni T, Hagiwara M, Ichinose H. Identification of ATF-2 as a transcriptional regulator for the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:40768-74. [PMID: 12196528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206043200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of catecholamine-synthesizing genes is important for the determination of neurotransmitters during brain development. We found that three catecholamine-synthesizing genes were transcriptionally up-regulated in cloned PC12D cells overexpressing V-1, a protein that is highly expressed during postnatal brain development (1). To reveal the molecular mechanism to regulate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis, we analyzed the transcription factors responsible for TH induction in the V-1 clonal cells. First, by using reporter constructs, we found that the transcription mediated by cAMP-responsive element (CRE) was selectively enhanced in the V-1 cells, and TH promoter activity was totally dependent on the CRE in the promoter region of the TH gene. Next, immunoblot analyses and a transactivation assay using a GAL4 reporter system revealed that ATF-2, but not cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), was highly phosphorylated and activated in the V-1 cells, while both CREB and ATF-2 were bound to the TH-CRE. Finally, the enhanced TH promoter activity was competitively attenuated by expression of a plasmid containing the ATF-2 transactivation domain. These data demonstrated that activation of ATF-2 resulted in the increased transcription of the TH gene and suggest that ATF-2 may be deeply involved in the transcriptional regulation of catecholamine-synthesizing genes during neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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37
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Abstract
In the developing brain, many transcription factors are expressed in complex patterns and dynamics, and drive the differentiation of many classes of neurons. How does the spatio-temporal landscape of transcription factor expression map onto the bewildering variety of neuronal types, and, for each of them, the variety of developmental stages they go through? In other words, what is the logic in the transcriptional control of neuronal differentiation? Here, we review what recent work on the two neuronal-type-specific transcription factors Phox2a and Phox2b has contributed to our understanding of this broad question.
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38
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Abstract
The specification of neurotransmitter phenotype is an important aspect of neuronal fate determination. Substantial progress has been made in uncovering key extracellular signals and transcriptional regulators that control the mode of neurotransmission in several model systems, among which catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons feature prominently. Here, we review our current knowledge of the regulatory circuits that direct neurotransmitter choice, and discuss the development of well-studied types of catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons. One emerging concept is that different types of neuron use a similar core programme to control shared modes of neurotransmission, but recruit different factors that are specific for each neuronal type. Another is that most factors that specify neurotransmitter identity also control other features of the neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Goridis
- CNRS UMR 8542, Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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39
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Adachi M, Lewis EJ. The paired-like homeodomain protein, Arix, mediates protein kinase A-stimulated dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene transcription through its phosphorylation status. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:22915-24. [PMID: 11943777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201695200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Arix/Phox2a plays a critical role in the specification of noradrenergic neurons by inducing the expression of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the terminal enzyme for noradrenaline biosynthesis. In reporter assays, Arix together with activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) potentiates DBH gene transcription. We have evaluated whether post-translational modification of Arix regulates PKA-mediated DBH gene transcription. We found that Arix is constitutively phosphorylated in vivo at the basal level and that the phosphorylation level is substantially decreased upon stimulation of the PKA pathway. The change in the Arix phosphorylation state coincides with DNA binding activity of Arix. Treatment of cells with forskolin results in a robust enhancement of the DNA binding of Arix, which is reversed by treatment with serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Consistent with the DNA binding activity of Arix, treatment of cultured cells with phosphatase inhibitors diminishes transcriptional activation with Arix plus forskolin. Amino acid analysis demonstrates the presence of phosphoserine within Arix. The results collectively suggest that dephosphorylation of Arix is a necessary event to fully activate PKA-mediated DBH transcription. Thus, the present study demonstrates that Arix can integrate extrinsic signals through post-translational modification, regulating DBH gene transcription in response to activation of the PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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40
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Lo L, Dormand E, Greenwood A, Anderson DJ. Comparison of the generic neuronal differentiation and neuron subtype specification functions of mammalian achaete-scute and atonal homologs in cultured neural progenitor cells. Development 2002; 129:1553-67. [PMID: 11923194 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.7.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate peripheral nervous system, the proneural genes neurogenin 1 and neurogenin 2 (Ngn1 and Ngn2), and Mash1 are required for sensory and autonomic neurogenesis, respectively. In cultures of neural tube-derived, primitive PNS progenitors NGNs promote expression of sensory markers and MASH1 that of autonomic markers. These effects do not simply reflect enhanced neuronal differentiation, suggesting that both bHLH factors also specify neuronal identity like their Drosophila counterparts. At high concentrations of BMP2 or in neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), however, NGNs like MASH1 promote only autonomic marker expression. These data suggest that that the identity specification function of NGNs is more sensitive to context than is that of MASH1. In NCSCs, MASH1 is more sensitive to Notch-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis and cell cycle arrest, than are the NGNs. Thus, the two proneural genes differ in other functional properties besides the neuron subtype identities they can promote. These properties may explain cellular differences between MASH1- and NGN-dependent lineages in the timing of neuronal differentiation and cell cycle exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liching Lo
- Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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41
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Schmitt TL, Espinoza CR, Loos U. Characterization of a thyroid-specific and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive enhancer far upstream from the human sodium iodide symporter gene. Thyroid 2002; 12:273-9. [PMID: 12034050 DOI: 10.1089/10507250252949388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe the cloning and characterization of a human sodium iodide (NIS) upstream enhancer (NUE). This putative enhancer was cloned based on its sequence homology (69% identity) to the rat NUE. A 296 base pair (bp) genomic DNA fragment, which is located 9000 bp upstream from the human hNIS gene, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inserted into a luciferase reporter gene in front of both the homologous NIS promoter and the heterologous SV40 promoter. No enhancer activity could be found after transfection into HeLa cells, but in FRTL-5 cells representing the thyroid model, a threefold stimulation of the NIS promoter was found. This enhancer activity was present in both directions and was stimulated threefold by thyrotropin (TSH) and 14-fold by the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) agonist forskolin. A small element (TGACGCA) in this enhancer was found to be of central importance, because its site-directed mutagenesis abolished the enhancer activity. This element bound specifically to proteins in nuclear extracts from FRTL-5 cells and to a lesser extent also from HeLa cells. In summary, we describe a thyroid-specific and cAMP-responsive enhancer far upstream from the human NIS gene, which is located in the intronic region of another gene coding for a ribosomal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Clinic of Ulm, Germany
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42
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Hong SJ, Kim CH, Kim KS. Structural and functional characterization of the 5' upstream promoter of the human Phox2a gene: possible direct transactivation by transcription factor Phox2b. J Neurochem 2001; 79:1225-36. [PMID: 11752063 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The specification of neurotransmitter identity is a critical step in neural development. Recent progresses have indicated that the closely related homeodomain factors Phox2a and 2b are essential for development of noradrenergic (NA) neuron differentiation, and may directly determine the neurotransmitter identity. With a long-term goal of understanding the regulatory cascade of NA phenotype determination, we isolated and characterized a hPhox2a genomic clone encompassing approximately 7.5 kb of the 5' upstream promoter region, the entire exon-intron structure, and approximately 4 kb of the 3' flanking region. Using mRNAs isolated from the Phox2a-expressing human cell line, both primer extension and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analyses identified a single transcription start site that resides 172 nucleotides upstream of the start codon. The transcription start site was preceded by a TATA-like sequence motif and transcripts from this site contained an additional G residue at the 5' position, supporting the authenticity of this site as the transcriptional start site of hPhox2a. We assembled hPhox2a-luciferase reporter constructs containing different lengths of the 5' upstream sequences. Transient transfection assays of these reporter constructs in both hPhox2a-positive and -negative cell lines show that 1.3-kb or longer upstream sequences of the hPhox2a gene may confer NA cell-specific reporter gene expression. Furthermore, cotransfection assays in the Phox2a-negative HeLa cell line show that forced expression of Phox2b, but not that of Phox2a or MASH1, significantly transactivates the transcriptional activity of hPhox2a. This study will provide a frame to further delineate the regulatory cascade of NA neuron differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hong
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
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Lebel M, Gauthier Y, Moreau A, Drouin J. Pitx3 activates mouse tyrosine hydroxylase promoter via a high-affinity binding site. J Neurochem 2001; 77:558-67. [PMID: 11299318 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine and (nor)adrenaline biosynthesis. Regulation of its gene expression is complex and different regulatory mechanisms appear to be operative in various neuronal lineages. Pitx3, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, has been cloned from neuronal tissues and, in the CNS, mouse Pitx3 is exclusively expressed in midbrain dopaminergic (MesDA) neurons from embryonic day 11 (E11). TH appears in these neurons at E11.5, consistent with a putative role of Pitx3 in TH transcription. We show that Pitx3 activates the TH promoter through direct interaction with a single high-affinity binding site within the promoter and that this site is sufficient for Pitx3 responsiveness. In contrast, we did not observe an effect of Nurr1, an orphan nuclear receptor essential for normal development of MesDA neurons, on TH promoter activity. Pitx3 activation of TH promoter activity appears to be cell-dependent suggesting that Pitx3 action may be modulated by other(s) regulatory mechanism(s) and factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Anouar Y, Desmoucelles C, Vaudry H. Neuroendocrine cell-specific expression and regulation of the human secretogranin II gene. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 482:113-23. [PMID: 11192573 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46837-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Anouar
- European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, INSERM U-413, UA CNRS, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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45
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Sabban EL, Kvetnanský R. Stress-triggered activation of gene expression in catecholaminergic systems: dynamics of transcriptional events. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24:91-8. [PMID: 11164939 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress triggers important adaptive responses that enable an organism to cope with a changing environment. However, when prolonged or repeated, stress can be extremely harmful. The release of catecholamines is a key initial event in responses to stressors and is followed by an increase in the expression of genes that encode catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. This process is mediated by transcriptional mechanisms in the adrenal medulla and the locus coeruleus. The persistence of transcriptional activation depends on the duration and repetition of the stress. Recent work has begun to identify the various transcription factors that are associated with brief or intermediate duration of a single or repeated stress. These studies suggest that dynamic interplay is involved in converting the transient increases in the rate of transcription into prolonged (potentially adaptive or maladaptive) changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Kim HS, Hong SJ, LeDoux MS, Kim KS. Regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase genes by the transcription factor AP-2. J Neurochem 2001; 76:280-94. [PMID: 11146001 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible and developmentally regulated transcription factor AP-2 plays an important role during development. In adult mammals, AP-2 is expressed in both neural and non-neural tissues. However, the function of AP-2 in different neuronal phenotypes is poorly understood. In this study, transcriptional regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) genes by AP-2 was investigated. AP-2 binding sites were identified in the upstream regions of both genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting analyses indicate that the AP-2 interaction with these motifs is more prominent in catecholaminergic SK-N-BE(2)C and CATH.a than in non-catecholaminergic HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. Exogenous expression of AP-2 robustly transactivated TH and DBH promoter activities in non-catecholaminergic cell lines. While AP-2 regulates the DBH promoter activity via a single site, transactivation of the TH promoter by AP-2 appears to require multiple sites. In support of this, mutation of multiple AP-2 binding sites but not that of single site diminished the basal promoter activity of the TH gene in cell lines that express TH and abolished transactivation by exogenous AP-2 expression in cell lines that do not express TH. In contrast, mutation of a single AP-2 binding site of the DBH gene completely abolished transactivation by AP-2. Double-label immunohistochemistry showed that AP-2 is coexpressed with TH in noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems of adult rodents. Numerous non-catecholaminergic cell groups within the spinal cord, medulla, cerebellum, and pons also express AP-2. The concentration of AP-2 in dorsomedial locations along the neuraxis suggests a regionally specific role for this transcription factor in the regulation of neuronal function. Based on these findings we propose that AP-2 may coregulate TH and DBH gene expression and thus participate in expression/maintenance of neurotransmitter phenotypes in (nor)adrenergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Bilodeau ML, Boulineau T, Greulich JD, Hullinger RL, Andrisani OM. DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF SYMPATHOADRENAL LINEAGE–DETERMINING GENES AND PHENOTYPIC MARKERS IN CULTURED PRIMARY NEURAL CREST CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 37:185-92. [PMID: 11370813 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0185:deosld>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) promotes the development of primary neural crest cells grown in tissue culture to the sympathoadrenal (SA) lineage. Independent studies have characterized the expression patterns of SA-lineage genes in developing chicken embryo; however, studies using cultured primary neural crest cells have characterized only the expression patterns of the catecholaminergic markers, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and catecholamines (CAs). To further explore the molecular mechanisms that control SA-cell development using the in vitro model system, it is crucial to define the expression patterns of both the catecholaminergic markers and the genes regulating SA-lineage determination. Accordingly, we defined, in the absence and presence of BMP-2, the temporal expression patterns of TH and CA, the SA lineage-determining genes ASH-1, Phox2a, and Phox2b, the GATA-2 gene, and the pan-neuronal SCG10 gene. Comparison of these data with the reported temporal and spatial patterns of expression in vivo demonstrate that the inductive steps of SA-lineage determination, including the specification of neurotransmitter identity and neuronal fate, are recapitulated in the neural-crest culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Bilodeau
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1246, USA
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Ernsberger U. Evidence for an evolutionary conserved role of bone morphogenetic protein growth factors and phox2 transcription factors during noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons. Induction of a putative synexpression group of neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6976-81. [PMID: 11106406 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic transmitter phenotype in postganglionic sympathetic neurons is induced early during embryonic development in avian and mammalian primary sympathetic ganglia. The simultaneous expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, enzymes of the noradrenaline biosynthesis pathway, indicates that different genes contributing to the noradrenergic transmitter phenotype are regulated as a synexpression group. This conclusion is supported by the demonstration of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) growth factors and Phox2 transcription factors being necessary for the expression of both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase in differentiating sympathetic neurons. The close similarity in the expression patterns of the relevant genes as well as in the function of BMPs and Phox2s between avian and mammalian embryos strongly suggests that noradrenergic induction occurs along a conserved signalling pathway in these vertebrate classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ernsberger
- Institut für Neuroanatomie, Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Howard MJ, Stanke M, Schneider C, Wu X, Rohrer H. The transcription factor dHAND is a downstream effector of BMPs in sympathetic neuron specification. Development 2000; 127:4073-81. [PMID: 10952904 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127.18.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The dHAND basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor is expressed in neurons of sympathetic ganglia and has previously been shown to induce the differentiation of catecholaminergic neurons in avian neural crest cultures. We now demonstrate that dHAND expression is sufficient to elicit the generation of ectopic sympathetic neurons in vivo. The expression of the dHAND gene is controlled by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), as suggested by BMP4 overexpression in vivo and in vitro, and by noggin-mediated inhibition of BMP function in vivo. The timing of dHAND expression in sympathetic ganglion primordia, together with the induction of dHAND expression in response to Phox2b implicate a role for dHAND as transcriptional regulator downstream of Phox2b in BMP-induced sympathetic neuron differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Howard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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50
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Adachi M, Browne D, Lewis EJ. Paired-like homeodomain proteins Phox2a/Arix and Phox2b/NBPhox have similar genetic organization and independently regulate dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene transcription. DNA Cell Biol 2000; 19:539-54. [PMID: 11034547 DOI: 10.1089/104454900439773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factors Arix/Phox2a and NBPhox/Phox2b play a role in the specification of the noradrenergic phenotype of central and peripheral neurons. To better understand the functions of these two factors, we have compared the genetic organization, chromosomal location, and transcriptional regulatory properties of Arix and NBPhox. The gene structure is very similar, with each gene containing three exons and two introns, extending a total of approximately 5 kb. Arix and NBPhox are unlinked in human and mouse genomes. NBPhox is located on human Chromosome 4p12 and mouse Chromosome 5, while Arix is located on human Chromosome 11q13 and mouse Chromosome 7. Both proteins bind to three sites in the promoter proximal region of the rat dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene (DBH). In vitro, Arix and NBPhox form DNA-independent multimers and exhibit cooperative binding to the DB1 regulatory element, which contains two homeodomain recognition sites. Both proteins regulate transcription from the rat DBH promoter, and transcription is synergistically increased in the presence of the protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA) plus either Arix or NBPhox. The transcription factors exhibit similar concentration-dependent efficacies, and when they are coexpressed, transcription is stimulated to a value approximately equal to that seen with either factor alone. The N-terminal segment of Arix is essential for transcriptional regulatory activity, and this region bears 50% identity with NBPhox, suggesting a similar mechanism of transcriptional activation of the DBH gene. We conclude from this study that Arix and NBPhox exhibit indistinguishable and independent transcriptional regulatory properties on the DBH promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA
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