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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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2
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Kawai C, Kajikawa M, Yamauchi A, Okamoto S, Kuribayashi F, Miyano K. Characterization of missense mutations in the NADPH oxidase partner p22 phox in the A22° subtype of chronic granulomatous disease. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:194-200. [PMID: 36606663 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Defective superoxide production by NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) in phagocyte cells results in the development of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a hereditary disease characterized by recurrent and life-threatening infections. The partner protein p22phox is a membrane-spanning protein which forms a stable heterodimer with Nox2 in the endoplasmic reticulum. This interaction ensures the stability of each protein and their accurate trafficking to the cell membrane. The present paper describes the characterization of p22phox missense mutations that were identified in a patient with CGD who presented with undetectable levels of p22phox . Using a reconstitution system, it was found that p22phox expression decreased when R90Q, A117E, S118R, A124S, A124V, A125T, or E129K mutations were introduced, suggesting that these mutations destabilize the protein. In contrast, introducing an L105R mutation did not affect protein expression, but did inhibit p22phox binding to Nox2. Thus, the missense mutations discussed here contribute to the development of CGD by either disrupting protein stability or by impairing the interaction between p22phox and Nox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikage Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Natural Sciences, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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3
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Miyano K, Okamoto S, Kajikawa M, Kiyohara T, Kawai C, Yamauchi A, Kuribayashi F. Regulation of Derlin-1-mediated degradation of NADPH oxidase partner p22 phox by thiol modification. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102479. [PMID: 36122532 PMCID: PMC9486109 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein p22phox heterodimerizes with NADPH oxidase (Nox) 1–4 and is essential for the reactive oxygen species-producing capacity of oxidases. Missense mutations in the p22phox gene prevent the formation of phagocytic Nox2-based oxidase, which contributes to host defense. This results in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a severe primary immunodeficiency syndrome. In this study, we characterized missense mutations in p22phox (L51Q, L52P, E53V, and P55R) in the A22° type (wherein the p22phox protein is undetectable) of CGD. We demonstrated that these substitutions enhanced the degradation of the p22phox protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the binding of p22phox to Derlin-1, a key component of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Therefore, the L51-L52-E53-P55 sequence is responsible for protein stability in the ER. We observed that the oxidation of the thiol group of Cys-50, which is adjacent to the L51-L52-E53-P55 sequence, suppressed p22phox degradation. However, the suppression effect was markedly attenuated by the serine substitution of Cys-50. Blocking the free thiol of Cys-50 by alkylation or C50S substitution promoted the association of p22phox with Derlin-1. Derlin-1 depletion partially suppressed the degradation of p22phox mutant proteins. Furthermore, heterodimerization with p22phox (C50S) induced rapid degradation of not only Nox2 but also nonphagocytic Nox4 protein, which is responsible for redox signaling. Thus, the redox-sensitive Cys-50 appears to determine whether p22phox becomes a target for degradation by the ERAD system through its interaction with Derlin-1. Missense mutations in exon 3 of p22phox enhance the binding of p22phox to Derlin-1. Oxidation of the thiol group of p22phox Cys50 suppresses p22phox degradation. Serine substitution of Cys-50 increases the affinity of p22phox for Derlin-1. Stability of the p22phox protein is regulated by redox-sensitive Cys-50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyano
- Department of Natural Sciences, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Shuichiro Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takuya Kiyohara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chikage Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kuribayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
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4
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Paclet MH, Laurans S, Dupré-Crochet S. Regulation of Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase, NOX2: A Crucial Effector in Neutrophil Phenotype and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:945749. [PMID: 35912108 PMCID: PMC9329797 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.945749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, NOX2, are involved in many leukocyte functions. An excessive or inappropriate ROS production can lead to oxidative stress and tissue damage. On the other hand, an absence of ROS production due to a lack of a functional NADPH oxidase is associated with recurrent infections as well as inflammation disorders. Thus, it is clear that the enzyme NADPH oxidase must be tightly regulated. The NOX2 complex bears both membrane and cytosolic subunits. The membrane subunits constitute the flavocytochrome b558, consisting of gp91phox (Nox2) and p22phox subunits. The cytosolic subunits form a complex in resting cells and are made of three subunits (p47phox, p40phox, p67phox). Upon leukocyte stimulation, the cytosolic subunits and the small GTPase Rac assemble with the flavocytochrome b558 in order to make a functional complex. Depending on the stimulus, the NADPH oxidase can assemble either at the phagosomal membrane or at the plasma membrane. Many studies have explored NOX2 activation; however, how this activation is sustained and regulated is still not completely clear. Here we review the multiple roles of NOX2 in neutrophil functions, with a focus on description of its components and their assembly mechanisms. We then explain the role of energy metabolism and phosphoinositides in regulating NADPH oxidase activity. In particular, we discuss: 1) the link between metabolic pathways and NOX2 activity regulation through neutrophil activation and the level of released ROS, and 2) the role of membrane phosphoinositides in controlling the duration of NOX2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Paclet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC, T-RAIG, Grenoble, France
| | - Salomé Laurans
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay, France
- *Correspondence: Sophie Dupré-Crochet,
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5
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Miyano K, Okamoto S, Yamauchi A, Kawai C, Kajikawa M, Kiyohara T, Itsumi M, Taura M, Kuribayashi F. The downregulation of NADPH oxidase Nox4 during hypoxia in hemangioendothelioma cells: a possible role of p22 phox on Nox4 protein stability. Free Radic Res 2022; 55:996-1004. [PMID: 35012414 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.2009116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) 4 produces H2O2 by forming a heterodimer with p22phox and is involved in hemangioendothelioma development through monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) upregulation. Here, we show that Nox4 protein levels were maintained by p22phox in hemangioendothelioma cells and Nox4 protein stability was dependent on p22phox coexpression. Conversely, the degradation of Nox4 monomer was enhanced by p22phox knockdown. Under hypoxic conditions in hemangioendothelioma cells, p22phox was downregulated at the mRNA and protein levels. Downregulation of p22phox protein resulted in the enhanced degradation of Nox4 protein in hypoxia-treated hemangioendothelioma cells. In contrast, Nox2, a Nox isoform, was not altered at the protein level under hypoxic conditions. Nox2 exhibited a higher affinity for p22phox compared with Nox4, suggesting that when coexpressed with Nox4 in the same cells, Nox2 acts as a competitor. Nox2 knockdown restored Nox4 protein levels partially reduced by hypoxic treatment. Thus, Nox4 protein levels were attenuated in hypoxia-treated cells resulting from p22phox depletion. MCP-1 secretion was decreased concurrently with hypoxia-induced Nox4 downregulation compared with that under normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chikage Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
| | - Takuya Kiyohara
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurology, Hakujyuji Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Momoe Itsumi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University, Shinagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Taura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka City, Japan
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6
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Randzavola LO, Mortimer PM, Garside E, Dufficy ER, Schejtman A, Roumelioti G, Yu L, Pardo M, Spirohn K, Tolley C, Brandt C, Harcourt K, Nichols E, Nahorski M, Woods G, Williamson JC, Suresh S, Sowerby JM, Matsumoto M, Santos CXC, Kiar CS, Mukhopadhyay S, Rae WM, Dougan GJ, Grainger J, Lehner PJ, Calderwood MA, Choudhary J, Clare S, Speak A, Santilli G, Bateman A, Smith KGC, Magnani F, Thomas DC. EROS is a selective chaperone regulating the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and purinergic signalling. eLife 2022; 11:76387. [PMID: 36421765 PMCID: PMC9767466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EROS (essential for reactive oxygen species) protein is indispensable for expression of gp91phox, the catalytic core of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. EROS deficiency in humans is a novel cause of the severe immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, but its mechanism of action was unknown until now. We elucidate the role of EROS, showing it acts at the earliest stages of gp91phox maturation. It binds the immature 58 kDa gp91phox directly, preventing gp91phox degradation and allowing glycosylation via the oligosaccharyltransferase machinery and the incorporation of the heme prosthetic groups essential for catalysis. EROS also regulates the purine receptors P2X7 and P2X1 through direct interactions, and P2X7 is almost absent in EROS-deficient mouse and human primary cells. Accordingly, lack of murine EROS results in markedly abnormal P2X7 signalling, inflammasome activation, and T cell responses. The loss of both ROS and P2X7 signalling leads to resistance to influenza infection in mice. Our work identifies EROS as a highly selective chaperone for key proteins in innate and adaptive immunity and a rheostat for immunity to infection. It has profound implications for our understanding of immune physiology, ROS dysregulation, and possibly gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra O Randzavola
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paige M Mortimer
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma Garside
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Dufficy
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Georgia Roumelioti
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Spirohn
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Esme Nichols
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mike Nahorski
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Geoff Woods
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shreehari Suresh
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John M Sowerby
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Celio XC Santos
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cher Shen Kiar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - William M Rae
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gordon J Dougan
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John Grainger
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael A Calderwood
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kenneth GC Smith
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Francesca Magnani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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7
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O'Neill S, Knaus UG. Bioluminescence-Based Complementation Assay to Correlate Conformational Changes in Membrane-Bound Complexes with Enzymatic Function. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:123-137. [PMID: 35836064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The proteomics field has undergone tremendous development with the introduction of many innovative methods for the identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Sensitive and quantitative protein association-based techniques represent a versatile tool to probe the architecture of receptor complexes and receptor-ligand interactions and expand the drug discovery toolbox by facilitating high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches. These novel methodologies will be highly enabling for interrogation of structural determinants required for the activity of multimeric membrane-bound enzymes with unresolved crystal structure and for HTS assay development focused on unique characteristics of complex assembly instead of common catalytic features, thereby increasing specificity. We describe here an example of a binary luciferase reporter assay (NanoBiT®) to quantitatively assess the heterodimerization of the catalytically active NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) enzyme complex. The catalytic subunit NOX4 requires association with the protein p22phox for stabilization and enzymatic activity, but the precise manner by which these two membrane-bound proteins interact to facilitate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation is currently unknown. The NanoBiT complementation reporter quantitatively determined the accurate, reduced, or failed complex assembly, which can then be confirmed by determining H2O2 release, protein expression, and heterodimer trafficking. Multimeric complex formation differs between NOX enzyme isoforms, facilitating isoform-specific, PPI-based drug screening in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Legend Biotech, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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8
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Taylor JP, Tse HM. The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102159. [PMID: 34627721 PMCID: PMC8487856 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1-2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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9
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Vermot A, Petit-Härtlein I, Smith SME, Fieschi F. NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:890. [PMID: 34205998 PMCID: PMC8228183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) was first identified in the membrane of phagocytic cells. For many years, its only known role was in immune defense, where its ROS production leads to the destruction of pathogens by the immune cells. NOX from phagocytes catalyzes, via one-electron trans-membrane transfer to molecular oxygen, the production of the superoxide anion. Over the years, six human homologs of the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the NOX2/gp91phox component present in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly itself, the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX are complex multidomain proteins with varying requirements for assembly with combinations of other proteins for activity. The recent structural insights acquired on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic NOX open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms inherent to NOX regulation and ROS production (superoxide or hydrogen peroxide). This new structural information will certainly inform new investigations of human disease. As specialized ROS producers, NOX enzymes participate in numerous crucial physiological processes, including host defense, the post-translational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. These diversities of physiological context will be discussed in this review. We also discuss NOX misregulation, which can contribute to a wide range of severe pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, lung fibrosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases, giving this family of membrane proteins a strong therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Vermot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Isabelle Petit-Härtlein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Susan M. E. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
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10
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Joly J, Hudik E, Lecart S, Roos D, Verkuijlen P, Wrona D, Siler U, Reichenbach J, Nüsse O, Dupré-Crochet S. Membrane Dynamics and Organization of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase in PLB-985 Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:608600. [PMID: 33365312 PMCID: PMC7751761 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first cells recruited at the site of infections, where they phagocytose the pathogens. Inside the phagosome, pathogens are killed by proteolytic enzymes that are delivered to the phagosome following granule fusion, and by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the NADPH oxidase. The NADPH oxidase complex comprises membrane proteins (NOX2 and p22phox), cytoplasmic subunits (p67phox, p47phox, and p40phox) and the small GTPase Rac. These subunits assemble at the phagosomal membrane upon phagocytosis. In resting neutrophils the catalytic subunit NOX2 is mainly present at the plasma membrane and in the specific granules. We show here that NOX2 is also present in early and recycling endosomes in human neutrophils and in the neutrophil-like cell line PLB-985 expressing GFP-NOX2. In the latter cells, an increase in NOX2 at the phagosomal membrane was detected by live-imaging after phagosome closure, probably due to fusion of endosomes with the phagosome. Using super-resolution microscopy in PLB-985 WT cells, we observed that NOX2 forms discrete clusters in the plasma membrane. The number of clusters increased during frustrated phagocytosis. In PLB-985NCF1ΔGT cells that lack p47phox and do not assemble a functional NADPH oxidase, the number of clusters remained stable during phagocytosis. Our data suggest a role for p47phox and possibly ROS production in NOX2 recruitment at the phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Joly
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS U8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay, France
| | - Elodie Hudik
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS U8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay, France
| | - Sandrine Lecart
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Imagerie-Gif, Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Verkuijlen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dominik Wrona
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medecine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medecine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medecine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Nüsse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS U8000, Institut de Chimie Physique, Orsay, France
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11
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Regulation of macrophage subsets and cytokine production in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155309. [PMID: 33334669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are host cells for parasites of the genus Leishmania where they multiply inside parasitophorous vacuoles. Paradoxically, macrophages are also the cells responsible for killing or controlling parasite growth, if appropriately activated. In this review, we will cover the patterns of macrophage activation and the mechanisms used by the parasite to circumvent being killed. We will highlight the impacts of the vector bite on macrophage activation. Finally, we will discuss the ontogeny of macrophages that are infected by Leishmania spp.
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12
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Loth MK, Guariglia SR, Re DB, Perez J, de Paiva VN, Dziedzic JL, Chambers JW, Azzam DJ, Guilarte TR. A Novel Interaction of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) with NADPH Oxidase in Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4467-4487. [PMID: 32743737 PMCID: PMC7515859 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the brain neuropil, translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a stress response protein that is upregulated in microglia and astrocytes in diverse central nervous system pathologies. TSPO is widely used as a biomarker of neuroinflammation in preclinical and clinical neuroimaging studies. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on the function(s) of TSPO in glial cells. In this study, we explored a putative interaction between TSPO and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) in microglia. We found that TSPO associates with gp91phox and p22phox, the principal subunits of NOX2 in primary murine microglia. The association of TSPO with gp91phox and p22phox was observed using co-immunoprecipitation, confocal immunofluorescence imaging, and proximity ligation assay. We found that besides gp91phox and p22phox, voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) also co-immunoprecipitated with TSPO consistent with previous reports. When we compared lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated microglia to vehicle control, we found that a lower amount of gp91phox and p22phox protein co-immunoprecipitated with TSPO suggesting a disruption of the TSPO-NOX2 subunits association. TSPO immuno-gold electron microscopy confirmed that TSPO is present in the outer mitochondrial membrane but it is also found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), and in the plasma membrane. TSPO localization at the MAM may represent a subcellular site where TSPO interacts with gp91phox and p22phox since the MAM is a point of communication between outer mitochondria membrane proteins (TSPO) and ER proteins (gp91phox and p22phox) where they mature and form the cytochrome b558 (Cytb558) heterodimer. We also found that an acute burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased TSPO levels on the surface of microglia and this effect was abrogated by a ROS scavenger. These results suggest that ROS production may alter the subcellular distribution of TSPO. Collectively, our findings suggest that in microglia, TSPO is associated with the major NOX2 subunits gp91phox and p22phox. We hypothesize that this interaction may regulate Cytb558 formation and modulate NOX2 levels, ROS production, and redox homeostasis in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith K Loth
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara R Guariglia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diane B Re
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Perez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Vanessa Nunes de Paiva
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dziedzic
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jeremy W Chambers
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Diana J Azzam
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Tomás R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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13
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Beyond bacterial killing: NADPH oxidase 2 is an immunomodulator. Immunol Lett 2020; 221:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Al-Saleh F, Khashab F, Fadel F, Al-Kandari N, Al-Maghrebi M. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase alleviates germ cell apoptosis and ER stress during testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2174-2184. [PMID: 32714044 PMCID: PMC7376125 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion and detorsion (TTD) is a serious urological condition affecting young males that is underlined by an ischemia reperfusion injury (tIRI) to the testis as the pathophysiological mechanism. During tIRI, uncontrolled production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) causes DNA damage leading to germ cell apoptosis (GCA). The aim of the study is to explore whether inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a major source of intracellular ROS, will prevent tIRI-induced GCA and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were divided into three groups: sham, tIRI only and tIRI treated with apocynin (a NOX inhibitor). Rats undergoing tIRI endured an ischemic injury for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Spermatogenic damage was evaluated histologically, while cellular damages were assessed using real time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and biochemical assays. Disrupted spermatogenesis was associated with increased lipid and protein peroxidation and decreased antioxidant activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a result of tIRI. In addition, increased DNA double strand breaks and formation of 8-OHdG adducts associated with increased phosphorylation of the DNA damage response (DDR) protein H2AX. The ASK1/JNK apoptosis signaling pathway was also activated in response to tIRI. Finally, increased immuno-expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) downstream targets: GRP78, eIF2-α1, CHOP and caspase 12 supported the presence of ER stress. Inhibition of NOX by apocynin protected against tIRI-induced GCA and ER stress. In conclusion, NOX inhibition minimized tIRI-induced intracellular oxidative damages leading to GCA and ER stress.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ASK1, apoptosis signaling kinase 1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BTB, blood-testis barrier
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- Chk, checkpoint kinase
- DAPI, diamidino phenylindole
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GCA, germ cell apoptosis
- GRP78, glucose-related protein 78
- Germ cell apoptosis
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2AX, histone variant
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IAP, inhibitors of apoptosis
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IRE1, inositol requiring kinase 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NADPH oxidase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2, molecular oxygen
- O2−, superoxide anion
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oxidative stress
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PCC, protein carbonyl content
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PERK, pancreatic ER kinase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcription
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- ST, seminiferous tubule
- TOS, testicular oxidative stress
- TRAF-2, tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 2
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- Testicular ischemia Reperfusion Injury
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- eIF2α1, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α1
- gDNA, genomic DNA
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- kDa, kilodalton
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- p-, phosphorylated
- phox, phagocyte oxidase
- γ-H2AX, 139 serine-phosphorylated histone variant
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Farah Khashab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Fatemah Fadel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Nora Al-Kandari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - May Al-Maghrebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
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15
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The NADPH Oxidase and the Phagosome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1246:153-177. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40406-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Henríquez-Olguín C, Boronat S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo E, Jensen TE. The Emerging Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2 in Skeletal Muscle Redox Signaling and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1371-1410. [PMID: 31588777 PMCID: PMC6859696 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue to whole-body locomotion and metabolic health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as intracellular messengers participating in both physiological and pathological adaptations in skeletal muscle. A complex interplay between ROS-producing enzymes and antioxidant networks exists in different subcellular compartments of mature skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of contraction- and insulin-stimulated oxidants production, but they may paradoxically also contribute to muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Recent Advances: Pharmacological and molecular biological tools, including redox-sensitive probes and transgenic mouse models, have generated novel insights into compartmentalized redox signaling and suggested that NOX2 contributes to redox control of skeletal muscle metabolism. Critical Issues: Major outstanding questions in skeletal muscle include where NOX2 activation occurs under different conditions in health and disease, how NOX2 activation is regulated, how superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated by NOX2 reaches the cytosol, what the signaling mediators are downstream of NOX2, and the role of NOX2 for different physiological and pathophysiological processes. Future Directions: Future research should utilize and expand the current redox-signaling toolbox to clarify the NOX2-dependent mechanisms in skeletal muscle and determine whether the proposed functions of NOX2 in cells and animal models are conserved into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Dahlgren C, Karlsson A, Bylund J. Intracellular Neutrophil Oxidants: From Laboratory Curiosity to Clinical Reality. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3127-3134. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Nauseef WM, Clark RA. Intersecting Stories of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase and Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1982:3-16. [PMID: 31172463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils serve as the circulating cells that respond early and figure prominently in human host defense to infection and in inflammation in other settings. Optimal oxidant-dependent antimicrobial activity by neutrophils relies on the ability of stimulated phagocytes to utilize a multicomponent NADPH oxidase to generate oxidants. The frequent, severe, and often fatal infections experienced by individuals with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited disorder in which one of the NADPH oxidase components is absent or dysfunctional, underscore the link between a functional phagocyte NADPH oxidase and robust host protection against microbial infection.The history of the discovery and characterization of the normal neutrophil NADPH oxidase and the saga of recognizing CGD and its underlying causes together illustrate how the observations of astute clinicians and imaginative basic scientists synergize to forge new understanding of both basic cell biology and pathogenesis of human disease.In this chapter, we review the events in the stepwise evolution of our understanding of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, both in the context of normal human neutrophil function and in the setting of CGD. The phagocyte oxidase complex employs a heterodimeric transmembrane protein composed of gp91phox and p22phox to relay electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen, while other cofactors contribute to localization and regulation of the activity of the assembled oxidase. The b-type cytochrome gp91phox, also known as NOX2, serves as the catalytic component of this multicomponent enzyme complex. Although many of the features of the composition and regulation of the phagocyte oxidase may apply as well to NOX2 expressed in non-phagocytes and to other members of the NOX protein family, exceptions exist and pose special challenges to investigators exploring the biology of NADPH oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert A Clark
- Institute for Integration of Medicine and Science and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, and South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The stabilization and activation of NOX4 through its binding with p22phox are well documented; however little is known of the precise manner by which these two proteins interact. In recent years, the field of proteomics has undergone tremendous development with the introduction of many novel methods for the identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). To enhance our understanding of structural determinants leading to the association between NOX4 and p22phox, we developed a binary luciferase reporter assay (NanoBiT®) to quantitatively assess NOX4-p22phox heterodimerization. The complementation reporter quantitatively determines the accurate, reduced, or failed complex assembly, which can be confirmed and further interrogated by analyzing NOX4 catalytic activity (H2O2 release), protein expression, and dimer localization. This association-based PPI technique represents both a much-needed expansion of the NOX4 lead discovery tool box and a versatile method to probe the architecture of NOX and DUOX complexes in the future.
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20
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Belambri SA, Rolas L, Raad H, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Dang PMC, El-Benna J. NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils: Role of the phosphorylation of its subunits. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12951. [PMID: 29757466 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key cells of innate immunity and during inflammation. Upon activation, they produce large amounts of superoxide anion (O2 -. ) and ensuing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill phagocytized microbes. The enzyme responsible for O2 -. production is called the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. This is a multicomponent enzyme system that becomes active after assembly of four cytosolic proteins (p47phox , p67phox , p40phox and Rac2) with the transmembrane proteins (p22phox and gp91phox , which form the cytochrome b558 ). gp91phox represents the catalytic subunit of the NADPH oxidase and is also called NOX2. NADPH oxidase-derived ROS are essential for microbial killing and innate immunity; however, excessive ROS production induces tissue injury and prolonged inflammatory reactions that contribute to inflammatory diseases. Thus, NADPH oxidase activation must be tightly regulated in time and space to limit ROS production. NADPH oxidase activation is regulated by several processes such as phosphorylation of its components, exchange of GDP/GTP on Rac2 and binding of p47phox and p40phox to phospholipids. This review aims to provide new insights into the role of the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase components, that is gp91phox , p22phox , p47phox , p67phox and p40phox , in the activation of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra A Belambri
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Équipe de Recherche: Stress Oxydatif et Inflammation, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences De la Nature et de la Vie, Université Ferhat Abbes 1, Sétif, Algérie
| | - Loïc Rolas
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Houssam Raad
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Département d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, HUPNVS, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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21
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A homozygous loss-of-function mutation leading to CYBC1 deficiency causes chronic granulomatous disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4447. [PMID: 30361506 PMCID: PMC6202333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding subunits of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex are recognized to cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a severe primary immunodeficiency. Here we describe how deficiency of CYBC1, a previously uncharacterized protein in humans (C17orf62), leads to reduced expression of NADPH oxidase’s main subunit (gp91phox) and results in CGD. Analyzing two brothers diagnosed with CGD we identify a homozygous loss-of-function mutation, p.Tyr2Ter, in CYBC1. Imputation of p.Tyr2Ter into 155K chip-genotyped Icelanders reveals six additional homozygotes, all with signs of CGD, manifesting as colitis, rare infections, or a severely impaired PMA-induced neutrophil oxidative burst. Homozygosity for p.Tyr2Ter consequently associates with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Iceland (P = 8.3 × 10−8; OR = 67.6), as well as reduced height (P = 3.3 × 10−4; −8.5 cm). Overall, we find that CYBC1 deficiency results in CGD characterized by colitis and a distinct profile of infections indicative of macrophage dysfunction. Mutations in genes encoding NAPDH oxidase subunits are known to be causative for the primary immunodeficiency chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Here, the authors identify CYBC1 mutations in patients with CGD and show that CYBC1 is important for formation of the NADPH complex and respiratory burst.
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Kiyohara T, Miyano K, Kamakura S, Hayase J, Chishiki K, Kohda A, Sumimoto H. Differential cell surface recruitment of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidases Nox1, Nox2 and Nox5: The role of the small GTPase Sar1. Genes Cells 2018; 23:480-493. [PMID: 29718541 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane glycoproteins, synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), generally reach the Golgi apparatus in COPII-coated vesicles en route to the cell surface. Here, we show that the bona fide nonglycoprotein Nox5, a transmembrane superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase, is transported to the cell surface in a manner resistant to co-expression of Sar1 (H79G), a GTP-fixed mutant of the small GTPase Sar1, which blocks COPII vesicle fission from the ER. In contrast, Sar1 (H79G) effectively inhibits ER-to-Golgi transport of glycoproteins including the Nox5-related oxidase Nox2. The trafficking of Nox2, but not that of Nox5, is highly sensitive to over-expression of syntaxin 5 (Stx5), a t-SNARE required for COPII ER-to-Golgi transport. Thus, Nox2 and Nox5 mainly traffic via the Sar1/Stx5-dependent and -independent pathways, respectively. Both participate in Nox1 trafficking, as Nox1 advances to the cell surface in two differentially N-glycosylated forms, one complex and one high mannose, in a Sar1/Stx5-dependent and -independent manner, respectively. Nox2 and Nox5 also can use both pathways: a glycosylation-defective mutant Nox2 is weakly recruited to the plasma membrane in a less Sar1-dependent manner; N-glycosylated Nox5 mutants reach the cell surface in part as the complex form Sar1-dependently, albeit mainly as the high-mannose form in a Sar1-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kiyohara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kamakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Hayase
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanako Chishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Kohda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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O'Neill S, Mathis M, Kovačič L, Zhang S, Reinhardt J, Scholz D, Schopfer U, Bouhelal R, Knaus UG. Quantitative interaction analysis permits molecular insights into functional NOX4 NADPH oxidase heterodimer assembly. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8750-8760. [PMID: 29674345 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions critically regulate many biological systems, but quantifying functional assembly of multipass membrane complexes in their native context is still challenging. Here, we combined modeling-assisted protein modification and information from human disease variants with a minimal-size fusion tag, split-luciferase-based approach to probe assembly of the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-p22phox enzyme, an integral membrane complex with unresolved structure, which is required for electron transfer and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Integrated analyses of heterodimerization, trafficking, and catalytic activity identified determinants for the NOX4-p22phox interaction, such as heme incorporation into NOX4 and hot spot residues in transmembrane domains 1 and 4 in p22phox Moreover, their effect on NOX4 maturation and ROS generation was analyzed. We propose that this reversible and quantitative protein-protein interaction technique with its small split-fragment approach will provide a protein engineering and discovery tool not only for NOX research, but also for other intricate membrane protein complexes, and may thereby facilitate new drug discovery strategies for managing NOX-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- From the Conway Institute and.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland and
| | - Magalie Mathis
- the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lidija Kovačič
- From the Conway Institute and.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland and
| | - Suisheng Zhang
- From the Conway Institute and.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland and
| | - Jürgen Reinhardt
- the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrich Schopfer
- the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rochdi Bouhelal
- the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- From the Conway Institute and .,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland and
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24
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Biosynthesis of human myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 642:1-9. [PMID: 29408362 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Members of Chordata peroxidase subfamily [1] expressed in mammals, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO), express conserved motifs around the heme prosthetic group essential for their activity, a calcium-binding site, and at least two covalent bonds linking the heme group to the protein backbone. Although most studies of the biosynthesis of these peroxidases have focused on MPO, many of the features described occur during biosynthesis of other members of the protein subfamily. Whereas MPO biosynthesis includes events typical for proteins generated in the secretory pathway, the importance and consequences of heme insertion are events uniquely associated with peroxidases. This Review summarizes decades of work elucidating specific steps in the biosynthetic pathway of human MPO. Discussion includes cotranslational glycosylation and subsequent modifications of the N-linked carbohydrate sidechains, contributions by molecular chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum, cleavage of the propeptide from proMPO, and proteolytic processing of protomers and dimerization to yield mature MPO. Parallels between the biosynthesis of MPO and TPO as well as the impact of inherited mutations in the MPO gene on normal biosynthesis will be summarized. Lastly, specific gaps in our knowledge revealed by this review of our current understanding will be highlighted.
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Thomas DC. The phagocyte respiratory burst: Historical perspectives and recent advances. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:88-96. [PMID: 28864335 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to certain stimuli, phagocytes (including neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils) undergo marked changes in the way they handle oxygen. Firstly, their rate of oxygen uptake increases greatly. This is accompanied by (i) the production of large amounts of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and (ii) the metabolism of large quantities of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt. We now know that the oxygen used is not for respiration but for the production of powerful microbiocidal agents downstream of the initial production of superoxide. Concomitantly, glucose is oxidised through the hexose monophosphate shunt to re-generate the NADPH that has been consumed through the reduction of molecular oxygen to generate superoxide. This phagocyte respiratory burst is generated by an NADPH oxidase multi-protein complex that has a catalytic core consisting of membrane-bound gp91phox (CYBB) and p22phox (CYBA) sub-units and cytosolic components p47phox (NCF1), p67phox (NCF2) and p40phox (NCF4). Finally, another cytosolic component, the small G-protein Rac (Rac2 in neutrophils and Rac1 in macrophages) is also required for full activation. The importance of the complex in host defence is underlined by chronic granulomatous disease, a severe life-limiting immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the genes encoding the individual subunits. In this review, I will discuss the experimental evidence that underlies our knowledge of the respiratory burst, outlining how elegant biochemical analysis, coupled with study of patients deficient in the various subunits has helped elucidate the function of this essential part of innate immunity. I will also discuss some exciting recent studies that shed new light on how the abundance of the various components is controlled. Finally, I will explore the emerging role of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the pathogenesis of major human diseases including auto-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 157, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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Thomas DC, Clare S, Sowerby JM, Pardo M, Juss JK, Goulding DA, van der Weyden L, Storisteanu D, Prakash A, Espéli M, Flint S, Lee JC, Hoenderdos K, Kane L, Harcourt K, Mukhopadhyay S, Umrania Y, Antrobus R, Nathan JA, Adams DJ, Bateman A, Choudhary JS, Lyons PA, Condliffe AM, Chilvers ER, Dougan G, Smith KG. Eros is a novel transmembrane protein that controls the phagocyte respiratory burst and is essential for innate immunity. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1111-1128. [PMID: 28351984 PMCID: PMC5379978 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte respiratory burst is crucial for innate immunity. The transfer of electrons to oxygen is mediated by a membrane-bound heterodimer, comprising gp91phox and p22phox subunits. Deficiency of either subunit leads to severe immunodeficiency. We describe Eros (essential for reactive oxygen species), a protein encoded by the previously undefined mouse gene bc017643, and show that it is essential for host defense via the phagocyte NAPDH oxidase. Eros is required for expression of the NADPH oxidase components, gp91phox and p22phox Consequently, Eros-deficient mice quickly succumb to infection. Eros also contributes to the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS) and impacts on the immune response to melanoma metastases. Eros is an ortholog of the plant protein Ycf4, which is necessary for expression of proteins of the photosynthetic photosystem 1 complex, itself also an NADPH oxio-reductase. We thus describe the key role of the previously uncharacterized protein Eros in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - John M. Sowerby
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Jatinder K. Juss
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - David A. Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Daniel Storisteanu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Ananth Prakash
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England, UK
| | - Marion Espéli
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Shaun Flint
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - James C. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Kim Hoenderdos
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - James A. Nathan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England, UK
| | - Jyoti S. Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Alison M. Condliffe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Kenneth G.C. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
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Ma MM, Gao M, Guo KM, Wang M, Li XY, Zeng XL, Sun L, Lv XF, Du YH, Wang GL, Zhou JG, Guan YY. TMEM16A Contributes to Endothelial Dysfunction by Facilitating Nox2 NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Hypertension. Hypertension 2017; 69:892-901. [PMID: 28320851 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+-activated Cl- channels play a crucial role in various physiological processes. However, the role of TMEM16A in vascular endothelial dysfunction during hypertension is unclear. In this study, we investigated the specific involvement of TMEM16A in regulating endothelial function and blood pressure and the underlying mechanism. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, coimmunoprecipitation, confocal imaging, patch-clamp recordings, and TMEM16A endothelial-specific transgenic and knockout mice were used. We found that TMEM16A was expressed abundantly and functioned as a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel in endothelial cells. Angiotensin II induced endothelial dysfunction with an increase in TMEM16A expression. The knockout of endothelial-specific TMEM16A significantly lowered the blood pressure and ameliorated endothelial dysfunction in angiotensin II-induced hypertension, whereas the overexpression of endothelial-specific TMEM16A resulted in the opposite effects. These results were related to the increased reactive oxygen species production, Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase activation, and Nox2 and p22phox protein expression that were facilitated by TMEM16A on angiotensin II-induced hypertensive challenge. Moreover, TMEM16A directly bound with Nox2 and reduced the degradation of Nox2 through the proteasome-dependent degradation pathway. Therefore, TMEM16A is a positive regulator of endothelial reactive oxygen species generation via Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase, which induces endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Modification of TMEM16A may be a novel therapeutic strategy for endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Ma
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.).
| | - Min Gao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Kai-Min Guo
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Mi Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Xue-Lin Zeng
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Lu Sun
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Yan-Hua Du
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.-M.M., X.-Y.L., X.-L.Z., L.S., X.-F.L., Y.-H.D., G.-L.W., J.-G.Z., Y.-Y.G.); Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China (M.G.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (K.-M.G.); and Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China (M.W.)
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Brault J, Vaganay G, Le Roy A, Lenormand JL, Cortes S, Stasia MJ. Therapeutic effects of proteoliposomes on X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: proof of concept using macrophages differentiated from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2161-2177. [PMID: 28356734 PMCID: PMC5367562 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s128611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited immunodeficiency due to dysfunction of the phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex leading to severe and recurrent infections in early childhood. The main genetic form is the X-linked CGD leading to the absence of cytochrome b558 composed of NOX2 and p22phox, the membrane partners of the NADPH oxidase complex. The first cause of death of CGD patients is pulmonary infections. Recombinant proteoliposome-based therapy is an emerging and innovative approach for membrane protein delivery, which could be an alternative local, targeted treatment to fight lung infections in CGD patients. We developed an enzyme therapy using recombinant NOX2/p22phox liposomes to supply the NADPH oxidase activity in X0-linked CGD (X0-CGD) macrophages. Using an optimized prokaryotic cell-free protein synthesis system, a recombinant cytochrome b558 containing functional hemes was produced and directly inserted into the lipid bilayer of specific liposomes. The size of the NOX2/p22phox liposomes was estimated to be around 700 nm. These proteoliposomes were able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in an activated reconstituted cell-free NADPH oxidase activation assay in the presence of recombinant p47phox, p67phox and Rac, the cytosolic components of the NADPH oxidase complex. Furthermore, using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that cytochrome b558 was successfully delivered to the plasma membrane of X0-CGD-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages. In addition, NADPH oxidase activity was restored in X0-CGD iPSC-derived macrophages treated with NOX2/p22phox liposomes for 8 h without any toxicity. In conclusion, we confirmed that proteoliposomes provide a new promising technology for the delivery of functional proteins to the membrane of targeted cells. This efficient liposomal enzyme replacement therapy will be useful for future treatment of pulmonary infections in CGD patients refractory to conventional anti-infectious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brault
- UMR CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, University Hospital Centre of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Aline Le Roy
- IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CNRS, IBS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CEA, IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Marie José Stasia
- UMR CNRS 5525, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, University Hospital Centre of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Letkemann R, Wittkowski H, Antonopoulos A, Podskabi T, Haslam SM, Föll D, Dell A, Marquardt T. Partial correction of neutrophil dysfunction by oral galactose therapy in glycogen storage disease type Ib. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 44:216-225. [PMID: 28126686 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD-Ib) is characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis, neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction. Mass spectrometric glycomic profiling of GSD-Ib neutrophils showed severely truncated N-glycans, lacking galactose. Experiments indicated the hypoglycosylation of the electron transporting subunit of NADPH oxidase, which is crucial for the defense against bacterial infections. In phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1) deficiency, an inherited disorder with an enzymatic defect just one metabolic step ahead, hypogalactosylation can be successfully treated by dietary galactose. We hypothesized the same pathomechanism in GSD-Ib and started a therapeutic trial with oral galactose and uridine. The aim was to improve neutrophil dysfunction through the correction of hypoglycosylation in neutrophils. The GSD-Ib patient was treated for 29weeks. Monitoring included glycomics analysis of the patient's neutrophils and neutrophil function tests including respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis and migration. Although no substantial restoration of neutrophil glycosylation was found, there was partial improvement of respiratory burst activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Letkemann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Germany.
| | - Helmut Wittkowski
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Imunology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Germany.
| | | | - Teodor Podskabi
- Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Laboratory, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Dirk Föll
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Imunology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Germany.
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Germany.
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Müller-Calleja N, Manukyan D, Canisius A, Strand D, Lackner KJ. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits proinflammatory signalling pathways by targeting endosomal NADPH oxidase. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:891-897. [PMID: 27903507 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used for decades to treat patients with rheumatic diseases, for example, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis or the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We hypothesise that HCQ might target endosomal NADPH oxidase (NOX), which is involved in the signal transduction of cytokines as well as antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). METHODS For in vitro experiments, monocytic cells were stimulated with tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or a human monoclonal aPL and the activity of NOX was determined by flow cytometry. The expression of genes known to be induced by these stimuli was quantified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Live cell imaging was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Finally, the effects of HCQ on NOX-induced signal transduction were analysed in an in vivo model of venous thrombosis. RESULTS HCQ strongly reduces or completely prevents the induction of endosomal NOX by TNFα, IL-1β and aPL in human monocytes and MonoMac1 cells. As a consequence, induction of downstream genes by these stimuli is reduced or abrogated. This effect of HCQ is not mediated by direct interference with the agonists but by inhibiting the translocation of the catalytic subunit of NOX2 (gp91phox) into the endosome. In vivo, HCQ protects mice from aPL-induced and NOX2-mediated thrombus formation. CONCLUSIONS We describe here a novel mechanism of action of HCQ, that is, interference with the assembly of endosomal NOX2. Since endosomal NOX2 is involved in many inflammatory and prothrombotic signalling pathways, this activity of HCQ might explain many of its beneficial effects in rheumatic diseases including the APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Müller-Calleja
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Davit Manukyan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antje Canisius
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Strand
- Department of Medicine 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Graciano MF, Leonelli M, Curi R, R.Carpinelli A. Omega-3 fatty acids control productions of superoxide and nitrogen oxide and insulin content in INS-1E cells. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:699-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Guilarte TR, Loth MK, Guariglia SR. TSPO Finds NOX2 in Microglia for Redox Homeostasis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:334-343. [PMID: 27113160 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), previously named peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, has gained a great deal of attention based on its use as a clinical biomarker of neuroinflammation with therapeutic potential. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on the function(s) of TSPO in glial cells. Here, we identify a novel function of TSPO in microglia that is not associated with steroidogenesis. We propose that a TSPO interaction with NADPH oxidase (NOX2) links the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to the induction of an antioxidant response to maintain redox homeostasis. This line of investigation may provide a greater understanding of TSPO glial cell biology, and the knowledge gained may prove beneficial in devising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Meredith K Loth
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara R Guariglia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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CYBA encoding p22(phox), the cytochrome b558 alpha polypeptide: gene structure, expression, role and physiopathology. Gene 2016; 586:27-35. [PMID: 27048830 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
P22(phox) is a ubiquitous protein encoded by the CYBA gene located on the long arm of chromosome 16 at position 24, containing six exons and spanning 8.5 kb. P22(phox) is a critical component of the superoxide-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs). It is associated with NOX2 to form cytochrome b558 expressed mainly in phagocytes and responsible for the killing of microorganisms when bacterial and fungal infections occur. CYBA mutations lead to one of the autosomal recessive forms of chronic granulomatous disease (AR22(0)CGD) clinically characterized by recurrent and severe infections in early childhood. However, p22(phox) is also the partner of NOX1, NOX3 and NOX4, but not NOX5, which are analogs of NOX2, the first identified member of the NOX family. P22(phox)-NOX complexes have emerged as one of the most relevant sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues and cells, and are associated with several diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The p22(phox)-deficient mouse strain nmf333 has made it possible to highlight the role of p22(phox) in the control of inner ear balance in association with NOX3. However, the relevance of p22(phox) for NOX3 function remains uncertain because AR22(0)CGD patients do not suffer from vestibular dysfunction. Finally, a large number of genetic variations of CYBA have been reported, among them the C242T polymorphism, which has been extensively studied in association with coronary artery and heart diseases, but conflicting results continue to be reported.
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Qiu Y, Tao L, Lei C, Wang J, Yang P, Li Q, Lei B. Downregulating p22phox ameliorates inflammatory response in Angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress by regulating MAPK and NF-κB pathways in ARPE-19 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14362. [PMID: 26415877 PMCID: PMC4586461 DOI: 10.1038/srep14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are two interrelated biological events implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced under oxidative stress play a key role in pathological conditions. Inhibition of p22phox, an indispensable component of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex comprising the main source of ROS, plays a protective role in many ocular conditions by inhibiting the activation of NOXs and the generation of ROS. However, little is understood regarding the role of p22phox in oxidative stress-related inflammation in the eye. We used a p22phox small interfering RNA (siRNA) to transfect the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-derived cell line ARPE-19, and human primary RPE (hRPE) cells, then stimulated with Ang II. We observed a potent anti-inflammatory effect and studied the underlying mechanism. Downregulating p22phox resulted in decreased ROS generation, a reduction of NOXs (NOX1, 2, 4) and a decrease in inflammatory cytokine. In addition, p22phox downregulation reduced the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. We conclude that inhibition of p22phox has an anti-inflammatory effect in Ang II-induced oxidative stress. Suppressing the MAPK and NF-κB pathways is involved in this protective effect. These results suggest that p22phox may provide a promising therapeutic target for oxidative stress-induced ocular inflammation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifei Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
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PGC-1α limits angiotensin II-induced rat vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation via attenuating NOX1-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150112. [PMID: 26310573 PMCID: PMC4613698 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein content of PGC-1α was negatively correlated with an increase in cell proliferation and migration induced by AngII. PGC-1α could decrease ROS generation derived from NADPH oxidase induced by AngII, thus attenuating VSMC hyperplasia. AngII (angiotensin II)-induced excessive ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation and proliferation of VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) is a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. PGC-1α [PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) co-activator-1α] is involved in the regulation of ROS generation, VSMC proliferation and energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PGC-1α mediates AngII-induced ROS generation and VSMC hyperplasia. Our results showed that the protein content of PGC-1α was negatively correlated with an increase in cell proliferation and migration induced by AngII. Overexpression of PGC-1α inhibited AngII-induced proliferation and migration, ROS generation and NADPH oxidase activity in VSMCs. Conversely, Ad-shPGC-1α (adenovirus-mediated PGC-1α-specific shRNA) led to the opposite effects. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of Ad-shPGC-1α on VSMC proliferation was significantly attenuated by antioxidant and NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Analysis of several key subunits of NADPH oxidase (Rac1, p22phox, p40phox, p47phox and p67phox) and mitochondrial ROS revealed that these mechanisms were not responsible for the observed effects of PGC-1α. However, we found that overexpression of PGC-1α promoted NOX1 degradation through the proteasome degradation pathway under AngII stimulation and consequently attenuated NOX1 (NADPH oxidase 1) expression. These alterations underlie the inhibitory effect of PGC-1α on NADPH oxidase activity. Our data support a critical role for PGC-1α in the regulation of proliferation and migration of VSMCs, and provide a useful strategy to protect vessels against atherosclerosis.
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Souabni H, Machillot P, Baciou L. Contribution of lipid environment to NADPH oxidase activity: influence of sterol. Biochimie 2015; 107 Pt A:33-42. [PMID: 25448770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH-oxidase complex, which plays beneficial or detrimental role in the inflammatory and degenerative diseases, is a membrane multi-subunit complex tightly regulated in order to produce superoxide anions, precursor of oxygen reactive species (ROS), in cells. The flavocytochrome b(558) (Cytb(558)) is the catalytic core of the NADPH oxidase which consists of two membrane proteins gp91(phox) (highly glycosylated) and p22(phox). In this work we took advantage of heterologous yeast cells engineered to express wild-type bovine Cytb(558) to analyze the properties of the NADPH oxidase activity during the biosynthesis processing steps of gp91(phox) and p22(phox) within endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (Pmb). Our data showed that, in yeast, the heterodimerization at the endoplasmic reticulum membranes was concomitant with high level glycosylation of gp91(phox) and the heme acquisition. This study also demonstrated that the phagocyte NADPH oxidase was active at ER membranes and that this activity was surprisingly higher at the ER compared to the Pmb membranes. We have correlated these findings with the presence of sterols in the plasma membranes and their absence in ER membranes. This correlation was confirmed by decreased superoxide anion production rates in proteoliposomes supplemented with ergosterol or cholesterol. Our data support the idea that membrane environment might be determinant for ROS regulation and that sterols could directly interact with the membrane proteins of the NADPH oxidase constraining its capacity to produce superoxide anions.
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Adachi H, Yoshioka H. Kinase-mediated orchestration of NADPH oxidase in plant immunity. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:253-9. [PMID: 25740095 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signalling molecules, which participate in multiple physiological processes including immune response, development, cell elongation and hormonal signalling in plants. Plant NADPH oxidase, termed respiratory burst oxidase homologue (RBOH), is frequently studied as a main player for pathogen-responsive ROS burst. Our understanding of the activation mechanism of RBOH after pathogen recognition has increased in recent years. In this review, we focus on kinase-mediated regulatory mechanisms of RBOHs. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are well known to activate RBOHs by direct phosphorylation. In addition to functions of CDPKs in plants, we also describe the involvement of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in fine-tuning RBOH activity at the post-translational and transcriptional levels, respectively.
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Identification of NOX2 regions for normal biosynthesis of cytochrome b558 in phagocytes highlighting essential residues for p22phox binding. Biochem J 2015; 464:425-37. [PMID: 25252997 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b558, the redox core of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex in phagocytes, is composed of NOX2 and p22phox, the synthesis of which is intimately connected but not fully understood. We reproduced 10 rare X-minus chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) mutations of highly conserved residues in NOX1-NOX4, in X0-CGD PLB-985 cells in order to analyse their impact on the synthesis of cytochrome b558. According to the impact of these mutations on the level of expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and its activity, mutants were categorized into group A (W18C, E309K, K315del and I325F), characterized by a linear relationship between NOX2 expression and NOX activity, and group B (H338Y, P339H, G389A and F656-F570del), showing an absence of NOX activity associated with variable levels of NOX2 expression. These last residues belong to the FAD-binding pocket of NOX2, suggesting that this functional domain also plays a role in the structural integrity of NOX2. Finally, we observed an abnormal accumulation of p65 (65-kDa monomer), the NOX2 precursor and p65-p22phox dissociation in the W18C, E309K, I325F and G389A mutants, pointing out a possible role of the first transmembrane domain (Trp18), and the region between the membrane and the dehydrogenase domain of NOX2 (Glu309, Ile325 and Gly389), in the binding with p22phox.
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Okura Y, Yamada M, Kuribayashi F, Kobayashi I, Ariga T. Monocyte/macrophage-Specific NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Antimicrobial Host Defense in X-CGD. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:158-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vlahos R, Selemidis S. NADPH Oxidases as Novel Pharmacologic Targets against Influenza A Virus Infection. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:747-59. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
In phagocytes, gp91phox is the key membrane component of the NADPH oxidase complex. In contrast with what was known from studies in mammalian phagocytes, in Pichia pastoris we succeeded in producing an active catalytic subunit gp91phox in absence of its membrane partner.
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Paik YH, Kim J, Aoyama T, De Minicis S, Bataller R, Brenner DA. Role of NADPH oxidases in liver fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2854-72. [PMID: 24040957 PMCID: PMC4026397 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic fibrosis is the common pathophysiologic process resulting from chronic liver injury, characterized by the accumulation of an excessive extracellular matrix. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) is a multicomponent enzyme complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to a wide range of stimuli. In addition to phagocytic NOX2, there are six nonphagocytic NOX proteins. RECENT ADVANCES In the liver, NOX is functionally expressed both in the phagocytic form and in the nonphagocytic form. NOX-derived ROS contributes to various kinds of liver disease caused by alcohol, hepatitis C virus, and toxic bile acids. Recent evidence indicates that both phagocytic NOX2 and nonphagocytic NOX isoforms, including NOX1 and NOX4, mediate distinct profibrogenic actions in hepatic stellate cells, the main fibrogenic cell type in the liver. The critical role of NOX in hepatic fibrogenesis provides a rationale to assess pharmacological NOX inhibitors that treat hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Although there is compelling evidence indicating a crucial role for NOX-mediated ROS generation in hepatic fibrogenesis, little is known about the expression, subcellular localization, regulation, and redox signaling of NOX isoforms in specific cell types in the liver. Moreover, the exact mechanism of NOX-mediated fibrogenic signaling is still largely unknown. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding through further research about NOX-mediated fibrogenic signaling may enable the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapy using NOX inhibition strategy. Antio
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Han Paik
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Understanding isoform- and context-specific subcellular Nox reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase compartmentalization allows relevant functional inferences. This review addresses the interplay between Nox NADPH oxidases and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an increasingly evident player in redox pathophysiology given its role in redox protein folding and stress responses. RECENT ADVANCES Catalytic/regulatory transmembrane subunits are synthesized in the ER and their processing includes folding, N-glycosylation, heme insertion, p22phox heterodimerization, as shown for phagocyte Nox2. Dual oxidase (Duox) maturation also involves the regulation by ER-resident Duoxa2. The ER is the activation site for some isoforms, typically Nox4, but potentially other isoforms. Such location influences redox/Nox-mediated calcium signaling regulation via ER targets, such as sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Growing evidence suggests that Noxes are integral signaling elements of the unfolded protein response during ER stress, with Nox4 playing a dual prosurvival/proapoptotic role in this setting, whereas Nox2 enhances proapoptotic signaling. ER chaperones such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) closely interact with Noxes. PDI supports growth factor-dependent Nox1 activation and mRNA expression, as well as migration in smooth muscle cells, and PDI overexpression induces acute spontaneous Nox activation. CRITICAL ISSUES Mechanisms of PDI effects include possible support of complex formation and RhoGTPase activation. In phagocytes, PDI supports phagocytosis, Nox activation, and redox-dependent interactions with p47phox. Together, the results implicate PDI as possible Nox organizer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that convergence between Noxes and ER may have evolutive roots given ER-related functional contexts, which paved Nox evolution, namely calcium signaling and pathogen killing. Overall, the interplay between Noxes and the ER may provide relevant insights in Nox-related (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine , São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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NRROS negatively regulates reactive oxygen species during host defence and autoimmunity. Nature 2014; 509:235-9. [PMID: 24739962 DOI: 10.1038/nature13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phagocytes are essential for host defence against bacterial and fungal infections. Individuals with defective ROS production machinery develop chronic granulomatous disease. Conversely, excessive ROS can cause collateral tissue damage during inflammatory processes and therefore needs to be tightly regulated. Here we describe a protein, we termed negative regulator of ROS (NRROS), which limits ROS generation by phagocytes during inflammatory responses. NRROS expression in phagocytes can be repressed by inflammatory signals. NRROS-deficient phagocytes produce increased ROS upon inflammatory challenges, and mice lacking NRROS in their phagocytes show enhanced bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Conversely, these mice develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis owing to oxidative tissue damage in the central nervous system. Mechanistically, NRROS is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it directly interacts with nascent NOX2 (also known as gp91(phox) and encoded by Cybb) monomer, one of the membrane-bound subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex, and facilitates the degradation of NOX2 through the endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation pathway. Thus, NRROS provides a hitherto undefined mechanism for regulating ROS production--one that enables phagocytes to produce higher amounts of ROS, if required to control invading pathogens, while minimizing unwanted collateral tissue damage.
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Matsumoto M, Katsuyama M, Iwata K, Ibi M, Zhang J, Zhu K, Nauseef WM, Yabe-Nishimura C. Characterization of N-glycosylation sites on the extracellular domain of NOX1/NADPH oxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:196-204. [PMID: 24361341 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive evidence demonstrates the pathophysiological importance of NOX1, the catalytic subunit of superoxide-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase, as a source of reactive oxygen species in nonphagocytic cells. However, the biochemical properties of NOX1 have not been extensively characterized due to a lack of specific immunological tools. We used a newly raised NOX1 polyclonal antibody to investigate posttranslational modifications of NOX1 overexpressed in cultured cells and in the colon, where endogenous NOX1 is highly expressed. Immunoblots of lysates from cells expressing NOX1 revealed a doublet of 56 and 60kDa accompanied by a broad band of 60-90kDa. Based on differential sensitivity to glycosidases, the doublet was identified as two high-mannose-type glycoforms of NOX1, whereas the broad band represented NOX1 with complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides. Deglycosylated NOX1 migrated at ~53kDa and N-glycosylation was demonstrated in NOX1 derived from both rat and human. Site-directed mutagenesis identified N-glycosylation sites at Asn(161) and Asn(241) on the extracellular loop of mouse NOX1. Elimination of N-glycosylation on NOX1 did not affect its electron transferase activity, protein stability, targeting to the cell surface, or localization in F-actin-positive membrane protrusions. Taken together, these data identify the two specific sites of N-linked glycosylation of murine NOX1 and demonstrate that they are not required for normal enzyme activity, protein stability, and membrane trafficking. As is true for NOX2, the contribution of glycosylation in NOX1 to its biologic function(s) merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazumi Iwata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Coralville, IA 52241, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Chihiro Yabe-Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Miyano K, Sumimoto H. N-linked glycosylation of the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase Nox1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:1060-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Graciano MF, Valle MM, Curi R, Carpinelli AR. Evidence for the involvement of GPR40 and NADPH oxidase in palmitic acid-induced superoxide production and insulin secretion. Islets 2013; 5:139-48. [PMID: 23817296 DOI: 10.4161/isl.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex have been shown to be involved in the fatty acid amplification of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The effect of palmitic acid on superoxide production and insulin secretion by INS-1E cells and the possible involvement of GPR40 and NADPH oxidase in these processes were examined in this study. Cells were incubated during 1 h with palmitic acid in low and high glucose concentrations, a GPR40 agonist (GW9508) and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenyleneiodonium, DPI) and PKC (calphostin C). GW9508 induced superoxide production at 2.8 and 5.6 mM glucose concentrations and stimulated insulin secretion at 16.7 mM glucose concentration involving both PKC and NADPH oxidase activation. Palmitic acid induced superoxide production through NADPH oxidase and GPR40-dependent pathways and the stimulation of insulin secretion in the presence of a high glucose concentration was reduced by knockdown of GPR40 using siRNA. Our results suggest that palmitic acid induces superoxide production and potentiates GSIS through NADPH oxidase and GPR40 pathways in pancreatic ? cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Graciano
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo (USP); São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Heme oxygenase-1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1 secretion and chondrocyte cell death via Nox4 NADPH oxidase activity in chondrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66478. [PMID: 23840483 PMCID: PMC3688771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) activates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secretion of MMPs as well as chondrocyte apoptosis. Those events lead to matrix breakdown and are key features of osteoarthritis (OA). We confirmed that in human C-20/A4 chondrocytes the NADPH oxidase Nox4 is the main source of ROS upon IL-1β stimulation. Since heme molecules are essential for the NADPH oxidase maturation and activity, we therefore investigated the consequences of the modulation of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, on the IL-1β signaling pathway and more specifically on Nox4 activity. Induction of HO-1 expression decreased dramatically Nox4 activity in C-20/A4 and HEK293 T-REx™ Nox4 cell lines. Unexpectedly, this decrease was not accompanied by any change in the expression, the subcellular localization or the maturation of Nox4. In fact, the inhibition of the heme synthesis by succinylacetone rather than heme catabolism by HO-1, led to a confinement of the Nox4/p22phox heterodimer in the endoplasmic reticulum with an absence of redox differential spectrum highlighting an incomplete maturation. Therefore, the downregulation of Nox4 activity by HO-1 induction appeared to be mediated by carbon monoxide (CO) generated from the heme degradation process. Interestingly, either HO-1 or CO caused a significant decrease in the expression of MMP-1 and DNA fragmentation of chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1β. These results all together suggest that a modulation of Nox4 activity via heme oxygenase-1 may represent a promising therapeutic tool in osteoarthritis.
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Nauseef WM. Detection of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by cellular NADPH oxidases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:757-67. [PMID: 23660153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent recognition that isoforms of the cellular NADPH-dependent oxidases, collectively known as the NOX protein family, participate in a wide range of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in both the animal and plant kingdoms has stimulated interest in the identification, localization, and quantitation of their products in biological settings. Although several tools for measuring oxidants released extracellularly are available, the specificity and selectivity of the methods for reliable analysis of intracellular oxidants have not matched the enthusiasm for studying NOX proteins. SCOPE OF REVIEW Focusing exclusively on superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide produced by NOX proteins, this review describes the ideal probe for analysis of O2(-) and H2O2 generated extracellularly and intracellularly by NOX proteins. An overview of the components, organization, and topology of NOX proteins provides a rationale for applying specific probes for use and a context in which to interpret results and thereby construct plausible models linking NOX-derived oxidants to biological responses. The merits and shortcomings of methods currently in use to assess NOX activity are highlighted, and those assays that provide quantitation of superoxide or H2O2 are contrasted with those intended to examine spatial and temporal aspects of NOX activity. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Although interest in measuring the extracellular and intracellular products of the NOX protein family is great, robust analytical probes are limited. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The widespread involvement of NOX proteins in many biological processes requires rigorous approaches to the detection, localization, and quantitation of the oxidants produced. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA.
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Clavijo-Cornejo D, Enriquez-Cortina C, López-Reyes A, Domínguez-Pérez M, Nuño N, Domínguez-Meraz M, Bucio L, Souza V, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Gómez-Quiroz LE. Biphasic regulation of the NADPH oxidase by HGF/c-Met signaling pathway in primary mouse hepatocytes. Biochimie 2013; 95:1177-84. [PMID: 23333744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling is emerging as an essential mechanism in the regulation of biological activities of the cell. The HGF/c-Met signaling pathway has been implicated as a key regulator of the cellular redox homeostasis and oxidative stress. We previously demonstrated that genetic deletion of c-Met in hepatocytes disrupts redox homeostasis by a mechanism involving NADPH oxidase. Here, we were focused to address the mechanism of NADPH oxidase regulation by HGF/c-Met signaling in primary mouse hepatocytes and its relevance. HGF induced a biphasic mechanism of NADPH oxidase regulation. The first phase employed the rapid increase in production of ROS as signaling effectors to activate the Nrf2-mediated protective response resulting in up-regulation of the antioxidant proteins, such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. The second phase operated under a prolonged HGF exposure, caused a suppression of the NADPH oxidase components, including NOX2, NOX4, p22 and p67, and was able to abrogate the TGFβ-induced ROS production and improve cell viability. In conclusion, HGF/c-Met induces a Nrf2-mediated protective response by a double mechanism driven by NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Clavijo-Cornejo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina S-351, 09340 Iztapalapa, México, D.F., Mexico; PhD program on Experimental Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, México, D.F., Mexico
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