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Jiao H, Pang B, Liu A, Chen Q, Pan Q, Wang X, Xu Y, Chiang YC, Ren R, Hu H. Structural insights into the activation and inhibition of CXC chemokine receptor 3. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:610-620. [PMID: 38177682 PMCID: PMC11026165 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemotaxis of CD4+ type 1 helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, guided by interferon-inducible CXC chemokine 9-11 (CXCL9-11) and CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), plays a critical role in type 1 immunity. Here we determined the structures of human CXCR3-DNGi complexes activated by chemokine CXCL11, peptidomimetic agonist PS372424 and biaryl-type agonist VUF11222, and the structure of inactive CXCR3 bound to noncompetitive antagonist SCH546738. Structural analysis revealed that PS372424 shares a similar orthosteric binding pocket to the N terminus of CXCL11, while VUF11222 buries deeper and activates the receptor in a distinct manner. We showed an allosteric binding site between TM5 and TM6, accommodating SCH546738 in the inactive CXCR3. SCH546738 may restrain the receptor at an inactive state by preventing the repacking of TM5 and TM6. By revealing the binding patterns and the pharmacological properties of the four modulators, we present the activation mechanisms of CXCR3 and provide insights for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhan Jiao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijun Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiankun Wang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunong Xu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Chih Chiang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ruobing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongli Hu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
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Blanchet X, Weber C, von Hundelshausen P. Chemokine Heteromers and Their Impact on Cellular Function-A Conceptual Framework. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10925. [PMID: 37446102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractant cytokines or chemokines are proteins involved in numerous biological activities. Their essential role consists of the formation of gradient and (immune) cell recruitment. Chemokine biology and its related signaling system is more complex than simple ligand-receptor interactions. Beside interactions with their cognate and/or atypical chemokine receptors, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), chemokines form complexes with themselves as homo-oligomers, heteromers and also with other soluble effector proteins, including the atypical chemokine MIF, carbohydrate-binding proteins (galectins), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or with chemokine-binding proteins such as evasins. Likewise, nucleic acids have been described as binding targets for the tetrameric form of CXCL4. The dynamic balance between monomeric and dimeric structures, as well as interactions with GAGs, modulate the concentrations of free chemokines available along with the nature of the gradient. Dimerization of chemokines changes the canonical monomeric fold into two main dimeric structures, namely CC- and CXC-type dimers. Recent studies highlighted that chemokine dimer formation is a frequent event that could occur under pathophysiological conditions. The structural changes dictated by chemokine dimerization confer additional biological activities, e.g., biased signaling. The present review will provide a short overview of the known functionality of chemokines together with the consequences of the interactions engaged by the chemokines with other proteins. Finally, we will present potential therapeutic tools targeting the chemokine multimeric structures that could modulate their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Blanchet
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp von Hundelshausen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany
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3
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Dillemans L, De Somer L, Neerinckx B, Proost P. A review of the pleiotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligands in the synovial microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36862204 PMCID: PMC11071919 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal players in instigation and perpetuation of synovitis through leukocytes egress from the blood circulation into the inflamed articulation. Multitudinous literature addressing the involvement of the dual-function interferon (IFN)-inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory arthritis emphasizes the need for detangling their etiopathological relevance. Through interaction with their mutual receptor CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 exert their hallmark function of coordinating directional trafficking of CD4+ TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells towards inflammatory niches. Among other (patho)physiological processes including infection, cancer, and angiostasis, IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the abundant presence of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands in bodily fluids of patients with inflammatory arthritis, the outcomes of their selective depletion in rodent models, and the attempts at developing candidate drugs targeting the CXCR3 chemokine system. We further propose that the involvement of the CXCR3 binding chemokines in synovitis and joint remodeling encompasses more than solely the directional ingress of CXCR3-expressing leukocytes. The pleotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands in the synovial niche reiteratively illustrate the extensive complexity of the CXCR3 chemokine network, which is based on the intercommunion of IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands with distinct CXCR3 isoforms, enzymes, cytokines, and infiltrated and resident cells present in the inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Kardeby C, Evans A, Campos J, Al-Wahaibi AM, Smith CW, Slater A, Martin EM, Severin S, Brill A, Pejler G, Sun Y, Watson SP. Heparin and heparin proteoglycan-mimetics activate platelets via PEAR1 and PI3Kβ. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:101-116. [PMID: 36695374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet endothelial aggregation receptor 1 (PEAR1) is a single-transmembrane orphan receptor primarily expressed on platelets and endothelial cells. Genetic variants of PEAR1 have repeatedly and independently been identified to be associated with cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVES We have identified sulfated fucoidans and their mimetics as ligands for PEAR1 and proposed that its endogenous ligand is a sulfated proteoglycan. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis. METHODS A heparin proteoglycan-mimetic (HPGM) was created by linking unfractionated heparin (UFH) to albumin. The ability of the HPGM, UFH and selectively desulfated heparins to stimulate platelet aggregation and protein phosphorylation was investigated. Nanobodies against the 12th to 13th epidermal growth factor-like repeat of PEAR1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoform-selective inhibitors were tested for the inhibition of platelet activation. RESULTS We show that HPGM, heparin conjugated to an albumin protein core, stimulates aggregation and phosphorylation of PEAR1 in washed platelets. Platelet aggregation was abolished by an anti-PEAR1 nanobody, Nb138. UFH stimulated platelet aggregation in washed platelets, but desulfated UFH did not. Furthermore, HPGM, but not UFH, stimulated maximal aggregation in platelet-rich plasma. However, both HPGM and UFH increased integrin αIIbβ3 activation in whole blood. By using PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors, we show that PEAR1 activates PI3Kβ, leading to Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that PEAR1 is a receptor for heparin and HPGM and that PI3Kβ is a key signaling molecule downstream of PEAR1 in platelets. These findings may have important implications for our understanding of the role of PEAR1 in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kardeby
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Alice Evans
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joana Campos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Afraa Moosa Al-Wahaibi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher W Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eleyna M Martin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sonia Severin
- INSERM U1297 and Paul Sabatier University, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexander Brill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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5
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Alrumaihi F. The Multi-Functional Roles of CCR7 in Human Immunology and as a Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer Therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:834149. [PMID: 35874608 PMCID: PMC9298655 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.834149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important hallmark of the human immune system is to provide adaptive immunity against pathogens but tolerance toward self-antigens. The CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) provides a significant contribution in guiding cells to and within lymphoid organs and is important for acquiring immunity and tolerance. The CCR7 holds great importance in establishing thymic architecture and function and naïve and regulatory T-cell homing in the lymph nodes. Similarly, the receptor is a key regulator in cancer cell migration and the movement of dendritic cells. This makes the CCR7 an important receptor as a drug and prognostic marker. In this review, we discussed several biological roles of the CCR7 and its importance as a drug and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Bu C, Jin L. NMR Characterization of the Interactions Between Glycosaminoglycans and Proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:646808. [PMID: 33796549 PMCID: PMC8007983 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.646808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) constitute a considerable fraction of the glycoconjugates found on cellular membranes and in the extracellular matrix of virtually all mammalian tissues. The essential role of GAG-protein interactions in the regulation of physiological processes has been recognized for decades. However, the underlying molecular basis of these interactions has only emerged since 1990s. The binding specificity of GAGs is encoded in their primary structures, but ultimately depends on how their functional groups are presented to a protein in the three-dimensional space. This review focuses on the application of NMR spectroscopy on the characterization of the GAG-protein interactions. Examples of interpretation of the complex mechanism and characterization of structural motifs involved in the GAG-protein interactions are given. Selected families of GAG-binding proteins investigated using NMR are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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7
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Crijns H, Vanheule V, Proost P. Targeting Chemokine-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions to Inhibit Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 32296423 PMCID: PMC7138053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into tissues depends on the activity of chemokines that form concentration gradients to guide leukocytes to a specific site. Interaction of chemokines with their specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on leukocytes induces leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells, followed by extravasation of the leukocytes and subsequent directed migration along the chemotactic gradient. Interaction of chemokines with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is crucial for extravasation in vivo. Chemokines need to interact with GAGs on endothelial cells and in the extracellular matrix in tissues in order to be presented on the endothelium of blood vessels and to create a concentration gradient. Local chemokine retention establishes a chemokine gradient and prevents diffusion and degradation. During the last two decades, research aiming at reducing chemokine activity mainly focused on the identification of inhibitors of the interaction between chemokines and their cognate GPCRs. This approach only resulted in limited success. However, an alternative strategy, targeting chemokine-GAG interactions, may be a promising approach to inhibit chemokine activity and inflammation. On this line, proteins derived from viruses and parasites that bind chemokines or GAGs may have the potential to interfere with chemokine-GAG interactions. Alternatively, chemokine mimetics, including truncated chemokines and mutant chemokines, can compete with chemokines for binding to GAGs. Such truncated or mutated chemokines are characterized by a strong binding affinity for GAGs and abrogated binding to their chemokine receptors. Finally, Spiegelmers that mask the GAG-binding site on chemokines, thereby preventing chemokine-GAG interactions, were developed. In this review, the importance of GAGs for chemokine activity in vivo and strategies that could be employed to target chemokine-GAG interactions will be discussed in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crijns
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Mathews JA, Ni YG, Wang C, Peterson JE, Ray C, Zhao X, Duan D, Hamon S, Allinson J, Hokom M, Wegner G. Considerations for Soluble Protein Biomarker Blood Sample Matrix Selection. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:38. [PMID: 31997095 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood-based soluble protein biomarkers provide invaluable clinical information about patients and are used as diagnostic, prognostic, and pharmacodynamic markers. The most commonly used blood sample matrices are serum and different types of plasma. In drug development research, the impact of sample matrix selection on successful protein biomarker quantification is sometimes overlooked. The sample matrix for a specific analyte is often chosen based on prior experience or literature searches, without good understanding of the possible effects on analyte quantification. Using a data set of 32 different soluble protein markers measured in matched serum and plasma samples, we examined the differences between serum and plasma and discussed how platelet or immune cell activation can change the quantified concentration of the analyte. We have also reviewed the effect of anticoagulant on analyte quantification. Finally, we provide specific recommendations for biomarker sample matrix selection and propose a systematic and data-driven approach for sample matrix selection. This review is intended to raise awareness of the impact and considerations of sample matrix selection on biomarker quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Mathews
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Rd., Carlsbad, California, 92010, USA.
| | - Yan G Ni
- Regeneron, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Chad Ray
- Zoetis, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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9
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Ghiselli G. Heparin Binding Proteins as Therapeutic Target: An Historical Account and Current Trends. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E80. [PMID: 31362364 PMCID: PMC6789896 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyanionic nature and the ability to interact with proteins with different affinities are properties of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that determine their biological function. In designing drugs affecting the interaction of proteins with GAGs the challenge has been to generate agents with high binding specificity. The example to emulated has been a heparin-derived pentasaccharide that binds to antithrombin-III with high affinity. However, the portability of this model to other biological situations is questioned on several accounts. Because of their structural flexibility, oligosaccharides with different sulfation and uronic acid conformation can display the same binding proficiency to different proteins and produce comparable biological effects. This circumstance represents a formidable obstacle to the design of drugs based on the heparin scaffold. The conceptual framework discussed in this article is that through a direct intervention on the heparin-binding functionality of proteins is possible to achieve a high degree of action specificity. This objective is currently pursued through two strategies. The first makes use of small molecules for which in the text we provide examples from past and present literature concerning angiogenic factors and enzymes. The second approach entails the mutagenesis of the GAG-binding site of proteins as a means to generate a new class of biologics of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ghiselli
- Independent Researcher, 1326 Spruce Street Suite 706, Philadephia, PA 19107, USA.
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10
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Vacchini A, Mortier A, Proost P, Locati M, Metzemaekers M, Borroni EM. Differential Effects of Posttranslational Modifications of CXCL8/Interleukin-8 on CXCR1 and CXCR2 Internalization and Signaling Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3768. [PMID: 30486423 PMCID: PMC6321254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL8 or interleukin (IL)-8 directs neutrophil migration and activation through interaction with CXCR1 and CXCR2 that belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Naturally occurring posttranslational modifications of the NH₂-terminal region of CXCL8 affect its biological activities, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are only partially understood. Here, we studied the implications of site-specific citrullination and truncation for the signaling potency of CXCL8. Native CXCL8(1-77), citrullinated [Cit5]CXCL8(1-77) and the major natural isoform CXCL8(6-77) were chemically synthesized and tested in internalization assays using human neutrophils. Citrullinated and truncated isoforms showed a moderately enhanced capacity to induce internalization of CXCR1 and CXCR2. Moreover, CXCL8-mediated activation of Gαi-dependent signaling through CXCR1 and CXCR2 was increased upon modification to [Cit5]CXCL8(1-77) or CXCL8(6-77). All CXCL8 variants promoted recruitment of β-arrestins 1 and 2 to CXCR1 and CXCR2. Compared to CXCL8(1-77), CXCL8(6-77) showed an enhanced potency to recruit β-arrestin 2 to both receptors, while for [Cit5]CXCL8(1-77) only the capacity to induce β-arrestin 2 recruitment to CXCR2 was increased. Both modifications had no biasing effect, i.e., did not alter the preference of CXCL8 to activate either Gαi-protein or β-arrestin-dependent signaling through its receptors. Our results support the concept that specific chemokine activities are fine-tuned by posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vacchini
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via fratelli Cervi 93, I-20090 Segrate, Italy.
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1042, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1042, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via fratelli Cervi 93, I-20090 Segrate, Italy.
| | - Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1042, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via fratelli Cervi 93, I-20090 Segrate, Italy.
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11
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Collins LE, Troeberg L. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:81-92. [PMID: 30376187 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0618-246r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate is found on the surface of most cell types, as well as in basement membranes and extracellular matrices. Its strong anionic properties and highly variable structure enable this glycosaminoglycan to provide binding sites for numerous protein ligands, including many soluble mediators of the immune system, and may promote or inhibit their activity. The formation of ligand binding sites on heparan sulfate (HS) occurs in a tissue- and context-specific fashion through the action of several families of enzymes, most of which have multiple isoforms with subtly different specificities. Changes in the expression levels of these biosynthetic enzymes occur in response to inflammatory stimuli, resulting in structurally different HS and acquisition or loss of binding sites for immune mediators. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles for HS in regulating immune responses, and the evidence for inflammation-associated changes to HS structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Collins
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Sepuru KM, Nagarajan B, Desai UR, Rajarathnam K. Structural basis, stoichiometry, and thermodynamics of binding of the chemokines KC and MIP2 to the glycosaminoglycan heparin. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17817-17828. [PMID: 30257866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC or mCXCL1) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP2 or mCXCL2) play nonredundant roles in trafficking blood neutrophils to sites of infection and injury. The functional responses of KC and MIP2 are intimately coupled to their interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAG interactions orchestrate chemokine concentration gradients and modulate receptor activity, which together regulate neutrophil trafficking. Here, using NMR, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we characterized the molecular basis of KC and MIP2 binding to the GAG heparin. Both chemokines reversibly exist as monomers and dimers, and the NMR analysis indicates that the dimer binds heparin with higher affinity. The ITC experiments indicate a stoichiometry of two GAGs per KC or MIP2 dimer and that the enthalpic and entropic contributions vary significantly between the two chemokine-heparin complexes. NMR-based structural models of heparin-KC and heparin-MIP2 complexes reveal that different combinations of residues from the N-loop, 40s turn, β3-strand, and C-terminal helix form a binding surface within a monomer and that both conserved residues and residues unique to a particular chemokine mediate the binding interactions. MD simulations indicate significant residue-specific differences in their contribution to binding and affinity for a given chemokine and between chemokines. On the basis of our observations that KC and MIP2 bind to GAG via distinct molecular interactions, we propose that the differences in these GAG interactions lead to differences in neutrophil recruitment and play nonoverlapping roles in resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Balaji Nagarajan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, and Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, and Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555; Microbiology and Immunology.
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Vanheule V, Crijns H, Poosti F, Ruytinx P, Berghmans N, Gerlza T, Ronsse I, Pörtner N, Matthys P, Kungl AJ, Opdenakker G, Struyf S, Proost P. Anti-inflammatory effects of the GAG-binding CXCL9(74-103) peptide in dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1333-1344. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Helena Crijns
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Fariba Poosti
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Pieter Ruytinx
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Tanja Gerlza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Graz; Graz Austria
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH; Graz Austria
| | - Isabelle Ronsse
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Noëmie Pörtner
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Andreas J. Kungl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Graz; Graz Austria
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH; Graz Austria
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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14
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Metzemaekers M, Vanheule V, Janssens R, Struyf S, Proost P. Overview of the Mechanisms that May Contribute to the Non-Redundant Activities of Interferon-Inducible CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 Ligands. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1970. [PMID: 29379506 PMCID: PMC5775283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are predominantly induced by interferon (IFN)-γ and share an exclusive chemokine receptor named CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3). With a prototype function of directing temporal and spatial migration of activated T cells and natural killer cells, and inhibitory effects on angiogenesis, these CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in infection, acute inflammation, autoinflammation and autoimmunity, as well as in cancer. Intense former research efforts led to recent and ongoing clinical trials using CXCR3 and CXCR3 ligand targeting molecules. Scientific evidence has claimed mutual redundancy, ligand dominance, collaboration or even antagonism, depending on the (patho)physiological context. Most research on their in vivo activity, however, illustrates that CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 each contribute to the activation and trafficking of CXCR3 expressing cells in a non-redundant manner. When looking into detail, one can unravel a multistep machinery behind final CXCR3 ligand functions. Not only can specific cell types secrete individual CXCR3 interacting chemokines in response to certain stimuli, but also the receptor and glycosaminoglycan interactions, major associated intracellular pathways and susceptibility to processing by particular enzymes, among others, seem ligand-specific. Here, we overview major aspects of the molecular properties and regulatory mechanisms of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands, and propose that their in vivo non-redundancy is a reflection of the unprecedented degree of versatility that seems inherent to the IFN-related CXCR3 chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Neutrophils: a cornerstone of liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Transl Med 2018; 98:51-62. [PMID: 28920945 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality due to graft rejection after liver transplantation. During IRI, an intense inflammatory process occurs in the liver. This hepatic inflammation is initiated by the ischemic period but occurs mainly during the reperfusion phase, and is characterized by a large neutrophil recruitment to the liver. Production of cytokines, chemokines, and danger signals results in activation of resident hepatocytes, leukocytes, and Kupffer cells. The role of neutrophils as the main amplifiers of liver injury in IRI has been recognized in many publications. Several studies have shown that elimination of excessive neutrophils or inhibition of their function leads to reduction of liver injury and inflammation. However, the mechanisms involved in neutrophil recruitment during liver IRI are not well known. In addition, the molecules necessary for this type of migration are poorly defined, as the liver presents an atypical sinusoidal vasculature in which the classical leukocyte migration paradigm only partially applies. This review summarizes recent advances in neutrophil-mediated liver damage, and its application to liver IRI. Basic mechanisms of activation of neutrophils and their unique mechanisms of recruitment into the liver vasculature are discussed. In particular, the role of danger signals, adhesion molecules, chemokines, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and metalloproteinases is explored. The precise definition of the molecular events that govern the recruitment of neutrophils and their movement into inflamed tissue may offer new therapeutic alternatives for hepatic injury by IRI and other inflammatory diseases of the liver.
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16
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Dyer DP, Migliorini E, Salanga CL, Thakar D, Handel TM, Richter RP. Differential structural remodelling of heparan sulfate by chemokines: the role of chemokine oligomerization. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.160286. [PMID: 28123055 PMCID: PMC5303277 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines control the migration of cells in normal physiological processes and in the context of disease such as inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. Two major interactions are involved: (i) binding of chemokines to chemokine receptors, which activates the cellular machinery required for movement; and (ii) binding of chemokines to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which facilitates the organization of chemokines into haptotactic gradients that direct cell movement. Chemokines can bind and activate their receptors as monomers; however, the ability to oligomerize is critical for the function of many chemokines in vivo. Chemokine oligomerization is thought to enhance their affinity for GAGs, and here we show that it significantly affects the ability of chemokines to accumulate on and be retained by heparan sulfate (HS). We also demonstrate that several chemokines differentially rigidify and cross-link HS, thereby affecting HS rigidity and mobility, and that HS cross-linking is significantly enhanced by chemokine oligomerization. These findings suggest that chemokine–GAG interactions may play more diverse biological roles than the traditional paradigms of physical immobilization and establishment of chemokine gradients; we hypothesize that they may promote receptor-independent events such as physical re-organization of the endothelial glycocalyx and extracellular matrix, as well as signalling through proteoglycans to facilitate leukocyte adhesion and transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Dyer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Elisa Migliorini
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Dhruv Thakar
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Ralf P Richter
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain .,Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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17
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Glycosaminoglycan Interactions with Chemokines Add Complexity to a Complex System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030070. [PMID: 28792472 PMCID: PMC5620614 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have two types of interactions that function cooperatively to control cell migration. Chemokine receptors on migrating cells integrate signals initiated upon chemokine binding to promote cell movement. Interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) localize chemokines on and near cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix to provide direction to the cell movement. The matrix of interacting chemokine–receptor partners has been known for some time, precise signaling and trafficking properties of many chemokine–receptor pairs have been characterized, and recent structural information has revealed atomic level detail on chemokine–receptor recognition and activation. However, precise knowledge of the interactions of chemokines with GAGs has lagged far behind such that a single paradigm of GAG presentation on surfaces is generally applied to all chemokines. This review summarizes accumulating evidence which suggests that there is a great deal of diversity and specificity in these interactions, that GAG interactions help fine-tune the function of chemokines, and that GAGs have other roles in chemokine biology beyond localization and surface presentation. This suggests that chemokine–GAG interactions add complexity to the already complex functions of the receptors and ligands.
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18
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Thompson S, Martínez-Burgo B, Sepuru KM, Rajarathnam K, Kirby JA, Sheerin NS, Ali S. Regulation of Chemokine Function: The Roles of GAG-Binding and Post-Translational Nitration. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081692. [PMID: 28771176 PMCID: PMC5578082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of chemokines is to direct the migration of leukocytes to the site of injury during inflammation. The effects of chemokines are modulated by several means, including binding to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and through post-translational modifications (PTMs). GAGs, present on cell surfaces, bind chemokines released in response to injury. Chemokines bind leukocytes via their GPCRs, which directs migration and contributes to local inflammation. Studies have shown that GAGs or GAG-binding peptides can be used to interfere with chemokine binding and reduce leukocyte recruitment. Post-translational modifications of chemokines, such as nitration, which occurs due to the production of reactive species during oxidative stress, can also alter their biological activity. This review describes the regulation of chemokine function by GAG-binding ability and by post-translational nitration. These are both aspects of chemokine biology that could be targeted if the therapeutic potential of chemokines, like CXCL8, to modulate inflammation is to be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thompson
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Burgo
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - John A Kirby
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Neil S Sheerin
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Simi Ali
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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19
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Glycosaminoglycans Regulate CXCR3 Ligands at Distinct Levels: Protection against Processing by Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV/CD26 and Interference with Receptor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071513. [PMID: 28703769 PMCID: PMC5536003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 direct chemotaxis of mainly T cells and NK cells through activation of their common CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)3. They are inactivated upon NH2-terminal cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26. In the present study, we found that different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) protect the CXCR3 ligands against proteolytic processing by CD26 without directly affecting the enzymatic activity of CD26. In addition, GAGs were shown to interfere with chemokine-induced CXCR3 signaling. The observation that heparan sulfate did not, and heparin only moderately, altered CXCL10-induced T cell chemotaxis in vitro may be explained by a combination of protection against proteolytic inactivation and altered receptor interaction as observed in calcium assays. No effect of CD26 inhibition was found on CXCL10-induced chemotaxis in vitro. However, treatment of mice with the CD26 inhibitor sitagliptin resulted in an enhanced CXCL10-induced lymphocyte influx into the joint. This study reveals a dual role for GAGs in modulating the biological activity of CXCR3 ligands. GAGs protect the chemokines from proteolytic cleavage but also directly interfere with chemokine–CXCR3 signaling. These data support the hypothesis that both GAGs and CD26 affect the in vivo chemokine function.
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20
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Vanheule V, Boff D, Mortier A, Janssens R, Petri B, Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P, Berghmans N, Struyf S, Kungl AJ, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA, Proost P. CXCL9-Derived Peptides Differentially Inhibit Neutrophil Migration In Vivo through Interference with Glycosaminoglycan Interactions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:530. [PMID: 28539925 PMCID: PMC5423902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases are driven by accumulation of activated leukocytes due to enhanced chemokine expression. In addition to specific G protein-coupled receptor-dependent signaling, chemokine-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions are important for chemokine activity in vivo. Therefore, the GAG-chemokine interaction has been explored as target for inhibition of chemokine activity. It was demonstrated that CXCL9(74-103) binds with high affinity to GAGs, competed with active chemokines for GAG binding and thereby inhibited CXCL8- and monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced neutrophil migration to joints. To evaluate the affinity and specificity of the COOH-terminal part of CXCL9 toward different GAGs in detail, we chemically synthesized several COOH-terminal CXCL9 peptides including the shorter CXCL9(74-93). Compared to CXCL9(74-103), CXCL9(74-93) showed equally high affinity for heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), but lower affinity for binding to chondroitin sulfate (CS) and cellular GAGs. Correspondingly, both peptides competed with equal efficiency for CXCL8 binding to heparin and HS but not to cellular GAGs. In addition, differences in anti-inflammatory activity between both peptides were detected in vivo. CXCL8-induced neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity and to the knee joint were inhibited with similar potency by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of CXCL9(74-103) or CXCL9(74-93), but not by CXCL9(86-103). In contrast, neutrophil extravasation in the MSU crystal-induced gout model, in which multiple chemoattractants are induced, was not affected by CXCL9(74-93). This could be explained by (1) the lower affinity of CXCL9(74-93) for CS, the most abundant GAG in joints, and (2) by reduced competition with GAG binding of CXCL1, the most abundant ELR+ CXC chemokine in this gout model. Mechanistically we showed by intravital microscopy that fluorescent CXCL9(74-103) coats the vessel wall in vivo and that CXCL9(74-103) inhibits CXCL8-induced adhesion of neutrophils to the vessel wall in the murine cremaster muscle model. Thus, both affinity and specificity of chemokines and the peptides for different GAGs and the presence of specific GAGs in different tissues will determine whether competition can occur. In summary, both CXCL9 peptides inhibited neutrophil migration in vivo through interference with GAG interactions in several animal models. Shortening CXCL9(74-103) from the COOH-terminus limited its GAG-binding spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Björn Petri
- Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Kubes
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas J. Kungl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavio Almeida Amaral
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Pontejo SM, Murphy PM. Two glycosaminoglycan-binding domains of the mouse cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine MCK-2 are critical for oligomerization of the full-length protein. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9613-9626. [PMID: 28432120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.785121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are essential for antimicrobial host defenses and tissue repair. Herpesviruses and poxviruses also encode chemokines, copied from their hosts and repurposed for multiple functions, including immune evasion. The CC chemokine MCK-2 encoded by mouse CMV (MCMV) has an atypical structure consisting of a classic chemokine domain N-terminal to a second unique domain, resulting from the splicing of MCMV ORFs m131 and m129 MCK-2 is essential for full MCMV infectivity in macrophages and for persistent infection in the salivary gland. However, information about its mechanism of action and specific biochemical roles for the two domains has been lacking. Here, using genetic, chemical, and enzymatic analyses of multiple mouse cell lines as well as primary mouse fibroblasts from salivary gland and lung, we demonstrate that MCK-2 binds glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with affinities in the following order: heparin > heparan sulfate > chondroitin sulfate = dermatan sulfate. Both MCK-2 domains bound these GAGs independently, and computational analysis together with site-directed mutagenesis identified five basic residues distributed across the N terminus and the 30s and 50s loops of the chemokine domain that are important GAG binding determinants. Both domains were required for GAG-dependent oligomerization of full-length MCK-2. Thus, MCK-2 is an atypical viral chemokine consisting of a CC chemokine domain and a unique non-chemokine domain, both of which bind GAGs and are critical for GAG-dependent oligomerization of the full-length protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Pontejo
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Philip M Murphy
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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22
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Miller RL, Dykstra AB, Wei W, Holsclaw C, Turnbull JE, Leary JA. Enrichment of Two Isomeric Heparin Oligosaccharides Exhibiting Different Affinities toward Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11551-11558. [PMID: 27801570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine-GAG interactions are crucial to facilitate chemokine immobilization, resulting in the formation of chemokine gradients that guide cell migration. Here we demonstrate chromatographic isolation and purification of two heparin hexasaccharide isomers that interact with the oligomeric chemokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 with different binding affinities. The sequences of these two hexasaccharides were deduced from unique MS/MS product ions and HPLC compositional analysis. Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) showed that the two isolated oligosaccharides have different conformations and both displayed preferential binding for one of the two distinct conformations known for MCP-1 dimers. A significant shift in arrival time distribution of close to 70 Å2 was observed, indicating a more compact protein:hexasaccharide conformation. Clear differences in the MS spectra between bound and unbound protein allowed calculation of Kd values from the resulting data. The structural difference between the two hexasaccharides was defined as the differential location of a single sulfate at either C-6 of glucosamine or C-2 of uronic acid in the reducing disaccharide, resulting in a 200-fold difference in binding affinity for MCP-1. These data indicate sequence specificity for high affinity binding, supporting the view that sulfate position, and not simply the number of sulfates, is important for heparan sulfate protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Miller
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew B Dykstra
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cynthia Holsclaw
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, England
| | - Julie A Leary
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
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23
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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Harvey SR, MacPhee CE, Volkman BF, Barran PE. The association and aggregation of the metamorphic chemokine lymphotactin with fondaparinux: from nm molecular complexes to μm molecular assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:394-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05801e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy and drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry are used to study the assemblies formed by the metamorphic chemokine lymphotactin in the presence of a model glycosaminoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cait E. MacPhee
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Milwaukee
- USA
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- School of Chemistry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- University of Manchester
- UK
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25
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Monneau Y, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lortat-Jacob H. The sweet spot: how GAGs help chemokines guide migrating cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:935-53. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0915-440r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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26
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Dyer DP, Salanga CL, Volkman BF, Kawamura T, Handel TM. The dependence of chemokine-glycosaminoglycan interactions on chemokine oligomerization. Glycobiology 2015; 26:312-26. [PMID: 26582609 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Both chemokine oligomerization and binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are required for their function in cell recruitment. Interactions with GAGs facilitate the formation of chemokine gradients, which provide directional cues for migrating cells. In contrast, chemokine oligomerization is thought to contribute to the affinity of GAG interactions by providing a more extensive binding surface than single subunits alone. However, the importance of chemokine oligomerization to GAG binding has not been extensively quantified. Additionally, the ability of chemokines to form different oligomers has been suggested to impart specificity to GAG interactions, but most studies have been limited to heparin. In this study, several differentially oligomerizing chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CXCL4, CXCL8, CXCL11 and CXCL12) and select oligomerization-deficient mutants were systematically characterized by surface plasmon resonance to determine their relative affinities for heparin, heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate-A (CS-A). Wild-type chemokines demonstrated a hierarchy of binding affinities for heparin and HS that was markedly dependent on oligomerization. These results were corroborated by their relative propensity to accumulate on cells and the critical role of oligomerization in cell presentation. CS-A was found to exhibit greater chemokine selectivity than heparin or HS, as it only bound a subset of chemokines; moreover, binding to CS-A was ablated with oligomerization-deficient mutants. Overall, this study definitively demonstrates the importance of oligomerization for chemokine-GAG interactions, and demonstrates diversity in the affinity and specificity of different chemokines for GAGs. These data support the idea that GAG interactions provide a mechanism for fine-tuning chemokine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Dyer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tetsuya Kawamura
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0684, USA
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27
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Vanheule V, Vervaeke P, Mortier A, Noppen S, Gouwy M, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Van Damme J, Liekens S, Proost P. Basic chemokine-derived glycosaminoglycan binding peptides exert antiviral properties against dengue virus serotype 2, herpes simplex virus-1 and respiratory syncytial virus. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 100:73-85. [PMID: 26551597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines attract leukocytes to sites of infection in a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) dependent manner. Therefore, chemokines are crucial molecules for proper functioning of our antimicrobial defense mechanisms. In addition, some chemokines have GPCR-independent defensin-like antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. Recently, high affinity for GAGs has been reported for the positively charged COOH-terminal region of the chemokine CXCL9. In addition to CXCL9, also CXCL12γ has such a positively charged COOH-terminal region with about 50% positively charged amino acids. In this report, we compared the affinity of COOH-terminal peptides of CXCL9 and CXCL12γ for GAGs and KD values in the low nM range were detected. Several enveloped viruses such as herpesviruses, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dengue virus (DENV), etc. are known to bind to GAGs such as the negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS). In this way GAGs are important for the initial contacts between viruses and host cells and for the infection of the cell. Thus, inhibiting the virus-cell interactions, by blocking GAG-binding sites on the host cell, might be a way to target multiple virus families and resistant strains. This article reports that the COOH-terminal peptides of CXCL9 and CXCL12γ have antiviral activity against DENV serotype 2, clinical and laboratory strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Moreover, we show that CXCL9(74-103) competes with DENV envelope protein domain III for binding to heparin. These short chemokine-derived peptides may be lead molecules for the development of novel antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vanheule
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Peter Vervaeke
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert Snoeck
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Graciela Andrei
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jo Van Damme
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Liekens
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Paul Proost
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Gallagher J. Fell-Muir Lecture: Heparan sulphate and the art of cell regulation: a polymer chain conducts the protein orchestra. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:203-31. [PMID: 26173450 PMCID: PMC4561558 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) sits at the interface of the cell and the extracellular matrix. It is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of anionic polysaccharides with unique structural features designed for protein interaction and regulation. Its client proteins include soluble effectors (e.g. growth factors, morphogens, chemokines), membrane receptors and cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, fibrillin and various types of collagen. The protein-binding properties of HS, together with its strategic positioning in the pericellular domain, are indicative of key roles in mediating the flow of regulatory signals between cells and their microenvironment. The control of transmembrane signalling is a fundamental element in the complex biology of HS. It seems likely that, in some way, HS orchestrates diverse signalling pathways to facilitate information processing inside the cell. A dictionary definition of an orchestra is 'a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments …' to paraphrase, the HS orchestra is 'a large group of proteins that play together on various receptors'. HS conducts this orchestra to ensure that proteins hit the right notes on their receptors but, in the manner of a true conductor, does it also set 'the musical pulse' and create rhythm and harmony attractive to the cell? This is too big a question to answer but fun to think about as you read this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gallagher
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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29
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Vanheule V, Janssens R, Boff D, Kitic N, Berghmans N, Ronsse I, Kungl AJ, Amaral FA, Teixeira MM, Van Damme J, Proost P, Mortier A. The Positively Charged COOH-terminal Glycosaminoglycan-binding CXCL9(74-103) Peptide Inhibits CXCL8-induced Neutrophil Extravasation and Monosodium Urate Crystal-induced Gout in Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21292-304. [PMID: 26183778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.649855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ELR(-)CXC chemokine CXCL9 is characterized by a long, highly positively charged COOH-terminal region, absent in most other chemokines. Several natural leukocyte- and fibroblast-derived COOH-terminally truncated CXCL9 forms missing up to 30 amino acids were identified. To investigate the role of the COOH-terminal region of CXCL9, several COOH-terminal peptides were chemically synthesized. These peptides display high affinity for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and compete with functional intact chemokines for GAG binding, the longest peptide (CXCL9(74-103)) being the most potent. The COOH-terminal peptide CXCL9(74-103) does not signal through or act as an antagonist for CXCR3, the G protein-coupled CXCL9 receptor, and does not influence neutrophil chemotactic activity of CXCL8 in vitro. Based on the GAG binding data, an anti-inflammatory role for CXCL9(74-103) was further evidenced in vivo. Simultaneous intravenous injection of CXCL9(74-103) with CXCL8 injection in the joint diminished CXCL8-induced neutrophil extravasation. Analogously, monosodium urate crystal-induced neutrophil migration to the tibiofemural articulation, a murine model of gout, is highly reduced by intravenous injection of CXCL9(74-103). These data show that chemokine-derived peptides with high affinity for GAGs may be used as anti-inflammatory peptides; by competing with active chemokines for binding and immobilization on GAGs, these peptides may lower chemokine presentation on the endothelium and disrupt the generation of a chemokine gradient, thereby preventing a chemokine from properly performing its chemotactic function. The CXCL9 peptide may serve as a lead molecule for further development of inhibitors of inflammation based on interference with chemokine-GAG interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vanheule
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Nikola Kitic
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzes Universität, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nele Berghmans
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Ronsse
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas J Kungl
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzes Universität, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Flavio Almeida Amaral
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- the Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil, and
| | - Jo Van Damme
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Pomin VH, Mulloy B. Current structural biology of the heparin interactome. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 34:17-25. [PMID: 26038285 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is the best known therapeutically active carbohydrate. It can bind and regulate multiple functional proteins such as coagulation cofactors, chemokines, and growth factors. This versatility has led to the recently developed concept of the heparin interactome--a group of proteins that, as the name implies, interact with heparin. The heparin interactome is structurally and functionally diverse. Though natural ligands of this class of proteins may be any of the glycosaminoglycans however, their structural biology is generally studied using heparin as a model compound. NMR spectroscopy contributes significantly to structural investigations of the resultant complexes in solution. This review aims therefore at discussing the current status in structural biology of the molecular complexes formed between heparin and its protein partners through the current concept of the heparin interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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31
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Pomin VH. Biological findings from the recent NMR-based studies of glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions. Glycobiology 2014; 24:991-1003. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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32
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Salanga CL, Dyer DP, Kiselar JG, Gupta S, Chance MR, Handel TM. Multiple glycosaminoglycan-binding epitopes of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3/CCL7 enable it to function as a non-oligomerizing chemokine. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14896-912. [PMID: 24727473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.547737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of chemokines with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) facilitates the formation of localized chemokine gradients that provide directional signals for migrating cells. In this study, we set out to understand the structural basis and impact of the differing oligomerization propensities of the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 and MCP-3/CCL7 on their ability to bind GAGs. These chemokines provide a unique comparison set because CCL2 oligomerizes and oligomerization is required for its full in vivo activity, whereas CCL7 functions as a monomer. To identify the GAG-binding determinants of CCL7, an unbiased hydroxyl radical footprinting approach was employed, followed by a focused mutagenesis study. Compared with the size of the previously defined GAG-binding epitope of CCL2, CCL7 has a larger binding site, consisting of multiple epitopes distributed along its surface. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies indicate that CCL7 is able to bind GAGs with an affinity similar to CCL2 but higher than the non-oligomerizing variant, CCL2(P8A), suggesting that, in contrast to CCL2, the large cluster of GAG-binding residues in CCL7 renders oligomerization unnecessary for high affinity binding. However, the affinity of CCL7 is more sensitive than CCL2 to the density of heparan sulfate on the SPR surfaces; this is likely due to the inability of CCL7 to oligomerize because CCL2(P8A) also binds significantly less tightly to low than high density heparan sulfate surfaces compared with CCL2. Together, the data suggest that CCL7 and CCL2 are non-redundant chemokines and that GAG chain density may provide a mechanism for regulating the accumulation of chemokines on cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherina L Salanga
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0684 and
| | - Douglas P Dyer
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0684 and
| | | | - Sayan Gupta
- the Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Mark R Chance
- the Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Tracy M Handel
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0684 and
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33
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GPCR-targeting nanobodies: attractive research tools, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:247-55. [PMID: 24690241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a major therapeutic target class. A large proportion of marketed drugs exert their effect through modulation of GPCR function, and GPCRs have been successfully targeted with small molecules. Yet, the number of small new molecular entities targeting GPCRs that has been approved as therapeutics in the past decade has been limited. With new and improved immunization-related technologies and advances in GPCR purification and expression techniques, antibody-based targeting of GPCRs has gained attention. The serendipitous discovery of a unique class of heavy chain antibodies (hcAbs) in the sera of camelids may provide novel GPCR-directed therapies. Antigen-binding fragments of hcAbs, also referred to as nanobodies, combine the advantages of both small molecules (e.g., molecular cavity binding, low production costs) and monoclonal antibodies (e.g., high affinity and specificity). Nanobodies are gaining ground as therapeutics and are also starting to find application as diagnostics and as high-quality tools in GPCR research. Herein, we review recent advances in the use of nanobodies in GPCR research.
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34
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Verkaar F, van Offenbeek J, van der Lee MMC, van Lith LHCJ, Watts AO, Rops ALWMM, Aguilar DC, Ziarek JJ, van der Vlag J, Handel TM, Volkman BF, Proudfoot AEI, Vischer HF, Zaman GJR, Smit MJ. Chemokine cooperativity is caused by competitive glycosaminoglycan binding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3908-3914. [PMID: 24639348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines comprise a family of secreted proteins that activate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and thereby control the migration of leukocytes during inflammation or immune surveillance. The positional information required for such migratory behavior is governed by the binding of chemokines to membrane-tethered glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which establishes a chemokine concentration gradient. An often observed but incompletely understood behavior of chemokines is the ability of unrelated chemokines to enhance the potency with which another chemokine subtype can activate its cognate receptor. This phenomenon has been demonstrated to occur between many chemokine combinations and across several model systems and has been dubbed chemokine cooperativity. In this study, we have used GAG binding-deficient chemokine mutants and cell-based functional (migration) assays to demonstrate that chemokine cooperativity is caused by competitive binding of chemokines to GAGs. This mechanistic explanation of chemokine cooperativity provides insight into chemokine gradient formation in the context of inflammation, in which multiple chemokines are secreted simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert Verkaar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Merck Research Laboratories, Molecular Pharmacology & DMPK, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Jody van Offenbeek
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Merck Research Laboratories, Molecular Pharmacology & DMPK, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anne O Watts
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David C Aguilar
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Henry F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J R Zaman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V. (NTRC), Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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36
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Garin A, Johnson Z, Hermant A, Beltran F, Ratinaud Y, Michel A, Krohn S, Gaudet M, Carboni S, Ji H, Missotten M, Leger O, Power C, Proudfoot A. Chemokine receptor antagonist development. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1013:67-92. [PMID: 23625494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-426-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes assays that focus on the characterization of compounds identified in high--throughput screening campaigns, and the subsequent medicinal chemistry programs. They cover methods to determine potency in buffer, the effect of whole blood on the compounds' activity and finally the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) -relationship of the compounds in a rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Garin
- Geneva Research Centre, Division of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases, Merck Serono, Geneva, Switzerland
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Trinker MU, Kungl AJ. Targeting chemokine-glycan interactions: the CellJammer(®) technology platform. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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38
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Tortelli F, Pisano M, Briquez PS, Martino MM, Hubbell JA. Fibronectin binding modulates CXCL11 activity and facilitates wound healing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79610. [PMID: 24205388 PMCID: PMC3808276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered biomatrices offer the potential to recapitulate the regenerative microenvironment, with important implications in tissue repair. In this context, investigation of the molecular interactions occurring between growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) has gained increasing interest. Here, we sought to investigate the possible interactions between the ECM proteins fibronectin (FN) and fibrinogen (Fg) with the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, which are expressed during wound healing. New binding interactions were observed and characterized. Heparin-binding domains within Fg (residues 15-66 of the β chain, Fg β15-66) and FN (FNI1-5, but not FNIII12-14) were involved in binding to CXCL10 and CXCL11 but not CXCL9. To investigate a possible influence of FN and Fg interactions with CXCL11 in mediating its role during re-epithelialization, we investigated human keratinocyte migration in vitro and wound healing in vivo in diabetic db/db mice. A synergistic effect on CXCL11-induced keratinocyte migration was observed when cells were treated with CXCL11 in combination with FN in a transmigration assay. Moreover, wound healing was enhanced in full thickness excisional wounds treated with fibrin matrices functionalized with FN and containing CXCL11. These findings highlight the importance of the interactions occurring between cytokines and ECM and point to design concepts to develop functional matrices for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tortelli
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pisano
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Priscilla S. Briquez
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikaël M. Martino
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Déruaz M, Bonvin P, Severin IC, Johnson Z, Krohn S, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI. Evasin-4, a tick-derived chemokine-binding protein with broad selectivity can be modified for use in preclinical disease models. FEBS J 2013; 280:4876-87. [PMID: 23910450 PMCID: PMC4240464 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the common brown dog tick, produces several chemokine-binding proteins which are secreted into the host in its saliva to modulate the host response during feeding. Two of these demonstrate very restricted selectivity profiles. Here, we describe the characterization of the third, which we named Evasin-4. Evasin-4 was difficult to produce recombinantly using its native signal peptide in HEK cells, but expressed very well using the urokinase-type plasminogen activator signal peptide. Using SPR, Evasin-4 was shown to bind most CC chemokines. Investigation of the neutralization properties by inhibition of chemokine-induced chemotaxis showed that binding and neutralization did not correlate in all cases. Two major anomalies were observed: no binding was observed to CCL2 and CCL13, yet Evasin-4 was able to inhibit chemotaxis induced by these chemokines. Conversely, binding to CCL25 was observed, but Evasin-4 did not inhibit CCL25-induced chemotaxis. Size-exclusion chromatography confirmed that Evasin-4 forms a complex with CCL2 and CCL18. In accordance with the standard properties of unmodified small proteins, Evasin-4 was rapidly cleared following in vivo administration. To enhance the in vivo half-life and optimize its potential as a therapeutic agent, Fc fusions of Evasin-4 were created. Both the N- and C-terminal fusions were shown to retain binding activity, with the C-terminal fusion showing a modest reduction in potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Déruaz
- Merck Serono Geneva Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
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CCL18 exhibits a regulatory role through inhibition of receptor and glycosaminoglycan binding. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72321. [PMID: 23951310 PMCID: PMC3741163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CCL18 has been reported to be present constitutively at high levels in the circulation, and is further elevated during inflammatory diseases. Since it is a rather poor chemoattractant, we wondered if it may have a regulatory role. CCL18 has been reported to inhibit cellular recruitment mediated by CCR3, and we have shown that whilst it is a competitive functional antagonist as assessed by Schild plot analysis, it only binds to a subset of CCR3 receptor populations. We have extended this inhibitory activity to other receptors and have shown that CCL18 is able to inhibit CCR1, CCR2, CCR4 and CCR5 mediated chemotaxis, but has no effect on CCR7 and CCR9, nor the CXC receptors that we have tested. Whilst CCL18 is able to bind to CCR3, it does not bind to the other receptors that it inhibits. We therefore tested the hypothesis that it may displace glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chemokines bound either in cis- on the leukocyte, or in trans-presentation on the endothelial surface, thereby inhibiting the recruitment of leukocytes into the site of inflammation. We show that CCL18 selectivity displaces heparin bound chemokines, and that chemokines from all four chemokine sub-classes displace cell bound CCL18. We propose that CCL18 has regulatory properties inhibiting chemokine function when GAG-mediated presentation plays a role in receptor activation.
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Gesslbauer B, Theuer M, Schweiger D, Adage T, Kungl AJ. New targets for glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycans as novel targets. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 10:77-95. [PMID: 23414361 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biological functions of a variety of proteins are mediated via their interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The structural diversity within the wide GAG landscape provides individual interaction sites for a multitude of proteins involved in several pathophysiological processes. This 'GAG angle' of such proteins as well as their specific GAG ligands give rise to novel therapeutic concepts for drug development. Current glycomic technologies to elucidate the glycan structure-function relationships, methods to investigate the selectivity and specificity of glycan-protein interactions and existing therapeutic approaches to interfere with GAG-protein interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- ProtAffin Biotechnologie AG, Reininghausstrasse 13a, 8020 Graz, Austria
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Krohn S, Garin A, Gabay C, Proudfoot AEI. The Activity of CCL18 is Principally Mediated through Interaction with Glycosaminoglycans. Front Immunol 2013; 4:193. [PMID: 23874339 PMCID: PMC3711072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) was first identified as a chemoattractant for naïve T cells. It has been reported to recruit T and B lymphocytes, and we show here, natural killer (NK) cells, but with low efficacy. Investigation of its ability to elicit G-protein-coupled signaling showed that it does not involve extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, and it is not able to induce receptor internalization, as assessed on CCR3. CCL18 has recently been reported to possess activities unrelated to cellular recruitment, but it had no effect on T lymphocyte proliferation. We postulated that a more potent chemoattractant may be produced under inflammatory conditions but only minor truncations were observed, with the major form being the full-length protein. In view of the lack of potent immunomodulatory properties, we wondered if binding to CCL18 by the tick chemokine binding proteins Evasin-1 and -4 was an artifact of the methods used, but complex formation was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography, and abrogation of its binding to, and antagonism of, CCR3. Its receptor has remained elusive since its cloning in 1997, although it has been reported to induce migration of breast cancer cells by signaling through PITPNM3, but we show that this receptor is not expressed on lymphocytes. We have developed a radiolabeled equilibrium competition binding assay and demonstrated that it bound with high affinity to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), but the binding was displaced similarly by both unlabelled CCL18 as well as heparin. Both heparin binding and binding to PBLs are considerably abrogated by mutation of the BBXB motif in the 40s loop suggesting an essential role of the CCL18-glycosaminoglycan interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krohn
- Department of Immunology, Merck Serono Geneva Research Centre , Geneva , Switzerland
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Nguyen LT, Vogel HJ. Structural perspectives on antimicrobial chemokines. Front Immunol 2012; 3:384. [PMID: 23293636 PMCID: PMC3531597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are best known as signaling proteins in the immune system. Recently however, a large number of human chemokines have been shown to exert direct antimicrobial activity. This moonlighting activity appears to be related to the net high positive charge of these immune signaling proteins. Chemokines can be divided into distinct structural elements and some of these have been studied as isolated peptide fragments that can have their own antimicrobial activity. Such peptides often encompass the α-helical region found at the C-terminal end of the parent chemokines, which, similar to other antimicrobial peptides, adopt a well-defined membrane-bound amphipathic structure. Because of their relatively small size, intact chemokines can be studied effectively by NMR spectroscopy to examine their structures in solution. In addition, NMR relaxation experiments of intact chemokines can provide detailed information about the intrinsic dynamic behavior; such analyses have helped for example to understand the activity of TC-1, an antimicrobial variant of CXCL7/NAP-2. With chemokine dimerization and oligomerization influencing their functional properties, the use of NMR diffusion experiments can provide information about monomer-dimer equilibria in solution. Furthermore, NMR chemical shift perturbation experiments can be used to map out the interface between self-associating subunits. Moreover, the unusual case of XCL1/lymphotactin presents a chemokine that can interconvert between two distinct folds in solution, both of which have been elucidated. Finally, recent advances have allowed for the determination of the structures of chemokines in complex with glycosaminoglycans, a process that could interfere with their antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these studies highlight several different structural facets that contribute to the way in which chemokines exert their direct microbicidal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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Severin IC, Soares A, Hantson J, Teixeira M, Sachs D, Valognes D, Scheer A, Schwarz MK, Wells TNC, Proudfoot AEI, Shaw J. Glycosaminoglycan analogs as a novel anti-inflammatory strategy. Front Immunol 2012; 3:293. [PMID: 23087686 PMCID: PMC3472544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), has both anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulant properties. The clinical use of heparin against inflammation, however, has been limited by concerns about increased bleeding. While the anti-coagulant activity of heparin is well understood, its anti-inflammatory properties are less so. Heparin is known to bind to certain cytokines, including chemokines, small proteins which mediate inflammation through their control of leukocyte migration and activation. Molecules which can interrupt the chemokine-GAG interaction without inhibiting coagulation could therefore, represent a new class of anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study, two approaches were undertaken, both focusing on the heparin-chemokine relationship. In the first, a structure based strategy was used: after an initial screening of potential small molecule binders using protein NMR on a target chemokine, binding molecules were optimized through structure-based design. In the second approach, commercially available short oligosaccharides were polysulfated. In vitro, these molecules prevented chemokine-GAG binding and chemokine receptor activation without disrupting coagulation. However, in vivo, these compounds caused variable results in a murine peritoneal recruitment assay, with a general increase of cell recruitment. In more disease specific models, such as antigen-induced arthritis and delayed-type hypersensitivity, an overall decrease in inflammation was noted, suggesting that the primary anti-inflammatory effect may also involve factors beyond the chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mauro Teixeira
- Departmento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sachs
- Departmento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda E. I. Proudfoot
- Merck Serono Geneva Research CentreGeneva, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Amanda E. I. Proudfoot and Jeffrey Shaw, Merck Serono Geneva Research Centre, 9, Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland. e-mail: ;
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
- Merck Serono Geneva Research CentreGeneva, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Amanda E. I. Proudfoot and Jeffrey Shaw, Merck Serono Geneva Research Centre, 9, Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland. e-mail: ;
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Rajasekaran D, Keeler C, Syed MA, Jones MC, Harrison JK, Wu D, Bhandari V, Hodsdon ME, Lolis EJ. A model of GAG/MIP-2/CXCR2 interfaces and its functional effects. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5642-54. [PMID: 22686371 DOI: 10.1021/bi3001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MIP-2/CXCL2 is a murine chemokine related to human chemokines that possesses the Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) activation motif and activates CXCR2 for neutrophil chemotaxis. We determined the structure of MIP-2 to 1.9 Å resolution and created a model with its murine receptor CXCR2 based on the coordinates of human CXCR4. Chemokine-induced migration of cells through specific G-protein coupled receptors is regulated by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that oligomerize chemokines. MIP-2 GAG-binding residues were identified that interact with heparin disaccharide I-S by NMR spectroscopy. A model GAG/MIP-2/CXCR2 complex that supports a 2:2 complex between chemokine and receptor was created. Mutants of these disaccharide-binding residues were made and tested for heparin binding, in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis, and in vivo neutrophil recruitment to the mouse peritoneum and lung. The mutants have a 10-fold decrease in neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. There is no difference in neutrophil recruitment between wild-type MIP-2 and mutants in the peritoneum, but all activity of the mutants is lost in the lung, supporting the concept that GAG regulation of chemokines is tissue-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajasekaran
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
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Bae JS, Lee W, Rezaie AR. Polyphosphate elicits pro-inflammatory responses that are counteracted by activated protein C in both cellular and animal models. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1145-51. [PMID: 22372856 PMCID: PMC3366017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent results have indicated that polyphosphate, released by activated platelets, can function as a procoagulant to modulate the proteolytic activity of serine proteases of the blood clotting cascade. OBJECTIVE To determine whether polyphosphate is involved in inducing signal transduction in cellular and animal models. METHODS The effect of polyphosphate on human umbilical vein endothelial cells was examined by monitoring cell permeability, apoptosis and activation of NF-κB after treating cells with different concentrations of polyphosphate. Moreover, the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin) and the adhesion of THP-1 cells to polyphosphate-treated cells were monitored using established methods. In the in vivo model, the pro-inflammatory effect of polyphosphate was assessed by monitoring vascular permeability and migration of leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity of mice injected with polyphosphate. RESULTS Polyphosphate, comprised of 45, 65 and 70 phosphate units, enhanced the barrier permeability and apoptosis in cultured endothelial cells and up-regulated the expression of cell adhesion molecules, thereby mediating the adhesion of THP-1 cells to polyphosphate-treated endothelial cells. These effects of polyphosphate were mediated through the activation of NF-κB and could not be recapitulated by another anionic polymer, heparin. Polyphosphate also increased the extravasation of the bovine serum albumin (BSA)-bound Evans blue dye and the migration of leukocytes to the mouse peritoneal cavity, which was prevented when activated protein C (APC) was intravenously (i.v.) injected 2 h before the challenge. CONCLUSION Polyphosphate, in addition to up-regulation of coagulation, can elicit potent pro-inflammatory responses through the activation of NF-κB, possibly contributing to the pro-inflammatory effect of activated platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Alireza R. Rezaie
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Chemokine receptor CXCR3 agonist prevents human T-cell migration in a humanized model of arthritic inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4598-603. [PMID: 22392992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118104109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of T lymphocytes during diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis is regulated by stimulation of the chemokine receptors expressed by these cells. This study was designed to assess the potential of a CXCR3-specific small-molecule agonist to inhibit the migration of activated human T cells toward multiple chemokines. Further experiments defined the molecular mechanism for this anti-inflammatory activity. Analysis in vitro demonstrated agonist induced internalization of both CXCR3 and other chemokine receptors coexpressed by CXCR3(+) T cells. Unlike chemokine receptor-specific antagonists, the CXCR3 agonist inhibited migration of activated T cells toward the chemokine mixture in synovial fluid from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. A humanized mouse air-pouch model showed that intravenous treatment with the CXCR3 agonist prevented inflammatory migration of activated human T cells toward this synovial fluid. A potential mechanism for this action was defined by demonstration that the CXCR3 agonist induces receptor cross-phosphorylation within CXCR3-CCR5 heterodimers on the surface of activated T cells. This study shows that generalized chemokine receptor desensitization can be induced by specific stimulation of a single chemokine receptor on the surface of activated human T cells. A humanized mouse model was used to demonstrate that this receptor desensitization inhibits the inflammatory response that is normally produced by the chemokines present in synovial fluid from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
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Enhancement of chemokine function as an immunomodulatory strategy employed by human herpesviruses. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002497. [PMID: 22319442 PMCID: PMC3271085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 are highly prevalent human neurotropic pathogens that cause a variety of diseases, including lethal encephalitis. The relationship between HSV and the host immune system is one of the main determinants of the infection outcome. Chemokines play relevant roles in antiviral response and immunopathology, but the modulation of chemokine function by HSV is not well understood. We have addressed the modulation of chemokine function mediated by HSV. By using surface plasmon resonance and crosslinking assays we show that secreted glycoprotein G (SgG) from both HSV-1 and HSV-2 binds chemokines with high affinity. Chemokine binding activity was also observed in the supernatant of HSV-2 infected cells and in the plasma membrane of cells infected with HSV-1 wild type but not with a gG deficient HSV-1 mutant. Cell-binding and competition experiments indicate that the interaction takes place through the glycosaminoglycan-binding domain of the chemokine. The functional relevance of the interaction was determined both in vitro, by performing transwell assays, time-lapse microscopy, and signal transduction experiments; and in vivo, using the air pouch model of inflammation. Interestingly, and in contrast to what has been observed for previously described viral chemokine binding proteins, HSV SgGs do not inhibit chemokine function. On the contrary, HSV SgGs enhance chemotaxis both in vitro and in vivo through increasing directionality, potency and receptor signaling. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a viral chemokine binding protein from a human pathogen that increases chemokine function and points towards a previously undescribed strategy of immune modulation mediated by viruses. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that direct the flux of leukocytes to the site of injury and infection, playing a relevant role in the antiviral response. An uncontrolled, unorganized chemokine response is beneath the onset and maintenance of several immunopathologies. During millions of years of evolution, viruses have developed strategies to modulate the host immune system. One of such strategies consists on the secretion of viral proteins that bind to and inhibit the function of chemokines. However, the modulation of the chemokine network mediated by the highly prevalent human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV) is unknown. We have addressed this issue and show that HSV-1, causing cold sores and encephalitis and HSV-2, causing urogenital tract infections, interact with chemokines. We determined that the viral protein responsible for such activity is glycoprotein G (gG). gG binds chemokines with high affinity and, in contrast to all viral chemokine binding proteins described to date that inhibit chemokine function, we found that HSV gG potentiates chemokine function in vitro and in vivo. The implications of such potentiation in HSV viral cycle, pathogenesis and chemokine function are discussed.
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Groom JR, Luster AD. CXCR3 ligands: redundant, collaborative and antagonistic functions. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:207-15. [PMID: 21221121 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor that is rapidly induced on naïve T cells following activation, and preferentially remains highly expressed on type-1 helper (Th1)-type CD4(+) T cells, effector CD8(+) T cells and innate-type lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. CXCR3 is activated by three interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible ligands CXCL9 (monokine induced by gamma-interferon), CXCL10 (interferon-induced protein-10) and CXCL11 (interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant). Although some studies have revealed that these ligands have redundant functions in vivo, other studies have demonstrated that the three CXCR3 ligands can also collaborate and even compete with each other. Differential regulation of the three ligands at specific times in defined anatomically restricted locations in vivo likely participates in the fine control of T-cell trafficking over the course of an immune response. Among the differences in regulation, CXCL10 is induced by a variety of innate stimuli that induce IFN-α/β as well as the adaptive immune cell cytokine IFN-γ, whereas CXCL9 induction is restricted to IFN-γ. In this review, we will discuss how the balance, timing and pattern of CXCR3 ligand expression appears to regulate the generation of effector T cells in the lymphoid compartment and subsequent migration into peripheral sites of Th1-type inflammation in which the CXCR3 ligands also then regulate the interactions and migratory behavior of effector T cells in an inflamed peripheral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Groom
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Chemokine oligomerization and interactions with receptors and glycosaminoglycans: the role of structural dynamics in function. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:590-601. [PMID: 21223963 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first chemokine structure, that of IL-8/CXCL8, was determined in 1990. Since then, many chemokine structures have emerged. To the initial disappointment of structural biologists, the tertiary structures of these small proteins were found to be highly conserved. However, they have since proven to be much more interesting and diverse than originally expected. Somewhat like lego blocks, many chemokines oligomerize and there is significant diversity in their oligomeric forms and propensity to oligomerize. Chemokines not only interact with receptors where different oligomeric forms can induce different signaling responses, they also interact with glycosaminoglycans which can stabilize oligomers and other structures that would not otherwise form in solution. Although chemokine monomers and dimers yielded quickly to structure determination, structural information about larger chemokine oligomers, chemokines receptors, and complexes of chemokines with glycosaminoglycans and receptors has been more difficult to obtain, but recent breakthroughs suggest that this information will be forthcoming, especially with receptor structures. Equally important and challenging, will be efforts to correlate the structural information with function.
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