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Nawaz A, Priya B, Singh K, Ali V. Unveiling the role of serine o-acetyltransferase in drug resistance and oxidative stress tolerance in Leishmania donovani through the regulation of thiol-based redox metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:371-393. [PMID: 38272324 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the unique metabolic pathway of L. donovani is crucial for comprehending its biology under oxidative stress conditions. The de novo cysteine biosynthetic pathway of L. donovani is absent in humans and its product, cysteine regulates the downstream components of trypanothione-based thiol metabolism, important for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. The role of serine o-acetyl transferase (SAT), the first enzyme of this pathway remains unexplored. In order to investigate the role of SAT protein, we cloned SAT gene into pXG-GFP+ vector for episomal expression of SAT in Amphotericin B sensitive L. donovani promastigotes. The SAT overexpression was confirmed by SAT enzymatic assay, GFP fluorescence, immunoblotting and PCR. Our study unveiled an upregulated expression of both LdSAT and LdCS of cysteine biosynthetic pathway and other downstream thiol pathway proteins in LdSAT-OE promastigotes. Additionally, there was an increase in enzymatic activities of LdSAT and LdCS proteins in LdSAT-OE, which was found similar to the Amp B resistant parasites, indicating a potential role of SAT protein in modulating drug resistance. We observed that the overexpression of SAT in Amp B sensitive parasites increases tolerance to drug pressure and oxidative stress via trypanothione-dependent antioxidant mechanism. Moreover, the in vitro J774A.1 macrophage infectivity assessment showed that SAT overexpression augments parasite infectivity. In LdSAT-OE promastigotes, antioxidant enzyme activities like APx and SOD were upregulated, intracellular reactive oxygen species were reduced with a corresponding increase in thiol level, emphasizing SAT's role in stress tolerance and enhanced infectivity. Additionally, the ROS mediated upregulation in the expression of LdSAT, LdCS, LdTryS and LdcTXNPx proteins reveals an essential cross talk between SAT and proteins of thiol metabolism in combating oxidative stress and maintaining redox homeostasis. Taken together, our results provide the first insight into the role of SAT protein in parasite infectivity and survival under drug pressure and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Nawaz
- ICMR - Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, 800007, India
| | - Bhawna Priya
- ICMR - Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, 800007, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- ICMR - Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, 800007, India.
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Wang X, Lu W, Zhao Z, Hao W, Du R, Li Z, Wang Z, Lv X, Wang J, Liang D, Xia H, Tang Y, Lin L. Abscisic acid promotes selenium absorption, metabolism and toxicity via stress-related phytohormones regulation in Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. (Solanum betaceum Cav.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132642. [PMID: 37806260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
High levels of selenium (Se) uptakes negatively affect plant growth. In this study, the possible molecular mechanism for the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on Se absorption, metabolism and toxicity in Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. (Solanum betaceum Cav.) young plants were investigated. Se+ABA treatment promoted significant Se absorption in C. betacea while impeding plant growth as compared to Se treatment. The expression levels of sulfate/phosphate transporter protein genes indicated that Se+ABA triggered more S/Se absorption and transportation into chloroplast. Furthermore, Se+ABA promoted higher metabolisms of inorganic sulfur (S)/Se and organic S/Se. The organic Se might be in several forms (SeCysth, SeCys and SeMet) in Se+ABA treatment, whereas SeCysth was the major organic form in Se treatment. More reactive oxygen species production was suggested in Se+ABA treatment from a series of genes involved in antioxidant enzymes and molecules, including superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, glutathione sulfur-transferase and glutathione. Se+ABA further improved the expression levels of genes involved in biosynthesis and signaling transduction genes involved in stress-related phytohormones (jasmonic acid and salicylic acid). Combining with the data in ABA treatment, we hypothesized a model that ABA might first affect the biosynthesis and signaling transduction pathways of stress-related phytohormones, and subsequently altered the metabolic processes responding to Se stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen Lu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenhui Hao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ruimin Du
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Tarkowski ŁP, Clochard T, Blein-Nicolas M, Zivy M, Baillau T, Abadie C, Morère-Le Paven MC, Limami AM, Tcherkez G, Montrichard F. The nitrate transporter-sensor MtNPF6.8 regulates the branched chain amino acid/pantothenate metabolic pathway in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) root tip. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108213. [PMID: 38043253 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for plants, and it is preferentially absorbed in the form of nitrate by roots, which adapt to nitrate fluctuations by remodelling their architecture. Although core mechanisms of the response to nitrate availability are relatively well-known, signalling events controlling root growth and architecture have not all been identified, in particular in Legumes. However, the developmental effect of nitrate in Legumes is critical since external nitrate not only regulates root architecture but also N2-fixing nodule development. We have previously shown that in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), the nitrate transporter MtNPF6.8 is required for nitrate sensitivity in root tip. However, uncertainty remains as to whether nitrogen metabolism itself is involved in the MtNPF6.8-mediated response. Here, we examine the metabolic effects of MtNPF6.8-dependent nitrate signalling using metabolomics and proteomics in WT and mtnpf6.8 root tips in presence or absence of nitrate. We found a reorchestration of metabolism due to the mutation, in favour of the branched chain amino acids/pantothenate metabolic pathway, and lipid catabolism via glyoxylate. That is, the mtnpf6.8 mutation was likely associated with a specific rerouting of acetyl-CoA production (glyoxylic cycle) and utilisation (pantothenate and branched chain amino acid synthesis). In agreement with our previous findings, class III peroxidases were confirmed as the main protein class responsive to nitrate, although in an MtNPF6.8-independent fashion. Our data rather suggest the involvement of other pathways within mtnpf6.8 root tips, such as Ca2+ signalling or cell wall methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mélisande Blein-Nicolas
- GQE - Le Moulon, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- GQE - Le Moulon, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thierry Baillau
- GQE - Le Moulon, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cyril Abadie
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Anis M Limami
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France; Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Ma H, Song Y, Zhang Y, Guo H, Lv G, Chen H, Liu J, Liu X, An Z, Wang L, Xu Q, Jiao C, Chen P. Critical Sites of Serine Acetyltransferase in Lathyrus sativus L. Affecting Its Enzymatic Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7858-7865. [PMID: 37163296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
LsSAT2 (serine acetyltransferase in Lathyrus sativus) is the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis of β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), a neuroactive metabolite distributed widely in several plant species including Panax notoginseng, Panax ginseng, and L. sativus. The enzymatic activity of LsSAT2 is post-translationally regulated by its involvement in the cysteine regulatory complex in mitochondria via interaction with β-CAS (β-cyanoalanine synthase). In this study, the binding sites of LsSAT2 with the substrate Ser were first determined as Glu290, Arg316, and His317 and the catalytic sites were determined as Asp267, Asp281, and His282 via site-directed/truncated mutagenesis, in vitro enzymatic activity assay, and functional complementation of the SAT-deficient Escherichia coli strain JM39. Furthermore, the C-terminal 10-residue peptide of LsSAT2 is confirmed to be critical to interact with LsCAS, and Ile336 in C10 peptide is the critical amino acid. These results will enhance our understanding of the regulation of LsSAT2 activities and the biosynthesis of β-ODAP in L. sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yaoyao Song
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huiying Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guowen Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- School of Medicine, Huanghe S&T University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450063, China
| | - Zhenfeng An
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Quanle Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chengjin Jiao
- College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741000, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have developed sophisticated mechanism to sense and utilize nutrients from the environment, and modulate their growth and development according to the nutrient availability. Research in the past two decades revealed that nutrient assimilation is not occurring spontaneously, but nutrient signaling networks are complexly regulated and integrate sensing and signaling, gene expression, and metabolism to ensure homeostasis and coordination with plant energy conversion and other processes. Here, we review the importance of the macronutrient sulfur (S) and compare the knowledge of S signaling with other important macronutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). We focus on key advances in understanding sulfur sensing and signaling, uptake and assimilation, and we provide new analysis of published literature, to identify core genes regulated by the key transcriptional factor in S starvation response, SLIM1/EIL3, and compare the impact on other nutrient deficiency and stresses on S-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ristova
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Kharbech O, Sakouhi L, Mahjoubi Y, Ben Massoud M, Debez A, Zribi OT, Djebali W, Chaoui A, Mur LAJ. Nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside modulates hydrogen sulfide metabolism and cysteine homeostasis to aid the alleviation of chromium toxicity in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127302. [PMID: 34583165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The current research aimed to assess the protective role of nitric oxide (NO) against chromium (Cr) toxicity in maize seedlings. Chromium (200 µM) lowered osmotic potential in epicotyls and mostly in radicles (by 38% and 63%, respectively) as compared to the control. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) restored seedling biomass (+90% for both organs) and water potential, whereas application of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor) increased sensitivity to Cr. SNP suppressed Cr-triggered proline accumulation by inhibiting Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase activity and stimulating proline dehydrogenase activity, leading to glutamate over-accumulation (~30% for both organs). Cr stimulated cysteine metabolism and this was further enhanced by SNP which stimulated serine acetyl-transferase and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase activities. This was followed by an increase in endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generation by up-regulating L-cysteine desulfhydrase (+205%), D-cysteine desulfhydrase (+150%) and cyanoalanine synthase (+65%) activities in radicles compared to Cr-treatments plants. These positive effects were reduced in L-NAME compared to control. Combined Cr+SNP affected the levels of compounds involved in glutathione metabolism (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl, γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-clycine, γ-cysteinyl-glycine, and glycine.). All together, our findings indicate that NO and elicited cellular H2S act synergistically to alleviate Cr stress in maize seedlings by influencing a metabolic interplay between cysteine, proline, and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Kharbech
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR18ES38 Plant Toxicology and Environmental Microbiology, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Penglais Campus, SY23 2DA, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK.
| | - Lamia Sakouhi
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR18ES38 Plant Toxicology and Environmental Microbiology, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Yethreb Mahjoubi
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR18ES38 Plant Toxicology and Environmental Microbiology, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Ben Massoud
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR18ES38 Plant Toxicology and Environmental Microbiology, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland T23 N73K, Ireland
| | - Ahmed Debez
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Laboratory of Extremophile Plants (LPE), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Ons Talbi Zribi
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Laboratory of Extremophile Plants (LPE), BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Wahbi Djebali
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR18ES38 Plant Toxicology and Environmental Microbiology, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Abdelilah Chaoui
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR18ES38 Plant Toxicology and Environmental Microbiology, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Penglais Campus, SY23 2DA, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK
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Le X, Millar AH, Lee CP. Assessing the Kinetics of Metabolite Uptake and Utilization by Isolated Mitochondria Using Selective Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry (SRM-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2363:85-100. [PMID: 34545488 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1653-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transport of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle substrates across mitochondrial membranes and their subsequent oxidative decarboxylation in the matrix provide reductants for respiration-coupled ATP synthesis. These processes are typically assessed together through the ability of mitochondria to consume oxygen or release carbon dioxide, however, this approach fails to assess or separate the complexity of transport and the subsequent metabolism of substrates and products. In this chapter, we provide a strategy for simultaneously measuring substrate transport and utilization by isolated mitochondria using a mass spectrometry-based technique. The results of cofeeding of isolated mitochondria with unlabeled malate and uniformly labeled pyruvate is used as an example. Mitochondria fed with substrates are separated from the extramitochondrial space by centrifugation through a single layer of silicone oil. Analysis of mitochondrial pellet and reaction supernatant enable quantitation of substrate import and product export. This method also allows an estimation of the contribution of different enzymatic pathways to the formation of a specific product. This assay opens opportunities to verify carrier functions in organello and to identify the substrate preferences of mitochondrial transporters of unknown function using targeted and/or untargeted metabolomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyen Le
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building M316, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building M316, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Chun Pong Lee
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Bayliss Building M316, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Forieri I, Aref R, Wirtz M, Hell R. Micrografting Provides Evidence for Systemic Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism between Shoot and Root. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081729. [PMID: 34451773 PMCID: PMC8402062 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of sulfate by roots and its reductive assimilation mainly in the leaves are not only essential for plant growth and development but also for defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. The latter functions result in stimulus-induced fluctuations of sulfur demand at the cellular level. However, the maintenance and acclimation of sulfur homeostasis at local and systemic levels is not fully understood. Previous research mostly focused on signaling in response to external sulfate supply to roots. Here we apply micrografting of Arabidopsis wildtype knock-down sir1-1 mutant plants that suffer from an internally lowered reductive sulfur assimilation and a concomitant slow growth phenotype. Homografts of wildtype and sir1-1 confirm the hallmarks of non-grafted sir1-1 mutants, displaying substantial induction of sulfate transporter genes in roots and sulfate accumulation in shoots. Heterografts of wildtype scions and sir1-1 rootstocks and vice versa, respectively, demonstrate a dominant role of the shoot over the root with respect to sulfur-related gene expression, sulfate accumulation and organic sulfur metabolites, including the regulatory compound O-acetylserine. The results provide evidence for demand-driven control of the shoot over the sulfate uptake system of roots under sulfur-sufficient conditions, allowing sulfur uptake and transport to the shoot for dynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Forieri
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (I.F.); (R.A.); (M.W.)
| | - Rasha Aref
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (I.F.); (R.A.); (M.W.)
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (I.F.); (R.A.); (M.W.)
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (I.F.); (R.A.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-54-5334
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Thakur M, Anand A. Hydrogen sulfide: An emerging signaling molecule regulating drought stress response in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1227-1243. [PMID: 33860955 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a small, reactive signaling molecule that is produced within chloroplasts of plant cells as an intermediate in the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway by the enzyme sulfite reductase. In addition, H2 S is also produced in cytosol and mitochondria by desulfhydration of l-cysteine catalyzed by l-cysteine desulfhydrase (DES1) in the cytosol and from β-cyanoalanine in mitochondria, in a reaction catalyzed by β-cyano-Ala synthase C1 (CAS-C1). H2 S exerts its numerous biological functions by post-translational modification involving oxidation of cysteine residues (RSH) to persulfides (RSSH). At lower concentrations (10-1000 μmol L-1 ), H2 S shows huge agricultural potential as it increases the germination rate, the size, fresh weight, and ultimately the crop yield. It is also involved in abiotic stress response against drought, salinity, high temperature, and heavy metals. H2 S donor, for example, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), has been exogenously applied on plants by various researchers to provide drought stress tolerance. Exogenous application results in the accumulation of polyamines, sugars, glycine betaine, and enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme activities in response to drought-induced osmotic and oxidative stress, thus, providing stress adaptation to plants. At the biochemical level, administration of H2 S donors reduces malondialdehyde content and lipoxygenase activity to maintain the cell integrity, causes abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure to prevent water loss through transpiration, and accelerates the photosystem II repair cycle. Here, we review the crosstalk of H2 S with secondary messengers and phytohormones towards the regulation of drought stress response and emphasize various approaches that can be addressed to strengthen research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Thakur
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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10
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Liu H, Xue S. Interplay between hydrogen sulfide and other signaling molecules in the regulation of guard cell signaling and abiotic/biotic stress response. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100179. [PMID: 34027393 PMCID: PMC8132131 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal aperture controls the balance between transpirational water loss and photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. Stomata are surrounded by pairs of guard cells that sense and transduce environmental or stress signals to induce diverse endogenous responses for adaptation to environmental changes. In a recent decade, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a signaling molecule that regulates stomatal movement. In this review, we summarize recent progress in research on the regulatory role of H2S in stomatal movement, including the dynamic regulation of phytohormones, ion homeostasis, and cell structural components. We focus especially on the cross talk among H2S, nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in guard cells, as well as on H2S-mediated post-translational protein modification (cysteine thiol persulfidation). Finally, we summarize the mechanisms by which H2S interacts with other signaling molecules in plants under abiotic or biotic stress. Based on evidence and clues from existing research, we propose some issues that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Watanabe M, Chiba Y, Hirai MY. Metabolism and Regulatory Functions of O-Acetylserine, S-Adenosylmethionine, Homocysteine, and Serine in Plant Development and Environmental Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643403. [PMID: 34025692 PMCID: PMC8137854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of an organism is closely related to both its internal and external environments. Metabolites can act as signal molecules that regulate the functions of genes and proteins, reflecting the status of these environments. This review discusses the metabolism and regulatory functions of O-acetylserine (OAS), S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), homocysteine (Hcy), and serine (Ser), which are key metabolites related to sulfur (S)-containing amino acids in plant metabolic networks, in comparison to microbial and animal metabolism. Plants are photosynthetic auxotrophs that have evolved a specific metabolic network different from those in other living organisms. Although amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and common metabolites in all living organisms, their metabolism and regulation in plants have specific features that differ from those in animals and bacteria. In plants, cysteine (Cys), an S-containing amino acid, is synthesized from sulfide and OAS derived from Ser. Methionine (Met), another S-containing amino acid, is also closely related to Ser metabolism because of its thiomethyl moiety. Its S atom is derived from Cys and its methyl group from folates, which are involved in one-carbon metabolism with Ser. One-carbon metabolism is also involved in the biosynthesis of AdoMet, which serves as a methyl donor in the methylation reactions of various biomolecules. Ser is synthesized in three pathways: the phosphorylated pathway found in all organisms and the glycolate and the glycerate pathways, which are specific to plants. Ser metabolism is not only important in Ser supply but also involved in many other functions. Among the metabolites in this network, OAS is known to function as a signal molecule to regulate the expression of OAS gene clusters in response to environmental factors. AdoMet regulates amino acid metabolism at enzymatic and translational levels and regulates gene expression as methyl donor in the DNA and histone methylation or after conversion into bioactive molecules such as polyamine and ethylene. Hcy is involved in Met-AdoMet metabolism and can regulate Ser biosynthesis at an enzymatic level. Ser metabolism is involved in development and stress responses. This review aims to summarize the metabolism and regulatory functions of OAS, AdoMet, Hcy, and Ser and compare the available knowledge for plants with that for animals and bacteria and propose a future perspective on plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yukako Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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A molecular switch in sulfur metabolism to reduce arsenic and enrich selenium in rice grain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1392. [PMID: 33654102 PMCID: PMC7925690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice grains typically contain high levels of toxic arsenic but low levels of the essential micronutrient selenium. Anthropogenic arsenic contamination of paddy soils exacerbates arsenic toxicity in rice crops resulting in substantial yield losses. Here, we report the identification of the gain-of-function arsenite tolerant 1 (astol1) mutant of rice that benefits from enhanced sulfur and selenium assimilation, arsenic tolerance, and decreased arsenic accumulation in grains. The astol1 mutation promotes the physical interaction of the chloroplast-localized O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase protein with its interaction partner serine-acetyltransferase in the cysteine synthase complex. Activation of the serine-acetyltransferase in this complex promotes the uptake of sulfate and selenium and enhances the production of cysteine, glutathione, and phytochelatins, resulting in increased tolerance and decreased translocation of arsenic to grains. Our findings uncover the pivotal sensing-function of the cysteine synthase complex in plastids for optimizing stress resilience and grain quality by regulating a fundamental macronutrient assimilation pathway. Contamination of paddy soils can lead to toxic arsenic accumulation in rice grains and low levels of the micronutrient selenium. Here the authors show that a gain of function mutant affecting an O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase enhances sulfur and selenium assimilation while reducing arsenic accumulation in grains.
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13
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Song Y, Wang L, Liu F, Jiao C, Nan H, Shen X, Chen H, Li Y, Lei B, Jiang J, Chen P, Xu Q. β-Cyanoalanine Synthase Regulates the Accumulation of β-ODAP via Interaction with Serine Acetyltransferase in Lathyrus sativus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1953-1962. [PMID: 33538593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
β-N-Oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP), found in Lathyrus sativus at first, causes a neurological disease, lathyrism, when over ingested in an unbalanced diet. Our previous research suggested that β-ODAP biosynthesis is related to sulfur metabolism. In this study, β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) was confirmed to be responsible for β-ODAP biosynthesis via in vitro enzymatic analysis. LsCAS was found to be pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent via spectroscopic analysis and dual functional via enzymatic activity analysis. Generation of a M135T/M235S/S239T triple mutant of LsCAS, which are the key sites to control the ratio of CAS/cysteine synthase (CS) activity, switches reaction chemistry to that of a CS. LsCAS interactions were further screened and verified via Y2H, BiFC and pull-down assay. It was suggested that LsSAT2 interacts and forms a cysteine regulatory complex (CRC) with LsCAS in mitochondria, which improves LsSAT while reduces LsCAS activities to affect β-ODAP content positively. These results provide new insights into the molecular regulation of β-ODAP content in L. sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Song
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengjuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengjin Jiao
- College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, Gansu, China
| | - Hao Nan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Beilei Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinglong Jiang
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanle Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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14
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González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Appraisal of H 2S metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana: In silico analysis at the subcellular level. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:579-588. [PMID: 32846393 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has become a new signal molecule in higher plants which seems to be involved in almost all physiological processes from seed germination, root and plant growth until flowering and fruit ripening. Moreover, H2S also participates in the mechanism of response against adverse environmental stresses. However, its basic biochemistry in plant cells can be considered in a nascent stage. Using the available information of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the goal of the present study is to provide a broad overview of H2S metabolism and to display an in silico analysis of the 26 enzymatic components involved in the metabolism of H2S and their subcellular compartmentation (cytosol, chloroplast and mitochondrion) thus providing a wide picture of the cross-talk inside the organelles and amongst them and, consequently, to get a better understanding of the cellular and tissue implications of H2S. This information will be also relevant for other crop species, especially those whose whole genome is not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González-Gordo
- Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain.
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15
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Unal D, García-Caparrós P, Kumar V, Dietz KJ. Chloroplast-associated molecular patterns as concept for fine-tuned operational retrograde signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190443. [PMID: 32362264 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts compose about one-quarter of the mesophyll cell volume and contain about 60% of the cell protein. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation is the dominating metabolism in illuminated leaves. To optimize the resource expenditure in these costly organelles and to control and adjust chloroplast metabolism, an intensive transfer of information between nucleus-cytoplasm and chloroplasts occurs in both directions as anterograde and retrograde signalling. Recent research identified multiple retrograde pathways that use metabolite transfer and include reaction products of lipids and carotenoids with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Other pathways use metabolites of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen metabolism, low molecular weight antioxidants and hormone precursors to carry information between the cell compartments. This review focuses on redox- and ROS-related retrograde signalling pathways. In analogy to the microbe-associated molecular pattern, we propose the term 'chloroplast-associated molecular pattern' which connects chloroplast performance to extrachloroplast processes such as nuclear gene transcription, posttranscriptional processing, including translation, and RNA and protein fate. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Unal
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science and Letter, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, 11230 Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Pedro García-Caparrós
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, Higher Engineering School, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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16
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Cohen A, Hacham Y, Welfe Y, Khatib S, Avice JC, Amir R. Evidence of a significant role of glutathione reductase in the sulfur assimilation pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:246-261. [PMID: 31782847 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the objective of studying the role of glutathione reductase (GR) in the accumulation of cysteine and methionine, we generated transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis lines overexpressing the cytosolic AtGR1 and the plastidic AtGR2 genes. The transgenic plants had higher contents of cysteine and glutathione. To understand why cysteine levels increased in these plants, we also used gr1 and gr2 mutants. The results showed that the transgenic plants have higher levels of sulfite, cysteine, glutathione and methionine, which are downstream to adenosine 5' phosphosulfate reductase (APR) activity. However, the mutants had lower levels of these metabolites, while the sulfate content increased. A feeding experiment using 34 SO42- also showed that the levels of APR downstream metabolites increased in the transgenic lines and decreased in gr1 compared with their controls. These findings, and the results obtained from the expression levels of several genes related to the sulfur pathway, suggest that GR plays an essential role in the sulfur assimilation pathway by supporting the activity of APR, the key enzyme in this pathway. GR recycles the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) back to reduce glutathione (GSH), which serves as an electron donor for APR activity. The phenotypes of the transgenic plants and the mutants are not significantly altered under non-stress and oxidative stress conditions. However, when germinating on sulfur-deficient medium, the transgenic plants grew better, while the mutants were more sensitive than the control plants. The results give substantial evidence of the yet unreported function of GR in the sulfur assimilation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anner Cohen
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
- Tel-Hai Collage, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
- Tel-Hai Collage, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
| | - Yochai Welfe
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
- Tel-Hai Collage, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
- Tel-Hai Collage, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
| | | | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
- Tel-Hai Collage, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
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17
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Fuchs P, Rugen N, Carrie C, Elsässer M, Finkemeier I, Giese J, Hildebrandt TM, Kühn K, Maurino VG, Ruberti C, Schallenberg-Rüdinger M, Steinbeck J, Braun HP, Eubel H, Meyer EH, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Schwarzländer M. Single organelle function and organization as estimated from Arabidopsis mitochondrial proteomics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:420-441. [PMID: 31520498 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria host vital cellular functions, including oxidative phosphorylation and co-factor biosynthesis, which are reflected in their proteome. At the cellular level plant mitochondria are organized into hundreds of discrete functional entities, which undergo dynamic fission and fusion. It is the individual organelle that operates in the living cell, yet biochemical and physiological assessments have exclusively focused on the characteristics of large populations of mitochondria. Here, we explore the protein composition of an individual average plant mitochondrion to deduce principles of functional and structural organisation. We perform proteomics on purified mitochondria from cultured heterotrophic Arabidopsis cells with intensity-based absolute quantification and scale the dataset to the single organelle based on criteria that are justified by experimental evidence and theoretical considerations. We estimate that a total of 1.4 million protein molecules make up a single Arabidopsis mitochondrion on average. Copy numbers of the individual proteins span five orders of magnitude, ranging from >40 000 for Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 to sub-stoichiometric copy numbers, i.e. less than a single copy per single mitochondrion, for several pentatricopeptide repeat proteins that modify mitochondrial transcripts. For our analysis, we consider the physical and chemical constraints of the single organelle and discuss prominent features of mitochondrial architecture, protein biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, metabolism, antioxidant defence, genome maintenance, gene expression, and dynamics. While assessing the limitations of our considerations, we exemplify how our understanding of biochemical function and structural organization of plant mitochondria can be connected in order to obtain global and specific insights into how organelles work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Fuchs
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nils Rugen
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chris Carrie
- Department Biologie I - Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstr. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marlene Elsässer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik (IZMB), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas Giese
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Tatjana M Hildebrandt
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristina Kühn
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike Schallenberg-Rüdinger
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik (IZMB), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janina Steinbeck
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Eubel
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Etienne H Meyer
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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18
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Harun-Ur-Rashid M, Oogai S, Parveen S, Inafuku M, Iwasaki H, Fukuta M, Amzad Hossain M, Oku H. Molecular cloning of putative chloroplastic cysteine synthase in Leucaena leucocephala. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:95-108. [PMID: 31828681 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine biosynthesis is directed by the successive commitments of serine acetyltransferase, and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OASTL) compounds, which subsequently frame the decameric cysteine synthase complex. The isoforms of OASTL are found in three compartments of the cell: the cytosol, plastid, and mitochondria. In this investigation, we first isolated putative chloroplastic OASTL (Ch-OASTL) from Leucaena leucocephala, and the Ch-OASTL was then expressed in BL21-competent Escherichia coli. The putative Ch-OASTL cDNA clone had 1,543 base pairs with 391 amino acids in its open reading frame and a molecular weight of 41.54 kDa. The purified protein product exhibited cysteine synthesis ability, but not mimosine synthesis activity. However, they both make the common α-aminoacrylate intermediate in their first half reaction scheme with the conventional substrate O-acetyl serine (OAS). Hence, we considered putative Ch-OASTL a cysteine-specific enzyme. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the optimum pH for cysteine synthesis was 7.0, and the optimum temperature was 40 °C. In the cysteine synthesis assay, the Km and kcat values were 838 ± 26 µM and 72.83 s-1 for OAS, respectively, and 60 ± 2 µM and 2.43 s-1 for Na2S, respectively. We can infer that putative Ch-OASTL regulatory role is considered a sensor for sulfur constraint conditions, and it acts as a forerunner of various metabolic compound molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Harun-Ur-Rashid
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Shigeki Oogai
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shahanaz Parveen
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Molecular Biotechnology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- Molecular Biotechnology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hironori Iwasaki
- Molecular Biotechnology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masakazu Fukuta
- Department of Subtropical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Md Amzad Hossain
- Department of Subtropical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Molecular Biotechnology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
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19
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Abadie C, Tcherkez G. Plant sulphur metabolism is stimulated by photorespiration. Commun Biol 2019; 2:379. [PMID: 31633070 PMCID: PMC6795801 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense efforts have been devoted to describe the biochemical pathway of plant sulphur (S) assimilation from sulphate. However, essential information on metabolic regulation of S assimilation is still lacking, such as possible interactions between S assimilation, photosynthesis and photorespiration. In particular, does S assimilation scale with photosynthesis thus ensuring sufficient S provision for amino acids synthesis? This lack of knowledge is problematic because optimization of photosynthesis is a common target of crop breeding and furthermore, photosynthesis is stimulated by the inexorable increase in atmospheric CO2. Here, we used high-resolution 33S and 13C tracing technology with NMR and LC-MS to access direct measurement of metabolic fluxes in S assimilation, when photosynthesis and photorespiration are varied via the gaseous composition of the atmosphere (CO2, O2). We show that S assimilation is stimulated by photorespiratory metabolism and therefore, large photosynthetic fluxes appear to be detrimental to plant cell sulphur nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Abadie
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Present Address: IRHS (Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences), UMR 1345, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Angers, Beaucouzé France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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20
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Jez JM. Structural biology of plant sulfur metabolism: from sulfate to glutathione. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4089-4103. [PMID: 30825314 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential element for all organisms. Plants must assimilate this nutrient from the environment and convert it into metabolically useful forms for the biosynthesis of a wide range of compounds, including cysteine and glutathione. This review summarizes structural biology studies on the enzymes involved in plant sulfur assimilation [ATP sulfurylase, adenosine-5'-phosphate (APS) reductase, and sulfite reductase], cysteine biosynthesis (serine acetyltransferase and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase), and glutathione biosynthesis (glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase) pathways. Overall, X-ray crystal structures of enzymes in these core pathways provide molecular-level information on the chemical events that allow plants to incorporate sulfur into essential metabolites and revealed new biochemical regulatory mechanisms, such as structural rearrangements, protein-protein interactions, and thiol-based redox switches, for controlling different steps in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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21
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Feldman-Salit A, Veith N, Wirtz M, Hell R, Kummer U. Distribution of control in the sulfur assimilation in Arabidopsis thaliana depends on environmental conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1392-1404. [PMID: 30681147 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur assimilation is central to the survival of plants and has been studied under different environmental conditions. Multiple studies have been published trying to determine rate-limiting or controlling steps in this pathway. However, the picture remains inconclusive with at least two different enzymes proposed to represent such rate-limiting steps. Here, we used computational modeling to gain an integrative understanding of the distribution of control in the sulfur assimilation pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana. For this purpose, we set up a new ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based, kinetic model of sulfur assimilation encompassing all biochemical reactions directly involved in this process. We fitted the model to published experimental data and produced a model ensemble to deal with parameter uncertainties. The ensemble was validated against additional published experimental data. We used the model ensemble to subsequently analyse the control pattern and robustly identified a set of processes that share the control in this pathway under standard conditions. Interestingly, the pattern of control is dynamic and not static, that is it changes with changing environmental conditions. Therefore, while adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase (APR) and sulfite reductase (SiR) share control under standard laboratory conditions, APR takes over an even more dominant role under sulfur starvation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Feldman-Salit
- Department Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/Bioquant, INF 267, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Veith
- Department Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/Bioquant, INF 267, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Department Molecular Biology of Plants, COS Heidelberg, INF 360, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Department Molecular Biology of Plants, COS Heidelberg, INF 360, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Department Modeling of Biological Processes, COS Heidelberg/Bioquant, INF 267, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Samuilov S, Brilhaus D, Rademacher N, Flachbart S, Arab L, Alfarraj S, Kuhnert F, Kopriva S, Weber APM, Mettler-Altmann T, Rennenberg H. The Photorespiratory BOU Gene Mutation Alters Sulfur Assimilation and Its Crosstalk With Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1709. [PMID: 30559749 PMCID: PMC6284229 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at elucidating the significance of photorespiratory serine (Ser) production for cysteine (Cys) biosynthesis. For this purpose, sulfur (S) metabolism and its crosstalk with nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) metabolism were analyzed in wildtype Arabidopsis and its photorespiratory bou-2 mutant with impaired glycine decarboxylase (GDC) activity. Foliar glycine and Ser contents were enhanced in the mutant at day and night. The high Ser levels in the mutant cannot be explained by transcript abundances of genes of the photorespiratory pathway or two alternative pathways of Ser biosynthesis. Despite enhanced foliar Ser, reduced GDC activity mediated a decline in sulfur flux into major sulfur pools in the mutant, as a result of deregulation of genes of sulfur reduction and assimilation. Still, foliar Cys and glutathione contents in the mutant were enhanced. The use of Cys for methionine and glucosinolates synthesis was reduced in the mutant. Reduced GDC activity in the mutant downregulated Calvin Cycle and nitrogen assimilation genes, upregulated key enzymes of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathway and modified accumulation of sugars and TCA intermediates. Thus, photorespiratory Ser production can be replaced by other metabolic Ser sources, but this replacement deregulates the cross-talk between S, N, and C metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Samuilov
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dominik Brilhaus
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Rademacher
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Samantha Flachbart
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Franziska Kuhnert
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Krishnan HB, Jez JM. Review: The promise and limits for enhancing sulfur-containing amino acid content of soybean seed. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:14-21. [PMID: 29807584 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans are an excellent source of protein in monogastric diets and rations with ∼75% of soybeans produced worldwide used primarily for animal feed. Even though soybeans are protein-rich and have a well-balanced amino acid profile, the nutritive quality of this important crop could be further improved by elevating the concentrations of certain amino acids. The levels of the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine in soybean seed proteins are inadequate for optimal growth and development of monogastric animals, which necessitates dietary supplementation. Subsequently, concerted efforts have been made to increase the concentrations of cysteine and methionine in soybean seeds by both classical breeding and genetic engineering; however, these efforts have met with only limited success. In this review, we discuss the strengths and weakness of different approaches in elevating the sulfur amino acid content of soybeans. Manipulation of enzymes involved in the sulfur assimilatory pathway appears to be a viable avenue for improving sulfur amino acid content. This approach requires a through biochemical characterization of sulfur assimilatory enzymes in soybean seeds. We highlight recent studies targeting key sulfur assimilatory enzymes and the manipulation of sulfur metabolism in transgenic soybeans to improve the nutritive value of soybean proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology,Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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24
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Rashid MHU, Iwasaki H, Oogai S, Fukuta M, Parveen S, Hossain MA, Anai T, Oku H. Molecular characterization of cytosolic cysteine synthase in Mimosa pudica. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:319-329. [PMID: 29181648 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the cysteine and mimosine biosynthesis process, O-acetyl-L-serine (OAS) is the common substrate. In the presence of O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OASTL, cysteine synthase) the reaction of OAS with sulfide produces cysteine, while with 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (3H4P) produces mimosine. The enzyme OASTL can either catalyze Cys synthesis or both Cys and mimosine. A cDNA for cytosolic OASTL was cloned from M. pudica for the first time containing 1,410 bp nucleotides. The purified protein product from overexpressed bacterial cells produced Cys only, but not mimosine, indicating it is Cys specific. Kinetic studies revealed that pH and temperature optima for Cys production were 6.5 and 50 °C, respectively. The measured Km, Kcat, and Kcat Km-1 values were 159 ± 21 µM, 33.56 s-1, and 211.07 mM-1s-1 for OAS and 252 ± 25 µM, 32.99 s-1, and 130.91 mM-1s-1 for Na2S according to the in vitro Cys assay. The Cy-OASTL of Mimosa pudica is specific to Cys production, although it contains sensory roles in sulfur assimilation and the reduction network in the intracellular environment of M. pudica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Harun-Ur- Rashid
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hironori Iwasaki
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shigeki Oogai
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Fukuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Shahanaz Parveen
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amzad Hossain
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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25
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Dong Y, Silbermann M, Speiser A, Forieri I, Linster E, Poschet G, Allboje Samami A, Wanatabe M, Sticht C, Teleman AA, Deragon JM, Saito K, Hell R, Wirtz M. Sulfur availability regulates plant growth via glucose-TOR signaling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1174. [PMID: 29079776 PMCID: PMC5660089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of eukaryotic cells is regulated by the target of rapamycin (TOR). The strongest activator of TOR in metazoa is amino acid availability. The established transducers of amino acid sensing to TOR in metazoa are absent in plants. Hence, a fundamental question is how amino acid sensing is achieved in photo-autotrophic organisms. Here we demonstrate that the plant Arabidopsis does not sense the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine itself, but its biosynthetic precursors. We identify the kinase GCN2 as a sensor of the carbon/nitrogen precursor availability, whereas limitation of the sulfur precursor is transduced to TOR by downregulation of glucose metabolism. The downregulated TOR activity caused decreased translation, lowered meristematic activity, and elevated autophagy. Our results uncover a plant-specific adaptation of TOR function. In concert with GCN2, TOR allows photo-autotrophic eukaryotes to coordinate the fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur for efficient cysteine biosynthesis under varying external nutrient supply. Plants lack the amino acid sensors that regulate TOR in metazoans. Here Dong et al. show that Arabidopsis GCN2 senses carbon and nitrogen availability for cysteine synthesis while sulfur limitation activates TOR via glucose metabolism, providing a mechanism whereby plants control growth according to nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Dong
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marleen Silbermann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Speiser
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Forieri
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Linster
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arman Allboje Samami
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Wanatabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Center for Medical Research, University of Mannheim, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Marc Deragon
- Laboratory of Genomes and Plant Development, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Perpignan, 66100, Perpignan, France
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Rawat M, Nayan R, Negi B, Zaidi MGH, Arora S. Physio-biochemical basis of iron-sulfide nanoparticle induced growth and seed yield enhancement in B. juncea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:274-284. [PMID: 28666234 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles have been reported to influence plant growth and productivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects have not been completely understood yet. Current work describes the physio-biochemical basis of iron sulfide nanoparticle induced growth and yield enhancement in Brassica juncea. Iron sulfide nanoparticles (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm) were used for foliar treatment of B. juncea at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing, under field conditions. Foliar treatment of 4 ppm iron sulfide nanoparticle solution at 30 days after sowing brought maximal enhancement in agronomic attributes of the treated plants. Results of assays i.e. total chlorophyll, electrolyte leakage, Malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, H2O2 and antioxidant enzyme activities indicated the benign effect of iron sulfide nanoparticles on plants. Consequently, improved redox status of the treated plants, enabled them to assimilate higher photosynthate. The augmentation in growth and seed yield in iron sulfide nanoparticle treated plants was amply supported by activation of RUBISCO small subunit (rubisco S), RUBISCO large subunit (rubisco L), glutamine synthetase (gs) and glutamate synthase (gogat) genes. Thus, iron sulfide nanoparticle induced growth and yield enhancement is proposed to be mediated through activation of carbon and nitrogen assimilatory pathways at specific growth stage. The iron content in the leaves and root tissues of the treated plants was also significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Rawat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Rajeev Nayan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Bhawana Negi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - M G H Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India.
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27
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Ahmad N, Malagoli M, Wirtz M, Hell R. Drought stress in maize causes differential acclimation responses of glutathione and sulfur metabolism in leaves and roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:247. [PMID: 27829370 PMCID: PMC5103438 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is the most important environmental stress that limits crop yield in a global warming world. Despite the compelling evidence of an important role of oxidized and reduced sulfur-containing compounds during the response of plants to drought stress (e.g. sulfate for stomata closure or glutathione for scavenging of reactive oxygen species), the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway is almost not investigated at the molecular or at the whole plant level during drought. RESULTS In the present study, we elucidated the role of assimilatory sulfate reduction in roots and leaves of the staple crop maize after application of drought stress. The time-resolved dynamics of the adaption processes to the stress was analyzed in a physiological relevant situation -when prolonged drought caused significant oxidation stress but root growth should be maintained. The allocation of sulfate was significantly shifted to the roots upon drought and allowed for significant increase of thiols derived from sulfate assimilation in roots. This enabled roots to produce biomass, while leaf growth was stopped. Accumulation of harmful reactive oxygen species caused oxidation of the glutathione pool and decreased glutathione levels in leaves. Surprisingly, flux analysis using [35S]-sulfate demonstrated a significant down-regulation of sulfate assimilation and cysteine synthesis in leaves due to the substantial decrease of serine acetyltransferase activity. The insufficient cysteine supply caused depletion of glutathione pool in spite of significant transcriptional induction of glutathione synthesis limiting GSH1. Furthermore, drought impinges on transcription of membrane-localized sulfate transport systems in leaves and roots, which provides a potential molecular mechanism for the reallocation of sulfur upon prolonged water withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated a significant and organ-specific impact of drought upon sulfate assimilation. The sulfur metabolism related alterations at the transcriptional, metabolic and enzyme activity level are consistent with a promotion of root growth to search for water at the expense of leaf growth. The results provide evidence for the importance of antagonistic regulation of sulfur metabolism in leaves and roots to enable successful drought stress response at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmad
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- University of Science & Technology Bannu, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Mario Malagoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruediger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Singh K, Singh KP, Equbal A, Suman SS, Zaidi A, Garg G, Pandey K, Das P, Ali V. Interaction between cysteine synthase and serine O-acetyltransferase proteins and their stage specific expression in Leishmania donovani. Biochimie 2016; 131:29-44. [PMID: 27638321 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania possess a unique trypanothione redox metabolism with undebated roles in protection from oxidative damage and drug resistance. The biosynthesis of trypanothione depends on l-cysteine bioavailability which is regulated by cysteine biosynthesis pathway. The de novo cysteine biosynthesis pathway is comprised of serine O-acetyltransferase (SAT) and cysteine synthase (CS) enzymes which sequentially mediate two consecutive steps of cysteine biosynthesis, and is absent in mammalian host. However, despite the apparent dependency of redox metabolism on cysteine biosynthesis pathway, the role of SAT and CS in redox homeostasis has been unexplored in Leishmania parasites. Herein, we have characterized CS and SAT to investigate their interaction and relative abundance of these proteins in promastigote vs. amastigote growth stages of L. donovani. CS and SAT genes of L. donovani (LdCS and LdSAT) were cloned, expressed, and fusion proteins purified to homogeneity with affinity column chromatography. Purified LdCS contains PLP as cofactor and showed optimum enzymatic activity at pH 7.5. Enzyme kinetics showed that LdCS catalyses the synthesis of cysteine using O-acetylserine and sulfide with a Km of 15.86 mM and 0.17 mM, respectively. Digitonin fractionation and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy showed that LdCS and LdSAT are localized in the cytoplasm of promastigotes. Size exclusion chromatography, co-purification, pull down and immuno-precipitation assays demonstrated a stable complex formation between LdCS and LdSAT proteins. Furthermore, LdCS and LdSAT proteins expression/activity was upregulated in amastigote growth stage of the parasite. Thus, the stage specific differential expression of LdCS and LdSAT suggests that it may have a role in the redox homeostasis of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljit Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Asif Equbal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Shashi S Suman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Amir Zaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Gaurav Garg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, 844102, India.
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29
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Carfagna S, Bottone C, Cataletto PR, Petriccione M, Pinto G, Salbitani G, Vona V, Pollio A, Ciniglia C. Impact of Sulfur Starvation in Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Cultures of the Extremophilic Microalga Galdieria phlegrea (Cyanidiophyceae). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1890-8. [PMID: 27388343 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants and algae, sulfate assimilation and cysteine synthesis are regulated by sulfur (S) accessibility from the environment. This study reports the effects of S deprivation in autotrophic and heterotrophic cultures of Galdieria phlegrea (Cyanidiophyceae), a unicellular red alga isolated in the Solfatara crater located in Campi Flegrei (Naples, Italy), where H2S is the prevalent form of gaseous S in the fumarolic fluids and S is widespread in the soils near the fumaroles. This is the first report on the effects of S deprivation on a sulfurous microalga that is also able to grow heterotrophically in the dark. The removal of S from the culture medium of illuminated cells caused a decrease in the soluble protein content and a significant decrease in the intracellular levels of glutathione. Cells from heterotrophic cultures of G. phlegrea exhibited high levels of internal proteins and high glutathione content, which did not diminish during S starvation, but rather glutathione significantly increased. The activity of O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL), the enzyme synthesizing cysteine, was enhanced under S deprivation in a time-dependent manner in autotrophic but not in heterotrophic cells. Analysis of the transcript abundance of the OASTL gene supports the OASTL activity increase in autotrophic cultures under S deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Carfagna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Bottone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Rosa Cataletto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Milena Petriccione
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Via Torrino 2, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pinto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Salbitani
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Vona
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
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30
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Tahir J, Dijkwel P. β-Substituting alanine synthases: roles in cysteine metabolism and abiotic and biotic stress signalling in plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:307-323. [PMID: 32480463 DOI: 10.1071/fp15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine is required for the synthesis of proteins and metabolites, and is therefore an indispensable compound for growth and development. The β-substituting alanine synthase (BSAS) gene family encodes enzymes known as O-acetylserine thiol lyases (OASTLs), which carry out cysteine biosynthesis in plants. The functions of the BSAS isoforms have been reported to be crucial in assimilation of S and cysteine biosynthesis, and homeostasis in plants. In this review we explore the functional variation in this classic pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent enzyme family of BSAS isoforms. We discuss how specialisation and divergence in BSAS catalytic activities makes a more dynamic set of biological routers that integrate cysteine metabolism and abiotic and biotic stress signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and also other species. Our review presents a universal scenario in which enzymes modulating cysteine metabolism promote survival and fitness of the species by counteracting internal and external stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Tahir
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Dijkwel
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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31
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Vigani G, Briat JF. Impairment of Respiratory Chain under Nutrient Deficiency in Plants: Does it Play a Role in the Regulation of Iron and Sulfur Responsive Genes? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1185. [PMID: 26779219 PMCID: PMC4700279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant production and plant product quality strongly depend on the availability of mineral nutrients. Among them, sulfur (S) and iron (Fe) play a central role, as they are needed for many proteins of the respiratory chain. Plant mitochondria play essential bioenergetic and biosynthetic functions as well as they have an important role in signaling processes into the cell. Here, by comparing several transcriptomic data sets from plants impaired in their respiratory function with the genes regulated under Fe or S deficiencies obtained from other data sets, nutrient-responsive genes potentially regulated by hypothetical mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway are evidenced. It leads us to hypothesize that plant mitochondria could be, therefore, required for regulating the expression of key genes involved both in Fe and S metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Jean-François Briat
- Biochimie and Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/SupAgro/UM2Montpellier, France
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32
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Abstract
In contrast to animals, which release the signal molecule sulfide in small amounts from cysteine and its derivates, phototrophic eukaryotes generate sulfide as an essential intermediate of the sulfur assimilation pathway. Additionally, iron-sulfur cluster turnover and cyanide detoxification might contribute to the release of sulfide in mitochondria. However, sulfide is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria. Thus, efficient sulfide detoxification mechanisms are required in mitochondria to ensure adequate energy production and consequently survival of the plant cell. Two enzymes have been recently described to catalyze sulfide detoxification in mitochondria of Arabidopsis thaliana, O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase C (OAS-TL C), and the sulfur dioxygenase (SDO) ethylmalonic encephalopathy protein 1 (ETHE1). Biochemical characterization of sulfide producing and consuming enzymes in mitochondria of plants is fundamental to understand the regulatory network that enables mitochondrial sulfide homeostasis under nonstressed and stressed conditions. In this chapter, we provide established protocols to determine the activity of the sulfide releasing enzyme β-cyanoalanine synthase as well as sulfide-consuming enzymes OAS-TL and SDO. Additionally, we describe a reliable and efficient method to purify OAS-TL proteins from plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Birke
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Tavares S, Wirtz M, Beier MP, Bogs J, Hell R, Amâncio S. Characterization of the serine acetyltransferase gene family of Vitis vinifera uncovers differences in regulation of OAS synthesis in woody plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:74. [PMID: 25741355 PMCID: PMC4330696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants cysteine biosynthesis is catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) and represents the last step of the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway. It is mainly regulated by provision of O-acetylserine (OAS), the nitrogen/carbon containing backbone for fixation of reduced sulfur. OAS is synthesized by Serine acetyltransferase (SERAT), which reversibly interacts with OASTL in the cysteine synthase complex (CSC). In this study we identify and characterize the SERAT gene family of the crop plant Vitis vinifera. The identified four members of the VvSERAT protein family are assigned to three distinct groups upon their sequence similarities to Arabidopsis SERATs. Expression of fluorescently labeled VvSERAT proteins uncover that the sub-cellular localization of VvSERAT1;1 and VvSERAT3;1 is the cytosol and that VvSERAT2;1 and VvSERAT2;2 localize in addition in plastids and mitochondria, respectively. The purified VvSERATs of group 1 and 2 have higher enzymatic activity than VvSERAT3;1, which display a characteristic C-terminal extension also present in AtSERAT3;1. VvSERAT1;1 and VvSERAT2;2 are evidenced to form the CSC. CSC formation activates VvSERAT2;2, by releasing CSC-associated VvSERAT2;2 from cysteine inhibition. Thus, subcellular distribution of SERAT isoforms and CSC formation in cytosol and mitochondria is conserved between Arabidopsis and grapevine. Surprisingly, VvSERAT2;1 lack the canonical C-terminal tail of plant SERATs, does not form the CSC and is almost insensitive to cysteine inhibition (IC50 = 1.9 mM cysteine). Upon sulfate depletion VvSERAT2;1 is strongly induced at the transcriptional level, while transcription of other VvSERATs is almost unaffected in sulfate deprived grapevine cell suspension cultures. Application of abiotic stresses to soil grown grapevine plants revealed isoform-specific induction of VvSERAT2;1 in leaves upon drought, whereas high light- or temperature- stress hardly trigger VvSERAT2;1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Tavares
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel P. Beier
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bogs
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
- Studiengang Weinbau und Oenologie, Dienstleistungszentrum Laendlicher Raum RheinpfalzNeustadt, Germany
- Fachbereich 1, Life Sciences and Engineering, Fachhochschule BingenBingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Amâncio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Sara Amâncio, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal e-mail:
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Birke H, De Kok LJ, Wirtz M, Hell R. The Role of Compartment-Specific Cysteine Synthesis for Sulfur Homeostasis During H2S Exposure in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:358-67. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rennenberg H, Herschbach C. A detailed view on sulphur metabolism at the cellular and whole-plant level illustrates challenges in metabolite flux analyses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5711-24. [PMID: 25124317 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of physiological process in the systems biology era requires approaches at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. In this context, metabolite flux experiments have been used in mapping metabolite pathways and analysing metabolic control. In the present review, sulphur metabolism was taken to illustrate current challenges of metabolic flux analyses. At the cellular level, restrictions in metabolite flux analyses originate from incomplete knowledge of the compartmentation network of metabolic pathways. Transport of metabolites through membranes is usually not considered in flux experiments but may be involved in controlling the whole pathway. Hence, steady-state and snapshot readings need to be expanded to time-course studies in combination with compartment-specific metabolite analyses. Because of species-specific differences, differences between tissues, and stress-related responses, the quantitative significance of different sulphur sinks has to be elucidated; this requires the development of methods for whole-sulphur metabolome approaches. Different cell types can contribute to metabolite fluxes to different extents at the tissue and organ level. Cell type-specific analyses are needed to characterize these contributions. Based on such approaches, metabolite flux analyses can be expanded to the whole-plant level by considering long-distance transport and, thus, the interaction of roots and the shoot in metabolite fluxes. However, whole-plant studies need detailed empirical and mathematical modelling that have to be validated by experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biosystems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Smith-Hammond CL, Hoyos E, Miernyk JA. The pea seedling mitochondrial Nε-lysine acetylome. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt B:154-65. [PMID: 24780491 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational lysine acetylation is believed to occur in all taxa and to affect thousands of proteins. In contrast to the hundreds of mitochondrial proteins reported to be lysine-acetylated in non-plant species, only a handful have been reported from the plant taxa previously examined. To investigate whether this reflects a biologically significant difference or merely a peculiarity of the samples thus far examined, we immunoenriched and analyzed acetylated peptides from highly purified pea seedling mitochondria using mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that a multitude of mitochondrial proteins, involved in a variety of processes, are acetylated in pea seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Smith-Hammond
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Hoyos
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Ján A Miernyk
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Hydrogen sulfide in plants: From dissipation of excess sulfur to signaling molecule. Nitric Oxide 2014; 41:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Speiser A, Haberland S, Watanabe M, Wirtz M, Dietz KJ, Saito K, Hell R. The significance of cysteine synthesis for acclimation to high light conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:776. [PMID: 25653656 PMCID: PMC4300907 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Situations of excess light intensity are known to result in the emergence of reactive oxygen species that originate from the electron transport chain in chloroplasts. The redox state of glutathione and its biosynthesis contribute importantly to the plant's response to this stress. In this study we analyzed the significance of cysteine synthesis for long-term acclimation to high light conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Emphasis was put on the rate-limiting step of cysteine synthesis, the formation of the precursor O-acetylserine (OAS) that is catalyzed by serine acetyltransferase (SERAT). Wild type Arabidopsis plants responded to the high light condition (800 μmol m(-2) s(-1) for 10 days) with synthesis of photo-protective anthocyanins, induction of total SERAT activity and elevated glutathione levels when compared to the control condition (100 μmol m(-2) s(-1)). The role of cysteine synthesis in chloroplasts was probed in mutant plants lacking the chloroplast isoform SERAT2;1 (serat2;1) and two knock-out alleles of CYP20-3, a positive interactor of SERAT in the chloroplast. Acclimation to high light resulted in a smaller growth enhancement than wild type in the serat2;1 and cyp20-3 mutants, less induction of total SERAT activity and OAS levels but similar cysteine and glutathione concentrations. Expression analysis revealed no increase in mRNA of the chloroplast SERAT2;1 encoding SERAT2;1 gene but up to 4.4-fold elevated SERAT2;2 mRNA levels for the mitochondrial SERAT isoform. Thus, lack of chloroplast SERAT2;1 activity or its activation by CYP20-3 prevents the full growth response to high light conditions, but the enhanced demand for glutathione is likely mediated by synthesis of OAS in the mitochondria. In conclusion, cysteine synthesis in the chloroplast is important for performance but is dispensable for survival under long-term exposure to high light and can be partially complemented by cysteine synthesis in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Speiser
- Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Haberland
- Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, University of BielefeldBielefeld, Germany
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba UniversityChiba, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rüdiger Hell, Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail:
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Zhang B, Pasini R, Dan H, Joshi N, Zhao Y, Leustek T, Zheng ZL. Aberrant gene expression in the Arabidopsis SULTR1;2 mutants suggests a possible regulatory role for this sulfate transporter in response to sulfur nutrient status. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:185-97. [PMID: 24308460 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is required for the biosynthesis of cysteine, methionine and numerous other metabolites, and thus is critical for cellular metabolism and various growth and developmental processes. Plants are able to sense their physiological state with respect to sulfur availability, but the sensor remains to be identified. Here we report the isolation and characterization of two novel allelic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, sel1-15 and sel1-16, which show increased expression of a sulfur deficiency-activated gene β-glucosidase 28 (BGLU28). The mutants, which represent two different missense alleles of SULTR1;2, which encodes a high-affinity sulfate transporter, are defective in sulfate transport and as a result have a lower cellular sulfate level. However, when treated with a very high dose of sulfate, sel1-15 and sel1-16 accumulated similar amounts of internal sulfate and its metabolite glutathione (GSH) to wild-type, but showed higher expression of BGLU28 and other sulfur deficiency-activated genes than wild-type. Reduced sensitivity to inhibition of gene expression was also observed in the sel1 mutants when fed with the sulfate metabolites Cys and GSH. In addition, a SULTR1;2 knockout allele also exhibits reduced inhibition in response to sulfate, Cys and GSH, consistent with the phenotype of sel1-15 and sel1-16. Taken together, the genetic evidence suggests that, in addition to its known function as a high-affinity sulfate transporter, SULTR1;2 may have a regulatory role in response to sulfur nutrient status. The possibility that SULTR1;2 may function as a sensor of sulfur status or a component of a sulfur sensory mechanism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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Koprivova A, Kopriva S. Molecular mechanisms of regulation of sulfate assimilation: first steps on a long road. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:589. [PMID: 25400653 PMCID: PMC4212615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The pathway of sulfate assimilation, which provides plants with the essential nutrient sulfur, is tightly regulated and coordinated with the demand for reduced sulfur. The responses of metabolite concentrations, enzyme activities and mRNA levels to various signals and environmental conditions have been well described for the pathway. However, only little is known about the molecular mechanisms of this regulation. To date, nine transcription factors have been described to control transcription of genes of sulfate uptake and assimilation. In addition, other levels of regulation contribute to the control of sulfur metabolism. Post-transcriptional regulation has been shown for sulfate transporters, adenosine 5'phosphosulfate reductase, and cysteine synthase. Several genes of the pathway are targets of microRNA miR395. In addition, protein-protein interaction is increasingly found in the center of various regulatory circuits. On top of the mechanisms of regulation of single genes, we are starting to learn more about mechanisms of adaptation, due to analyses of natural variation. In this article, the summary of different mechanisms of regulation will be accompanied by identification of the major gaps in knowledge and proposition of possible ways of filling them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- *Correspondence: Stanislav Kopriva, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
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Zheng ZL, Zhang B, Leustek T. Transceptors at the boundary of nutrient transporters and receptors: a new role for Arabidopsis SULTR1;2 in sulfur sensing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:710. [PMID: 25566284 PMCID: PMC4263312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated mechanism to sense the extracellular sulfur (S) status so that sulfate transport and S assimilation/metabolism can be coordinated. Genetic, biochemical, and molecular studies in Arabidopsis over the past 10 years have started to shed some light on the regulatory mechanism of the S response. Key advances in transcriptional regulation (SLIM1, MYB, and miR395), involvement of hormones (auxin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid) and identification of putative sensors (OASTL and SULTR1;2) are highlighted here. Although our current view of S nutrient sensing and signaling remains fragmented, it is anticipated that through further studies a sensing and signaling network will be revealed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Zheng
- Plant Nutrient Signaling and Fruit Quality Improvement Laboratory, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Liang Zheng, Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA e-mail: ; Thomas Leustek, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA e-mail:
| | - Bo Zhang
- Plant Nutrient Signaling and Fruit Quality Improvement Laboratory, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Thomas Leustek
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Liang Zheng, Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA e-mail: ; Thomas Leustek, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA e-mail:
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Yi H, Dey S, Kumaran S, Lee SG, Krishnan HB, Jez JM. Structure of soybean serine acetyltransferase and formation of the cysteine regulatory complex as a molecular chaperone. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36463-72. [PMID: 24225955 PMCID: PMC3868759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine acetyltransferase (SAT) catalyzes the limiting reaction in plant and microbial biosynthesis of cysteine. In addition to its enzymatic function, SAT forms a macromolecular complex with O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase. Formation of the cysteine regulatory complex (CRC) is a critical biochemical control feature in plant sulfur metabolism. Here we present the 1.75-3.0 Å resolution x-ray crystal structures of soybean (Glycine max) SAT (GmSAT) in apoenzyme, serine-bound, and CoA-bound forms. The GmSAT-serine and GmSAT-CoA structures provide new details on substrate interactions in the active site. The crystal structures and analysis of site-directed mutants suggest that His(169) and Asp(154) form a catalytic dyad for general base catalysis and that His(189) may stabilize the oxyanion reaction intermediate. Glu(177) helps to position Arg(203) and His(204) and the β1c-β2c loop for serine binding. A similar role for ionic interactions formed by Lys(230) is required for CoA binding. The GmSAT structures also identify Arg(253) as important for the enhanced catalytic efficiency of SAT in the CRC and suggest that movement of the residue may stabilize CoA binding in the macromolecular complex. Differences in the effect of cold on GmSAT activity in the isolated enzyme versus the enzyme in the CRC were also observed. A role for CRC formation as a molecular chaperone to maintain SAT activity in response to an environmental stress is proposed for this multienzyme complex in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankuil Yi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Sanghamitra Dey
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Sangaralingam Kumaran
- the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Soon Goo Lee
- the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and
| | - Hari B. Krishnan
- the Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Joseph M. Jez
- the Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and
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Lee CP, Wirtz M, Hell R. Evidence for Several Cysteine Transport Mechanisms in the Mitochondrial Membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 55:64-73. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Müller SM, Galliardt H, Schneider J, Barisas BG, Seidel T. Quantification of Förster resonance energy transfer by monitoring sensitized emission in living plant cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:413. [PMID: 24194740 PMCID: PMC3810607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) describes excitation energy exchange between two adjacent molecules typically in distances ranging from 2 to 10 nm. The process depends on dipole-dipole coupling of the molecules and its probability of occurrence cannot be proven directly. Mostly, fluorescence is employed for quantification as it represents a concurring process of relaxation of the excited singlet state S1 so that the probability of fluorescence decreases as the probability of FRET increases. This reflects closer proximity of the molecules or an orientation of donor and acceptor transition dipoles that facilitates FRET. Monitoring sensitized emission by 3-Filter-FRET allows for fast image acquisition and is suitable for quantifying FRET in dynamic systems such as living cells. In recent years, several calibration protocols were established to overcome to previous difficulties in measuring FRET-efficiencies. Thus, we can now obtain by 3-filter FRET FRET-efficiencies that are comparable to results from sophisticated fluorescence lifetime measurements. With the discovery of fluorescent proteins and their improvement toward spectral variants and usability in plant cells, the tool box for in vivo FRET-analyses in plant cells was provided and FRET became applicable for the in vivo detection of protein-protein interactions and for monitoring conformational dynamics. The latter opened the door toward a multitude of FRET-sensors such as the widely applied Ca(2+)-sensor Cameleon. Recently, FRET-couples of two fluorescent proteins were supplemented by additional fluorescent proteins toward FRET-cascades in order to monitor more complex arrangements. Novel FRET-couples involving switchable fluorescent proteins promise to increase the utility of FRET through combination with photoactivation-based super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Müller
- Dynamic Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Helena Galliardt
- Dynamic Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Jessica Schneider
- Bioinformatic Resource Facility, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - B. George Barisas
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Thorsten Seidel
- Dynamic Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thorsten Seidel, Dynamic Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany e-mail:
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Birke H, Heeg C, Wirtz M, Hell R. Successful fertilization requires the presence of at least one major O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase for cysteine synthesis in pollen of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:959-72. [PMID: 24001608 PMCID: PMC3793071 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of cysteine (Cys) is a master control switch of plant primary metabolism that coordinates the flux of sulfur with carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), nine genes encode for O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OAS-TL)-like proteins, of which the major isoforms, OAS-TL A, OAS-TL B, and OAS-TL C, catalyze the formation of Cys by combining O-acetylserine and sulfide in the cytosol, the plastids, and the mitochondria, respectively. So far, the significance of individual OAS-TL-like enzymes is unresolved. Generation of all major OAS-TL double loss-of-function mutants in combination with radiolabeled tracer studies revealed that subcellular localization of OAS-TL proteins is more important for efficient Cys synthesis than total cellular OAS-TL activity in leaves. The absence of oastl triple embryos after targeted crosses indicated the exclusiveness of Cys synthesis by the three major OAS-TLs and ruled out alternative sulfur fixation by other OAS-TL-like proteins. Analyses of oastlABC pollen demonstrated that the presence of at least one functional OAS-TL isoform is essential for the proper function of the male gametophyte, although the synthesis of histidine, lysine, and tryptophan is dispensable in pollen. Comparisons of oastlABC pollen derived from genetically different parent plant combinations allowed us to separate distinct functions of Cys and glutathione in pollen and revealed an additional role of glutathione for pollen germination. In contrast, female gametogenesis was not affected by the absence of major OAS-TLs, indicating significant transport of Cys into the developing ovule from the mother plant.
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Wawrzyńska A, Kurzyk A, Mierzwińska M, Płochocka D, Wieczorek G, Sirko A. Direct targeting of Arabidopsis cysteine synthase complexes with synthetic polypeptides to selectively deregulate cysteine synthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 207:148-157. [PMID: 23602110 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of cysteine is one of the fundamental processes in plants providing the reduced sulfur for cell metabolism. It is accomplished by the sequential action of two enzymes, serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS-TL). Together they constitute the hetero-oligomeric cysteine synthase (CS) complex through specific protein-protein interactions influencing the rate of cysteine production. The aim of our studies was to deregulate the CS complex formation in order to investigate its function in the control of sulfur homeostasis and optimize cysteine synthesis. Computational modeling was used to build a model of the Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial CS complex. Several polypeptides based on OAS-TL C amino-acid sequence found at SAT-OASTL interaction sites were designed as probable competitors for SAT3 binding. After verification of the binding in a yeast two-hybrid assay, the most strongly interacting polypeptide was introduced to different cellular compartments of Arabidopsis cell via genetic transformation. Moderate increase in total SAT and OAS-TL activities, but not thiols content, was observed dependent on the transgenic line and sulfur availability in the hydroponic medium. Though our studies demonstrate the proof of principle, they also suggest more complex interaction of both enzymes underlying the mechanism of their reciprocal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wawrzyńska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A St, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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The cysteine regulatory complex from plants and microbes: what was old is new again. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:302-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sweetlove LJ, Fernie AR. The spatial organization of metabolism within the plant cell. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:723-46. [PMID: 23330793 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the correct subcellular locations for all enzymes and metabolites in plant metabolic networks is a major challenge, but is critically important for the success of the new generation of large-scale metabolic models that are driving a network-level appreciation of metabolic behavior. Even though the subcellular compartmentation of many central metabolic processes is thought to be well understood, recent gene-by-gene studies have revealed several unexpected enzyme localizations. Metabolite transport between subcellular compartments is crucial because it fundamentally affects the metabolic network structure. Although new metabolite transporters are being steadily identified, modeling work suggests that we have barely scratched the surface of the catalog of intracellular metabolite transporter proteins. In addition to compartmentation among organelles, it is increasingly apparent that microcompartment formation via the interactions of enzyme groups with intracellular membranes, the cytoskeleton, or other proteins is an important regulatory mechanism. In particular, this mechanism can promote metabolite channeling within the metabolic microcompartment, which can help control reaction specificity as well as dictate flux routes through the network. This has clear relevance for both synthetic biology in general and the engineering of plant metabolic networks in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom.
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Chan KX, Wirtz M, Phua SY, Estavillo GM, Pogson BJ. Balancing metabolites in drought: the sulfur assimilation conundrum. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:18-29. [PMID: 23040678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key plant response to drought is the accumulation of specific sets of metabolites that act as osmoprotectants, osmolytes, antioxidants, and/or stress signals. An emerging question is: how do plants regulate metabolism to balance the 'competing interests' between metabolites during stress? Recent research connects primary sulfur metabolism (e.g., sulfate transport in the vasculature, its assimilation in leaves, and the recycling of sulfur-containing compounds) with the drought stress response. In this review, we highlight key steps in sulfur metabolism that play significant roles in drought stress signaling and responses. We propose that a complex balancing act is required to coordinate primary and secondary sulfur metabolism during the drought stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xun Chan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Xie Y, Lai D, Mao Y, Zhang W, Shen W, Guan R. Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of a Novel Gene Encoding l-Cysteine Desulfhydrase from Brassica napus. Mol Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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