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Sagris M, Vlachakis PK, Simantiris S, Theofilis P, Gerogianni M, Karakasis P, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. From a Cup of Tea to Cardiovascular Care: Vascular Mechanisms of Action. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1168. [PMID: 39337950 PMCID: PMC11433009 DOI: 10.3390/life14091168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Tea consumption is increasingly recognized for its potential benefits to cardiovascular health. This study reviews the available research, concentrating on the major components of tea and their mechanisms of action in the cardiovascular system. Tea is abundant in bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and polysaccharides, which possess significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds play a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby supporting cardiovascular health. They enhance endothelial function, leading to improved vascular relaxation and reduced arterial stiffness, and exhibit antithrombotic effects. Additionally, regular tea consumption is potentially associated with better regulation of blood pressure, improved cholesterol profiles, and effective blood sugar control. It has been suggested that incorporating tea into daily dietary habits could be a practical strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention and management. Despite the promising evidence, more rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish standardized consumption recommendations and fully understand long-term effects. This review offers a more comprehensive analysis of the current evidence based on endothelium function and identifies the gaps that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Sagris
- Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Panayotis K Vlachakis
- Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Simantiris
- Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gerogianni
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12641 Athens, Greece
| | - Paschalis Karakasis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital Hippokration, 54942 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- Hippokration General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
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2
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Jiang X, Wang H, Nie K, Gao Y, Chen S, Tang Y, Wang Z, Su H, Dong H. Targeting lipid droplets and lipid droplet-associated proteins: a new perspective on natural compounds against metabolic diseases. Chin Med 2024; 19:120. [PMID: 39232826 PMCID: PMC11373146 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid droplet (LD) is a metabolically active organelle, which changes dynamically with the metabolic state and energy requirements of cells. Proteins that either insert into the LD phospholipid monolayer or are present in the cytoplasm, playing a crucial role in lipid homeostasis and signaling regulation, are known as LD-associated proteins. METHODS The keywords "lipid droplets" and "metabolic diseases" were used to obtain literature on LD metabolism and pathological mechanism. After searching databases including Scopus, OVID, Web of Science, and PubMed from 2013 to 2024 using terms like "lipid droplets", "lipid droplet-associated proteins", "fatty liver disease", "diabetes", "diabetic kidney disease", "obesity", "atherosclerosis", "hyperlipidemia", "natural drug monomers" and "natural compounds", the most common natural compounds were identified in about 954 articles. Eventually, a total of 91 studies of 10 natural compounds reporting in vitro or in vivo studies were refined and summarized. RESULTS The most frequently used natural compounds include Berberine, Mangostin, Capsaicin, Caffeine, Genistein, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Chlorogenic acid, Betaine, Ginsenoside, Resveratrol. These natural compounds interact with LD-associated proteins and help ameliorate abnormal LDs in various metabolic diseases. CONCLUSION Natural compounds involved in the regulation of LDs and LD-associated proteins hold promise for treating metabolic diseases. Further research into these interactions may lead to new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Jiang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongzhan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kexin Nie
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueheng Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Lin X, Liu W, Hu X, Liu Z, Wang F, Wang J. The role of polyphenols in modulating mitophagy: Implications for therapeutic interventions. Pharmacol Res 2024; 207:107324. [PMID: 39059613 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This review rigorously assesses the burgeoning research into the role of polyphenols in modulating mitophagy, an essential cellular mechanism for the targeted removal of impaired mitochondria. These natural compounds, known for their low toxicity, are underscored for their potential in therapeutic strategies against a diverse array of diseases, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal disorders. The analysis penetrates deeply into the molecular mechanisms whereby polyphenols promote mitophagy, particularly by influencing crucial signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators, including the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/parkin and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) pathways. Noteworthy discoveries include the neuroprotective properties of resveratrol and curcumin, which affect both autophagic pathways and mitochondrial dynamics, and the pioneering integration of polyphenols with other natural substances to amplify therapeutic effectiveness. Furthermore, the review confronts the issue of polyphenol bioavailability and emphasizes the imperative for clinical trials to corroborate their therapeutic viability. By delivering an exhaustive synthesis of contemporary insights and recent advancements in polyphenol and mitophagy research, this review endeavors to catalyze additional research and foster the creation of innovative therapeutic modalities that exploit the distinctive attributes of polyphenols to manage and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wenkai Liu
- Deyang Sixth People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Xizhuo Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Deyang Sixth People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Chengdu First People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlian Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Meishan, Meishan 620010, China.
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4
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Zhao W, Shen T, Zhao B, Li M, Deng Z, Huo Y, Aernouts B, Loor JJ, Psifidi A, Xu C. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects bovine ruminal epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory damage by activating autophagy. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:109. [PMID: 39118120 PMCID: PMC11311925 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) causes an increase in endotoxin, which can induce immune and inflammatory responses in the ruminal epithelium of dairy cows. In non-ruminants, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major bioactive ingredient of green tea, is well-known to alleviate inflammation. Whether EGCG confers protection against SARA-induced inflammation and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. RESULTS In vivo, eight ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to either a low-concentrate (40%) diet (CON) or a high-concentrate (60%) diet (HC) for 3 weeks to induce SARA (n = 4). Cows with SARA had greater serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin-6, and epithelium had histological signs of damage. In vitro, immortalized bovine ruminal epithelial cells (BREC) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to imitate the inflammatory damage caused by SARA. Our data revealed that BREC treated with 10 µg/mL LPS for 6 h successfully induce a robust inflammatory response as indicated by increased phosphorylation of IκBα and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65. Pre-treatment of BREC with 50 µmol/L EGCG for 6 h before LPS challenge promoted the degradation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome through activation of autophagy, which further repressed activation of NF-κB pathway targeting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Analyses also revealed that the ECGG upregulated tight junction (TJ) protein expression upon incubation with LPS. CONCLUSIONS Subacute ruminal acidosis causes ruminal epithelium injury and systemic inflammation in dairy cows. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG help preserve the integrity of the epithelial barrier through activating autophagy when BREC are exposed to LPS. Thus, EGCG could potentially serve as an effective therapeutic agent for SARA-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Taiyu Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bichen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Moli Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoju Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yihui Huo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ben Aernouts
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, KU Leuven University, Kleinhoefstraat 4, Geel, 2440, Belgium
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Chuang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Shao Y, Zhang Y, Zou S, Wang J, Li X, Qin M, Sun L, Yin W, Chang X, Wang S, Han X, Wu T, Chen F. (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-gallate protects pancreatic β-cell against excessive autophagy-induced injury through promoting FTO degradation. Autophagy 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38910554 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2370751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive macroautophagy/autophagy leads to pancreatic β-cell failure that contributes to the development of diabetes. Our previous study proved that the occurrence of deleterious hyperactive autophagy attributes to glucolipotoxicity-induced NR3C1 activation. Here, we explored the potential protective effects of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) on β-cell-specific NR3C1 overexpression mice in vivo and NR3C1-enhanced β cells in vitro. We showed that EGCG protects pancreatic β cells against NR3C1 enhancement-induced failure through inhibiting excessive autophagy. RNA demethylase FTO (FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase) caused diminished m6A modifications on mRNAs of three pro-oxidant genes (Tlr4, Rela, Src) and, hence, oxidative stress occurs; by contrast, EGCG promotes FTO degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in NR3C1-enhanced β cells, which alleviates oxidative stress, and thereby prevents excessive autophagy. Moreover, FTO overexpression abolishes the beneficial effects of EGCG on β cells against NR3C1 enhancement-induced damage. Collectively, our results demonstrate that EGCG protects pancreatic β cells against NR3C1 enhancement-induced excessive autophagy through suppressing FTO-stimulated oxidative stress, which provides novel insights into the mechanisms for the anti-diabetic effect of EGCG.Abbreviation 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AAV: adeno-associated virus; Ad: adenovirus; ALD: aldosterone; AUC: area under curve; βNR3C1 mice: pancreatic β-cell-specific NR3C1 overexpression mice; Ctrl: control; CHX: cycloheximide; DEX: dexamethasone; DHE: dihydroethidium; EGCG: (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate; FTO: FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase; GSIS: glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; HFD: high-fat diet; HG: high glucose; i.p.: intraperitoneal; IOD: immunofluorescence optical density; KSIS: potassium-stimulated insulin secretion; m6A: N6-methyladenosine; MeRIP-seq: methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing; NO: nitric oxide; NR3C1/GR: nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1; NR3C1-Enhc.: NR3C1-enhancement; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; NC: negative control; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PI: propidium iodide; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; Palm.: palmitate; RELA: v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian); RNA-seq: RNA sequencing; O2.-: superoxide anion; SRC: Rous sarcoma oncogene; ROS: reactive oxygen species; T2D: type 2 diabetes; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; TUNEL: terminal dUTP nick-end labeling; UTR: untranslated region; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suyun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xirui Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaozhen Qin
- Jiangsu Province Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Hu M, Ladowski JM, Xu H. The Role of Autophagy in Vascular Endothelial Cell Health and Physiology. Cells 2024; 13:825. [PMID: 38786047 PMCID: PMC11120581 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular recycling process which enables eukaryotes to maintain both cellular and overall homeostasis through the catabolic breakdown of intracellular components or the selective degradation of damaged organelles. In recent years, the importance of autophagy in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) has been increasingly recognized, and numerous studies have linked the dysregulation of autophagy to the development of endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy in ECs and our current understanding of the roles of autophagy in vascular biology and review the implications of dysregulated autophagy for vascular disease. Finally, we summarize the current state of the research on compounds to modulate autophagy in ECs and identify challenges for their translation into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph M. Ladowski
- Transplant and Immunobiology Research, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - He Xu
- Transplant and Immunobiology Research, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
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Qing Z, Luo Q, Duan J, Lin J, Huang H, Yang S, Zeng Z. SENP1 attenuates hypoxia‑reoxygenation injury in liver sinusoid endothelial cells by relying on the HIF‑1α signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:64. [PMID: 38426545 PMCID: PMC10926105 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) have an important role in hepatic ischemia‑reperfusion injury (I/R), but the specific molecular mechanism of action is unknown. LSEC proliferation is regulated and fenestration is maintained via the Sentrin/SUMO‑specific protease 1 (SENP1)/hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α (HIF‑1α) signaling axis under hypoxic conditions. In the present study, a hypoxia‑reoxygenation (H‑R) injury model was established using mouse LSECs to explore the relationship between SENP1 and H‑R injury in vitro, and the specific underlying mechanism was identified, revealing new targets for the clinical attenuation of hepatic I/R injury. Following the culture of LSECs under H‑R conditions, it was demonstrated that the expression of SENP1 was upregulated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting (WB). In addition, scanning electron microscopy indicated that fenestrae damage was increased, a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay demonstrated that the proliferation of cells was impaired and flow cytometry showed that apoptosis was increased. After silencing SENP1 expression with short interfering RNA, the proliferation activity of LSECs decreased, the fenestrae damage increased, the apoptosis rate increased and the expression levels of SENP1, HIF‑1α, heme oxygenase and Bcl‑2 were downregulated (as demonstrated by WB), while the expression levels of apoptosis‑related proteins, cleaved‑caspase‑3 and Bax, were upregulated. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay detection showed that the level of vascular endothelial growth factor in the supernatant decreased and the level of IL‑6 and TNF‑α increased. Following the administration of an HIF‑1α signaling pathway agonist, the situation was reversed. These results therefore suggested that SENP1 attenuated the reduction in proliferation, apoptosis and fenestration of LSECs observed following H‑R injury through the HIF‑1α signaling pathway. In conclusion, SENP1 may attenuate H‑R injury in LSECs in a HIF‑1α signaling pathway‑dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qing
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Qun Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Duan
- General Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lin
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Hanfei Huang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Zeng
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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Gwon JG, Lee SM. Role of PTEN-Induced Protein Kinase 1 as a Mitochondrial Dysfunction Regulator in Cardiovascular Disease Pathogenesis. Vasc Specialist Int 2024; 40:9. [PMID: 38486493 PMCID: PMC10940882 DOI: 10.5758/vsi.230116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a global health challenge, primarily due to atherosclerosis, which leads to conditions such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction initiates endothelial dysfunction, a key contributor to CVD pathogenesis, as well as triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), energy stress, and cell death in endothelial cells, which are crucial for atherosclerosis development. This review explores the role of PTEN-induced protein kinase 1 (PINK1) in mitochondrial quality control, focusing on its significance in cardiovascular health. PINK1 plays a pivotal role in mitophagy (selective removal of damaged mitochondria), contributing to the prevention of CVD progression. PINK1-mediated mitophagy also affects the maintenance of cardiomyocyte homeostasis in ischemic heart disease, thus mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, as well as regulates endothelial health in atherosclerosis through influencing ROS levels and inflammatory response. We also investigated the role of PINK1 in vascular smooth muscle cells, emphasizing on its role in apoptosis and atherosclerosis. Dysfunctional mitophagy in these cells accelerates cellular senescence and contributes to adverse effects including plaque rupture and inflammation. Mitophagy has also been explored as a potential therapeutic target for vascular calcification, a representative lesion in atherosclerosis, with a focus on lactate-induced mechanisms. Finally, we highlight the current research and clinical trials targeting mitophagy as a therapeutic avenue for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gyo Gwon
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhang F, Liu R, Liu L, Li X, Zhu X, Liang Y. Traditional Chinese medicine and its active substances reduce vascular injury in diabetes via regulating autophagic activity. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1355246. [PMID: 38505420 PMCID: PMC10949535 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1355246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to its high prevalence, poor prognosis, and heavy burden on healthcare costs, diabetic vascular complications have become a significant public health issue. Currently, the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced vascular complications remain incompletely understood. Autophagy, a highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, maintains intracellular homeostasis and energy balance via removing protein aggregates, damaged organelles, and exogenous pathogens. Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulated autophagy may contribute to vascular abnormalities in various types of blood vessels, including both microvessels and large vessels, under diabetic conditions. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) possesses the characteristics of "multiple components, multiple targets and multiple pathways," and its safety has been demonstrated, particularly with minimal toxicity in liver and kidney. Thus, TCM has gained increasing attention from researchers. Moreover, recent studies have indicated that Chinese herbal medicine and its active compounds can improve vascular damage in diabetes by regulating autophagy. Based on this background, this review summarizes the classification, occurrence process, and related molecular mechanisms of autophagy, with a focus on discussing the role of autophagy in diabetic vascular damage and the protective effects of TCM and its active compounds through the regulation of autophagy in diabetes. Moreover, we systematically elucidate the autophagic mechanisms by which TCM formulations, individual herbal extracts, and active compounds regulate diabetic vascular damage, thereby providing new candidate drugs for clinical treatment of vascular complications in diabetes. Therefore, further exploration of TCM and its active compounds with autophagy-regulating effects holds significant research value for achieving targeted therapeutic approaches for diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankui Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yonglin Liang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
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10
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Holczer M, Besze B, Lehel A, Kapuy O. The Dual Role of Sulforaphane-Induced Cellular Stress-A Systems Biological Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1220. [PMID: 38279216 PMCID: PMC11154497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in cellular homeostasis. When ER stress is generated, an autophagic self-digestive process is activated to promote cell survival; however, cell death is induced in the case of excessive levels of ER stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a natural compound called sulforaphane (SFN) upon ER stress. Our goal was to investigate how SFN-dependent autophagy activation affects different stages of ER stress induction. We approached our scientific analysis from a systems biological perspective using both theoretical and molecular biological techniques. We found that SFN induced the various cell-death mechanisms in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The short SFN treatment at low concentrations promoted autophagy, whereas the longer treatment at higher concentrations activated cell death. We proved that SFN activated autophagy in a mTORC1-dependent manner and that the presence of ULK1 was required for its function. A low concentration of SFN pre- or co-treatment combined with short and long ER stress was able to promote cell survival via autophagy induction in each treatment, suggesting the potential medical importance of SFN in ER stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Orsolya Kapuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (M.H.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
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Bakun P, Mlynarczyk DT, Koczorowski T, Cerbin-Koczorowska M, Piwowarczyk L, Kolasiński E, Stawny M, Kuźmińska J, Jelińska A, Goslinski T. Tea-break with epigallocatechin gallate derivatives - Powerful polyphenols of great potential for medicine. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115820. [PMID: 37776575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenol present in green tea (Camellia sinensis), which has revealed anti-cancer effects toward a variety of cancer cells in vitro and protective potential against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Unfortunately, EGCG presents disappointing bioavailability after oral administration, primarily due to its chemical instability and poor absorption. Due to these limitations, EGCG is currently not used in medication, but only as a dietary supplement in the form of green tea extract. Therefore, it needs further modifications before being considered suitable for extensive medical applications. In this article, we review the scientific literature about EGCG derivatives focusing on their biological properties and potential medical applications. The most common chemical modifications of epigallocatechin gallate rely on introducing fatty acid chains or sugar molecules to its chemical structure to modify solubility. Another frequently employed procedure is based on blocking EGCG's hydroxyl groups with various substituents. Novel derivatives reveal interesting properties, of which, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antimicrobial, are especially important. It is worth noting that the most promising EGCG derivatives present higher stability and activity than base EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Bakun
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland.
| | - Dariusz T Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland
| | - Tomasz Koczorowski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cerbin-Koczorowska
- Chair and Department of Medical Education, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 7, Poznań, 60-806, Poland; Edinburgh Medical School: Medical Education, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, EH16 4SB, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ludwika Piwowarczyk
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland
| | - Emil Kolasiński
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland
| | - Maciej Stawny
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland
| | - Joanna Kuźmińska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland
| | - Anna Jelińska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, Poznań, 60-780, Poland.
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12
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Guo J, Li K, Lin Y, Liu Y. Protective effects and molecular mechanisms of tea polyphenols on cardiovascular diseases. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1202378. [PMID: 37448666 PMCID: PMC10336229 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1202378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the most important factor contributing to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and the incidence and severity of cardiovascular events tend to increase with age. Currently, CVD is the leading cause of death in the global population. In-depth analysis of the mechanisms and interventions of cardiovascular aging and related diseases is an important basis for achieving healthy aging. Tea polyphenols (TPs) are the general term for the polyhydroxy compounds contained in tea leaves, whose main components are catechins, flavonoids, flavonols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, condensed phenolic acids and polymeric phenols. Among them, catechins are the main components of TPs. In this article, we provide a detailed review of the classification and composition of teas, as well as an overview of the causes of aging-related CVDs. Then, we focus on ten aspects of the effects of TPs, including anti-hypertension, lipid-lowering effects, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-atherosclerosis, recovery of endothelial function, anti-thrombosis, myocardial protective effect, to improve CVDs and the detailed molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- General Surgery Department, The First People’s Hospital of Tai’an City, Tai’an, China
| | - Yajun Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Nutrition, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Martínez-Chacón G, Paredes-Barquero M, Yakhine-Diop SM, Uribe-Carretero E, Bargiela A, Sabater-Arcis M, Morales-García J, Alarcón-Gil J, Alegre-Cortés E, Canales-Cortés S, Rodríguez-Arribas M, Camello PJ, Pedro JMBS, Perez-Castillo A, Artero R, Gonzalez-Polo RA, Fuentes JM, Niso-Santano M. Neuroprotective properties of queen bee acid by autophagy induction. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:751-770. [PMID: 34448959 PMCID: PMC10406658 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular catabolic pathway that removes cytoplasmic components to contribute to neuronal homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has increasingly shown that the induction of autophagy improves neuronal health and extends longevity in several animal models. Therefore, there is a great interest in the identification of effective autophagy enhancers with potential nutraceutical or pharmaceutical properties to ameliorate age-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, and/or promote longevity. Queen bee acid (QBA, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid) is the major fatty acid component of, and is found exclusively in, royal jelly, which has beneficial properties for human health. It is reported that QBA has antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities and promotes neurogenesis and neuronal health; however, the mechanism by which QBA exerts these effects has not been fully elucidated. The present study investigated the role of the autophagic process in the protective effect of QBA. We found that QBA is a novel autophagy inducer that triggers autophagy in various neuronal cell lines and mouse and fly models. The beclin-1 (BECN1) and mTOR pathways participate in the regulation of QBA-induced autophagy. Moreover, our results showed that QBA stimulates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which promotes autophagy by the deacetylation of critical ATG proteins. Finally, QBA-mediated autophagy promotes neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease in vitro and in a mouse model and extends the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. This study provides detailed evidences showing that autophagy induction plays a critical role in the beneficial health effects of QBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Martínez-Chacón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marta Paredes-Barquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sokhna M.S Yakhine-Diop
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Elisabet Uribe-Carretero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ariadna Bargiela
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIPF-INCLIVA Joint Unit, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sabater-Arcis
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIPF-INCLIVA Joint Unit, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Morales-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM) “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Alarcón-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM) “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Alegre-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Saray Canales-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Arribas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pedro Javier Camello
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Biomarcadores de Patologías Metabólicas, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM) “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Artero
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIPF-INCLIVA Joint Unit, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa A. Gonzalez-Polo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - José M. Fuentes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
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Lee T, Oh Y, Kim MK, Chong Y. Green Tea Catechol (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Conjugated with Phenylalanine Shows Enhanced Autophagy Stimulating Activity in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:423-432. [PMID: 36130708 DOI: 10.1055/a-1948-4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the autophagy stimulators that have been reported to protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress-induced damage. In this study, we attempted potentiation of the autophagy-stimulating activity of EGCG in human aortic epithelial cells (HAECs) by using the EGCG-phenylalanine conjugate, E10. Autophagy-stimulating activity of E10 was evaluated by LC3-II measurement in the absence and presence of the lysosomal blocker chloroquine, CTYO-ID staining, and reporter assay using tandem fluorescence-tagged LC3. These experiments revealed significantly enhanced autophagic flux stimulation in HAECs by E10 compared with EGCG. Further elaboration of E10 showed that activation of AMPK through phosphorylation as the major mechanism of its autophagy stimulation. Like other autophagy stimulators, E10 protected HAECs from lipotoxicity as well as accompanying endothelial senescence. Finally, stimulation of autophagy by E10 was shown to protect HAECs from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These findings collectively suggest potential clinical implications of E10 for various cardiovascular complications through stimulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegum Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonji Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Kim
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youhoon Chong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Pavlik P, Jost P, Rehulka P, Vozandychova V, Link M, Spidlova P. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits Francisella tularensis growth and suppresses the function of DNA-binding protein HU. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:105999. [PMID: 36702369 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious intracellular bacterium causing tularemia disease and is regarded as a potential biological weapon. The development of a vaccine, effective treatment, or prophylactic substances targeted against tularemia is in the forefront of interest and could help to prevent or mitigate possible malevolent acts by bioterrorism utilizing F. tularensis. The viability of F. tularensis, and thus of a tularemia disease outbreak, might potentially be suppressed by simple commonly available natural substances. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is contained in green tea and its antimicrobial effect has been described. Here, we show that EGCG can suppress F. tularensis growth and is able to reduce the bacterium's ability to replicate inside mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) without side effects on BMMs' own viability. We suggest one (but not the only) mechanism of EGCG action. We demonstrate that EGCG can block the main functions of HU protein, the important regulator of F. tularensis virulence, leading to overall attenuation of F. tularensis viability. EGCG can delay death of mice infected by F. tularensis and can be used as a prophylactic agent against tularemia disease. Postponing death by up to 2 days can provide sufficient opportunity to administer another treatment agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Pavlik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Jost
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Rehulka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Vera Vozandychova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Link
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Spidlova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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16
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Yin H, Shan Y, Xia T, Ji Y, Yuan L, You Y, You B. Emerging Roles of Lipophagy in Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184526. [PMID: 36139685 PMCID: PMC9496701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with malignant tumors worldwide. Mounting evidence suggests lipid droplet metabolism is involved in the process of metastasis. As a mechanism to selectively degrade lipid droplets, the current research on lipophagy and tumor metastasis is quite limited. This review summarizes the crosstalk among lipophagy, tumor lipid metabolism and cancer metastasis, which will provide a new reference for the development of effective targeted drugs. Abstract Obesity is a prominent risk factor for certain types of tumor progression. Adipocytes within tumor stroma contribute to reshaping tumor microenvironment (TME) and the metabolism and metastasis of tumors through the production of cytokines and adipokines. However, the crosstalk between adipocytes and tumor cells remains a major gap in this field. Known as a subtype of selective autophagy, lipophagy is thought to contribute to lipid metabolism by breaking down intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) and generating free fatty acids (FAs). The metastatic potential of cancer cells closely correlates with the lipid degradation mechanisms, which are required for energy generation, signal transduction, and biosynthesis of membranes. Here, we discuss the recent advance in the understanding of lipophagy with tumor lipid metabolism and review current studies on the roles of lipoghagy in the metastasis of certain human malignancies. Additionally, the novel candidate drugs targeting lipophagy are integrated for effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimeng Yin
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ying Shan
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yiwen You
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bo You
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Medical School, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong 226001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (B.Y.)
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17
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Jia Q, Yang R, Mehmood S, Li Y. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats by activating autophagy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1591-1600. [PMID: 35833541 PMCID: PMC9554167 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) possesses anti-fibrotic potential in diverse tissues; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the impacts of EGCG on diabetes-induced myocardial fibrosis remain unclear. This present study aimed to unravel the anti-fibrotic effects of EGCG on the heart in type 2 diabetic rats and investigate its molecular mechanisms. Rats were randomly assigned to the following four groups: Normal (NOR), diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), DCM + 40 mg/kg EGCG, and DCM + 80 mg/kg EGCG groups. After 8 weeks of EGCG treatment, fasting blood glucose, left ventricular hemodynamic indices, heart index, and myocardial injury-related parameters were measured. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Sirius Red staining were used to evaluate myocardial pathological alterations and collagen accumulation. The contents of myocardial hydroxyproline, collagen-I, collagen-III, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were measured. The gene expression levels of myocardial TGF-β1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were detected. Autophagic regulators, including adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and autophagic markers, including microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3 and Beclin1 were estimated. The results indicated that diabetes significantly decreased cardiac contractile function and aggravated myocardial hypertrophy and injury. Furthermore, diabetes repressed the activation of autophagy in myocardial tissue and promoted cardiac fibrosis. Following ingestion with different doses of EGCG, myocardial contractile dysfunction, hypertrophy and injury were ameliorated; myocardial autophagy was activated, and myocardial fibrosis was alleviated in the EGCG treatment groups. In conclusion, these findings suggested that EGCG could attenuate cardiac fibrosis in type 2 diabetic rats, and its underlying mechanisms associated with activation of autophagy via modulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway and then repression of the TGF-β/MMPs pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Jia
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, China,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China,Rui Yang.
| | - Shomaila Mehmood
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Li
- Clinical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, China
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18
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Lu G, Wang Y, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Huang C, He W, Wang C, Shen H. Autophagy in health and disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic target. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e150. [PMID: 35845350 PMCID: PMC9271889 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionally conserved catabolic process in which cytosolic contents, such as aggregated proteins, dysfunctional organelle, or invading pathogens, are sequestered by the double-membrane structure termed autophagosome and delivered to lysosome for degradation. Over the past two decades, autophagy has been extensively studied, from the molecular mechanisms, biological functions, implications in various human diseases, to development of autophagy-related therapeutics. This review will focus on the latest development of autophagy research, covering molecular mechanisms in control of autophagosome biogenesis and autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and the upstream regulatory pathways including the AMPK and MTORC1 pathways. We will also provide a systematic discussion on the implication of autophagy in various human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), metabolic diseases (obesity and diabetes), viral infection especially SARS-Cov-2 and COVID-19, cardiovascular diseases (cardiac ischemia/reperfusion and cardiomyopathy), and aging. Finally, we will also summarize the development of pharmacological agents that have therapeutic potential for clinical applications via targeting the autophagy pathway. It is believed that decades of hard work on autophagy research is eventually to bring real and tangible benefits for improvement of human health and control of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of BiochemistryZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic MedicineSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn ResearchSouthwest HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Provincial Key Laboratory of PathophysiologyNingbo University School of MedicineNingboZhejiangChina
| | - Han‐Ming Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauMacauChina
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19
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Parmar UM, Jalgaonkar MP, Kulkarni YA, Oza MJ. Autophagy-nutrient sensing pathways in diabetic complications. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106408. [PMID: 35988870 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes has been increasing in recent decades which is affecting the population of both, developed and developing countries. Diabetes is associated with micro and macrovascular complications which predominantly result from hyperglycemia and disrupted metabolic pathways. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, formation of misfolded and abnormal proteins, and disruption of normal cellular functioning. The inability to maintain metabolic homeostasis under excessive energy and nutrient input, which induces insulin resistance, is a crucial feature during the transition from obesity to diabetes. According to various study reports, redox alterations, intracellular stress and chronic inflammation responses have all been linked to dysregulated energy metabolism and insulin resistance. Autophagy has been considered a cleansing mechanism to prevent these anomalies and restore cellular homeostasis. However, disrupted autophagy has been linked to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Recent studies have reported that the regulation of autophagy has a beneficial role against these conditions. When there is plenty of food, nutrient-sensing pathways activate anabolism and storage, but the shortage of food activates homeostatic mechanisms like autophagy, which mobilises internal stockpiles. These nutrient-sensing pathways are well conserved in eukaryotes and are involved in the regulation of autophagy which includes SIRT1, mTOR and AMPK. The current review focuses on the role of SIRT1, mTOR and AMPK in regulating autophagy and suggests autophagy along with these nutrient-sensing pathways as potential therapeutic targets in reducing the progression of various diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi M Parmar
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Manjiri P Jalgaonkar
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Manisha J Oza
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India.
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20
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Abid R, Ghazanfar S, Farid A, Sulaman SM, Idrees M, Amen RA, Muzammal M, Shahzad MK, Mohamed MO, Khaled AA, Safir W, Ghori I, Elasbali AM, Alharbi B. Pharmacological Properties of 4', 5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone (Apigenin) and Its Impact on Cell Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2022; 27:4304. [PMID: 35807549 PMCID: PMC9267958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant bioactive compounds, particularly apigenin, have therapeutic potential and functional activities that aid in the prevention of infectious diseases in many mammalian bodies and promote tumor growth inhibition. Apigenin is a flavonoid with low toxicities and numerous bioactive properties due to which it has been considered as a traditional medicine for decades. Apigenin shows synergistic effects in combined treatment with sorafenib in the HepG2 human cell line (HCC) in less time and statistically reduces the viability of tumor cells, migration, gene expression and apoptosis. The combination of anti-cancerous drugs with apigenin has shown health promoting potential against various cancers. It can prevent cell mobility, maintain the cell cycle and stimulate the immune system. Apigenin also suppresses mTOR activity and raises the UVB-induced phagocytosis and reduces the cancerous cell proliferation and growth. It also has a high safety threshold, and active (anti-cancer) doses can be gained by consuming a vegetable and apigenin rich diet. Apigenin also boosted autophagosome formation, decreased cell proliferation and activated autophagy by preventing the activity of the PI3K pathway, specifically in HepG2 cells. This paper provides an updated overview of apigenin's beneficial anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer effects, making it a step in the right direction for therapeutics. This study also critically analyzed the effect of apigenin on cancer cell signaling pathways including the PI3K/AKT/MTOR, JAK/STAT, NF-κB and ERK/MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameesha Abid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan; (S.G.); (M.I.)
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan; (S.G.); (M.I.)
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan;
| | | | - Maryam Idrees
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan; (S.G.); (M.I.)
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Muzammal
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Khurram Shahzad
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Department, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan;
| | | | | | - Waqas Safir
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China;
| | - Ifra Ghori
- Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail 81481, Saudi Arabia;
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21
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Ren G, Hwang PTJ, Millican R, Shin J, Brott BC, van Groen T, Powell CM, Bhatnagar S, Young ME, Jun HW, Kim JA. Subcutaneous Administration of a Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nanomatrix Gel Ameliorates Obesity and Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19104-19115. [PMID: 35467831 PMCID: PMC9233978 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule, which plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including inflammatory responses, metabolism, cardiovascular functions, and cognitive function. NO bioavailability is reduced with aging and cardiometabolic disorders in humans and rodents. NO stimulates the metabolic rate by increasing the mitochondrial biogenesis and brown fat activation. Therefore, we propose a novel technology of providing exogenous NO to improve the metabolic rate and cognitive function by promoting the development of brown adipose tissue. In the present study, we demonstrate the effects of the peptide amphiphiles-NO-releasing nanomatrix gel (PANO gel) on high-fat diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and cognitive functions. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected in the brown fat area with the PANO gel or vehicle (PA gel) every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. The PANO gel-injected mice gained less body weight, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased fasting serum insulin and leptin levels compared with the PA gel-injected mice. Insulin signaling in the muscle, liver, and epididymal white adipose tissue was improved by the PANO gel injection. The PANO gel reduced inflammation, increased lipolysis in the epididymal white adipose tissue, and decreased serum lipids and liver triglycerides. Interestingly, the PANO gel stimulated uncoupled protein 1 gene expression in the brown and beige fat tissues. Furthermore, the PANO gel increased the cerebral blood flow and improved learning and memory abilities. Our results suggest that using the PANO gel to supply exogenous NO is a novel technology to treat metabolic disorders and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Ren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | | | | | - Juhee Shin
- Department of Biomedical engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Brigitta C. Brott
- Endomimetics, LLC, Birmingham, AL 35242
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Craig M. Powell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Martin E. Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Endomimetics, LLC, Birmingham, AL 35242
- Department of Biomedical engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jeong-a Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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22
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Long-term consumption of green tea EGCG enhances murine healthspan by mitigating multiple aspects of cellular senescence in mitotic and post-mitotic tissues, gut dysbiosis, and immunosenescence. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Qin J, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Huang C, Hou M, Li M, Qian G, Lv H. Co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) reveals the important role of autophagy implicated in Kawasaki disease. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:3140-3150. [PMID: 35070827 PMCID: PMC8753476 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis syndrome that commonly occurs in children. Autophagy has been increasingly shown to be involved in various cardiovascular diseases, including endothelial dysfunction and vascular endothelial injury. However, whether autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of KD remains poorly understood, and particularly, how the dysfunction of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) is associated with autophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from KD patients awaits further investigation. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from KD patients, common fever patients, and healthy controls. The PBMC samples were isolated from KD blood samples collected at three different phases: the acute phase before therapy (acute-KD), 1 week (subacute-KD), and 4 weeks (convalescent-KD) after drug administration. RESULTS The autophagy flux was significantly increased in the PBMCs of KD patients at acute phase. The PBMCs of acute KD patients could induce autophagy in HCAECs and promote the secretion of chemokines and pro-inflammatory factors after cocultured with HCAECs whereas 3-methyladenine (3-MA) drug could partly reverse this process. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy is involved in the inflammatory injury of vascular endothelial cells associated with PBMCs in KD patients, and may play a crucial role in regulating inflammation. Hence, we identify a novel regulatory mechanism of vascular injury in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yan Cheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yi Ji Shan Hospital, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Miao Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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24
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A Decade of Mighty Lipophagy: What We Know and What Facts We Need to Know? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5539161. [PMID: 34777688 PMCID: PMC8589519 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5539161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are integral cellular components that act as substrates for energy provision, signaling molecules, and essential constituents of biological membranes along with a variety of other biological functions. Despite their significance, lipid accumulation may result in lipotoxicity, impair autophagy, and lysosomal function that may lead to certain diseases and metabolic syndromes like obesity and even cell death. Therefore, these lipids are continuously recycled and redistributed by the process of selective autophagy specifically termed as lipophagy. This selective form of autophagy employs lysosomes for the maintenance of cellular lipid homeostasis. In this review, we have reviewed the current literature about how lipid droplets (LDs) are recruited towards lysosomes, cross-talk between a variety of autophagy receptors present on LD surface and lysosomes, and lipid hydrolysis by lysosomal enzymes. In addition to it, we have tried to answer most of the possible questions related to lipophagy regulation at different levels. Moreover, in the last part of this review, we have discussed some of the pathological states due to the accumulation of these LDs and their possible treatments under the light of currently available findings.
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25
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He H, Wang L, Qiao Y, Yang B, Yin D, He M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate pretreatment alleviates doxorubicin-induced ferroptosis and cardiotoxicity by upregulating AMPKα2 and activating adaptive autophagy. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102185. [PMID: 34775319 PMCID: PMC8600154 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports indicate that the mechanism of doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity is very complex, involving multiple regulatory cell death forms. Furthermore, the clinical intervention effect is not ideal. Iron dependence, abnormal lipid metabolism, and excess reactive oxygen species generation, three characteristics of ferroptosis, are potential therapeutic intervention targets. Here, we confirmed in vitro and in vivo that at least autophagy, apoptosis, and ferroptosis are involved in Dox cardiotoxicity-induced damage. When the neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cells or C57BL/6 mice were subjected to Dox-induced cardiotoxicity, epigallocatechin-3-gallate pretreatment could effectively decrease iron accumulation, inhibit oxidative stress and abnormal lipid metabolism, and thereby alleviate Dox cardiotoxicity-induced ferroptosis and protect the myocardium according to multiple functional, enzymatic, and morphological indices. The underlying mechanism was verified to involve the upregulation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase α2, which promoted adaptive autophagy, increased energy supply, and maintained mitochondrial function. We believe that epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a candidate phytochemical against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yang Qiao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Dong Yin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Ming He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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26
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Wu X, Al-Amin M, Zhao C, An F, Wang Y, Huang Q, Teng H, Song H. Catechinic acid, a natural polyphenol compound, extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via mitophagy pathways. Food Funct 2021; 11:5621-5634. [PMID: 32530444 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00694g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catechinic acid (CA), widely present in tea and fruits, has vital biological and pharmacological properties. CA plays an important role in the regulation of lifespan. However, the mechanism behind its anti-aging properties remains poorly characterized. In the present study, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model organism. It was found that CA induced mitophagy which prevented the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria with age and profoundly extended lifespan. Notably, CA significantly improved the fitness of aging worms, particularly the treatment slowed age-related decline in observed spontaneous movements. Furthermore, CA was found to eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria in the gut and muscle cells, and demonstrated that the lifespan-prolonging effects of CA can be attributed to mitophagy along with the likely regulation of the genes bec-1 and pink-1. The results of this study indicated that pharmacologically induced mitophagy has a profound impact on aging, providing a novel therapeutic intervention against aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Wu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Mohammad Al-Amin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China and Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fengping An
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yiwei Wang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Qun Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hongbo Song
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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27
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Liśkiewicz D, Liśkiewicz A, Grabowski M, Nowacka-Chmielewska MM, Jabłońska K, Wojakowska A, Marczak Ł, Barski JJ, Małecki A. Upregulation of hepatic autophagy under nutritional ketosis. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 93:108620. [PMID: 33705944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many of the metabolic effects evoked by the ketogenic diet mimic the actions of fasting and the benefits of the ketogenic diet are often attributed to these similarities. Since fasting is a potent autophagy inductor in vivo and in vitro it has been hypothesized that the ketogenic diet may upregulate autophagy. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the influence of the ketogenic diet on the hepatic autophagy. C57BL/6N male mice were fed with two different ketogenic chows composed of fat of either animal or plant origin for 4 weeks. To gain some insight into the time frame for the induction of autophagy on the ketogenic diet, we performed a short-term experiment in which animals were fed with ketogenic diets for only 24 or 48 h. The results showed that autophagy is upregulated in the livers of animals fed with the ketogenic diet. Moreover, the size of the observed effect was likely dependent on the diet composition. Subsequently, the markers of regulatory pathways that may link ketogenic diet action to autophagy were measured, i.e., the activity of mTORC1, activation of AMPK, and the levels of SIRT1, p53, and FOXO3. Overall, observed treatment-specific effects including the upregulation of SIRT1 and downregulation of FOXO3 and p53. Finally, a GC/MS analysis of the fatty acid composition of animals' livers and the chows was performed in order to obtain an idea about the presence of specific compounds that may shape the effects of ketogenic diets on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Liśkiewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grabowski
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Maria Nowacka-Chmielewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Konstancja Jabłońska
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Wojakowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jarosław J Barski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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28
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García-Viñuales S, Sciacca MFM, Lanza V, Santoro AM, Grasso G, Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Grasso G, La Rosa C, Milardi D. The interplay between lipid and Aβ amyloid homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease: risk factors and therapeutic opportunities. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105072. [PMID: 33675779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Diseases (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits of Aβ peptide in the brain. Besides genetic background, the presence of other diseases and an unhealthy lifestyle are known risk factors for AD development. Albeit accumulating clinical evidence suggests that an impaired lipid metabolism is related to Aβ deposition, mechanistic insights on the link between amyloid fibril formation/clearance and aberrant lipid interactions are still unavailable. Recently, many studies have described the key role played by membrane bound Aβ assemblies in neurotoxicity. Moreover, it has been suggested that a derangement of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and autophagy is significantly correlated with toxic Aβ aggregation and dysregulation of lipid levels. Thus, studies focusing on the role played by lipids in Aβ aggregation and proteostasis could represent a promising area of investigation for the design of valuable treatments. In this review we examine current knowledge concerning the effects of lipids in Aβ aggregation and degradation processes, focusing on the therapeutic opportunities that a comprehensive understanding of all biophysical, biochemical, and biological processes involved may disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele F M Sciacca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Grasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy.
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30
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Milardi D, Gazit E, Radford SE, Xu Y, Gallardo RU, Caflisch A, Westermark GT, Westermark P, Rosa CL, Ramamoorthy A. Proteostasis of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: A Molecular Perspective of Risk Factors and Protective Strategies for Type II Diabetes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1845-1893. [PMID: 33427465 PMCID: PMC10317076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The possible link between hIAPP accumulation and β-cell death in diabetic patients has inspired numerous studies focusing on amyloid structures and aggregation pathways of this hormone. Recent studies have reported on the importance of early oligomeric intermediates, the many roles of their interactions with lipid membrane, pH, insulin, and zinc on the mechanism of aggregation of hIAPP. The challenges posed by the transient nature of amyloid oligomers, their structural heterogeneity, and the complex nature of their interaction with lipid membranes have resulted in the development of a wide range of biophysical and chemical approaches to characterize the aggregation process. While the cellular processes and factors activating hIAPP-mediated cytotoxicity are still not clear, it has recently been suggested that its impaired turnover and cellular processing by proteasome and autophagy may contribute significantly toward toxic hIAPP accumulation and, eventually, β-cell death. Therefore, studies focusing on the restoration of hIAPP proteostasis may represent a promising arena for the design of effective therapies. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the structures and pathology associated with hIAPP self-assembly and point out the opportunities for therapy that a detailed biochemical, biophysical, and cellular understanding of its aggregation may unveil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Xu
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo U Gallardo
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Amedeo Caflisch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Gunilla T Westermark
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Westermark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 41809-1055, United States
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Abstract
Herbal Teas prepared from leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers of different herbs contain
many useful nutrients that may be a good replacement for medicating certain diseases. These herbal
teas are very rich in poly-phenols, therefore are significant for their antioxidant, anti-inflammation,
anticancer, anticardiovascular, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, and antiobesity properties. Medical
chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease,
constipation, diabetes, and bed wetting in children can be easily cured by the use of these herbal
teas in regular and moderate amounts. This review focuses on the diverse constituents of herbal teas
due to which these can be an attractive alternative towards promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabinda Sattar
- Department of Chemistry, ICS, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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32
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Dietary Polyphenols in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Targets in Autophagy and Biological Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020142. [PMID: 33498216 PMCID: PMC7908992 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols represent a group of secondary metabolites of plants which have been analyzed as potent regulators of multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, among others. These natural compounds exhibit beneficial effects and protection against inflammation, oxidative stress, and related injuries including metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular damage, obesity and diabetes, and neurodegeneration. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of action of polyphenols in relation to the activation of autophagy, stimulation of mitochondrial function and antioxidant defenses, attenuation of oxidative stress, and reduction in cell apoptosis, which may be responsible of the health promoting properties of these compounds.
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Hosseini S, Alipour M, Zakerkish M, Cheraghian B, Ghandil P. Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on total antioxidant capacity, biomarkers of systemic low-grade inflammation and metabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the role of FTO-rs9939609 polymorphism. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:1722-1729. [PMID: 34900054 PMCID: PMC8641491 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.95903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known as one of the most common metabolic diseases and FTO polymorphism has been implicated in the susceptibility to this disease. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has shown favorable effects on risk factors related to T2DM. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of EGCG on total antioxidant capacity, biomarkers of systemic low-grade inflammation and metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM considering the role of FTO polymorphism. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 60 patients with T2DM (20-60 years) were randomly allocated to three groups. Group 1 received 300 mg of EGCG (TT genotype). Group 2 received 300 mg of EGCG (AA + AT genotypes) and Group 3 received placebo. We genotyped FTO (rs9939609) and measured body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, profile lipid, interleukin-6, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and total antioxidant capacity, before and after the intervention, at 2 months. RESULTS In carriers of A allele, EGCG intervention caused a significant decrease in BMI, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure and serum cholesterol level compared with placebo (p < 0.05). Also, we found a significant gene-treatment interaction effect between FTO-rs9939609 and EGCG on BMI and DBP (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that carriers of the risk alleles (A) of FTO-rs9939609 have a better response to EGCG in improving BMI and DBP in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedahmad Hosseini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Meysam Alipour
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Zakerkish
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Cheraghian
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pegah Ghandil
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Khan N, Chen X, Geiger JD. Possible Therapeutic Use of Natural Compounds Against COVID-19. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR SIGNALING 2021; 2:63-79. [PMID: 33768214 PMCID: PMC7990267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19); a pandemic disease that has resulted in devastating social, economic, morbidity and mortality burdens. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells following receptor-mediated endocytosis and priming by cellular proteases. Following uptake, SARS-CoV-2 replicates in autophagosome-like structures in the cytosol following its escape from endolysosomes. Accordingly, the greater endolysosome pathway including autophagosomes and the mTOR sensor may be targets for therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Naturally existing compounds (phytochemicals) through their actions on endolysosomes and mTOR signaling pathways might provide therapeutic relief against COVID-19. Here, we discuss evidence that some natural compounds through actions on the greater endolysosome system can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and thereby might be repurposed for use against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, USA
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Perrotta C, Cattaneo MG, Molteni R, De Palma C. Autophagy in the Regulation of Tissue Differentiation and Homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:602901. [PMID: 33363161 PMCID: PMC7758408 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.602901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive pathway that allows the lysosomal degradation of damaged components. This conserved process is essential for metabolic plasticity and tissue homeostasis and is crucial for mammalian post-mitotic cells. Autophagy also controls stem cell fate and defective autophagy is involved in many pathophysiological processes. In this review, we focus on established and recent breakthroughs aimed at elucidating the impact of autophagy in differentiation and homeostasis maintenance of endothelium, muscle, immune system, and brain providing a suitable framework of the emerging results and highlighting the pivotal role of autophagic response in tissue functions, stem cell dynamics and differentiation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cattaneo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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36
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Lipophagy in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:208-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ohnishi K, Yano S, Fujimoto M, Sakai M, Harumoto E, Furuichi A, Masuda M, Ohminami H, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Hara T, Taketani Y. Identification of Dietary Phytochemicals Capable of Enhancing the Autophagy Flux in HeLa and Caco-2 Human Cell Lines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121193. [PMID: 33261065 PMCID: PMC7760668 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation system for intracellular macromolecules. Its decline with age or obesity is related to the onset and development of various intractable diseases. Although dietary phytochemicals are expected to enhance autophagy for preventive medicine, few studies have addressed their effects on the autophagy flux, which is the focus of the current study. Herein, 67 dietary phytochemicals were screened using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-red fluorescent protein (RFP)-LC3ΔG probe for the quantitative assessment of autophagic degradation. Among them, isorhamnetin, chrysoeriol, 2,2',4'-trihydroxychalcone, and zerumbone enhanced the autophagy flux in HeLa cells. Meanwhile, analysis of the structure-activity relationships indicated that the 3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy group on the B-ring in the flavone skeleton and an ortho-phenolic group on the chalcone B-ring were crucial for phytochemicals activities. These active compounds were also effective in colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells, and some of them increased the expression of p62 protein, a typical substrate of autophagic proteolysis, indicating that phytochemicals impact p62 levels in autophagy-dependent and/or -independent manners. In addition, these compounds were characterized by distinct modes of action. While isorhamnetin and chrysoeriol enhanced autophagy in an mTOR signaling-dependent manner, the actions of 2,2',4'-trihydroxychalcone and zerumbone were independent of mTOR signaling. Hence, these dietary phytochemicals may prove effective as potential preventive or therapeutic strategies for lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Ohnishi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
- Correspondence: (K.O.); (T.H.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +81-88-633-9595 (K.O. & Y.T.); +81-4-2947-6763 (T.H.)
| | - Satoshi Yano
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan;
| | - Moe Fujimoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Maiko Sakai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Erika Harumoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Airi Furuichi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Hirokazu Ohminami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan;
- Correspondence: (K.O.); (T.H.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +81-88-633-9595 (K.O. & Y.T.); +81-4-2947-6763 (T.H.)
| | - Yutaka Taketani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; (M.F.); (M.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (H.O.); (H.Y.-O.)
- Correspondence: (K.O.); (T.H.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +81-88-633-9595 (K.O. & Y.T.); +81-4-2947-6763 (T.H.)
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Xu M, Yang K, Zhu J. Monitoring the Diversity and Metabolic Shift of Gut Microbes during Green Tea Feeding in an In Vitro Human Colonic Model. Molecules 2020; 25:E5101. [PMID: 33153091 PMCID: PMC7663002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome plays an important role in human health, and many factors such as environment, host genetics, age, and diet have been found to influence the microbial composition. Tea, as one of the widely consumed beverages, has been known for centuries to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. To investigate the impact of green tea polyphenol on the diversity and metabolic functions of human gut microbes, we applied an in vitro human colonic model (HCM) in this study to mimic a short-term green tea ingestion event and investigate its related changes to gut microbial composition and their metabolic functions. The pH, temperature, anaerobic environment, feeding nutrient, and time point in each compartment of the HCM were tightly controlled to simulate the intestinal system, and pooled human fecal samples of two healthy volunteers were used for the colon microbiota inoculation within the colonic model. By adding green tea extract (GTE) to the growth medium, the detailed impacts of GTE polyphenol on gut microbial population/diversity, gut microbial metabolites, metabolic pathways, and their associations were investigated via 16 S ribosomal DNA sequencing and liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. Our data indicated that the treatment of green tea extract applied to gut microbiota can induce a significant decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes and a slight decrease in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, and these changes result in a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, which can be an effective indicator for successful GTE intervention, which may generate beneficial health effect to human. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of many detected bacteria genera among three HCM vessels changed through the GTE intervention. The overall effects of GTE on gut microbial beta-diversity were observed by multivariate statistical analyses, and the differences in metabolic profiles from different GTE treatment stages were detected. Moreover, we identified several associations between microbial population and microbial metabolites, which may assist us in establishing new hypotheses for future related studies. In summary, our study suggested that the microbial compositional changes induced by GTE also changed their metabolic functions, and consequentially, may change the host metabolism and impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (M.X.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kundi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA; (M.X.); (K.Y.)
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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39
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Ren G, Kim T, Kim HS, Young ME, Muccio DD, Atigadda VR, Blum SI, Tse HM, Habegger KM, Bhatnagar S, Coric T, Bjornsti MA, Shalev A, Frank SJ, Kim JA. A Small Molecule, UAB126, Reverses Diet-Induced Obesity and its Associated Metabolic Disorders. Diabetes 2020; 69:2003-2016. [PMID: 32611548 PMCID: PMC7458036 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting retinoid X receptor (RXR) has been proposed as one of the therapeutic strategies to treat individuals with metabolic syndrome, as RXR heterodimerizes with multiple nuclear receptors that regulate genes involved in metabolism. Despite numerous efforts, RXR ligands (rexinoids) have not been approved for clinical trials to treat metabolic syndrome due to the serious side effects such as hypertriglyceridemia and altered thyroid hormone axis. In this study, we demonstrate a novel rexinoid-like small molecule, UAB126, which has positive effects on metabolic syndrome without the known side effects of potent rexinoids. Oral administration of UAB126 ameliorated obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and hyperlipidemia without changes in food intake, physical activity, and thyroid hormone levels. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that UAB126 regulates the expression of genes in the liver that are modulated by several nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and/or liver X receptor in conjunction with RXR. Furthermore, UAB126 not only prevented but also reversed obesity-associated metabolic disorders. The results suggest that optimized modulation of RXR may be a promising strategy to treat metabolic disorders without side effects. Thus, the current study reveals that UAB126 could be an attractive therapy to treat individuals with obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Ren
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Teayoun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hae-Suk Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Martin E Young
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Donald D Muccio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Venkatram R Atigadda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Samuel I Blum
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hubert M Tse
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tatjana Coric
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mary-Ann Bjornsti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Anath Shalev
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stuart J Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jeong-A Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- UAB Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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40
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Kim HS, Ren G, Kim T, Bhatnagar S, Yang Q, Bahk YY, Kim JA. Metformin reduces saturated fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by restoration of autophagic flux in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13523. [PMID: 32782332 PMCID: PMC7419289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an integral part of the waste recycling process, plays an important role in cellular physiology and pathophysiology. Impaired autophagic flux causes ectopic lipid deposition, which is defined as the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissue. Ectopic lipid accumulation is observed in patients with cardiometabolic syndrome, including obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular complications. Metformin is the first line of treatment for type 2 diabetes, and one of the underlying mechanisms for the anti-diabetic effect of metformin is mediated by the stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Because the activation of AMPK is crucial for the initiation of autophagy, we hypothesize that metformin reduces the accumulation of lipid droplets by increasing autophagic flux in vascular endothelial cells. Incubation of vascular endothelial cells with saturated fatty acid (SFA) increased the accumulation of lipid droplets and impaired autophagic flux. We observed that the accumulation of lipid droplets was reduced, and the autophagic flux was enhanced by treatment with metformin. The knock-down of AMPKα by using siRNA blunted the effect of metformin. Furthermore, treatment with SFA or inhibition of autophagy increased leukocyte adhesion, whereas treatment with metformin decreased the SFA-induced leukocyte adhesion. The results suggest a novel mechanism by which metformin protects vascular endothelium from SFA-induced ectopic lipid accumulation and pro-inflammatory responses. In conclusion, improving autophagic flux may be a therapeutic strategy to protect endothelial function from dyslipidemia and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Suk Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Guang Ren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Teayoun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Qinglin Yang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-A Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Liao S, Tang Y, Chu C, Lu W, Baligen B, Man Y, Qu Y. Application of green tea extracts epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate in dental materials: Recent progress and perspectives. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2395-2408. [PMID: 32379385 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liao
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yu Tang
- Stomatology College & the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou Sichuan China
| | - Chenyu Chu
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Weitong Lu
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Bolatihan Baligen
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yi Man
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yili Qu
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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The Intrinsic Virtues of EGCG, an Extremely Good Cell Guardian, on Prevention and Treatment of Diabesity Complications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133061. [PMID: 32635492 PMCID: PMC7411588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic proportion of diabesity—a combination of obesity and diabetes—sets a worldwide health issue. Experimental and clinical studies have progressively reinforced the pioneering epidemiological observation of an inverse relationship between consumption of polyphenol-rich nutraceutical agents and mortality from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. With chemical identification of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as the most abundant catechin of green tea, a number of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the activities of this unique catechin have been proposed. Favorable effects of EGCG have been initially attributed to its scavenging effects on free radicals, inhibition of ROS-generating mechanisms and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. Biologic actions of EGCG are concentration-dependent and under certain conditions EGCG may exert pro-oxidant activities, including generation of free radicals. The discovery of 67-kDa laminin as potential EGCG membrane target has broaden the likelihood that EGCG may function not only because of its highly reactive nature, but also via receptor-mediated activation of multiple signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Finally, by acting as epigenetic modulator of DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling, EGCG may alter gene expression and modify miRNA activities. Despite unceasing research providing detailed insights, ECGC composite activities are still not completely understood. This review summarizes the most recent evidence on molecular mechanisms by which EGCG may activate signal transduction pathways, regulate transcription factors or promote epigenetic changes that may contribute to prevent pathologic processes involved in diabesity and its cardiovascular complications.
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Ding H, Li Y, Li W, Tao H, Liu L, Zhang C, Kong T, Feng S, Li J, Wang X, Wu J. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate activates the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to reduce lipid accumulation in canine hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:405-416. [PMID: 32572960 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) plays a crucial role in hepatic lipid metabolism. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of hepatic lipid metabolism by EGCG in canine is unclear. Primary canine hepatocytes were treated with EGCG (0.01, 0.1, or 1 μM) and BML-275 (an AMP-activated protein kinase [AMPK] inhibitor) to study the effects of EGCG on the gene and protein expressions associated with AMPK signaling pathway. Data showed that treatment with EGCG had greater activation of AMPK, as well as greater expression levels and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα) along with upregulated messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance and protein abundance of PPARα-target genes. EGCG decreased the expression levels and transcriptional activity of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) along with downregulated mRNA abundance and protein abundance of SREBP-1c target genes. Of particular interest, exogenous BML-275 could reduce or eliminate the effects of EGCG on lipid metabolism in canine hepatocytes. Furthermore, the content of triglyceride was significantly decreased in the EGCG-treated groups. These results suggest that EGCG might be a potential agent in preventing high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanqing Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Leihong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Tao Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Oduro PK, Fang J, Niu L, Li Y, Li L, Zhao X, Wang Q. Pharmacological management of vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: TCM and western medicine compared based on biomarkers and biochemical parameters. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104893. [PMID: 32434053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, a worldwide health concern while burdening significant populace of countries with time due to a hefty increase in both incidence and prevalence rates. Hyperglycemia has been buttressed both in clinical and experimental studies to modulate widespread molecular actions that effect macro and microvascular dysfunctions. Endothelial dysfunction, activation, inflammation, and endothelial barrier leakage are key factors contributing to vascular complications in diabetes, plus the development of diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases. The recent increase in molecular, transcriptional, and clinical studies has brought a new scope to the understanding of molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. In this review, an attempt made to discuss up to date critical and emerging molecular signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and viable pharmacological management targets. Importantly, we exploit some Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM)/TCM isolated bioactive compounds modulating effects on endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Finally, clinical studies data on biomarkers and biochemical parameters involved in the assessment of the efficacy of treatment in vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes was compared between clinically used western hypoglycemic drugs and TCM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kwabena Oduro
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Jingmei Fang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lu Niu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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Yessenkyzy A, Saliev T, Zhanaliyeva M, Masoud AR, Umbayev B, Sergazy S, Krivykh E, Gulyayev A, Nurgozhin T. Polyphenols as Caloric-Restriction Mimetics and Autophagy Inducers in Aging Research. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1344. [PMID: 32397145 PMCID: PMC7285205 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been thought that caloric restriction favors longevity and healthy aging where autophagy plays a vital role. However, autophagy decreases during aging and that can lead to the development of aging-associated diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, etc. It was shown that autophagy can be induced by mechanical or chemical stress. In this regard, various pharmacological compounds were proposed, including natural polyphenols. Apart from the ability to induce autophagy, polyphenols, such as resveratrol, are capable of modulating the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors, neutralizing free radical species, affecting mitochondrial functions, chelating redox-active transition metal ions, and preventing protein aggregation. Moreover, polyphenols have advantages compared to chemical inducers of autophagy due to their intrinsic natural bio-compatibility and safety. In this context, polyphenols can be considered as a potential therapeutic tool for healthy aging either as a part of a diet or as separate compounds (supplements). This review discusses the epigenetic aspect and the underlying molecular mechanism of polyphenols as an anti-aging remedy. In addition, the recent advances of studies on NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) regulation of autophagy, the role of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in cells senescence and their regulation by polyphenols have been highlighted as well. Apart from that, the review also revised the latest information on how polyphenols can help to improve mitochondrial function and modulate apoptosis (programmed cell death).
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Affiliation(s)
- Assylzhan Yessenkyzy
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine named after B. Atchabarov, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (T.N.)
| | - Timur Saliev
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine named after B. Atchabarov, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (T.N.)
| | - Marina Zhanaliyeva
- Department of Human Anatomy, NSC “Medical University of Astana”, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Abdul-Razak Masoud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71270, USA;
| | - Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (B.U.); (S.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Shynggys Sergazy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (B.U.); (S.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Elena Krivykh
- Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy, Tyumen Region, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug—Ugra, Khanty-Mansiysk 125438, Russia;
| | - Alexander Gulyayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (B.U.); (S.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Talgat Nurgozhin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine named after B. Atchabarov, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (T.N.)
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VEGF Triggers Transient Induction of Autophagy in Endothelial Cells via AMPKα1. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030687. [PMID: 32168879 PMCID: PMC7140637 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endothelial cells and it is significantly involved in VEGF-induced angiogenesis. This study investigates whether the VEGF/AMPK pathway regulates autophagy in endothelial cells and whether this is linked to its pro-angiogenic role. We show that VEGF leads to AMPKα1-dependent phosphorylation of Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) at its serine residue 556 and to the subsequent phosphorylation of the ULK1 substrate ATG14. This triggers initiation of autophagy as shown by phosphorylation of ATG16L1 and conjugation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B, which indicates autophagosome formation; this is followed by increased autophagic flux measured in the presence of bafilomycin A1 and by reduced expression of the autophagy substrate p62. VEGF-induced autophagy is transient and probably terminated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is activated by VEGF in a delayed manner. We show that functional autophagy is required for VEGF-induced angiogenesis and may have specific functions in addition to maintaining homeostasis. In line with this, inhibition of autophagy impaired VEGF-mediated formation of the Notch intracellular domain, a critical regulator of angiogenesis. Our study characterizes autophagy induction as a pro-angiogenic function of the VEGF/AMPK pathway and suggests that timely activation of autophagy-initiating pathways may help to initiate angiogenesis.
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Sharifi-Rad M, Pezzani R, Redaelli M, Zorzan M, Imran M, Ahmed Khalil A, Salehi B, Sharopov F, Cho WC, Sharifi-Rad J. Preclinical Pharmacological Activities of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Signaling Pathways: An Update on Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:E467. [PMID: 31979082 PMCID: PMC7037968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main bioactive component of catechins predominantly present in svarious types of teas. EGCG is well known for a wide spectrum of biological activity as an anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor agent. The effect of EGCG on cell death mechanisms via the induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy has been documented. Moreover, its anti-proliferative and chemopreventive action has been demonstrated in many cancer cell lines. It was also involved in the modulation of cyclooxygenase-2, in oxidative stress and inflammation of different cell processes. EGCG has been reported as a promising target for plasma membrane proteins, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In addition, it has been demonstrated a mechanism of action relying on the inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). EGCG and its derivatives were used in proteasome inhibition and they were involved in epigenetic mechanisms. In summary, EGCG is the most predominant and bioactive constituent of teas and it has a pivotal role in cancer prevention. Its preclinical pharmacological activities are associated with complex molecular mechanisms that involve numerous signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran;
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- AIROB, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base, 35046 Padova, Italy;
| | - Marco Redaelli
- AIROB, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base, 35046 Padova, Italy;
- Venetian Institute for Molecular Science and Experimental Technologies, VIMSET, Pz. Milani 4, Liettoli di Campolongo Maggiore (VE), 30010 Venice, Italy
| | - Maira Zorzan
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padova, Italy;
- Venetian Institute for Molecular Science and Experimental Technologies, VIMSET, Pz. Milani 4, Liettoli di Campolongo Maggiore (VE), 30010 Venice, Italy
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (M.I.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (M.I.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran
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Regulation of Autophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases by Natural Products. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1207:731-736. [PMID: 32671790 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several major cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure (HF) and atherosclerosis (AS), have been linked to autophagy dysfunction. The influence of autophagy on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases has two sides. Generally, the induction of autophagy at a low level can provide energy and nutrients for cells through degradation of damaged organelles, protect cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells, and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques. However, excessive autophagy may damage cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells and even cause cell death. Therefore, the study on the role and mechanism of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases may not only provide new targets for the treatment of cardiac remodeling, myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and heart failure, but also provide clues for the developing new drugs on prevention and treatment of clinical cardiovascular diseases. In this chapter, we reviewed the research progress on resveratrol, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and cordyceps sinensis on their recent research progress for cardiovascular diseases. Regulating autophagy may be an effective strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the future.
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Lu J, Meng Z, Chen Y, Yu L, Gao B, Zheng Y, Guan S. Apigenin induced autophagy and stimulated autophagic lipid degradation. Food Funct 2020; 11:9208-9215. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00949k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin could induce autophagic lipid degradation by restoring the blocked autophagic flux in PA-induced HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhuoqun Meng
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Liangli Yu
- Univ Maryland
- Dept Nutr & Food Sci
- College Pk
- USA
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ
| | - Boyan Gao
- Univ Maryland
- Dept Nutr & Food Sci
- College Pk
- USA
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ
| | - Yangjie Zheng
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Shuang Guan
- Department of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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Librán-Pérez M, Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Antiviral activity of palmitic acid via autophagic flux inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:595-605. [PMID: 31676430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are key elements that affect not only growth but also different immune functions, and therefore, nutrition is important for growing healthy fish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a good model for assessing the beneficial effects of immunostimulants, including FAs, before applying them in aquaculture. Accordingly, this study evaluated the effects of palmitic acid (PA) treatment on different immune parameters of zebrafish and on the mortality caused by the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). The results suggest that PA modulates the infection outcome in vivo, which benefits zebrafish and results in reduced mortality and viral titres. The antiviral protection elicited by this FA seems to be associated with the inhibition of autophagy and is independent of other immune processes, such as neutrophil proliferation or type I interferon (IFN) activity. The use of PA as an immunostimulant at low concentrations showed great potential in the prevention of SVCV infections; therefore, this FA could help to prevent the mortality and morbidity caused by viral agents in aquacultured fish. Nevertheless, the potentially detrimental effects of suppressing autophagy in the organism should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Librán-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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