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Nair AV, Singh A, Rajmani RS, Chakravortty D. Salmonella Typhimurium employs spermidine to exert protection against ROS-mediated cytotoxicity and rewires host polyamine metabolism to ameliorate its survival in macrophages. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103151. [PMID: 38593631 PMCID: PMC11015157 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection entails a cascade of attacks and defence measures. After breaching the intestinal epithelial barrier, Salmonella is phagocytosed by macrophages, where the bacteria encounter multiple stresses, to which it employs relevant countermeasures. Our study shows that, in Salmonella, the polyamine spermidine activates a stress response mechanism by regulating critical antioxidant genes. Salmonella Typhimurium mutants for spermidine transport and synthesis cannot mount an antioxidative response, resulting in high intracellular ROS levels. These mutants are also compromised in their ability to be phagocytosed by macrophages. Furthermore, it regulates a novel enzyme in Salmonella, Glutathionyl-spermidine synthetase (GspSA), which prevents the oxidation of proteins in E. coli. Moreover, the spermidine mutants and the GspSA mutant show significantly reduced survival in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in vitro and reduced organ burden in the mouse model of Salmonella infection. Conversely, in macrophages isolated from gp91phox-/- mice, we observed a rescue in the attenuated fold proliferation previously observed upon infection. We found that Salmonella upregulates polyamine biosynthesis in the host through its effectors from SPI-1 and SPI-2, which addresses the attenuated proliferation observed in spermidine transport mutants. Thus, inhibition of this pathway in the host abrogates the proliferation of Salmonella Typhimurium in macrophages. From a therapeutic perspective, inhibiting host polyamine biosynthesis using an FDA-approved chemopreventive drug, D, L-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), reduces Salmonella colonisation and tissue damage in the mouse model of infection while enhancing the survival of infected mice. Therefore, our work provides a mechanistic insight into the critical role of spermidine in stress resistance of Salmonella. It also reveals a bacterial strategy in modulating host metabolism to promote their intracellular survival and shows the potential of DFMO to curb Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Vijay Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anmol Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - R S Rajmani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India; Adjunct Faculty, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
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2
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Lin N, Erdos T, Louie C, Desai R, Lin N, Ayzenberg G, Venketaraman V. The Role of Glutathione in the Management of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Individuals with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2952. [PMID: 38474196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major cause of death worldwide. Without appropriate antiretroviral therapy, the infection can develop into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS leads to the dysregulation of cell-mediated immunity resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines. HIV-positive individuals also demonstrate diminished glutathione (GSH) levels which allows for increased viral replication and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release, further contributing to the high rates of mortality seen in patients with HIV. Adequate GSH supplementation has reduced inflammation and slowed the decline of CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-positive individuals. We aim to review the current literature regarding the role of GSH in cell-mediated immune responses in individuals with HIV- and AIDS-defining illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lin
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Thomas Erdos
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Carson Louie
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Raina Desai
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Naomi Lin
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Gregory Ayzenberg
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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3
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Kaimal R, Dube A, Souwaileh AA, Wu JJ, Anandan S. A copper metal-organic framework-based electrochemical sensor for identification of glutathione in pharmaceutical samples. Analyst 2024; 149:947-957. [PMID: 38197180 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The construction of a new electrochemical sensing platform based on a copper metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) heterostructure is described in this paper. Drop-casting Cu-MOF suspension onto the electrode surface primed the sensor for glutathione detection. The composition and morphology of the Cu-MOF heterostructure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The Cu-MOF heterostructure can identify glutathione (GSH) with an enhanced sensitivity of 0.0437 μA μM-1 at the detection limit (LOD; 0.1 ± 0.005 μM) and a large dynamic range of 0.1-20 μM. Boosting the conductivity and surface area enhances electron transport and promotes redox processes. The constructed sensors were also adequately selective against interference from other contaminants in a similar potential window. Furthermore, the Cu-MOF heterostructure has outstanding selectivity, long-term stability, and repeatability, and the given sensors have demonstrated their capacity to detect GSH with high accuracy (recovery range = 98.2-100.8%) in pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Kaimal
- Nanomaterials & Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, India.
| | - Aashutosh Dube
- Nanomaterials & Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, India.
| | - Abdullah Al Souwaileh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jerry J Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung-407, Taiwan
| | - Sambandam Anandan
- Nanomaterials & Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, India.
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4
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Selenium, Stroke, and Infection: A Threefold Relationship; Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Go? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061405. [PMID: 36986135 PMCID: PMC10054895 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is currently the second most common cause of death worldwide and a major cause of serious long-term morbidity. Selenium is a trace element with pleotropic effects on human health. Selenium deficiency has been associated with a prothrombotic state and poor immune response, particularly during infection. Our aim was to synthesize current evidence on the tripartite interrelationship between selenium levels, stroke, and infection. Although evidence is contradictory, most studies support the association between lower serum selenium levels and stroke risk and outcomes. Conversely, limited evidence on the role of selenium supplementation in stroke indicates a potentially beneficial effect of selenium. Notably, the relationship between stroke risk and selenium levels is bimodal rather than linear, with higher levels of serum selenium linked to disturbances of glucose metabolism and high blood pressure, morbidities which are, in turn, substrates for stroke. Another such substrate is an infection, albeit forming a bidirectional relationship with both stroke and the consequences of impaired selenium metabolism. Perturbed selenium homeostasis leads to impaired immune fitness and antioxidant capacity, which both favor infection and inflammation; specific pathogens may also contend with the host for transcriptional control of the selenoproteome, adding a feed-forward loop to this described process. Broader consequences of infection such as endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulation, and emergent cardiac dysfunction both provide stroke substrates and further feed-forward feedback to the consequences of deficient selenium metabolism. In this review, we provide a synthesis and interpretation of these outlined complex interrelationships that link selenium, stroke, and infection and attempt to decipher their potential impact on human health and disease. Selenium and the unique properties of its proteome could provide both biomarkers and treatment options in patients with stroke, infection, or both.
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5
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Abbas G, Cui M, Wang D, Li M, Zhang XE. Construction of Genetically Encoded Biosensors to Monitor Subcellular Compartment-Specific Glutathione Response to Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2838-2847. [PMID: 36701391 PMCID: PMC9909732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the constituent of the redox buffer system, is a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and its ratio to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is a key indicator of oxidative stress in the cell. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive hematopoietic malignancy characterized by aberrant levels of reduced and oxidized GSH due to oxidative stress. Therefore, the real-time, dynamic, and highly sensitive detection of GSH/GSSG in AML cells is of great interest for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of leukemia. The application of genetically encoded sensors to monitor GSH/GSSG levels in AML cells is not explored, and the underlying mechanism of how the drugs affect GSH/GSSG dynamics remains unclear. In this study, we developed subcellular compartment-specific sensors to monitor GSH/GSSG combined with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy that provides insights into basal GSH/GSSG levels in the cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum of AML cells, in a decreasing order, revealing substantial heterogeneity of GSH/GSSG level dynamics in different subcellular compartments. Further, we investigated the response of GSH/GSSG ratio in AML cells caused by Prussian blue and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, separately and in combination with cytarabine, pointing to steep gradients. Moreover, cytarabine and doxorubicin downregulated the GSH/GSSG levels in different subcellular compartments. Similarly, live-cell imaging showed a compartment-specific decrease in response to various drugs, such as CB-839, parthenolide (PTL), and piperlongumine (PLM). The enzymatic activity assay revealed the mechanism underlying fluctuations in GSH/GSSG levels in different subcellular compartments mediated by these drugs in the GSH metabolic pathway, suggesting some potential therapeutic targets in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Abbas
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
| | - Dianbing Wang
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Li
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,Faculty
of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute
of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China,University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,
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6
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Fialho EMS, Veras EM, de Jesus CM, Khouri R, Sousa PS, Ribeiro MRC, Costa LC, Gomes LN, Nascimento FRF, Silva AAM, Soeiro-Pereira PV. Maternal Immune Response to ZIKV Triggers High-Inflammatory Profile in Congenital Zika Syndrome. Viruses 2023; 15:220. [PMID: 36680261 PMCID: PMC9866085 DOI: 10.3390/v15010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms involved in the development of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) have yet to be fully clarified. This study aims to assess the immuno-inflammatory profile of mothers and their children who have been diagnosed with CZS. Blood samples, which were confirmed clinically using the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), were collected from children with CZS and their mothers (CZS+ group). Samples were also collected from children who did not develop CZS and had a negative PRNT result and from their mothers (CZS- group). The data demonstrated a correlation between the leukocyte profile of CZS+ children and their mothers, more evident in monocytes. Monocytes from mothers of CZS+ children showed low expression of HLA and elevated hydrogen peroxide production. CZS+ children presented standard HLA expression and a higher hydrogen peroxide concentration than CZS- children. Monocyte superoxide dismutase activity remained functional. Moreover, when assessing the monocyte polarization, it was observed that there was no difference in nitrite concentrations; however, there was a decrease in arginase activity in CZS+ children. These data suggest that ZIKV infection induces a maternal immuno-inflammatory background related to the child's inflammatory response after birth, possibly affecting the development and progression of congenital Zika syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder M. S. Fialho
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Emanoel M. Veras
- Medical School, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Caroline M. de Jesus
- Health and Technology Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, FIOCRUZ-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S. Sousa
- Reference Center on Neurodevelopment, Assistance and Rehabilitation of Children/NINAR–State Department of Health of the State of Maranhão, São Luís 65077-357, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana C. Costa
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65020-060, MA, Brazil
| | - Líllian N. Gomes
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia R. F. Nascimento
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65065-545, MA, Brazil
| | - Antônio A. M. Silva
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65020-060, MA, Brazil
| | - Paulo V. Soeiro-Pereira
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65065-545, MA, Brazil
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7
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Moreno E, Ron R, Serrano-Villar S. The microbiota as a modulator of mucosal inflammation and HIV/HPV pathogenesis: From association to causation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1072655. [PMID: 36756132 PMCID: PMC9900135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1072655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the microbiota has largely been associated with the pathogenesis of viral infections, most studies using omics techniques are correlational and hypothesis-generating. The mechanisms affecting the immune responses to viral infections are still being fully understood. Here we focus on the two most important sexually transmitted persistent viruses, HPV and HIV. Sophisticated omics techniques are boosting our ability to understand microbiota-pathogen-host interactions from a functional perspective by surveying the host and bacterial protein and metabolite production using systems biology approaches. However, while these strategies have allowed describing interaction networks to identify potential novel microbiota-associated biomarkers or therapeutic targets to prevent or treat infectious diseases, the analyses are typically based on highly dimensional datasets -thousands of features in small cohorts of patients-. As a result, we are far from getting to their clinical use. Here we provide a broad overview of how the microbiota influences the immune responses to HIV and HPV disease. Furthermore, we highlight experimental approaches to understand better the microbiota-host-virus interactions that might increase our potential to identify biomarkers and therapeutic agents with clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Pal VK, Agrawal R, Rakshit S, Shekar P, Murthy DTN, Vyakarnam A, Singh A. Hydrogen sulfide blocks HIV rebound by maintaining mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:68487. [PMID: 34792020 PMCID: PMC8660018 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication is to understand how the virus establishes latency, maintains stable cellular reservoirs, and promotes rebound upon interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we discovered an unexpected role of the ubiquitous gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in HIV latency and reactivation. We show that reactivation of HIV is associated with downregulation of the key H2S producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CTH) and reduction in endogenous H2S. Genetic silencing of CTH disrupts redox homeostasis, impairs mitochondrial function, and remodels the transcriptome of latent cells to trigger HIV reactivation. Chemical complementation of CTH activity using a slow-releasing H2S donor, GYY4137, suppressed HIV reactivation and diminished virus replication. Mechanistically, GYY4137 blocked HIV reactivation by inducing the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, inhibiting NF-κB, and recruiting the epigenetic silencer, YY1, to the HIV promoter. In latently infected CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed human subjects, GYY4137 in combination with ART prevented viral rebound and improved mitochondrial bioenergetics. Moreover, prolonged exposure to GYY4137 exhibited no adverse influence on proviral content or CD4+ T cell subsets, indicating that diminished viral rebound is due to a loss of transcription rather than a selective loss of infected cells. In summary, this work provides mechanistic insight into H2S-mediated suppression of viral rebound and suggests exploration of H2S donors to maintain HIV in a latent form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar Pal
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ragini Agrawal
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Pooja Shekar
- BMCRI, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Amit Singh
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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9
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Buckley S, Byrnes S, Cochrane C, Roche M, Estes JD, Selemidis S, Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ. The role of oxidative stress in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100235. [PMID: 34589750 PMCID: PMC8474476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a leading cause of morbidity in up to 50% of individuals living with HIV, despite effective treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current evidence suggests that chronic inflammation associated with HIV is especially attributed to the dysregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to neurodegeneration and poor clinical outcomes. While ROS have beneficial effects in eliciting immune responses to infection, chronic ROS production causes damage to macromolecules such as DNA and lipids that has been linked to altered redox homeostasis associated with antioxidant dysregulation. As a result, this disruption in the balance between antioxidant-dependent mechanisms of ROS inactivation and ROS production by enzymes such as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family, as well as from the electron transport chain of the mitochondria can result in oxidative stress. This is particularly relevant to the brain, which is exquisitely susceptible to oxidative stress due to its inherently high lipid concentration and ROS levels that have been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases that have similar stages of pathogenesis to HAND. In this review, we discuss the possible role and mechanisms of ROS production leading to oxidative stress that underpin HAND pathogenesis even when HIV is suppressed by current gold-standard antiretroviral therapies. Furthermore, we highlight that pathological ROS can serve as biomarkers for HIV-dependent HAND, and how manipulation of oxidative stress and antioxidant-dependent pathways may facilitate novel strategies for HIV cure. Production of reactive oxygen species has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. ROS production contributes to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. ROS may be used as a biomarker for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Manipulation of antioxidant pathways may present novel HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buckley
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Byrnes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Cochrane
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Angelovich
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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10
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Shytaj IL, Procopio FA, Tarek M, Carlon‐Andres I, Tang H, Goldman AR, Munshi M, Kumar Pal V, Forcato M, Sreeram S, Leskov K, Ye F, Lucic B, Cruz N, Ndhlovu LC, Bicciato S, Padilla‐Parra S, Diaz RS, Singh A, Lusic M, Karn J, Alvarez‐Carbonell D, Savarino A. Glycolysis downregulation is a hallmark of HIV-1 latency and sensitizes infected cells to oxidative stress. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13901. [PMID: 34289240 PMCID: PMC8350904 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects lymphoid and myeloid cells, which can harbor a latent proviral reservoir responsible for maintaining lifelong infection. Glycolytic metabolism has been identified as a determinant of susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, but its role in the development and maintenance of HIV-1 latency has not been elucidated. By combining transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses, we here show that transition to latent HIV-1 infection downregulates glycolysis, while viral reactivation by conventional stimuli reverts this effect. Decreased glycolytic output in latently infected cells is associated with downregulation of NAD+ /NADH. Consequently, infected cells rely on the parallel pentose phosphate pathway and its main product, NADPH, fueling antioxidant pathways maintaining HIV-1 latency. Of note, blocking NADPH downstream effectors, thioredoxin and glutathione, favors HIV-1 reactivation from latency in lymphoid and myeloid cellular models. This provides a "shock and kill effect" decreasing proviral DNA in cells from people living with HIV/AIDS. Overall, our data show that downmodulation of glycolysis is a metabolic signature of HIV-1 latency that can be exploited to target latently infected cells with eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iart Luca Shytaj
- Department of Infectious DiseasesItalian Institute of HealthRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Francesco Andrea Procopio
- Service of Immunology and AllergyLausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Mohammad Tarek
- Bioinformatics DepartmentArmed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM)CairoEgypt
| | - Irene Carlon‐Andres
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing’s College LondonLondonUK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Mattia Forcato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Sheetal Sreeram
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Bojana Lucic
- Department of Infectious DiseasesHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nicolly Cruz
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Sergi Padilla‐Parra
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing’s College LondonLondonUK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Amit Singh
- Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Marina Lusic
- Department of Infectious DiseasesHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - David Alvarez‐Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Andrea Savarino
- Department of Infectious DiseasesItalian Institute of HealthRomeItaly
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11
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Singh S, Ghosh S, Pal VK, Munshi M, Shekar P, Narasimha Murthy DT, Mugesh G, Singh A. Antioxidant nanozyme counteracts HIV-1 by modulating intracellular redox potential. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13314. [PMID: 33793064 PMCID: PMC8103102 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) during infection. However, the application of this knowledge to develop therapeutic strategies remained unsuccessful due to the harmful consequences of manipulating cellular antioxidant systems. Here, we show that vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets functionally mimic natural glutathione peroxidase activity to mitigate ROS associated with HIV‐1 infection without adversely affecting cellular physiology. Using genetic reporters of glutathione redox potential and hydrogen peroxide, we showed that V2O5 nanosheets catalyze ROS neutralization in HIV‐1‐infected cells and uniformly block viral reactivation and replication. Mechanistically, V2O5 nanosheets suppressed HIV‐1 by affecting the expression of pathways coordinating redox balance, virus transactivation (e.g., NF‐κB), inflammation, and apoptosis. Importantly, a combination of V2O5 nanosheets with a pharmacological inhibitor of NF‐κB (BAY11‐7082) abrogated reactivation of HIV‐1. Lastly, V2O5 nanosheets inhibit viral reactivation upon prostratin stimulation of latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV‐infected patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Our data successfully revealed the usefulness of V2O5 nanosheets against HIV and suggested nanozymes as future platforms to develop interventions against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Virender Kumar Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - MohamedHusen Munshi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja Shekar
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Govindasamy Mugesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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12
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Sharma V, Makhdoomi M, Singh L, Kumar P, Khan N, Singh S, Verma HN, Luthra K, Sarkar S, Kumar D. Trehalose limits opportunistic mycobacterial survival during HIV co-infection by reversing HIV-mediated autophagy block. Autophagy 2021; 17:476-495. [PMID: 32079455 PMCID: PMC7610453 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic bacterial infections amongst HIV-infected individuals contribute significantly to HIV-associated mortality. The role of HIV-mediated modulation of innate mechanisms like autophagy in promoting opportunistic infections, however, remains obscure. Here we show, HIV reactivation in or infection of macrophages inhibits autophagy and helps the survival of pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nonpathogenic non-tuberculous mycobacterial strains (NTMs). The HIV-mediated impairment of xenophagy flux facilitated bacterial survival. Activation of autophagy by trehalose could induce xenophagy flux and kill intracellular Mtb or NTMs either during single or co-infections. Trehalose, we delineate, activates PIKFYVE leading to TFEB nuclear translocation in MCOLN1-dependent manner to induce autophagy. Remarkably, trehalose significantly reduced HIV-p24 levels in ex-vivo-infected PBMCs or PBMCs from treatment-naive HIV patients and also controlled mycobacterial survival within Mtb-infected animals. To conclude, we report leveraging of HIV-mediated perturbed host innate-immunity by opportunistic bacterial pathogens and show an attractive therapeutic strategy for HIV and associated co-morbidities.Abbreviations: AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CFU: colony forming unit; CTSD: cathepsin D; CD63: CD63 molecule; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; FRET: Förster resonance energy transfer; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUT: glucose transporter; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; hMDMs: human monocyte derived macrophages; IL2: interleukin 2; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3B-II: lipidated microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor; NAC: N- acetyl- L -cysteine; NTM's: non-tuberculous mycobacteria; PBMC: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells; PIKFYVE: phosphoinositide kinase; FYVE-Type Zinc Finger; PHA: phytohemagglutinin; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PtdIns(3,5)P2: Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate; ptfLC3: pEGFP-mRFP-LC3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1: sequestosome1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin 1; PIP4P1/TMEM55B: Human trans-membrane Protein 55B; UVRAG: UV Radiation Resistance Associate; VPS35: vacuolar protein sorting associated protein 35; WDR45: WD repeat domain 45; YCAM: Yellow Chameleon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Muzamil Makhdoomi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshyaveer Singh
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nabab Khan
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarman Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - H N Verma
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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13
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Chen X, Wang X, Cao G, Wu Y, Luo H, Ji Z, Shen C, Huo D, Hou C. Colorimetric and fluorescent dual-identification of glutathione based on its inhibition on the 3D ball-flower shaped Cu-hemin-MOF’s peroxidase-like activity. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Mishra R, Kohli S, Malhotra N, Bandyopadhyay P, Mehta M, Munshi M, Adiga V, Ahuja VK, Shandil RK, Rajmani RS, Seshasayee ASN, Singh A. Targeting redox heterogeneity to counteract drug tolerance in replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/518/eaaw6635. [PMID: 31723039 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to tolerate multiple antibiotics represents a major problem in tuberculosis (TB) management. Heterogeneity in Mtb populations is one of the factors that drives antibiotic tolerance during infection. However, the mechanisms underpinning this variation in bacterial population remain poorly understood. Here, we show that phagosomal acidification alters the redox physiology of Mtb to generate a population of replicating bacteria that display drug tolerance during infection. RNA sequencing of this redox-altered population revealed the involvement of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biogenesis, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, and drug efflux pumps in antibiotic tolerance. The fraction of the pH- and redox-dependent tolerant population increased when Mtb infected macrophages with actively replicating HIV-1, suggesting that redox heterogeneity could contribute to high rates of TB therapy failure during HIV-TB coinfection. Pharmacological inhibition of phagosomal acidification by the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) eradicated drug-tolerant Mtb, ameliorated lung pathology, and reduced postchemotherapeutic relapse in in vivo models. The pharmacological profile of CQ (C max and AUClast) exhibited no major drug-drug interaction when coadministered with first line anti-TB drugs in mice. Our data establish a link between phagosomal pH, redox metabolism, and drug tolerance in replicating Mtb and suggest repositioning of CQ to shorten TB therapy and achieve a relapse-free cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sakshi Kohli
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nitish Malhotra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Parijat Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mansi Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - MohamedHusen Munshi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Radha K Shandil
- Foundation for Neglected Disease Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aswin Sai Narain Seshasayee
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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15
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Bhaskar A, Kumar S, Khan MZ, Singh A, Dwivedi VP, Nandicoori VK. Host sirtuin 2 as an immunotherapeutic target against tuberculosis. eLife 2020; 9:55415. [PMID: 32697192 PMCID: PMC7398663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) employs plethora of mechanisms to hijack the host defence machinery for its successful survival, proliferation and persistence. Here, we show that Mtb upregulates one of the key epigenetic modulators, NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), which upon infection translocate to the nucleus and deacetylates histone H3K18, thus modulating the host transcriptome leading to enhanced macrophage activation. Furthermore, in Mtb specific T cells, SIRT2 deacetylates NFκB-p65 at K310 to modulate T helper cell differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 restricts the intracellular growth of both drug-sensitive and resistant strains of Mtb and enhances the efficacy of front line anti-TB drug Isoniazid in the murine model of infection. SIRT2 inhibitor-treated mice display reduced bacillary load, decreased disease pathology and increased Mtb-specific protective immune responses. Overall, this study provides a link between Mtb infection, epigenetics and host immune response, which can be exploited to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Bhaskar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehak Zahoor Khan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- Signal Transduction Laboratory 1, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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16
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Shytaj IL, Lucic B, Forcato M, Penzo C, Billingsley J, Laketa V, Bosinger S, Stanic M, Gregoretti F, Antonelli L, Oliva G, Frese CK, Trifunovic A, Galy B, Eibl C, Silvestri G, Bicciato S, Savarino A, Lusic M. Alterations of redox and iron metabolism accompany the development of HIV latency. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102209. [PMID: 32157726 PMCID: PMC7196916 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persists in a latent form during antiretroviral therapy, mainly in CD4+ T cells, thus hampering efforts for a cure. HIV-1 infection is accompanied by metabolic alterations, such as oxidative stress, but the effect of cellular antioxidant responses on viral replication and latency is unknown. Here, we show that cells survive retroviral replication, both in vitro and in vivo in SIVmac-infected macaques, by upregulating antioxidant pathways and the intertwined iron import pathway. These changes are associated with remodeling of promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs), an important constituent of nuclear architecture and a marker of HIV-1 latency. We found that PML NBs are hyper-SUMOylated and that PML protein is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in productively infected cells, before latency establishment and after reactivation. Conversely, normal numbers of PML NBs were restored upon transition to latency or by decreasing oxidative stress or iron content. Our results highlight antioxidant and iron import pathways as determinants of HIV-1 latency and support their pharmacologic inhibition as tools to regulate PML stability and impair latency establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iart Luca Shytaj
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Bojana Lucic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | - James Billingsley
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Steven Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Mia Stanic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Laura Antonelli
- Institute for High Performance Computing and NetworkingICAR‐CNRNaplesItaly
| | - Gennaro Oliva
- Institute for High Performance Computing and NetworkingICAR‐CNRNaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Bruno Galy
- Division of Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research CentreHeidelbergGermany
| | - Clarissa Eibl
- Leibniz‐Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
- Institute of BiologyCellular BiophysicsHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyYerkes National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | - Marina Lusic
- Heidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
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17
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Urbaniak C, Lorenzi H, Thissen J, Jaing C, Crucian B, Sams C, Pierson D, Venkateswaran K, Mehta S. The influence of spaceflight on the astronaut salivary microbiome and the search for a microbiome biomarker for viral reactivation. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:56. [PMID: 32312311 PMCID: PMC7171750 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spaceflight impacts astronauts in many ways but little is known on how spaceflight affects the salivary microbiome and the consequences of these changes on astronaut health, such as viral reactivation. In order to understand this, the salivary microbiome was analyzed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and saliva viral titers were analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with primers specific for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) from 10 astronauts pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight. RESULTS Streptococcus was the most abundant organism in the saliva, making up 8% of the total organisms detected, and their diversity decreased during spaceflight. Other organisms that had statistically significant changes were Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria which increased during flight and Actinobacteria which decreased during flight. At the genus level, Catonella, Megasphera, and Actinobacillus were absent in more than half of saliva samples collected pre-flight but were then detected during flight. In those subjects that already had these genera pre-flight, their relative abundances increased during flight. Correlation analyses between the microbiome and viral titers revealed a positive correlation with Gracilibacteria, Absconditabacteria, and Abiotrophia and a negative correlation between Oribacterium, Veillonella, and Haemophilus. There was also a significant positive correlation between microbiome richness and EBV viral titers. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to look at how the salivary microbiome changes as a result of spaceflight and the search for bacterial biomarkers for viral reactivation. Further studies examining the role of specific organisms that were shown to be correlative and predictive in viral reactivation, a serious problem in astronauts during spaceflight, could lead to mitigation strategies to help prevent disease during both short and long duration space missions. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Urbaniak
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hernan Lorenzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - James Thissen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Crystal Jaing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Satish Mehta
- JES Tech, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reactivates HIV-1 via Exosome-Mediated Resetting of Cellular Redox Potential and Bioenergetics. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03293-19. [PMID: 32127457 PMCID: PMC7064780 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) interferes with therapy and facilitates the pathogenesis of both human pathogens. Fundamental mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 infection are not clear. Here, we show that exosomes secreted by macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, including drug-resistant clinical strains, reactivated HIV-1 by inducing oxidative stress. Mechanistically, M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes realigned mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and modulated the expression of host genes mediating oxidative stress response, inflammation, and HIV-1 transactivation. Proteomics analyses revealed the enrichment of several host factors (e.g., HIF-1α, galectins, and Hsp90) known to promote HIV-1 reactivation in M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes. Treatment with a known antioxidant-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-or with inhibitors of host factors-galectins and Hsp90-attenuated HIV-1 reactivation by M. tuberculosis -specific exosomes. Our findings uncover new paradigms for understanding the redox and bioenergetics bases of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, which will enable the design of effective therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE Globally, individuals coinfected with the AIDS virus (HIV-1) and with M. tuberculosis (causative agent of tuberculosis [TB]) pose major obstacles in the clinical management of both diseases. At the heart of this issue is the apparent synergy between the two human pathogens. On the one hand, mechanisms induced by HIV-1 for reactivation of TB in AIDS patients are well characterized. On the other hand, while clinical findings clearly identified TB as a risk factor for HIV-1 reactivation and associated mortality, basic mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 replication and infection remain poorly characterized. The significance of our research is in identifying the role of fundamental mechanisms such as redox and energy metabolism in catalyzing HIV-M. tuberculosis synergy. The quantification of redox and respiratory parameters affected by M. tuberculosis in stimulating HIV-1 will greatly enhance our understanding of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, leading to a wider impact on the biomedical research community and creating new translational opportunities.
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19
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Miotto G, Rossetto M, Di Paolo ML, Orian L, Venerando R, Roveri A, Vučković AM, Bosello Travain V, Zaccarin M, Zennaro L, Maiorino M, Toppo S, Ursini F, Cozza G. Insight into the mechanism of ferroptosis inhibition by ferrostatin-1. Redox Biol 2020; 28:101328. [PMID: 31574461 PMCID: PMC6812032 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of cell death primed by iron and lipid hydroperoxides and prevented by GPx4. Ferrostatin-1 (fer-1) inhibits ferroptosis much more efficiently than phenolic antioxidants. Previous studies on the antioxidant efficiency of fer-1 adopted kinetic tests where a diazo compound generates the hydroperoxyl radical scavenged by the antioxidant. However, this reaction, accounting for a chain breaking effect, is only minimally useful for the description of the inhibition of ferrous iron and lipid hydroperoxide dependent peroxidation. Scavenging lipid hydroperoxyl radicals, indeed, generates lipid hydroperoxides from which ferrous iron initiates a new peroxidative chain reaction. We show that when fer-1 inhibits peroxidation, initiated by iron and traces of lipid hydroperoxides in liposomes, the pattern of oxidized species produced from traces of pre-existing hydroperoxides is practically identical to that observed following exhaustive peroxidation in the absence of the antioxidant. This supported the notion that the anti-ferroptotic activity of fer-1 is actually due to the scavenging of initiating alkoxyl radicals produced, together with other rearrangement products, by ferrous iron from lipid hydroperoxides. Notably, fer-1 is not consumed while inhibiting iron dependent lipid peroxidation. The emerging concept is that it is ferrous iron itself that reduces fer-1 radical. This was supported by electroanalytical evidence that fer-1 forms a complex with iron and further confirmed in cells by fluorescence of calcein, indicating a decrease of labile iron in the presence of fer-1. The notion of such as pseudo-catalytic cycle of the ferrostatin-iron complex was also investigated by means of quantum mechanics calculations, which confirmed the reduction of an alkoxyl radical model by fer-1 and the reduction of fer-1 radical by ferrous iron. In summary, GPx4 and fer-1 in the presence of ferrous iron, produces, by distinct mechanism, the most relevant anti-ferroptotic effect, i.e the disappearance of initiating lipid hydroperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Miotto
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy; CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Rossetto
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Orian
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Rina Venerando
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Ana-Marija Vučković
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Zaccarin
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucio Zennaro
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Matilde Maiorino
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy; CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, V.le G. Colombo, 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy.
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20
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Watson WH, Ritzenthaler JD, Peyrani P, Wiemken TL, Furmanek S, Reyes Vega AM, Burke TJ, Zheng Y, Ramirez JA, Roman J. Plasma cysteine/cystine and glutathione/glutathione disulfide redox potentials in HIV and COPD patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:55-61. [PMID: 31369840 PMCID: PMC6848776 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is prevalent in patients infected with HIV. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that systemic oxidation correlates with loss of lung function in subjects with COPD, and that HIV infection can contribute to creating such an environment. Subjects were recruited at the University of Louisville in the following groups: HIV-infected (n = 36), COPD (n = 32), HIV and COPD (n = 28), and uninfected controls with normal lung function (n = 34). HIV infection was assessed by viral load and CD4 cell counts. Pulmonary function was determined by spirometry, and plasma was collected for measurement of cysteine (Cys), cystine (CySS), glutathione (GSH) and GSH disulfide (GSSG) by HPLC followed by estimation of redox potentials (Eh) using the Nernst equation. Results showed that patients with COPD had more oxidized plasma Eh Cys/CySS than patients with normal lung function, but plasma Eh GSH/GSSG was unaltered. In addition, there was a correlation between the extent of plasma Eh Cys/CySS oxidation and loss of lung function, and this correlation remained even after correcting for age, sex, race and body mass index. HIV infection per se was not associated with increased oxidation of plasma Eh Cys/CySS, but plasma Eh Cys/CySS was more oxidized in patients with lower CD4-positve T cell counts. In patients with both HIV infection and COPD, there was a significant correlation between CD4 cell counts and lung function. Thus, systemic oxidation correlated with decreased lung function in subjects with COPD and decreased CD4 counts in subjects infected with HIV. Thus, factors contributing to plasma Eh Cys/CySS may represent novel mechanisms underlying the increased prevalence of COPD in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Paula Peyrani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Timothy L Wiemken
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Stephen Furmanek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Andrea M Reyes Vega
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Tom J Burke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
| | - Julio A Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA; Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA; Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
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21
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Hanko M, Švorc Ľ, Planková A, Mikuš P. Overview and recent advances in electrochemical sensing of glutathione - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1062:1-27. [PMID: 30947984 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is aimed at providing an overview of the recent advances in the electrochemical sensing of glutathione (GSH), an important electrochemically and biologically active molecule, for the period 2012-2018. Herein, the analytical performances of newly developed electrochemical methods, procedures and protocols for GSH sensing are comprehensively and critically discussed with respect to the type of method, electrodes used (new electrode modifications, advanced materials and formats), sample matrices, and basic validation parameters obtained (limit of detection, linear dynamic range, precision, selectivity/evaluation of interferences). This paper considers electrochemical methods used alone as well as the hyphenated methods with electrochemical detection (ECD), such as HPLC-ECD or CE-ECD. The practical applicability of the platforms developed for GSH detection and quantification is mostly focused on pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. The most significant electrochemical approaches for GSH detection in multicomponent analyte samples and multicomponent matrices and for real-time in vivo GSH analysis are highlighted. The great variability in the electrochemical techniques, electrode approaches, and obtainable performance parameters, discussed in this review, brought new insights not only on current GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) determinations, but, along with this, on the advances in electrochemical analysis from a more general point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hanko
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Švorc
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Planková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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22
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Hara S, Fukumura S, Ichinose H. Reversible S-glutathionylation of human 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase protects its enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1420-1427. [PMID: 30514762 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase (PTS) converts 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate into 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin and is a critical enzyme for the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric-oxide synthases. Neopterin derived from 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate is secreted by monocytes/macrophages, and is a well-known biomarker for cellular immunity. Because PTS activity in the cell can be a determinant of neopterin production, here we used recombinant human PTS protein to investigate how its activity is regulated, especially depending on redox conditions. Human PTS has two cysteines: Cys-43 at the catalytic site and Cys-10 at the N terminus. PTS can be oxidized and consequently inactivated by H2O2 treatment, oxidized GSH, or S-nitrosoglutathione, and determining the oxidized modifications of PTS induced by each oxidant by MALDI-TOF MS, we show that PTS is S-glutathionylated in the presence of GSH and H2O2 S-Glutathionylation at Cys-43 protected PTS from H2O2-induced irreversible sulfinylation and sulfonylation. We also found that PTS expressed in HeLa and THP-1 cells is reversibly modified under oxidative stress conditions. Our findings suggest that PTS activity and S-glutathionylation is regulated by the cellular redox environment and that reversible S-glutathionylation protects PTS against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Soichiro Fukumura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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23
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Smirnova J, Kabin E, Tõugu V, Palumaa P. Redox properties of Cys 2His 2 and Cys 4 zinc fingers determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:923-931. [PMID: 29928572 PMCID: PMC5985984 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger (ZF) protein motifs, stabilized by binding of Zn(II), typically function as interaction modules that bind nucleic acids, proteins and other molecules. The elucidation of the redox states of ZF proteins in cellular conditions, which depend on their midpoint redox potentials, is important for understanding of ZF functioning. In the present study we determined the midpoint redox potentials for representatives of Cys2His2 and Cys4 types of ZF proteins in apo and Zn(II)-bound forms using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The midpoint redox potentials of the apo forms of Cys2His2 and Cys4 ZF proteins were -326 and -365 mV (pH 7.5), respectively. These values are close to the cytosolic redox potential of approx. -350 mV (pH 7.5) and thus we can conclude that the apo form of Cys2His2-type ZF proteins is predominantly reduced but apo forms of Cys4-type ZF proteins should be substantially oxidized in the cytoplasm. As expected, Zn(II) binding stabilized the reduced forms of both ZF proteins: the corresponding redox potential values were -284 and -301 mV, respectively. Consequently, binding of Zn(II) ions to ZF motifs can act as a sensitive switch that activates the functioning of the ZF motifs within the cell, and also protects them from oxidation and can function as part of a redox-sensitive regulation mechanism of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Smirnova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology Estonia
| | - Ekaterina Kabin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology Estonia
| | - Vello Tõugu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology Estonia
| | - Peep Palumaa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Tallinn University of Technology Estonia
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24
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Williams AA, Sitole LJ, Meyer D. HIV/HAART-associated oxidative stress is detectable by metabonomics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2202-2217. [PMID: 28920117 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, separately and in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is closely associated with oxidative stress (OS). Most studies demonstrating redox imbalances in HIV-infected individuals have done so using conventional biochemical methodologies. The limited simultaneous detection of multiple OS markers within one sample is a major drawback of these methodologies and can be addressed through the use of metabonomics. HIV-metabonomic studies utilizing biofluids from HAART cohorts as the investigative source, are on the increase. Data from many of these studies identified metabolic markers indicative of HIV-induced OS, usually as an outcome of an untargeted metabonomics study. Untargeted studies cast a wide net for any and all detectable metabolites in complex mixtures. Given the prevalence of OS during HIV infection and antiviral treatment, it is perhaps not surprising that indicators of this malady would become evident during metabolite identification. At times, targeted studies for specific (non-OS) metabolites would also yield OS markers as an outcome. This review examines the findings of these studies by first providing the necessary background information on OS and the main ways in which free radicals/reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during OS, cause biomolecular damage. This is followed by information on the biomarkers which come about as a result of free radical damage and the techniques used for assaying these stress indicators. The established links between elevated ROS and lowered antioxidants during HIV infection and the subsequent use of HAART is then presented followed by a review of the OS markers detected in HIV metabonomic studies to date. We identify gaps in HIV/HAART-associated OS research and finally suggest how these research gaps can be addressed through metabonomic analysis, specifically targeting the multiple markers of HIV-induced OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia A Williams
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
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25
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Pal VK, Bandyopadhyay P, Singh A. Hydrogen sulfide in physiology and pathogenesis of bacteria and viruses. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:393-410. [PMID: 29601123 PMCID: PMC6029659 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have established hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas as a major cytoprotectant and redox modulator. Following its discovery, H2S has been found to have pleiotropic effects on physiology and human health. H2S acts as a gasotransmitter and exerts its influence on gastrointestinal, neuronal, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and hepatic systems. Recent discoveries have clearly indicated the importance of H2S in regulating vasorelaxation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, ageing, and metabolism. Contrary to studies in higher organisms, the role of H2S in the pathophysiology of infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses has been less studied. Bacterial and viral infections are often accompanied by changes in the redox physiology of both the host and the pathogen. Emerging studies indicate that bacterial-derived H2S constitutes a defense system against antibiotics and oxidative stress. The H2S signaling pathway also seems to interfere with redox-based events affected on infection with viruses. This review aims to summarize recent advances on the emerging role of H2S gas in the bacterial physiology and viral infections. Such studies have opened up new research avenues exploiting H2S as a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Parijat Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
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26
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Biswas S, Haleyurgirisetty M, Ragupathy V, Wang X, Lee S, Hewlett I, Devadas K. Differentially expressed host long intergenic noncoding RNA and mRNA in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2546. [PMID: 29416066 PMCID: PMC5803214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs and mRNAs have been implicated in replication, pathogenesis and host response in HIV infection. However, the impact of long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) on HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection is not known. In this study, we have analyzed expression profiles of lincRNAs and mRNAs in monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with HIV-1/HIV-2 using microarrays. Our study identified many differentially expressed lincRNAs and mRNAs in MDMs infected with HIV-1/HIV-2 compared to uninfected MDMs. Genes involved in glutathione metabolism and lysine degradation were differentially regulated only in HIV-1 infected MDMs. In HIV-2 infected MDMs, CUL 2, SFRS9, and RBBP4 genes were differentially expressed. Furthermore, we found that plasma levels of lincRNA: chr2: 165509129-165519404 and lincRNA: chr12: 57761837-57762303 were better indicators of HIV-1 infection while lincRNA: chr10:128586385-128592960, XLOC_001148 and lincRNA: chr5:87580664-87583451, were better indicators of HIV-2 infection. In summary, our study has demonstrated that there is substantial alteration in lincRNA and mRNA expression in response to HIV-1/HIV-2 infection. These differentially expressed lincRNAs and mRNAs could serve as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers of HIV infection and help in the identification of new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Biswas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Mohan Haleyurgirisetty
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Sherwin Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA.
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-0002, USA.
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27
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Esposito S, Masala A, Sanna S, Rassu M, Pimxayvong V, Iaccarino C, Crosio C. Redox-sensitive GFP to monitor oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:133-144. [PMID: 28030361 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox processes are key events in the degenerative cascade of many adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), but the biological relevance of a single redox change is often dependent on the redox couple involved and on its subcellular origin. The biosensors based on engineered fluorescent proteins (redox-sensitive GFP [roGFP]) offer a unique opportunity to monitor redox changes in both physiological and pathological contexts in living animals and plants. Here, we review the use of roGFPs to monitor oxidative stress in different three adult-onset NDs: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite the many differences spanning from incidence to onset, the hypotheses on biological processes underlying both sporadic and familiar ND forms in humans outline a model in which noncompeting mechanisms are likely to converge in various unsuccessful patterns to mediate the selective degeneration of a specific neuronal population. roGFPs, targeted to different cell compartments, are successfully used as specific markers of cell toxicity, induced by expression of causative genes linked to a determined ND. We also report the use of roGFP to monitor oxidative stress induced by the expression of the ALS-causative gene SOD1.
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28
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Liu X, Kang J, Wang H, Huang T. Mitochondrial ROS contribute to oridonin-induced HepG2 apoptosis through PARP activation. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2881-2888. [PMID: 29435014 PMCID: PMC5778846 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oridonin, the main active constituent of Rabdosia rubescens, is known to exert antitumor activity via the induction of apoptosis in numerous types of human cancer cells. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial ROS in oridonin-induced HepG2 apoptosis remain largely unknown, due to limitations of subcellular imaging resolution. Previously, it has been suggested that mitochondria serve a potential role in sensing and signaling cellular redox changes in vital biological processes such as cell death and the abiotic stress response, based on studies involving the mitochondrial-targeted redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (GFP). To address this, a mitochondrial-targeted Grx1-roGFP2 (mtGrx1-roGFP2) biosensor was implemented to monitor real-time mitochondrial redox changes of HepG2 cells in response to either H2O2/DTT or oridonin/SS31 treatment. It was determined that oridonin caused a perturbation in mitochondrial redox status, which in turn contributed to oridonin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, a novel mechanism underlying the regulation of mitochondrial redox changes in oridonin-induced HepG2 apoptosis, presumably dependent on PARP cleavage, was proposed. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence in support of mitochondrial redox changes as a potential mediator in the apoptotic activities of oridonin in HepG2 cells, which provides insight into the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial redox signaling regulates oridonin-induced apoptosis in cancer therapy, and the development of mitochondria-specific oridonin as a promising novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Huanghe College of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450063, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Huanghe College of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450063, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Huanghe College of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450063, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Huanghe College of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450063, P.R. China
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29
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Liu CH, Liu H, Ge B. Innate immunity in tuberculosis: host defense vs pathogen evasion. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:963-975. [PMID: 28890547 PMCID: PMC5719146 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The major innate immune cell types involved in tuberculosis (TB) infection are macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells. These immune cells recognize the TB-causing pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including but not limited to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Upon infection by Mtb, the host orchestrates multiple signaling cascades via the PRRs to launch a variety of innate immune defense functions such as phagocytosis, autophagy, apoptosis and inflammasome activation. In contrast, Mtb utilizes numerous exquisite strategies to evade or circumvent host innate immunity. Here we discuss recent research on major host innate immune cells, PRR signaling, and the cellular functions involved in Mtb infection, with a specific focus on the host's innate immune defense and Mtb immune evasion. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions could provide a rational basis for the development of effective anti-TB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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30
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Palmer CS, Henstridge DC, Yu D, Singh A, Balderson B, Duette G, Cherry CL, Anzinger JJ, Ostrowski M, Crowe SM. Emerging Role and Characterization of Immunometabolism: Relevance to HIV Pathogenesis, Serious Non-AIDS Events, and a Cure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 196:4437-44. [PMID: 27207806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells cycle between a resting and an activated state. Their metabolism is tightly linked to their activation status and, consequently, functions. Ag recognition induces T lymphocyte activation and proliferation and acquisition of effector functions that require and depend on cellular metabolic reprogramming. Likewise, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by monocytes and macrophages induces changes in cellular metabolism. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses manipulate the metabolism of infected cells to meet their structural and functional requirements. For example, HIV-induced changes in immune cell metabolism and redox state are associated with CD4(+) T cell depletion, immune activation, and inflammation. In this review, we highlight how HIV modifies immunometabolism with potential implications for cure research and pathogenesis of comorbidities observed in HIV-infected patients, including those with virologic suppression. In addition, we highlight recently described key methods that can be applied to study the metabolic dysregulation of immune cells in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis S Palmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
| | - Darren C Henstridge
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunomodulation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Brad Balderson
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Gabriel Duette
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catherine L Cherry
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2000, South Africa; and
| | - Joshua J Anzinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Matias Ostrowski
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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31
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Chen J, Jiang X, Zhang C, MacKenzie KR, Stossi F, Palzkill T, Wang MC, Wang J. Reversible Reaction-Based Fluorescent Probe for Real-Time Imaging of Glutathione Dynamics in Mitochondria. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1257-1261. [PMID: 28809477 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a mitochondria-specific glutathione (GSH) probe-designated as Mito-RealThiol (MitoRT)-that can monitor in vivo real-time mitochondrial glutathione dynamics, and apply this probe to follow mitochondrial GSH dynamic changes in living cells for the first time. MitoRT can be utilized in confocal microscopy, super-resolution fluorescence imaging, and flow cytometry systems. Using MitoRT, we demonstrate that cells have a high priority to maintain the GSH level in mitochondria compared to the cytosol not only under normal growing conditions but also upon oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Chen
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, ∥Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, ⊥Department of Molecular
and Human Genetics, and #Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, ∥Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, ⊥Department of Molecular
and Human Genetics, and #Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, ∥Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, ⊥Department of Molecular
and Human Genetics, and #Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kevin R. MacKenzie
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, ∥Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, ⊥Department of Molecular
and Human Genetics, and #Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Fabio Stossi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, ∥Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, ⊥Department of Molecular
and Human Genetics, and #Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, ∥Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, ⊥Department of Molecular
and Human Genetics, and #Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, ∥Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, ⊥Department of Molecular
and Human Genetics, and #Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, ‡Center for Drug Discovery, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, ∥Integrated Microscopy Core, Advanced Technology Cores, ⊥Department of Molecular
and Human Genetics, and #Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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32
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He JH, Yan M, Zuo H, Niu S, Yuan J, Weng SP, He J, Xu X. High reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio in infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus-infected cells contributes to degradation of VP08R multimers. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:19-24. [PMID: 28757023 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species of the genus Megalocytivirus, family Iridoviridae. The ISKNV-infected cells in fish tissues are attached by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which is a unique pathological phenomenon of ISKNV infection. The viral proteins VP23R and VP08R and the host protein nidogen-1 constitute the virus-mock basement membrane (VMBM) on the membrane of infected cells to provide attaching sites for LECs. VP08R can form cross-linked multimers via intermolecular disulfide bonds to make VMBM a compact and strong structure. A question is that when the virions mature, how do they penetrate VMBMs to be released from the cells? In this study, the redox state in ISKNV-infected cells was investigated. We demonstrated that the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) was significantly elevated in ISKNV-infected cells, suggesting the increasing of reducing power. Remarkable changes were also observed in activities of many GSH metabolic enzymes and in the ratio of NADPH/NADP. We further exhibited that the high ratio of GSH/GSSG could lead to degradation of the VP08R multimer in vitro. These may suggest that the high GSH/GSSG ratio in infected cells could act on the VP08R multimer to facilitate the disassembly of VMBMs after virus maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Muting Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shengwen Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shao-Ping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, PR China.
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A disrupted transsulphuration pathway results in accumulation of redox metabolites and induction of gametocytogenesis in malaria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40213. [PMID: 28091526 PMCID: PMC5238400 DOI: 10.1038/srep40213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-erythrocytic growth of malaria parasite is known to induce redox stress. In addition to haem degradation which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), the parasite is also thought to efflux redox active homocysteine. To understand the basis underlying accumulation of homocysteine, we have examined the transsulphuration (TS) pathway in the parasite, which is known to convert homocysteine to cysteine in higher eukaryotes. Our bioinformatic analysis revealed absence of key enzymes in the biosynthesis of cysteine namely cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase in the parasite. Using mass spectrometry, we confirmed the absence of cystathionine, which is formed by enzymatic conversion of homocysteine thereby confirming truncation of TS pathway. We also quantitated levels of glutathione and homocysteine in infected erythrocytes and its spent medium. Our results showed increase in levels of these metabolites intracellularly and in culture supernatants. Our results provide a mechanistic basis for the long-known occurrence of hyperhomocysteinemia in malaria. Most importantly we find that homocysteine induces the transcription factor implicated in gametocytogenesis namely AP2-G and consequently triggers sexual stage conversion. We confirmed this observation both in vitro using Plasmodium falciparum cultures, and in vivo in the mouse model of malaria. Our study implicates homocysteine as a potential physiological trigger of gametocytogenesis.
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González ME. The HIV-1 Vpr Protein: A Multifaceted Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010126. [PMID: 28075409 PMCID: PMC5297760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein is an attractive target for antiretroviral drug development. The conservation both of the structure along virus evolution and the amino acid sequence in viral isolates from patients underlines the importance of Vpr for the establishment and progression of HIV-1 disease. While its contribution to virus replication in dividing and non-dividing cells and to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 in many different cell types, both extracellular and intracellular forms, have been extensively studied, its precise mechanism of action nevertheless remains enigmatic. The present review discusses how the apparently multifaceted interplay between Vpr and host cells may be due to the impairment of basic metabolic pathways. Vpr protein modifies host cell energy metabolism, oxidative status, and proteasome function, all of which are likely conditioned by the concentration and multimerization of the protein. The characterization of Vpr domains along with new laboratory tools for the assessment of their function has become increasingly relevant in recent years. With these advances, it is conceivable that drug discovery efforts involving Vpr-targeted antiretrovirals will experience substantial growth in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia González
- Unidad de Expresión Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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Ivanov AV, Valuev-Elliston VT, Ivanova ON, Kochetkov SN, Starodubova ES, Bartosch B, Isaguliants MG. Oxidative Stress during HIV Infection: Mechanisms and Consequences. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8910396. [PMID: 27829986 PMCID: PMC5088339 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8910396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in a variety of natural processes in cells. If increased to levels which cannot be neutralized by the defense mechanisms, they damage biological molecules, alter their functions, and also act as signaling molecules thus generating a spectrum of pathologies. In this review, we summarize current data on oxidative stress markers associated with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, analyze mechanisms by which this virus triggers massive ROS production, and describe the status of various defense mechanisms of the infected host cell. In addition, we have scrutinized scarce data on the effect of ROS on HIV-1 replication. Finally, we present current state of knowledge on the redox alterations as crucial factors of HIV-1 pathogenicity, such as neurotoxicity and dementia, exhaustion of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells, predisposition to lung infections, and certain side effects of the antiretroviral therapy, and compare them to the pathologies associated with the nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir T. Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga N. Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S. Starodubova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
- M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow 142782, Russia
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, INSERM U1052 and CNRS 5286, Lyon University, 69003 Lyon, France
- DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), France
| | - Maria G. Isaguliants
- Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- N. F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death that can be triggered by small molecules or conditions that inhibit glutathione biosynthesis or the glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This lethal process is defined by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species and depletion of plasma membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cancer cells with high level RAS-RAF-MEK pathway activity or p53 expression may be sensitized to this process. Conversely, a number of small molecule inhibitors of ferroptosis have been identified, including ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, which can block pathological cell death events in brain, kidney and other tissues. Recent work has identified a number of genes required for ferroptosis, including those involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism. Outstanding questions include the relationship between ferroptosis and other forms of cell death, and whether activation or inhibition of ferroptosis can be exploited to achieve desirable therapeutic ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yinuo Cao
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Schwarzländer M, Dick TP, Meyer AJ, Morgan B. Dissecting Redox Biology Using Fluorescent Protein Sensors. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:680-712. [PMID: 25867539 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescent protein sensors have revitalized the field of redox biology by revolutionizing the study of redox processes in living cells and organisms. RECENT ADVANCES Within one decade, a set of fundamental new insights has been gained, driven by the rapid technical development of in vivo redox sensing. Redox-sensitive yellow and green fluorescent protein variants (rxYFP and roGFPs) have been the central players. CRITICAL ISSUES Although widely used as an established standard tool, important questions remain surrounding their meaningful use in vivo. We review the growing range of thiol redox sensor variants and their application in different cells, tissues, and organisms. We highlight five key findings where in vivo sensing has been instrumental in changing our understanding of redox biology, critically assess the interpretation of in vivo redox data, and discuss technical and biological limitations of current redox sensors and sensing approaches. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We explore how novel sensor variants may further add to the current momentum toward a novel mechanistic and integrated understanding of redox biology in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 680-712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwarzländer
- 1 Plant Energy Biology Lab, Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- 3 Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany .,4 Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern, Germany
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38
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Palmer CS, Cherry CL, Sada-Ovalle I, Singh A, Crowe SM. Glucose Metabolism in T Cells and Monocytes: New Perspectives in HIV Pathogenesis. EBioMedicine 2016; 6:31-41. [PMID: 27211546 PMCID: PMC4856752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the immune system occurs in response to the recognition of foreign antigens and receipt of optimal stimulatory signals by immune cells, a process that requires energy. Energy is also needed to support cellular growth, differentiation, proliferation, and effector functions of immune cells. In HIV-infected individuals, persistent viral replication, together with inflammatory stimuli contributes to chronic immune activation and oxidative stress. These conditions remain even in subjects with sustained virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy. Here we highlight recent studies demonstrating the importance of metabolic pathways, particularly those involving glucose metabolism, in differentiation and maintenance of the activation states of T cells and monocytes. We also discuss how changes in the metabolic status of these cells may contribute to ongoing immune activation and inflammation in HIV- infected persons and how this may contribute to disease progression, establishment and persistence of the HIV reservoir, and the development of co-morbidities. We provide evidence that other viruses such as Epstein-Barr and Flu virus also disrupt the metabolic machinery of their host cells. Finally, we discuss how redox signaling mediated by oxidative stress may regulate metabolic responses in T cells and monocytes during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis S Palmer
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Catherine L Cherry
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Isabel Sada-Ovalle
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, India
| | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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39
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40
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Sun L, Dutta RK, Xie P, Kanwar YS. myo-Inositol Oxygenase Overexpression Accentuates Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Exacerbates Cellular Injury following High Glucose Ambience: A NEW MECHANISM RELEVANT TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5688-5707. [PMID: 26792859 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by perturbations in metabolic/cellular signaling pathways with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS are regarded as a common denominator of various pathways, and they inflict injury on renal glomerular cells. Recent studies indicate that tubular pathobiology also plays a role in the progression of DN. However, the mechanism(s) for how high (25 mm) glucose (HG) ambience induces tubular damage remains enigmatic. myo-Inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is a tubular enzyme that catabolizes myo-inositol to d-glucuronate via the glucuronate-xylulose (G-X) pathway. In this study, we demonstrated that G-X pathway enzymes are expressed in the kidney, and MIOX expression/bioactivity was up-regulated under HG ambience in LLC-PK1 cells, a tubular cell line. We further investigated whether MIOX overexpression leads to accentuation of tubulo-interstitial injury, as gauged by some of the parameters relevant to the progression of DN. Under HG ambience, MIOX overexpression accentuated redox imbalance, perturbed NAD(+)/NADH ratios, increased ROS generation, depleted reduced glutathione, reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, and enhanced adaptive changes in the profile of the antioxidant defense system. These changes were also accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunctions, DNA damage and induction of apoptosis, accentuated activity of profibrogenic cytokine, and expression of fibronectin, the latter two being the major hallmarks of DN. These perturbations were largely blocked by various ROS inhibitors (Mito Q, diphenyleneiodonium chloride, and N-acetylcysteine) and MIOX/NOX4 siRNA. In conclusion, this study highlights a novel mechanism where MIOX under HG ambience exacerbates renal injury during the progression of diabetic nephropathy following the generation of excessive ROS via an unexplored G-X pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- From the Department of Nephrology and Renal Institute, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China and
| | - Rajesh K Dutta
- the Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Ping Xie
- the Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- the Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
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Liver Damage in Patients with HCV/HIV Coinfection Is Linked to HIV-Related Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8142431. [PMID: 26881041 PMCID: PMC4736998 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8142431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection aggravates the progression of liver damage in HCV-coinfected patients, with the underlying pathogenesis being multifactorial. Although high level of oxidative stress has been observed frequently in patients infected with HIV or HCV, the status of oxidative stress in HIV/HCV coinfection and its contribution to HCV liver damage have not been determined. This study involved 363 HBsAg-negative, anti-HCV-positive former blood donors recruited from a village in central China in July 2005; of these, 140 were positive for HIV. Of these 363 subjects, 282 were successfully followed up through July 2009. HIV/HCV-coinfected subjects had higher rates of end-stage liver disease-related death than those monoinfected with HCV. Liver ultrasound manifestations were poor in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative individuals, in both chronic HCV carriers and those with resolved HCV. Serum concentrations of total glutathione (tGSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), GSSG, and reduced GSH were higher in HIV-positive than HIV-negative subjects. GSSG concentrations were higher in HIV-infected subjects with abnormal ALT/AST levels than in those with normal ALT/AST levels and were associated with poorer liver ultrasound manifestations. These finding indicated that HIV infection accelerated HCV-associated liver damage in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals. Increased oxidative stress, induced primarily by HIV coinfection, may contribute to aggravated liver damage.
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Mehta M, Rajmani RS, Singh A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis WhiB3 Responds to Vacuolar pH-induced Changes in Mycothiol Redox Potential to Modulate Phagosomal Maturation and Virulence. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2888-903. [PMID: 26637353 PMCID: PMC4742752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to resist intraphagosomal stresses, such as oxygen radicals and low pH, is critical for its persistence. Here, we show that a cytoplasmic redox sensor, WhiB3, and the major M. tuberculosis thiol, mycothiol (MSH), are required to resist acidic stress during infection. WhiB3 regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid anabolism, secretion, and redox metabolism, in response to acidic pH. Furthermore, inactivation of the MSH pathway subverted the expression of whiB3 along with other pH-specific genes in M. tuberculosis. Using a genetic biosensor of mycothiol redox potential (EMSH), we demonstrated that a modest decrease in phagosomal pH is sufficient to generate redox heterogeneity in EMSH of the M. tuberculosis population in a WhiB3-dependent manner. Data indicate that M. tuberculosis needs low pH as a signal to alter cytoplasmic EMSH, which activates WhiB3-mediated gene expression and acid resistance. Importantly, WhiB3 regulates intraphagosomal pH by down-regulating the expression of innate immune genes and blocking phagosomal maturation. We show that this block in phagosomal maturation is in part due to WhiB3-dependent production of polyketide lipids. Consistent with these observations, MtbΔwhiB3 displayed intramacrophage survival defect, which can be rescued bypharmacological inhibition of phagosomal acidification. Last, MtbΔwhiB3 displayed marked attenuation in the lungs of guinea pigs. Altogether, our study revealed an intimate link between vacuolar acidification, redox physiology, and virulence in M. tuberculosis and discovered WhiB3 as crucial mediator of phagosomal maturation arrest and acid resistance in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Mehta
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 12, India and the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 67, India
| | - Raju S Rajmani
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 12, India and
| | - Amit Singh
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 12, India and
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Monroy N, Herrero L, Carrasco L, González ME. Influence of glutathione availability on cell damage induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R. Virus Res 2015; 213:116-123. [PMID: 26597719 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes for accessory viral protein R (Vpr), which arrests the cell cycle of host cells at G2 and causes mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations in glycolysis. High-level expression of Vpr protein correlates with increased viral production and disease progression. Vpr causes structural and functional injury in many types of eukaryotic cells, whether or not they are permissive for viral replication; among them is the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We hypothesized that the dramatic Vpr-induced injuries in yeast could be prevented by strengthening their redox response capacity. We show that exogenous addition of glutathione (GSH) or its prodrug, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), protected budding yeasts from Vpr-induced cytopathic effects. Moreover, addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to growing cultures of Vpr-producing yeast returned cellular growth to control levels, whereas the addition dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) had only a minor protective effect. The diminished protein levels of Cox2p and Cox4p in wild typeVpr-producing yeasts together with the acute sensitivity of petite yeasts to Vpr activity may have been caused by low intracellular ATP levels. As a consequence of this energy deficit, eukaryotic cells would be unable to synthetize adequate supplies of GSH or to signal the mitochondrial retrograde response. Our findings strongly suggest that the cytopathogenic effect of Vpr protein in eukaryotic cells can be prevented by increasing intracellular antioxidant stores or, alternatively, supplying external ATP. Furthermore, these results support a potentially promising future for S. cerevisiae expression as a modality to search for Vpr-targeted inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Monroy
- Unidad de Expresión Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Unidad de Expresión Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Eugenia González
- Unidad de Expresión Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Panieri E, Santoro MM. ROS signaling and redox biology in endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3281-303. [PMID: 25972278 PMCID: PMC11113497 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of redox mechanisms, sources and antioxidants that control signaling events in ECs. In particular, we describe which molecules are involved in redox signaling and how they influence the relationship between ECs and other vascular component with regard to angiogenesis. Recent and new tools to investigate physiological ROS signaling will be also discussed. Such findings are providing an overview of the ROS biology relevant for endothelial cells in the context of normal and pathological angiogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Panieri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo M. Santoro
- Laboratory of Endothelial Molecular Biology, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Endothelial Molecular Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Samikkannu T, Ranjith D, Rao KVK, Atluri VSR, Pimentel E, El-Hage N, Nair MPN. HIV-1 gp120 and morphine induced oxidative stress: role in cell cycle regulation. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:614. [PMID: 26157430 PMCID: PMC4477635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection and illicit drugs are known to induce oxidative stress and linked with severity of viral replication, disease progression, impaired cell cycle regulation and neurodegeneration. Studies have shown that morphine accelerates HIV infection and disease progression mediated by Reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress impact redox balance and ROS production affect cell cycle regulation. However, the role of morphine in HIV associated acceleration of oxidative stress and its link to cell cycle regulation and neurodegeneration has not been elucidated. The aim of present study is to elucidate the mechanism of oxidative stress induced glutathione synthases (GSS), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) impact cell cycle regulated protein cyclin-dependent kinase 1, cell division cycle 2 (CDK-1/CDC-2), cyclin B, and cell division cycle 25C (CDC-25C) influencing neuronal dysfunction by morphine co-morbidity with HIV-1 gp120. It was observed that redox imbalance inhibited the GSS, GPx and increased SOD which, subsequently inhibited CDK-1/CDC-2 whereas cyclin B and CDC-25C significantly up regulated in HIV-1 gp120 with morphine compared to either HIV-1 gp120 or morphine treated alone in human microglial cell line. These results suggest that HIV positive morphine users have increased levels of oxidative stress and effect of cell cycle machinery, which may cause the HIV infection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Deepa Ranjith
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kurapati V K Rao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Venkata S R Atluri
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emely Pimentel
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madhavan P N Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
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