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López-Acosta O, Ruiz-Ramírez A, Barrios-Maya MÁ, Alarcon-Aguilar J, Alarcon-Enos J, Céspedes Acuña CL, El-Hafidi M. Lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity and some strategies to protect vascular smooth muscle cell against proliferative phenotype in metabolic syndrome. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113546. [PMID: 36513245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and atherosclerosis through a mechanism that involves vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. Several molecules found to be increased in MetS, including free fatty acids, fatty acid binding protein 4, leptin, resistin, oxidized lipoprotein particles, and advanced glycation end products, influence VSMC proliferation. Most of these molecules act through their receptors on VSMCs by activating several signaling pathways associated with ROS generation in various cellular compartments. ROS from NADPH-oxidase and mitochondria have been found to promote VSMC proliferation and cell cycle progression. In addition, most of the natural or synthetic substances described in this review, including pharmaceuticals with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties, attenuate VSMC proliferation by their simultaneous modulation of cell signaling and their scavenging property due to the presence of a phenolic ring in their structure. This review discusses recent data in the literature on the role that several MetS-related molecules and ROS play in the change from contractile to proliferative phenotype of VSMCs. Hence the importance of proposing an appropriate strategy to prevent uncontrolled VSMC proliferation using antioxidants, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ocarol López-Acosta
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Angélica Ruiz-Ramírez
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Miguel-Ángel Barrios-Maya
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Javier Alarcon-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Iztapalapa, Mexico
| | - Julio Alarcon-Enos
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio Bio, Av. Andres Bello 720, Chillan, Chile
| | - Carlos L Céspedes Acuña
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bio Bio, Av. Andres Bello 720, Chillan, Chile.
| | - Mohammed El-Hafidi
- Depto de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.
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Sasaki N, Hirano K, Shichi Y, Itakura Y, Ishiwata T, Toyoda M. PRC2-dependent regulation of ganglioside expression during dedifferentiation contributes to the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1003349. [PMID: 36313564 PMCID: PMC9606594 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1003349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic switching between contractile (differentiated state) and proliferative (dedifferentiated state) vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a hallmark of vascular remodeling that contributes to atherosclerotic diseases. Gangliosides, a group of glycosphingolipids, have been detected in atherosclerotic lesions and are suspected to contribute to the disease process. However, the underlying mechanism, specifically with respect to their role in VSMC phenotype switching, is not clear. In this study, we sought to reveal the endogenous expression of gangliosides and their functional significance in VSMCs during atherosclerosis. We found that switching from the contractile to proliferative phenotype was accompanied by upregulation of a- and b-series gangliosides, which in turn, were regulated by polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2). Downregulation of ganglioside expression using an siRNA targeting ST3GAL5, which is required for the synthesis of a- and b-series gangliosides, attenuated the proliferation and migration of dedifferentiated VSMCs. Therefore, we concluded that the increased expression of a- and b-series gangliosides via PRC2 activity during dedifferentiation is involved in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Gangliosides may be an effective target in VSMCs for atherosclerosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Norihiko Sasaki, ; Masashi Toyoda,
| | - Kazumi Hirano
- Molecular Neurophysiology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuuki Shichi
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Itakura
- Department of Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Department of Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Norihiko Sasaki, ; Masashi Toyoda,
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Vilcaes AA, Garbarino-Pico E, Torres Demichelis V, Daniotti JL. Ganglioside Synthesis by Plasma Membrane-Associated Sialyltransferase in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031063. [PMID: 32033474 PMCID: PMC7043224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are constituents of the mammalian cell membranes and participate in the inflammatory response. However, little is known about the presence and enzymatic activity of ganglioside sialyltransferases at the cell surface of macrophages, one of the most important immune cells involved in the innate inflammatory process. In the present study, using biochemical and fluorescent microscopy approaches, we found that endogenous ST8Sia-I is present at the plasma membrane (ecto-ST8Sia-I) of murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, ecto-ST8Sia-I can synthetize GD3 ganglioside at the cell surface in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages even when LPS-stimulated macrophages reduced the total ST8Sia-I expression levels. Besides, cotreatment of LPS with an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase recovered the ecto-ST8Sia-I expression, suggesting that NO production is involved in the reduction of ST8Sia-I expression. The diminution of ST8Sia-I expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages correlated with a reduction of GD3 and GM1 gangliosides and with an increment of GD1a. Taken together, the data supports the presence and activity of sialyltransferases at the plasma membrane of RAW264.7 cells. The variations of ecto-ST8Sia-I and ganglioside levels in stimulated macrophages constitutes a promissory pathway to further explore the physiological role of this and others ganglioside metabolism-related enzymes at the cell surface during the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A. Vilcaes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.); (J.L.D.)
| | - Eduardo Garbarino-Pico
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Vanina Torres Demichelis
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Jose L. Daniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.); (J.L.D.)
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Sasaki N, Toyoda M. Vascular Diseases and Gangliosides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246362. [PMID: 31861196 PMCID: PMC6941100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction, are most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include lifestyle and aging. It has been reported that lifespan could be extended in mice by targeting senescent cells, which led to the suppression of aging-related diseases, such as vascular diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of aging to vascular diseases are still not well understood. Several types of cells, such as vascular (endothelial cell), vascular-associated (smooth muscle cell and fibroblast) and inflammatory cells, are involved in plaque formation, plaque rupture and thrombus formation, which result in atherosclerosis. Gangliosides, a group of glycosphingolipids, are expressed on the surface of vascular, vascular-associated and inflammatory cells, where they play functional roles. Clarifying the role of gangliosides in atherosclerosis and their relationship with aging is fundamental to develop novel prevention and treatment methods for vascular diseases based on targeting gangliosides. In this review, we highlight the involvement and possible contribution of gangliosides to vascular diseases and further discuss their relationship with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (M.T.); Tel.: +81-3-3964-3241 (N.S.); +81-3-3964-4421 (M.T.)
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (M.T.); Tel.: +81-3-3964-3241 (N.S.); +81-3-3964-4421 (M.T.)
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Siglec-7 restores β-cell function and survival and reduces inflammation in pancreatic islets from patients with diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45319. [PMID: 28378743 PMCID: PMC5381285 DOI: 10.1038/srep45319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a key role in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Cytokine and chemokine production within the islets in a diabetic milieu results in β-cell failure and diabetes progression. Identification of targets, which both prevent macrophage activation and infiltration into islets and restore β-cell functionality is essential for effective diabetes therapy. We report that certain Sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like-lectins (siglecs) are expressed in human pancreatic islets in a cell-type specific manner. Siglec-7 was expressed on β-cells and down-regulated in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and in infiltrating activated immune cells. Over-expression of Siglec-7 in diabetic islets reduced cytokines, prevented β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis and reduced recruiting of migrating monocytes. Our data suggest that restoration of human Siglec-7 expression may be a novel therapeutic strategy targeted to both inhibition of immune activation and preservation of β-cell function and survival.
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Khedri Z, Xiao A, Yu H, Landig CS, Li W, Diaz S, Wasik BR, Parrish CR, Wang LP, Varki A, Chen X. A Chemical Biology Solution to Problems with Studying Biologically Important but Unstable 9-O-Acetyl Sialic Acids. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:214-224. [PMID: 27936566 PMCID: PMC5704959 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
9-O-Acetylation is a common natural modification on sialic acids (Sias) that terminate many vertebrate glycan chains. This ester group has striking effects on many biological phenomena, including microbe-host interactions, complement action, regulation of immune responses, sialidase action, cellular apoptosis, and tumor immunology. Despite such findings, 9-O-acetyl sialoglycoconjugates have remained largely understudied, primarily because of marked lability of the 9-O-acetyl group to even small pH variations and/or the action of mammalian or microbial esterases. Our current studies involving 9-O-acetylated sialoglycans on glycan microarrays revealed that even the most careful precautions cannot ensure complete stability of the 9-O-acetyl group. We now demonstrate a simple chemical biology solution to many of these problems by substituting the oxygen atom in the ester with a nitrogen atom, resulting in sialic acids with a chemically and biologically stable 9-N-acetyl group. We present an efficient one-pot multienzyme method to synthesize a sialoglycan containing 9-acetamido-9-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac9NAc) and compare it to the one with naturally occurring 9-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2). Conformational resemblance of the two molecules was confirmed by computational molecular dynamics simulations. Microarray studies showed that the Neu5Ac9NAc-sialoglycan is a ligand for viruses naturally recognizing Neu5,9Ac2, with a similar affinity but with much improved stability in handling and study. Feeding of Neu5Ac9NAc or Neu5,9Ac2 to mammalian cells resulted in comparable incorporation and surface expression as well as binding to 9-O-acetyl-Sia-specific viruses. However, cells fed with Neu5Ac9NAc remained resistant to viral esterases and showed a slower turnover. This simple approach opens numerous research opportunities that have heretofore proved intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khedri
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Corinna Susanne Landig
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian R. Wasik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lee-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Viana GM, Buri MV, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Martins AM, D'Almeida V. Impaired Hematopoiesis and Disrupted Monocyte/Macrophage Homeostasis in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Mice. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:698-707. [PMID: 26235607 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency in which heparan and dermatan sulfate degradation is compromised. Besides primary lysosomal glycosaminoglycan accumulation, further changes in cellular functions have also been described in several murine MPS models. Herein, we evaluated alterations in hematopoiesis and its implications on the production of mature progeny in a MPS I murine model. Despite the significant increase in hematopoietic stem cells, a reduction in common myeloid progenitors and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells was observed in Idua -/- mice bone marrow. Furthermore, no alterations in number, viability nor activation of cell death mechanisms were observed in Idua -/- mice mature macrophages but they presented higher sensitivity to apoptotic induction after staurosporine treatment. In addition, changes in Ca(2+) signaling and a reduction in phagocytosis ability were also found. In summary, our results revealed significant intracellular changes in mature Idua -/- macrophages related to alterations in Idua -/- mice hematopoiesis, revealing a disruption in cell homeostasis. These results provide new insights into physiopathology of MPS I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Monteiro Viana
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Buri
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Martins
- Centro de Referência de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo (CREIM), Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ariga T. Pathogenic role of ganglioside metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1227-42. [PMID: 24903509 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ganglioside metabolism is altered in several neurodegenerative diseases, and this may participate in several events related to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Most changes occur in specific areas of the brain and their distinct membrane microdomains or lipid rafts. Antiganglioside antibodies may be involved in dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier and disease progression in these diseases. In lipid rafts, interactions of glycosphingolipids, including ganglioside, with proteins may be responsible for the misfolding events that cause the fibril and/or aggregate processing of disease-specific proteins, such as α-synuclein, in Parkinson's disease, huntingtin protein in Huntington's disease, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Targeting ganglioside metabolism may represent an underexploited opportunity to design novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ariga
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Disialogangliosides and TNFα alter gene expression for cytokines and chemokines in primary brain cell cultures. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:214-22. [PMID: 21964763 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides have long been implicated in multiple pathologies affecting the central nervous system. Empirical studies have suggested the possibility that gangliosides, particularly GD3, work in tandem with pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), to initiate or facilitate cell death in the CNS. As a step toward unraveling the metabolic pathways activated in the pathogenesis of brain cell death, we have surveyed gene expression for a host of cytokines and chemokines in primary brain cell cultures exposed to GD3, GD1b, and TNFα for 24 h. An initial screen of 98 genes on a focused mini-array revealed the expression of at least 28 genes related to cell growth, death, or inflammation in our system of mixed cells cultured from neonatal rat brains. Clear evidence of a differential response to the gangliosides or TNFα was seen in 12 genes. Quantitative PCR was used to validate the response of six of these genes. We found that both GD3 and GD1b, but not TNFα, up-regulated expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 3 (MIP3A) and interleukin-1 receptor 1 (IL1R1), but down-regulated fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13). The expression of FGF receptor activating protein 1 (FRAG1) and interleukin-3 receptor alpha (IL3RA) was down-regulated by GD3. Exposure to TNFα resulted in a dramatic up-regulation of IL3RA and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), both of which have been implicated in multiple sclerosis. Our results provide strong evidence that the expression of these genes might be critical links in the metabolic cascades leading to cell degeneration and death in the brain.
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Hamamura K, Tsuji M, Hotta H, Ohkawa Y, Takahashi M, Shibuya H, Nakashima H, Yamauchi Y, Hashimoto N, Hattori H, Ueda M, Furukawa K, Furukawa K. Functional activation of Src family kinase yes protein is essential for the enhanced malignant properties of human melanoma cells expressing ganglioside GD3. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18526-37. [PMID: 21454696 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.164798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible roles of Src family kinases in the enhanced malignant properties of melanomas related to GD3 expression were analyzed. Among Src family kinases only Yes, not Fyn or Src, was functionally involved in the increased cell proliferation and invasion of GD3-expressing transfectant cells (GD3+). Yes was located upstream of p130Cas and paxillin and at an equivalent level to focal adhesion kinase. Yes underwent autophosphorylation even before serum treatment and showed stronger kinase activity in GD3+ cells than in GD3- cells following serum treatment. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Yes bound to focal adhesion kinase or p130Cas more strongly in GD3+ cells than in GD3- cells. As a possible mechanism for the enhancing effects of GD3 on cellular phenotypes, it was shown that majority of Yes was localized in glycolipid-enriched microdomain/rafts in GD3+ cells even before serum treatment, whereas it was scarcely detected in glycolipid-enriched microdomain/rafts in GD3- cells. An in vitro kinase assay of Yes revealed that coexistence of GD3 with Yes in membranous environments enhances the kinase activity of GD3- cell-derived Yes toward enolase, p125, and Yes itself. Knockdown of GD3 synthase resulted in the alleviation of tumor phenotypes and reduced activation levels of Yes. Taken together, these results suggest a role of GD3 in the regulation of Src family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou Takashima
- The Noguchi institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tsuji
- Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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Glycosphingolipids and Kidney Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 721:121-38. [PMID: 21910086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0650-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Jang JY, Jeon YK, Kim CW. Degradation of HER2/neu by ANT2 shRNA suppresses migration and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:391. [PMID: 20650008 PMCID: PMC2919502 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In breast cancer, the HER2/neu oncoprotein, which belongs to the epidermal growth factor receptor family, may trigger activation of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which controls cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. In this study, we examined the question of whether or not adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated down-regulation of HER2/neu and inhibitory effects on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway suppressed migration and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. METHODS We utilized an ANT2 vector-based RNA interference approach to inhibition of ANT2 expression, and the HER2/neu-overexpressing human breast cancer cell line, SK-BR3, was used throughout the study. RESULTS In this study, ANT2 shRNA decreased HER2/neu protein levels by promoting degradation of HER2/neu protein through dissociation from heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). As a result, ANT2 shRNA induced inhibitory effects on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling by ANT2 shRNA caused down-regulation of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, decreased matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9 activity, and suppressed migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that knock-down of ANT2 by shRNA down-regulates HER2/neu through suppression of HSP90's function and inhibits the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, resulting ultimately in suppressed migration and invasion of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Jang
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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14
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Farfel-Becker T, Futerman AH. Cellular pathogenesis in sphingolipid storage disorders: the quest for new therapeutic approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Gong G, Qin Y, Huang W, Zhou S, Wu X, Yang X, Zhao Y, Li D. Protective effects of diosgenin in the hyperlipidemic rat model and in human vascular endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:366-75. [PMID: 20149787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Gong G, Qin Y, Huang W, Zhou S, Yang X, Li D. Rutin inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis through regulating reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 628:27-35. [PMID: 19931526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of human vein endothelium cell caused by reactive oxygen species is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Rutin, an active flavonoid compound, is well known to possess potent antioxidant properties against oxidative stress insults through undefined mechanism(s). In this study, we first investigated the possible protective effects of rutin against apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and the associated signaling pathways. Decreased viability and increased apoptosis were observed in the HUVECs incubated with 200microM H(2)O(2) for 12h. By examining the effect of rutin on H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in HUVECs, we found that rutin pretreatment significantly attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in HUVECs. We next examined the signaling involved in rutin-mediated anti-apoptotic effects. It was found that rutin pretreatment attenuated excessive reactive oxygen species in HUVECs exposed to H(2)O(2). Rutin also prevented the increased DNA fragment formation and glutathione (GSH) depletion and inhibited the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potentials (DeltaPsim) that occurred in HUVECs exposed to H(2)O(2), which protected HUVECs against oxidative damage and the further mitochondrial membrane integrity impairment, leading to apoptosis. In conclusion, the results suggested that rutin (50microM) blocked apoptosis in HUVECs through decreasing reactive oxygen species, increasing GSH, restoring DeltaPsim and thus protecting DNA damage. Our research indicated that rutin protected the intracellular GSH antioxidant system and prevented H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of HUVECs through regulating reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Gong
- Institute for Nanobiomedical Technology and Membrane Biology, State Key Lab of Biotherapy of Human Diseases, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan, PR China
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17
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Li WM, Liu HT, Li XY, Wu JY, Xu G, Teng YZ, Ding ST, Yu C. The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:45-52. [PMID: 19821832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. The underlying mechanism of cardioprotective effects, however, remains to be elucidated. Here, using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we have assessed the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage. After pre-incubation with tetramethylpyrazine (50, 100 and 150 microg/ml) for 24 hr., viability loss in H(2)O(2)-induced HUVECs (76.5% of the control level, p < 0.05, at 400 microM of H(2)O(2) for 12 hr.) was restored in a concentration-dependent manner, and the maximal recovery (88.7% of the control level, p < 0.05) was achieved with tetramethylpyrazine at 150 microg/ml. The production of reactive oxygen species was suppressed by measuring fluorescent intensity of 2',7'-dichorofluorescein (83.1% of the H(2)O(2)-treated group, p < 0.05, at 150 microg/ml of tetramethylpyrazine). Tetramethylpyrazine also increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (144.1% and 118.3% of the H(2)O(2)-treated group, respectively, p < 0.05, at 150 microg/ml of tetramethylpyrazine). In addition, tetramethylpyrazine reduced levels of malonaldehyde, intracellular nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase (83.8%, 91.2% and 78.7% of the H(2)O(2)-treated group, respectively, p < 0.05, at 150 microg/ml of tetramethylpyrazine). Furthermore, pre-incubation of tetramethylpyrazine with HUVECs for 24 hr. resulted in reduction of apoptosis and removal of cell cycle arrest in the S phase (56.6% and 59.7% of the H(2)O(2)-treated group, respectively, p < 0.01, at 150 microg/ml of tetramethylpyrazine). Altogether, these results suggest that tetramethylpyrazine has a protective effect on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage in HUVECs due to its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Petit E, Courtin A, Kloosterboer HJ, Rostène W, Forgez P, Gompel A. Progestins induce catalase activities in breast cancer cells through PRB isoform: correlation with cell growth inhibition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 115:153-60. [PMID: 19383545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been suggested to participate in tumor emergence due to their mitogenic and apoptotic signaling, and as contributors to DNA structural damage. Here we report that progesterone and various synthetic steroids with progestin potencies (norethisterone acetate, MPA, and Tibolone) counteract cell growth induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), through a potent induction of catalase activities, in breast cancer cells and normal human epithelial breast cells. At physiological concentrations, progesterone and the pure progestin, Org2058, displayed the most potent H(2)O(2) detoxification ability suggesting its effect was characteristic of its progestin potency. We also report on the enhancement of catalase activities by progesterone receptor isoform B (PRB), as determined from experiments using antiprogestins and MDA-MB-231, cells engineered for the selective expression of progesterone receptor isoform A or B. The potent action of progesterone on catalase activities indicates its contribution to a beneficial role in breast cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Petit
- INSERM-UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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19
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Sa G, Das T, Moon C, Hilston CM, Rayman PA, Rini BI, Tannenbaum CS, Finke JH. GD3, an overexpressed tumor-derived ganglioside, mediates the apoptosis of activated but not resting T cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3095-104. [PMID: 19276353 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously elucidated an important role for gangliosides in renal cell carcinoma-mediated T lymphocyte apoptosis, although the mechanism by which they mediated lymphocyte death remained unclear. Here, we show that when added in purified form, GD3 is internalized by activated T cells, initiating a series of proapoptotic events, including the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an enhancement of p53 and Bax accumulation, an increase in mitochondrial permeability, cytochrome c release, and the activation of caspase-9. GD3-induced apoptosis of activated T cells was dose dependent and inhibitable by pretreating the lymphocytes with N-acetylcysteine, cyclosporin A, or bongkrekic acid, emphasizing the essential role of ROS and mitochondrial permeability to the process. Ganglioside-induced T-cell killing was associated with the caspase-dependent degradation of nuclear factor-kappaB-inducible, antiapoptotic proteins, including RelA; this suggests that their loss is initiated only after the cascade is activated and that their disappearance amplifies but not triggers GD3 susceptibility. Resting T cells did not internalize appreciable levels of GD3 and did not undergo any of the proapoptotic changes that characterize activated T lymphocytes exposed to the ganglioside. RelA overexpression endows Jurkat cells with resistance to GD3-mediated apoptosis, verifying the role of the intact transcription factor in mediating protection from the ganglioside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurisankar Sa
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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20
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Oxidative stress through activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in hypertensive mice with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1175-85. [PMID: 18301433 PMCID: PMC3153951 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an experimental model of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in transgenic mice expressing human renin and human angiotensinogen (R+/A+) treated with high-salt diet and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). We investigated whether oxidative stress is associated with spontaneous ICH in R+/A+ mice. R+/A+ mice on high-salt diet and L-NAME presented neurologic signs 57+/-13 (mean+/-s.e.m.) days after the start of treatment. Intracranial hemorrhage was shown with histologic examination. Levels of superoxide in brain homogenate were significantly increased in R+/A+ mice with ICH (118+/-10 RLU per sec per mg; RLU, relative light unit) compared with age-matched control mice (19+/-1) and R+/A+ mice without ICH (53+/-3). NAD(P)H oxidase activity was significantly higher in R+/A+ mice with ICH (34,933+/-2,420 RLU per sec per mg) than in control mice (4,984+/-248) and R+/A+ mice without ICH (15,069+/-917). These results suggest that increased levels of superoxide are due, at least in part, to increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity. Increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity preceded signs of ICH, and increased further when R+/A+ mice developed ICH. These findings suggest that oxidative stress may contribute to spontaneous ICH in chronic hypertension.
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21
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The Yin and Yang of lactosylceramide metabolism: Implications in cell function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:370-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Yanai H, Yoshida H, Tomono Y, Tada N, Chiba H. The possible contribution of a general glycosphingolipid transporter, GM2 activator protein, to atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2007; 13:281-5. [PMID: 17192692 DOI: 10.5551/jat.13.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) elevated the expression of mRNA of GalNAcbeta1-4[NeuNAcalpha2-3]Galbeta1-4Glc-Cer (GM2) ganglioside activator protein, in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Recently, GM2 activator protein has become known as a general glycosphingolipid transporter as well as a specific cofactor for the hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside by lysosomal beta-hexosaminidase A. Accumulation of glycosphingolipids has been observed in the serum or aorta of atherosclerotic model animals and humans. The proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells, elevation of LDL uptake by macrophages, interfering LDL clearance by the liver, and enhancement of platelet adhesion to collagen have been proposed as the underlying mechanisms of glycosphingolipid-mediated atherogenesis. The GM2 activator protein can bind, solubilize and transport a broad spectrum of lipid molecules, indicating that GM2 activator protein may function as a general intra- and inter-cellular lipid transport protein. Collectively, elevated levels of GM2 activator protein in the aorta may be another feature of human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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23
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Deganuto M, Pittis MG, Pines A, Dominissini S, Kelley MR, Garcia R, Quadrifoglio F, Bembi B, Tell G. Altered intracellular redox status in Gaucher disease fibroblasts and impairment of adaptive response against oxidative stress. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:223-35. [PMID: 17443679 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disorder, due to glucosylceramide (GlcCer) accumulation in several body tissues, which causes cellular failure by yet unidentified mechanisms. Several evidence indicates that GD pathogenesis is associated to an impairment in intracellular redox state. In fibroblast primary cultures, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and protein carbonyl content resulted significantly increased in GD patients compared to healthy donors, suggesting that GD cells, facing a condition of chronic oxidative stress, have evolved an adaptive response to survive. The ROS rise is probably due to NAD(P)H oxidase activity, being inhibited by the treatment with diphenylene iodonium chloride. Interestingly, GD cells are more sensitive to H(2)O(2) induced cell death, suggesting a dysregulation in the adaptive response to oxidative stress in which APE1/Ref-1 plays a central role. We found that the cytoplasmic amounts of APE1/Ref-1 protein were significantly higher in GD fibroblasts with respect to controls, and that GD cells failed to upregulate its expression upon H(2)O(2) treatment. Both ROS and APE1/Ref-1 increases are due to GlcCer accumulation, being prevented by treatment of GD fibroblasts with Cerezyme and induced in healthy fibroblasts treated with conduritol-beta-epoxide. These data, suggesting that GD cells display an impairment in the cellular redox state and in the adaptive cellular response to oxidative stress, may open new perspectives in the comprehension of GD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Deganuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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24
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Abstract
Lactosylceramide (LacCer) is a member of the glycosphingolipid family which has been recently recognized as a signaling intermediate in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell adhesion. In this paper, we present our studies pointing to a potential role of LacCer in inducing apoptosis. In our studies we employed a human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 (wild type, WT) and a neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) deficient cell line CC derived from MG-63 (mutant) cells. We observed that WT cells were highly sensitive to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), ceramide and LacCer-induced apoptosis. In contrast, the mutant cells were insensitive to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis as they did not generate ceramide and LacCer. However, the exogenous supply of ceramide and/or LacCer rendered the mutant cells apoptotic. Interestingly, preincubation of cells with D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP), an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase and lactosylceramide synthase, abrogated ceramide-induced apoptosis but not LacCer-induced apoptosis in both WT cells and the mutant cells. Moreover, TNF-alpha and LacCer-induced apoptosis required the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in WT cells. However, since mutant cells did not produce significant amounts of LacCer and ROS in response to TNF-alpha treatment they are insensitive to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. In summary, our studies suggest that TNF-alpha-induced N-SMase activation and production of ceramide is required to activate the apoptosis pathway in human osteosarcoma cells. But it is not sufficient to induce apoptosis. Rather, the conversion of ceramide to LacCer and ROS generation are critical for apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio F Martin
- Lipid Research Atherosclerosis Division, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Omran OM, Saqr HE, Yates AJ. Molecular Mechanisms of GD3-Induced Apoptosis in U-1242 MG Glioma Cells. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1171-80. [PMID: 17043769 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence indicates that the disialoganglioside GD3 is involved in apoptosis in many cell lines. Our previous studies demonstrated that endogenous GD3 expression induced apoptosis in U-1242 MG glioma cells transfected with the GD3 synthase gene (U1242MG-GD3 cells). In this paper, we present further investigations on the molecular mechanisms of GD3-induced apoptosis in this cell line. We found that endogenously synthesized GD3 localizes to the caveolae of this cell line, where it promotes the localization of death receptor 5 (DR5), tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNF-R1), and Fas (Apo-1) to the caveolae. In addition, caspase-8 was translocated to the caveolar fraction and cleaved; the cleaved proteins were then re-located into the high density fractions. However, GD3 had no effect on the distribution of the adapter protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD). We conclude that GD3 functions as a regulatory molecule early in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Omran
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, 4170 Graves Hall, 333 W 10Th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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26
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Moon SK, Kang SK, Kim CH. Reactive oxygen species mediates disialoganglioside GD3-induced inhibition of ERK1/2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2006; 20:1387-95. [PMID: 16816114 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4618com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) are thought to play important roles in the function of various biological phenomena such as atherosclerosis. We have previously shown that the overexpression of the disialoganglioside (GD3) synthase gene effectively suppresses cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and MMP-9 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). However, the issue of how the overexpression of GD3 synthase gene results in the inhibition of cellular responses in VSMC remains unclear. The findings herein demonstrate that overexpression of the GD3 synthase gene suppresses VSMC responses through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide were generated at increased levels in GD3 synthase gene transfectants in comparison with empty vector (EV) -transfected VSMC. This phenomenon was blocked by antioxidants such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). Increased ROS generation was associated with a decreased endogenous antioxidant activity, increased lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial DNA damage. Further studies revealed that the blockade of ROS function with antioxidants reversed the effect of GD3 synthase gene overexpression on VSMC proliferation and cell cycle regulation in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In addition, we found that treatment with antioxidants reversed the decreased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in response to TNF-alpha as determined by zymography and immunoblot in GD3 synthase gene transfectants. This recovery effect was characterized by the up-regulation of MMP-9 promoter activity, which was transcriptionally regulated at NF-kappaB and activation protein-1 (activating protein (AP) -1) sites in the MMP-9 promoter. These findings suggest that ROS may play a role in GD3 synthase gene-mediated VSMC phenotypic changes that may contribute to plaque instability in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kwon Moon
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunKwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea
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27
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Wang Z, Sun Z, Li AV, Yarema KJ. Roles for UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase outside of sialic acid biosynthesis: modulation of sialyltransferase and BiP expression, GM3 and GD3 biosynthesis, proliferation, and apoptosis, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27016-28. [PMID: 16847058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604903200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles for UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc 6-kinase (GNE) beyond controlling flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway by converting UDP-GlcNAc to N-acetylmannosamine are described in this report. Overexpression of recombinant GNE in human embryonic kidney (HEK AD293) cells led to an increase in mRNA levels for ST3Gal5 (GM3 synthase) and ST8Sia1 (GD3 synthase) as well as the biosynthetic products of these sialyltransferases, the GM3 and GD3 gangliosides. Conversely, down-regulation of GNE by RNA interference methods had the opposite, but consistent, effect of lowering ST3Gal5 and ST8Sia1 mRNAs and reducing GM3 and GD3 levels. Control experiments ensured that GNE-mediated changes in sialyltransferase expression and ganglioside biosynthesis were not the result of altered flux through the sialic acid pathway. Interestingly, exogenous GM3 and GD3 also changed the expression of GNE and led to reduced ST3Gal5 and ST8Sia1 mRNA levels, demonstrating a reciprocating feedback mechanism where gangliosides regulate upstream biosynthetic enzymes. Cellular responses to the GNE-mediated changes in ST3Gal5 and ST8Sia1 expression and GM3 and GD3 levels were investigated next. Conditions that led to reduced ganglioside production (e.g. short hairpin RNA exposure) stimulated proliferation, whereas conditions that resulted in increased ganglioside levels (e.g. recombinant GNE and exogenous gangliosides) led to reduced proliferation with a concomitant increase in apoptosis. Finally, changes to BiP expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation consistent with apoptosis and proliferation, respectively, were observed. These results provide examples of specific biochemical pathways, other than sialic acid metabolism, that are influenced by GNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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28
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Au ALS, Seto SW, Chan SW, Chan MS, Kwan YW. Modulation by homocysteine of the iberiotoxin-sensitive, Ca2+ -activated K+ channels of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 546:109-19. [PMID: 16908017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the acute effect of homocysteine on the iberiotoxin-sensitive, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels of the porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells. NS 1619 (1 to 30 microM) caused a concentration-dependent enhancement of the BK(Ca) amplitude (recorded using the whole-cell, membrane-rupture configuration) only with an elevated [Ca(2+)](i) of approximately 444 nM, but not with [Ca(2+)](i) of approximately 100 nM. Homocysteine (30 microM) caused a small inhibition ( approximately 16%) of the BK(Ca) amplitude ([Ca(2+)](i)= approximately 444 nM), and a greater inhibition ( approximately 77%) was observed with 100 microM NADH present in the pipette solution. The inhibition persisted after washing. With NADPH (100 microM), a smaller magnitude of inhibition ( approximately 34%) of the BK(Ca) amplitude was recorded. The NS 1619-mediated enhancement of the BK(Ca) amplitude (with elevated [Ca(2+)](i) plus NADH in the pipette) was attenuated by homocysteine. The homocysteine-mediated inhibition of the BK(Ca) amplitude was suppressed by Tiron (10 mM) or diphenylene iodonium (30 nM), applied alone, but not by superoxide dismutase (500 U/ml) and catalase (500 U/ml). Generation of superoxide (O(2)(-)) of the smooth muscle cells (with NADH presence), measured using the lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, was markedly increased by angiotensin II (100 nM) and homocysteine (30 microM). The chemiluminescence signal was sensitive to apocynin (300 microM) or Tiron, applied alone, but not to superoxide dismutase and catalase. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that acute homocysteine application inhibits the iberiotoxin-sensitive BK(Ca) channels (with elevated [Ca(2+)](i) and NADH present) which is probably caused by the NADH oxidase activation and the concomitant generation of intracellular superoxide.
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MESH Headings
- 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt/pharmacology
- Acetophenones/pharmacology
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/cytology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Homocysteine/analogs & derivatives
- Homocysteine/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ion Channel Gating/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- NAD/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/metabolism
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Swine
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L S Au
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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29
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Saqr HE, Omran O, Dasgupta S, Yu RK, Oblinger JL, Yates AJ. Endogenous GD3 ganglioside induces apoptosis in U-1242 MG glioma cells. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1301-14. [PMID: 16441517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GD3 ganglioside induces apoptosis in several cell types, but the molecular events through which this occurs are largely unknown. We investigated the apoptotic effects of GD3 expression using U-1242 MG glioblastoma cells, as these cells synthesize almost exclusively GM3 and GM2 but not GD3. To express GD3 under the control of the TetOn system with minimum leakage, we modified the system by constructing a single tri-cistronic retrovirus vector containing three genes separated by two internal ribosome entry sites: (a) transcriptional silencer, tTS; (b) mutant of reverse transcriptional activator, rtTA2(S)-M2 (provided by H. Bujard, Heidelberg, Germany); and (c) enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), as an indicator of the tri-cistronic gene expression. Using flow cytometry, we selected glioma cells (U1242MG-GD3 clone) that express high levels of GD3 in response to doxycycline. Expression of GD3 was associated with apoptosis as verified by annexin-V binding, TdT-mediated dUTPnick end-labelling assay (TUNEL), and EGFP degradation. GD3-induced apoptosis occurred via caspase-8 activation, as GD3 caused cleavage of caspase-8 and inhibition of caspase-8 activation by zlETD-fmk minimized GD3-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Saqr
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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30
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Bobryshev YV, Golovanova NK, Tran D, Samovilova NN, Gracheva EV, Efremov EE, Sobolev AY, Yurchenko YV, Lord RSA, Cao W, Lu J, Saito M, Prokazova NV. Expression of GM3 synthase in human atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis 2006; 184:63-71. [PMID: 15935355 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 04/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that amounts of ganglioside GM3 are markedly higher in human atherosclerotic lesions compared to that in non-diseased arterial tissue. Because the fatty acid composition of GM3 in blood plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) and the fatty acid composition of GM3 in atherosclerotic lesions differed, we hypothesized that, in addition to GM3 originating from LDL infiltrating the arterial wall from the blood, excessive GM3 may be synthesized locally in atherosclerotic lesions. In the present work, using an anti-GM3 antibody developed by us, we showed that the levels of GM3 synthase in membrane fractions isolated from the atherosclerotic intima were higher compared to those in non-diseased arterial tissue. Using an immunohistochemical approach, we examined the expression of GM3 synthase in sections of atherosclerotic plaques and non-diseased arterial wall. GM3 synthase immunopositivity was found to be low in non-diseased arterial intima but large numbers of GM3 synthase-immunopositive cells were observed in atherosclerotic plaques. GM3 synthase was overexpressed by macrophages and dendritic cells and double immunostaining demonstrated cellular co-localization of GM3 synthase and GM3. Further in vitro experiments showed that both monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages expressed high levels of GM3 synthase. The findings of the present study indicate that, at least partially, excessive amounts of GM3 in atherosclerotic lesions can be synthesized by macrophages and dendritic cells directly within the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- Surgical Professorial Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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31
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Gu X, Schwartz JL, Pang X, Zhou Y, Sirois DA, Sridhar R. Cytotoxicity of liposomal alpha-tocopheryl succinate towards hamster cheek pouch carcinoma (HCPC-1) cells in culture. Cancer Lett 2005; 239:281-91. [PMID: 16271438 PMCID: PMC1950561 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence for the cancer chemopreventive effects of vitamin E and related compounds. Of all the vitamin E derivatives that have been investigated to date, vitamin E acid succinate is the most effective anti-cancer agent. This report describes the preparation and testing of liposomal formulation of mono alpha-tocopheryl ester of succinic acid (alpha-TOS) for cytotoxicity against hamster cheek pouch carcinoma cell line (HCPC-1). Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of phosphatidylcholine incorporating 70 microM alpha-TOS were superior to alpha-TOS alone or SUV without incorporated alpha-TOS, as inducers of apoptosis in HCPC-1 cells. Liposomal alpha-TOS perturbed the lipid structure in cells, promoted apoptosis, and decreased cell viability. The mechanism of action of alpha-TOS appears to involve membrane damage and induction of ceramide mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbin Gu
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, College of Dentistry, Howard University, 600 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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32
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Kim BC, Kim HG, Lee SA, Lim S, Park EH, Kim SJ, Lim CJ. Genipin-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent activation of mitochondrial pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1398-407. [PMID: 16143311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genipin, the aglycone of geniposide, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities. Here we demonstrate that genipin induces apoptotic cell death in FaO rat hepatoma cells and human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells, detected by morphological cellular changes, caspase activation and release of cytochrome c. During genipin-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was elevated, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) suppressed activation of caspase-3, -7 and -9. Stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2(SAPK/JNK1/2) but neither MEK1/2 nor p38 MAPK was activated in genipin-treated hepatoma cells. SP600125, an SAPK/JNK1/2 inhibitor, markedly suppressed apoptotic cell death in the genipin-treated cells. The FaO cells stably transfected with a dominant-negative c-Jun, TAM67, was less susceptible to apoptotic cell death triggered by genipin. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, inhibited ROS generation, apoptotic cell death, caspase-3 activation and JNK activation. Consistently, the stable expression of Nox1-C, a C-terminal region of Nox1 unable to generate ROS, blocked the formation of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, and activation of caspase-3 and JNK in FaO cells treated with genipin. Our observations imply that genipin signaling to apoptosis of hepatoma cells is mediated via NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS, which leads to downstream of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, 192-1 Hyoja-2-dong, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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33
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Yanagisawa M, Taga T, Nakamura K, Ariga T, Yu RK. Characterization of glycoconjugate antigens in mouse embryonic neural precursor cells. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1311-20. [PMID: 16219035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal and glial cells organizing the central nervous system (CNS) are generated from common neural precursor cells (NPCs) during neural development. However, the expression of cell-surface glycoconjugates that are crucial for determining the properties and biological function of these cells at different stages of development has not been clearly defined. In this study, we investigated the expression of several stage-specific glycoconjugate antigens, including several b-series gangliosides GD3, 9-O-acetyl GD3, GT1b and GQ1b, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) and HNK-1, in mouse embryonic NPCs employing immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. In addition, several of these antigens were positively identified by chemical means for the first time. We further showed that the SSEA-1 immunoreactivity was contributed by both glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens, and that of HNK-1 was contributed only by glycoproteins. Functionally, SSEA-1 may participate in migration of the cells from neurospheres in an NPC cell culture system, and the effect could be repressed by anti-SSEA-1 antibody. Based on this observation, we identified beta1 integrin as one of the SSEA-1 carrier glycoproteins. Our data thus provide insights into the functional role of certain glycoconjugate antigens in NPCs during neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yanagisawa
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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34
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Lovat PE, Corazzari M, Di Sano F, Piacentini M, Redfern CPF. The role of gangliosides in fenretinide-induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2005; 228:105-10. [PMID: 15907365 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fenretinide is thought to induce apoptosis via increases in ceramide levels but the mechanisms of ceramide generation and the link between ceramide and subsequent apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells is unclear. In SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, evidence suggests that acid sphingomyelinase activity is essential for the induction of ceramide and apoptosis in response to fenretinide. Downstream of ceramide, apoptosis in response to fenretinide is mediated by increased glucosylceramide synthase activity resulting in increased levels of gangliosides GD3 and GD2 via GD3 synthase. GD3 is a key signalling intermediate leading to apoptosis via the activation of 12-Lipoxygenase, and the parallel induction of GD2 suggests that fenretinide might enhance the response of neuroblastoma to therapy with anti-GD2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny E Lovat
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 4th Floor, Cookson Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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35
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Higuchi Y, Miura T, Kajimoto T, Ohta Y. Effects of disialoganglioside GD3 on the mitochondrial membrane potential. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:3009-13. [PMID: 15896784 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
GD3 is an intracellular mediator of apoptotic signaling. Although GD3 is known to directly act on mitochondria, the dynamic responses of individual mitochondria to GD3 remain to be elucidated. In the current study, the membrane potential of single mitochondria is observed in the presence of GD3 or its analogues. Here, we report that (1) GD3 specifically induces gradual depolarizations of the inner membrane by a mechanism that differs from the permeability transition, and (2) the GD3-induced depolarizations are suppressed by cyclosporin A. These results suggest that GD3 depolarizes mitochondria by a mechanism distinct from but relevant to the permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Higuchi
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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36
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Park MT, Kim MJ, Kang YH, Choi SY, Lee JH, Choi JA, Kang CM, Cho CK, Kang S, Bae S, Lee YS, Chung HY, Lee SJ. Phytosphingosine in combination with ionizing radiation enhances apoptotic cell death in radiation-resistant cancer cells through ROS-dependent and -independent AIF release. Blood 2005; 105:1724-33. [PMID: 15486061 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe use of chemical modifiers as radiosensitizers in combination with low-dose irradiation may increase the therapeutic effect on cancer by overcoming a high apoptotic threshold. Here, we showed that phytosphingosine treatment in combination with γ-radiation enhanced apoptotic cell death of radiation-resistant human T-cell lymphoma in a caspase-independent manner. Combination treatment induced an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial relocalization of B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) activation, and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). siRNA targeting of AIF effectively protected cells from the combination treatment-induced cell death. An antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), inhibited Bax relocalization and AIF translocation but not PARP-1 activation. Moreover, transfection of Bax-siRNA significantly inhibited AIF translocation. Pretreatment of PARP-1 inhibitor, DPQ (3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)-butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone), or PARP-1-siRNA also partially attenuated AIF translocation, whereas the same treatment did not affect intracellular ROS level and Bax redistribution. Taken together, these results demonstrate that enhancement of cell death of radiation-resistant cancer cells by phytosphingosine treatment in combination with γ-radiation is mediated by nuclear translocation of AIF, which is in turn mediated both by ROS-dependent Bax relocalization and ROS-independent PARP-1 activation. The molecular signaling pathways that we elucidated in this study may provide potential drug targets for radiation sensitization of cancers refractive to radiation therapy. (Blood. 2005;105:1724-1733)
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Taek Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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37
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Shih CM, Lin H, Liang YC, Lee WS, Bi WF, Juan SH. Concentration-dependent differential effects of quercetin on rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 496:41-8. [PMID: 15288573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is one of the most ubiquitous bioflavonoids in foods of plant origin. Although quercetin is generally considered to provide protection against oxidative injury and inflammation, recent studies have demonstrated that its cytoprotective effects occur within a narrow concentration range. We attempted to examine the concentration-dependent effect on proliferation and inflammation in the primary culture of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. We demonstrate that quercetin inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into rat aortic smooth muscle cells only at concentrations < or =50 microM in a concentration-dependent manner. Nevertheless, quercetin, at concentrations > or =100 microM, reduced cell viability; this was further characterized as being due to apoptosis, which occurred through the proteolytic activation of pro-caspase-3. Additionally, the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) substantially increased in rat aortic smooth muscle cells exposed to 100 microM quercetin, results which differ from observations by others and ourselves of cells exposed to < or =50 microM quercetin. Unlike P-JNK and P-p38, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/ERK2) was not significantly affected by the concentration-dependent effects of quercetin. Surprisingly, the adverse effects of higher concentrations of quercetin could be ameliorated by adding the antioxidants, catalase, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Furthermore, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that rat aortic smooth muscle cells exposed to quercetin at concentrations of < or =50 microM caused concentration-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activity, whereas concentrations of > or =100 microM resulted in increased NF-kappaB binding activity. We demonstrate for the first time that quercetin at low concentrations has antiproliferative and antiinflammatory effects, but at concentrations of > or =100 microM, is likely to induce the opposite effects on rat aortic smooth muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Quercetin/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Shih
- The Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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38
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Radin NS. Sphingolipids as coenzymes in anion transfer and tumor death. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:6029-37. [PMID: 15519148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many kinds of natural sphingolipids and their analogs stimulate or inhibit a wide assortment of biochemical phenomena and enzymes. The puzzle considered here is: how can these lipids control so many different kinds of processes? In almost every study in which a structural comparison was made, an allylic alcohol moiety [-CH=CH-CH(OH)-] was found to be an essential feature of the sphingolipid. Many of those stimulations lead to cell death, emphasizing the importance of allylic sphingolipid structure in the design of chemotherapeutic agents. The proposal offered here is that these lipids function as coenzymes, in which the allylic moiety acts as an anion transferring agent, forming transient phosphate or acyl or peptidyl esters for the synthesis or hydrolysis of phosphoproteins, proteins, and phospholipids. Sphingolipids that inhibit these reactions may simply displace the active sphingolipids from their sites in the enzymes' active regions, or bind to the enzymes' allosteric region. This kind of competition could act as a major homeostatic control mechanism. Some of the allylic sphingolipids also generate reactive oxygen, possibly by oxidation of the allylic alcohol group. This explains the need to control redox-controlling metabolites in sphingolipid-controlled processes (e.g., glutathione). Many anticancer drugs that produce apoptosis in tumors possess an allylic alcohol residue, affect protein phosphorylation, and produce reactive oxygen species. They may be therapeutically useful because they control the action of sphingolipids as anion transfer agonists or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman S Radin
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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39
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Hampel B, Malisan F, Niederegger H, Testi R, Jansen-Dürr P. Differential regulation of apoptotic cell death in senescent human cells. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:1713-21. [PMID: 15582287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging of human cells can be reproduced in monolayer cultures, revealing the phenotype of replicative senescence. It was shown that diploid human fibroblasts enter a stable growth arrest phenotype at the end of their lifespan and, in particular, these cells are resistant to various apoptotic stimuli. In contrast, human endothelial cells from the umbilical vein (HUVEC) acquire a proapoptotic phenotype when reaching senescence and this probably results from reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced damage and associated signaling. Ceramides were shown to accumulate in senescent fibroblasts and are also known as potent regulators of apoptotic cell death. To further study age-associated changes in proneness to apoptosis between fibroblasts and endothelial cells, both cell types were challenged by administration of exogenous ceramide and apoptotic cell death was determined. While ceramide can efficiently induce apoptosis in both young and senescent cells of either histotype, quantitative evaluation of the data show that senescent fibroblasts are more resistant to apoptosis induction when compared to their young counterparts, whereas in the case of endothelial cells proneness for apoptosis is increased in senescent cells. Together, these data suggest significant differences in the regulation of apoptosis associated with senescence in fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hampel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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40
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Ha KT, Lee YC, Kim CH. Overexpression of GD3 synthase induces apoptosis of vascular endothelial ECV304 cells through downregulation of Bcl-2. FEBS Lett 2004; 568:183-7. [PMID: 15196944 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The disialoganglioside GD3 plays a major role in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It has been reported that ganglioside GD3 can induce apoptosis through bcl-2 mediated mitochondrial pathway. However, the relationship between ganglioside GD3 and B-cell/CLL lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is not fully understood. In this study, we have demonstrated that the downregulation of Bcl-2 by overexpression of CMP-NeuAc:GM3 alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3 synthase) results in an accelerated apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells (ECV304), as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. In addition, phosphorylation of AKT and cyclic-AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) was reduced by GD3 synthase overexpression. Moreover, the activation of CREB as a transcriptional factor was also inhibited, as evidenced by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Therefore, we conclude that GD3 synthase has an apoptotic effect on ECV304 cells through downregulation of Bcl-2 expression via dephosphorylation of AKT and CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tae Ha
- National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, MOST and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju City, Kyungbuk 780-714, South Korea
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41
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Moon SK, Kim HM, Lee YC, Kim CH. Disialoganglioside (GD3) synthase gene expression suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell responses via the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, cell cycle progression, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:33063-70. [PMID: 15175338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313462200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) have been implicated in the regulation of various biological phenomena such as atherosclerosis. Recent report suggests that exogenously supplied disialoganglioside (GD3) serves a dual role in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation and apoptosis. However, the role of the GD3 synthase gene in VSMC responses has not yet been elucidated. To determine whether a ganglioside is able to modulate VSMC growth, the effect of overexpression of the GD3 synthase gene on DNA synthesis was examined. The results show that the overexpression of this gene has a potent inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis and ERK phosphorylation in cultured VSMC in the presence of PDGF. The suppression of the GD3 synthase gene was correlated with the down-regulation of cyclinE/CDK2, the up-regulation of the CDK inhibitor p21 and blocking of the p27 inhibition, whereas up-regulation of p53 as the result of GD3 synthase gene expression was not observed. Consistently, blockade of GD3 function with anti-GD3 antibody reversed VSMC proliferation and cell cycle proteins. The expression of the GD3 synthase gene also led to the inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in VSMC as determined by zymography and immunoblot. Furthermore, GD3 synthase gene expression strongly decreased MMP-9 promoter activity in response to TNF-alpha. This inhibition was characterized by the down-regulation of MMP-9, which was transcriptionally regulated at NF-kappaB and activation protein-1 (AP-1) sites in the MMP-9 promoter. Finally, the overexpression of MMP-9 in GD3 synthase transfectant cells rescued VSMC proliferation. However, MMP-2 overexpression was not affected by cell proliferation. These findings suggest that the GD3 synthase gene represents a physiological modulator of VSMC responses that may contribute to plaque instability in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kwon Moon
- National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Dongguk University College of Oriental Medicine, Kyungju City, Kyungbuk 780-714, Korea
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42
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Kim EJ, Sampathkumar SG, Jones MB, Rhee JK, Baskaran G, Goon S, Yarema KJ. Characterization of the metabolic flux and apoptotic effects of O-hydroxyl- and N-acyl-modified N-acetylmannosamine analogs in Jurkat cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18342-52. [PMID: 14966124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400205200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The supplementation of the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway with exogenously supplied N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) analogs has many potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this work, we explore the structure-activity relationship of Man-NAc analogs on cell viability and metabolic flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway to gain a better understanding of the fundamental biology underlying "glycosylation engineering" technology. A panel of ManNAc analogs bearing various modifications on the hydroxyl groups as well as substitutions at the N-acyl position was investigated. Increasing the carbon chain length of ester derivatives attached to the hydroxyl groups increased the metabolic efficiency of sialic acid production, whereas similar modification to the N-acyl group decreased efficiency. In both cases, increases in chain length decreased cell viability; DNA ladder formation, Annexin V-FITC two-dimensional flow cytometry assays, caspase-3 activation, and down-regulation of sialoglycoconjugate-processing enzymes established that the observed growth inhibition and toxicity resulted from apoptosis. Two of the panel of 12 analogs tested, specifically Ac(4)ManNLev and Ac(4) ManNHomoLev, were highly toxic. Interestingly, both of these analogs maintained a ketone functionality in the same position relative to the core monosaccharide structure, and both also inhibited flux through the sialic acid pathway (the remainder of the less toxic analogs either increased or had no measurable impact on flux). These results provide fundamental insights into the role of sialic acid metabolism in apoptosis by demonstrating that ManNAc analogs can modulate apoptosis both indirectly via hydroxylgroup effects and directly through N-acyl-group effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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43
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Chatterjee S, Wei H. Roles of glycosphingolipids in cell signaling: adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Methods Enzymol 2003; 363:300-12. [PMID: 14579583 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subroto Chatterjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, 500 North Broadway, Suite 312, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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44
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Wu RF, Gu Y, Xu YC, Nwariaku FE, Terada LS. Vascular endothelial growth factor causes translocation of p47phox to membrane ruffles through WAVE1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36830-40. [PMID: 12855698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302251200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors initiate cytoskeletal rearrangements tightly coordinated with nuclear signaling events. We hypothesized that the angiogenic growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), may utilize oxidants that are site-directed to a complex critical to both cytoskeletal and mitogenic signaling. We identified the WASP-family verprolin homologous protein-1 (WAVE1) as a binding partner for the NADPH oxidase adapter p47phox within membrane ruffles of VEGF-stimulated cells. Within 15 min of VEGF stimulation, p47phox coprecipitated with WAVE1, with the ruffle and oxidase agonist Rac1, and with the Rac1 effector PAK1. VEGF also increased p47phox phosphorylation, oxidant production, and ruffle formation, all of which were dependent upon PAK1 kinase activity. The antioxidant Mn (III) tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin and ectopic expression of either the p47-binding WAVE1 domain or the WAVE1-binding p47phox domain decreased VEGF-induced ruffling, whereas the active mutant p4-(S303D, S304D,S328D) stimulated oxidant production and formation of circular dorsal ruffles. Both kinase-dead PAK1-(K298A) and Mn (III) tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin decreased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation by VEGF, whereas dominant-negative JNK did not block ruffle formation, suggesting a bifurcation of mitogenic and cytoskeletal signaling events at or distal to the oxidase but proximal to JNK. Thus, WAVE1 may act as a scaffold to recruit the NADPH oxidase to a complex involved with both cytoskeletal regulation and downstream JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Feng Wu
- University of Texas Southwestern and The Dallas Veterans Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA
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45
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Lovat PE, Ranalli M, Corazzari M, Raffaghello L, Pearson ADJ, Ponzoni M, Piacentini M, Melino G, Redfern CPF. Mechanisms of free-radical induction in relation to fenretinide-induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:698-708. [PMID: 12858336 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of fenretinide-induced cell death of neuroblastoma cells are complex, involving signaling pathways mediated by free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to identify mechanisms generating ROS and apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells in response to fenretinide. Fenretinide-induced ROS or apoptosis of SH-SY5Y or HTLA 230 neuroblastoma cells were not blocked by Nitro l-argenine methyl ester (l-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Flavoprotein-dependent superoxide-producing enzymes such as NADPH oxidase were also not involved in fenretinide-induced apoptosis or ROS generation. Similarly, ketoconazole, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, and inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) were also ineffective. In contrast, inhibition of phospholipase A(2) or lipoxygenases (LOX) blocked the induction of ROS and apoptosis in response to fenretinide. Using specific inhibitors of LOX, blocking 12-LOX but not 5- or 15-LOX inhibited both fenretinide-induced ROS and apoptosis. The effects of eicosatriynoic acid, a specific 12-LOX inhibitor, were reversed by the addition of the 12-LOX products, 12 (S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 12 (S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. The targeting of 12-LOX in neuroblastoma cells may thus be a novel pathway for the development of drugs inducing apoptosis of neuroblastoma with improved tumor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny E Lovat
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Panasiewicz M, Domek H, Hoser G, Kawalec M, Pacuszka T. Structure of the ceramide moiety of GM1 ganglioside determines its occurrence in different detergent-resistant membrane domains in HL-60 cells. Biochemistry 2003; 42:6608-19. [PMID: 12767245 DOI: 10.1021/bi0206309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the ceramide moiety of GM1 ganglioside on its association with detergent resistant membrane domains (DRMs) in human leukemia HL-60 cells, [(3)H] labeled GM1 molecular species (GM1s) with ceramides consisting of C18 sphingosine acetylated or acylated with C(8), C(12), C(14), C(16), C(18), C(22), C(24), C(18:1), C(22:1), or C(24:1) fatty acids (FAs), or C20 sphingosine acetylated or acylated with C(8) or C(18) FA were prepared and added to culture media. GM1s uptake by HL-60 cells was affected by the structure of their ceramides. Resistance to removal with trypsin and the stoichiometry of [(125)I] cholera toxin (CT) binding indicated that the added GM1s were incorporated into the membranes of the cells used for the isolation of DRMs in a manner resembling endogenous gangliosides. The ceramide moieties of the GM1s determined their occurrence in DRMs and the dependence of their recovery in this membrane fraction on the amount of Triton X-100 (TX) used for extraction as well as on cholesterol depletion. The GM1s with sphingosine acylated with C(14), C(16), C(18) C(22), or C(24) FAs were similarly abundant in DRMs. GM1s acylated with C(18:1), C(22:1), or C(24:1) were less abundant than those acylated with saturated FA of the same length. GM1s acetylated or acylated with C(8) FA were detected in DRMs in the lowest proportion. Depletion of 73% of cell cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin significantly affected the recovery in DRMs of GM1s acetylated or acylated with C(8) or unsaturated FAs but not of GM1 acylated with C(18), C(22), or C(24) FAs. After cross-linking with CT B subunit, all GM1s were recovered in DRMs in a similarly high proportion irrespective of their ceramide structure or cholesterol depletion. DRMs prepared with low TX concentration at the TX/cell protein ratio of 0.3:1 were separated by multistep sucrose density gradient centrifugation into two fractions. The GM1s with sphingosine acetylated or acylated with C(18) or C(18:1) FAs occurred in these fractions in different proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Panasiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Warszawa, Poland
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Radin NS. Designing anticancer drugs via the achilles heel: ceramide, allylic ketones, and mitochondria. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2123-42. [PMID: 12713822 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Published reports are reviewed as the basis of a proposal that an effective antineoplastic drug should contain several features: (a) resemblance to the natural lipid, ceramide; (b) an allylic alcohol and/or allylic ketone moiety; (c) a hydroxyl and/or a nitrogen atom near the allylic group; (d) conjugated double bonds as part of the allylic region. The drug should produce reactive oxygen species in tumor mitochondria, stimulate the generation of ceramide in the tumor, and condense with mitochondrial glutathione. It is pointed out that some antibiotics with these features are also active against cancer cells; perhaps anticancer drugs with these features will prove useful as antibiotics. Common problems in working with lipoidal substances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman S Radin
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Yamamoto HA, Mohanan PV. Ganglioside GT1B and melatonin inhibit brain mitochondrial DNA damage and seizures induced by kainic acid in mice. Brain Res 2003; 964:100-6. [PMID: 12573517 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ganglioside GT1b or melatonin on damage to brain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and seizures induced by kainic acid were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. An intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of kainic acid (45 mg/kg) produced broad-spectrum limbic and severe sustained seizures in all of the treated mice. These seizures were completely abolished by an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of ganglioside GT1b (90 nmol/brain), a potent inhibitor of glutamate receptor mediated activation and translocation of protein kinase C and lipid peroxidation, or an i.p. injection of melatonin (20 mg/kg), a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals (*OH). The administration of kainic acid caused damage to mtDNA in brain frontal and central portion of cortex in mice. The damage to mtDNA was abolished by pre-injection of ganglioside GT1b (90 nmol/brain, i.c.v.) or melatonin (20 mg/kg, i.p.). In vitro exposure of kainic acid (0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mM) inflicted damage to mtDNA in a concentration-dependent manner. The damage to mtDNA induced by 1.0 mM kainic acid was attenuated by the co-treatment with 60 microM ganglioside GT1b or 1.5 mM melatonin. Furthermore, kainic acid (0.5 or 1.0 mM) increased lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner when incubated with a homogenate prepared from mice brain at 37 degrees C for 20 or 60 min. However, the increased lipid peroxidation was completely abolished by the co-treatment with ganglioside GT1b (60 microM) or melatonin (1.5 mM). These results suggest that reactive oxygen species including hydroxyl radical (*OH) may play a role in the damage to brain mtDNA and seizures induced by kainic acid. We conclude that the preventive effect of melatonin or ganglioside GT1b against kainic acid-induced mtDNA damage or seizures may be due to its scavenging of reactive oxygen species including the *OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro-aki Yamamoto
- Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan.
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Sphingolipid metabolism and signaling in atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(03)12005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio F Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, 500 North Broadway, Suite 312, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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