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Ridout SA, Vellanki P, Nemenman I. A mathematical model for ketosis-prone diabetes suggests the existence of multiple pancreatic β-cell inactivation mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597343. [PMID: 38895272 PMCID: PMC11185683 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus (KPD) is a subtype of type 2 diabetes, which presents much like type 1 diabetes, with dramatic hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis. Although KPD patients are initially insulin-dependent, after a few months of insulin treatment, ~ 70% undergo near-normoglycemia remission and can maintain blood glucose without insulin, as in early type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Here, we propose that these phenomena can be explained by the existence of a fast, reversible glucotoxicity process, which may exist in all people but be more pronounced in those susceptible to KPD. We develop a simple mathematical model of the pathogenesis of KPD, which incorporates this assumption, and show that it reproduces the phenomenology of KPD, including variations in the ability for patients to achieve and sustain remission. These results suggest that a variation of our model may be able to quantitatively describe variations in the course of remission among individuals with KPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A. Ridout
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Initiative in Theory and Modeling of Living Systems, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priyathama Vellanki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ilya Nemenman
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Initiative in Theory and Modeling of Living Systems, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Zacarías-Fluck MF, Soucek L, Whitfield JR. MYC: there is more to it than cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1342872. [PMID: 38510176 PMCID: PMC10952043 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1342872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor involved in multiple cellular processes. While its mechanism of action and targets are not completely elucidated, it has a fundamental role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, ribogenesis, and bone and vascular development. Over 4 decades of research and some 10,000 publications linking it to tumorigenesis (by searching PubMed for "MYC oncogene") have led to MYC becoming a most-wanted target for the treatment of cancer, where many of MYC's physiological functions become co-opted for tumour initiation and maintenance. In this context, an abundance of reviews describes strategies for potentially targeting MYC in the oncology field. However, its multiple roles in different aspects of cellular biology suggest that it may also play a role in many additional diseases, and other publications are indeed linking MYC to pathologies beyond cancer. Here, we review these physiological functions and the current literature linking MYC to non-oncological diseases. The intense efforts towards developing MYC inhibitors as a cancer therapy will potentially have huge implications for the treatment of other diseases. In addition, with a complementary approach, we discuss some diseases and conditions where MYC appears to play a protective role and hence its increased expression or activation could be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano F. Zacarías-Fluck
- Models of Cancer Therapies Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Soucek
- Models of Cancer Therapies Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Peptomyc S.L., Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan R. Whitfield
- Models of Cancer Therapies Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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Furth-Lavi J, Hija A, Tornovsky-Babeay S, Mazouz A, Dahan T, Stolovich-Rain M, Klochendler A, Dor Y, Avrahami D, Glaser B. Glycemic control releases regenerative potential of pancreatic beta cells blocked by severe hyperglycemia. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111719. [PMID: 36450253 PMCID: PMC9789023 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetogenic ablation of beta cells in mice triggers a regenerative response whereby surviving beta cells proliferate and euglycemia is regained. Here, we identify and characterize heterogeneity in response to beta cell ablation. Efficient beta cell elimination leading to severe hyperglycemia (>28 mmol/L), causes permanent diabetes with failed regeneration despite cell cycle engagement of surviving beta cells. Strikingly, correction of glycemia via insulin, SGLT2 inhibition, or a ketogenic diet for about 3 weeks allows partial regeneration of beta cell mass and recovery from diabetes, demonstrating regenerative potential masked by extreme glucotoxicity. We identify gene expression changes in beta cells exposed to extremely high glucose levels, pointing to metabolic stress and downregulation of key cell cycle genes, suggesting failure of cell cycle completion. These findings reconcile conflicting data on the impact of glucose on beta cell regeneration and identify a glucose threshold converting glycemic load from pro-regenerative to anti-regenerative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Furth-Lavi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayat Hija
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sharona Tornovsky-Babeay
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Adi Mazouz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tehila Dahan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Miri Stolovich-Rain
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Agnes Klochendler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Dana Avrahami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Mohan S, Lafferty RA, Flatt PR, Moffett RC, Irwin N. Ac3IV, a V1a and V1b receptor selective vasopressin analogue, protects against hydrocortisone-induced changes in pancreatic islet cell lineage. Peptides 2022; 152:170772. [PMID: 35202749 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Avpr1a (V1a) and Avpr1b (V1b) receptor selective, vasopressin (AVP) analogue, Ac3IV has been shown to improve metabolism and pancreatic islet structure in diabetes and insulin resistance. The present study further investigates these actions by assessing the ability of Ac3IV to protect against pancreatic islet architectural disturbances induced by hydrocortisone (HC) treatment in transgenic Ins1Cre/+;Rosa26-eYFP mice, that possess beta-cell lineage tracing capabilities. HC intervention increased (p < 0.001) energy intake but reduced (p < 0.01) body weight gain, with no impact of Ac3IV. All HC mice had reduced (p < 0.05) circulating glucose, but plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations remained unchanged. However, HC mice presented with increased (p < 0.001) pancreatic insulin content, which was further augmented by Ac3IV. In addition, Ac3IV treatment countered HC-induced increases in islet-, beta- and alpha-cell areas (p < 0.01), as well as promoting islet number towards control levels. This was accompanied by reduced (p < 0.05) beta-cell growth, but enhanced (p < 0.001) alpha-cell proliferation. There were no changes in islet cell apoptotic rates in any of the groups of HC mice, but co-expression of CK19 with insulin in pancreatic ductal cells was reduced by Ac3IV. Assessment of beta-cell lineage revealed that Ac3IV partially protected against HC-mediated de-differentiation of mature beta-cells, whilst also decreasing (p < 0.01) beta- to alpha-cell transdifferentiation. Our data indicate that sustained activation of V1a and V1b receptors exerts positive islet cell transition effects to help retain beta-cell identity in HC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Mohan
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ryan A Lafferty
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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King KM, Bevan DR, Brown AM. Molecular Dynamics Simulations Indicate Aromaticity as a Key Factor in the Inhibition of IAPP (20-29) Aggregation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1615-1626. [PMID: 35587203 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37-residue amyloidogenic hormone implicated in the progression of Type II Diabetes (T2D). T2D affects an estimated 422 million people yearly and is a comorbidity with numerous diseases. IAPP forms toxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils that reduce pancreatic β-cell mass and exacerbate the T2D disease state. Toxic oligomer formation is attributed, in part, to the formation of interpeptide β-strands comprised of residues 20-29 (IAPP(20-29)). Flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic natural products, have been found experimentally to inhibit IAPP aggregate formation. Many of these small flavonoids differ structurally only slightly; the influence of functional group placement on inhibiting the aggregation of the IAPP(20-29) has yet to be explored. To probe the role of small-molecule structural features that impede IAPP aggregation, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to observe trimer formation on a model fragment of IAPP(20-29) in the presence of morin, quercetin, dihydroquercetin, epicatechin, and myricetin. Contacts between Phe23 residues were critical to oligomer formation, and small-molecule contacts with Phe23 were a key predictor of β-strand reduction. Structural properties influencing the ability of compounds to disrupt Phe23-Phe23 contacts included aromaticity and carbonyl and hydroxyl group placement. This work provides key information on design considerations for T2D therapeutics that target IAPP aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie M King
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David R Bevan
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anne M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Research and Informatics, University Libraries, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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6
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Weir GC, Butler PC, Bonner-Weir S. The β-cell glucose toxicity hypothesis: Attractive but difficult to prove. Metabolism 2021; 124:154870. [PMID: 34480921 PMCID: PMC8530963 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
β cells in the hyperglycemic environment of diabetes have marked changes in phenotype and function that are largely reversible if glucose levels can be returned to normal. A leading hypothesis is that these changes are caused by the elevated glucose levels leading to the concept of glucose toxicity. Support for the glucose toxicity hypothesis is largely circumstantial, but little progress has been made in defining the responsible mechanisms. Then questions emerge that are difficult to answer. In the very earliest stages of diabetes development, there is a dramatic loss of glucose-induced first-phase insulin release (FPIR) with only trivial elevations of blood glucose levels. A related question is how impaired insulin action on target tissues such as liver, muscle and fat can cause increased insulin secretion. The existence of a sophisticated feedback mechanism between insulin secretion and insulin action on peripheral tissues driven by glucose has been postulated, but it has been difficult to measure increases in blood glucose levels that might have been expected. These complexities force us to challenge the simplicity of the glucose toxicity hypothesis and feedback mechanisms. It may turn out that glucose is somehow driving all of these changes, but we must develop new questions and experimental approaches to test the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Peter C Butler
- Larry l. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Chen Y, Hu W, Li Q, Zhao S, Zhao D, Zhang S, Wei Z, Yang X, Chen Y, Li X, Liao C, Han J, Miao QR, Duan Y. NGBR is required to ameliorate type 2 diabetes in mice by enhancing insulin sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100624. [PMID: 33812996 PMCID: PMC8111265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction of insulin resistance or improvement of insulin sensitivity is the most effective treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). We previously reported that Nogo-B receptor (NGBR), encoded by the NUS1 gene, is required for attenuating hepatic lipogenesis by blocking nuclear translocation of liver X receptor alpha, suggesting its important role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. Herein, we demonstrate that NGBR expression was decreased in the liver of obesity-associated T2D patients and db/db mice. NGBR knockout in mouse hepatocytes resulted in increased blood glucose, insulin resistance, and beta-cell loss. High-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice presented the T2D phenotype by showing increased nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and triglyceride (TG) in the liver and plasma and increased insulin resistance and beta-cell loss. AAV-mediated NGBR overexpression in the liver reduced NEFA and TG in the liver and circulation and improved liver functions. Consequently, HFD/STZ-treated mice with hepatic NGBR overexpression had increased insulin sensitivity and reduced beta-cell loss. Mechanistically, NGBR overexpression restored insulin signaling of AMPKα1-dependent phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β. NGBR overexpression also reduced expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated genes in the liver and skeletal muscle to improve insulin sensitivity. Together, our results reveal that NGBR is required to ameliorate T2D in mice, providing new insight into the role of hepatic NGBR in insulin sensitivity and T2D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenquan Hu
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuo Wei
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Robert Miao
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA.
| | - Yajun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Major Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Regulation of Anhui Department of Education, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
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Miranda MA, Macias-Velasco JF, Lawson HA. Pancreatic β-cell heterogeneity in health and diabetes: classes, sources, and subtypes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E716-E731. [PMID: 33586491 PMCID: PMC8238131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00649.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells perform glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, a process at the center of type 2 diabetes etiology. Efforts to understand how β-cells behave in healthy and stressful conditions have revealed a wide degree of morphological, functional, and transcriptional heterogeneity. Sources of heterogeneity include β-cell topography, developmental origin, maturation state, and stress response. Advances in sequencing and imaging technologies have led to the identification of β-cell subtypes, which play distinct roles in the islet niche. This review examines β-cell heterogeneity from morphological, functional, and transcriptional perspectives, and considers the relevance of topography, maturation, development, and stress response. It also discusses how these factors have been used to identify β-cell subtypes, and how heterogeneity is impacted by diabetes. We examine open questions in the field and discuss recent technological innovations that could advance understanding of β-cell heterogeneity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Miranda
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Juan F Macias-Velasco
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Heather A Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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9
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Bilekova S, Sachs S, Lickert H. Pharmacological Targeting of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 42:85-95. [PMID: 33353789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease with pandemic dimensions and no pharmacological treatment prevents disease progression. Dedifferentiation has been proposed to be a driver of beta-cell dysfunction in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Regenerative therapies aim to re-establish function in dysfunctional or dedifferentiated beta cells and restore the defective insulin secretion. Unsustainable levels of insulin production, with increased demand at disease onset, strain the beta-cell secretory machinery, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Unresolved chronic ER stress is a major contributor to beta-cell loss of function and identity. Restoring ER homeostasis, enhancing ER-associated degradation of misfolded protein, and boosting chaperoning activity, are emerging therapeutic approaches for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bilekova
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Sachs
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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10
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Ebrahimi AG, Hollister-Lock J, Sullivan BA, Tsuchida R, Bonner-Weir S, Weir GC. Beta cell identity changes with mild hyperglycemia: Implications for function, growth, and vulnerability. Mol Metab 2020; 35:100959. [PMID: 32244186 PMCID: PMC7082551 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As diabetes develops, marked reductions of insulin secretion are associated with very modest elevations of glucose. We wondered if these glucose changes disrupt beta cell differentiation enough to account for the altered function. METHODS Rats were subjected to 90% partial pancreatectomies and those with only mild glucose elevations 4 weeks or 10 weeks after surgery had major alterations of gene expression in their islets as determined by RNAseq. RESULTS Changes associated with glucose toxicity demonstrated that many of the critical genes responsible for insulin secretion were downregulated while the expression of normally suppressed genes increased. Also, there were marked changes in genes associated with replication, aging, senescence, stress, inflammation, and increased expression of genes controlling both class I and II MHC antigens. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that mild glucose elevations in the early stages of diabetes lead to phenotypic changes that adversely affect beta cell function, growth, and vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref G Ebrahimi
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brooke A Sullivan
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ryohei Tsuchida
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gordon C Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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11
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Weir GC, Gaglia J, Bonner-Weir S. β-cell secretory dysfunction: a key cause of type 2 diabetes - Authors' reply. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:370-371. [PMID: 32333872 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jason Gaglia
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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12
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Weir GC, Gaglia J, Bonner-Weir S. Inadequate β-cell mass is essential for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:249-256. [PMID: 32006519 PMCID: PMC7098467 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For patients with type 1 diabetes, it is accepted among the scientific community that there is a marked reduction in β-cell mass; however, with type 2 diabetes, there is disagreement as to whether this reduction in mass occurs in every case. Some have argued that β-cell mass in some patients with type 2 diabetes is normal and that the cause of the hyperglycaemia in these patients is a functional abnormality of insulin secretion. In this Personal View, we argue that a deficient β-cell mass is essential for the development of type 2 diabetes. The main point is that there are enormous (≥10 fold) variations in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the general population, with a very close correlation between these two factors for any individual. Although β-cell mass cannot be accurately measured in living patients, it is highly likely that it too is highly correlated with insulin sensitivity and secretion. Thus, our argument is that a person with type 2 diabetes can have a β-cell mass that is the same as a person without type 2 diabetes, but because they are insulin resistant, the mass is inadequate and responsible for their diabetes. Because the abnormal insulin secretion of diabetes is caused by dysglycaemia and can be largely reversed with glycaemic control, it is a less serious problem than the reduction in β-cell mass, which is far more difficult to restore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jason Gaglia
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Salinno C, Cota P, Bastidas-Ponce A, Tarquis-Medina M, Lickert H, Bakhti M. β-Cell Maturation and Identity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5417. [PMID: 31671683 PMCID: PMC6861993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential increase of patients with diabetes mellitus urges for novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the socioeconomic burden of this disease. The loss or dysfunction of insulin-producing β-cells, in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes respectively, put these cells at the center of the disease initiation and progression. Therefore, major efforts have been taken to restore the β-cell mass by cell-replacement or regeneration approaches. Implementing novel therapies requires deciphering the developmental mechanisms that generate β-cells and determine the acquisition of their physiological phenotype. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms that coordinate the postnatal maturation of β-cells and define their functional identity. Furthermore, we discuss different routes by which β-cells lose their features and functionality in type 1 and 2 diabetic conditions. We then focus on potential mechanisms to restore the functionality of those β-cell populations that have lost their functional phenotype. Finally, we discuss the recent progress and remaining challenges facing the generation of functional mature β-cells from stem cells for cell-replacement therapy for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Salinno
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Perla Cota
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Aimée Bastidas-Ponce
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Marta Tarquis-Medina
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675Munich, Germany.
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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14
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Li Z, Zhou M, Cai Z, Liu H, Zhong W, Hao Q, Cheng D, Hu X, Hou J, Xu P, Xue Y, Zhou Y, Xu T. RNA-binding protein DDX1 is responsible for fatty acid-mediated repression of insulin translation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:12052-12066. [PMID: 30295850 PMCID: PMC6294501 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism in pancreatic β cells underlying hyperlipidemia and insulin insufficiency remains unclear. Here, we find that the fatty acid-induced decrease in insulin levels occurs due to a decrease in insulin translation. Since regulation at the translational level is generally mediated through RNA-binding proteins, using RNA antisense purification coupled with mass spectrometry, we identify a novel insulin mRNA-binding protein, namely, DDX1, that is sensitive to palmitate treatment. Notably, the knockdown or overexpression of DDX1 affects insulin translation, and the knockdown of DDX1 eliminates the palmitate-induced repression of insulin translation. Molecular mechanism studies show that palmitate treatment causes DDX1 phosphorylation at S295 and dissociates DDX1 from insulin mRNA, thereby leading to the suppression of insulin translation. In addition, DDX1 may interact with the translation initiation factors eIF3A and eIF4B to regulate translation. In high-fat diet mice, the inhibition of insulin translation happens at an early prediabetic stage before the elevation of glucose levels. We speculate that the DDX1-mediated repression of insulin translation worsens the situation of insulin resistance and contributes to the elevation of blood glucose levels in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Maoge Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaokui Cai
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongwan Cheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xihao Hu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junjie Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pingyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanchao Xue
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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IAPP toxicity activates HIF1α/PFKFB3 signaling delaying β-cell loss at the expense of β-cell function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2679. [PMID: 31213603 PMCID: PMC6581914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The islet in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by amyloid deposits derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a protein co-expressed with insulin by β-cells. In common with amyloidogenic proteins implicated in neurodegeneration, human IAPP (hIAPP) forms membrane permeant toxic oligomers implicated in misfolded protein stress. Here, we establish that hIAPP misfolded protein stress activates HIF1α/PFKFB3 signaling, this increases glycolysis disengaged from oxidative phosphorylation with mitochondrial fragmentation and perinuclear clustering, considered a protective posture against increased cytosolic Ca2+ characteristic of toxic oligomer stress. In contrast to tissues with the capacity to regenerate, β-cells in adult humans are minimally replicative, and therefore fail to execute the second pro-regenerative phase of the HIF1α/PFKFB3 injury pathway. Instead, β-cells in T2D remain trapped in the pro-survival first phase of the HIF1α injury repair response with metabolism and the mitochondrial network adapted to slow the rate of cell attrition at the expense of β-cell function. Type 2 diabetes is associated with islet amyloid deposits derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) expressed by β-cells. Here the authors show that IAPP misfolded protein stress induces the hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha injury repair pathway and activates survival metabolic changes mediated by PFKFB3.
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16
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Shyr ZA, Wang Z, York NW, Nichols CG, Remedi MS. The role of membrane excitability in pancreatic β-cell glucotoxicity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6952. [PMID: 31061431 PMCID: PMC6502887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent hyperglycemia is causally associated with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss of pancreatic insulin. Glucose normally enhances β-cell excitability through inhibition of KATP channels, opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels, increased [Ca2+]i, which triggers insulin secretion. Glucose-dependent excitability is lost in islets from KATP-knockout (KATP-KO) mice, in which β-cells are permanently hyperexcited, [Ca2+]i, is chronically elevated and insulin is constantly secreted. Mouse models of human neonatal diabetes in which KATP gain-of-function mutations are expressed in β-cells (KATP-GOF) also lose the link between glucose metabolism and excitation-induced insulin secretion, but in this case KATP-GOF β-cells are chronically underexcited, with permanently low [Ca2+]i and lack of glucose-dependent insulin secretion. We used KATP-GOF and KATP-KO islets to examine the role of altered-excitability in glucotoxicity. Wild-type islets showed rapid loss of insulin content when chronically incubated in high-glucose, an effect that was reversed by subsequently switching to low glucose media. In contrast, hyperexcitable KATP-KO islets lost insulin content in both low- and high-glucose, while underexcitable KATP-GOF islets maintained insulin content in both conditions. Loss of insulin content in chronic excitability was replicated by pharmacological inhibition of KATP by glibenclamide, The effects of hyperexcitable and underexcitable islets on glucotoxicity observed in in vivo animal models are directly opposite to the effects observed in vitro: we clearly demonstrate here that in vitro, hyperexcitability is detrimental to islets whereas underexcitability is protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat A Shyr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.,Endocrine Consultants Northwest, Franciscan Medical Group, 1628 South Mildred St. Suite 104, Tacoma, WA, 98465, USA
| | - Nathaniel W York
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.,Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Maria S Remedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA. .,Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.
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17
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Nishimura T, Tanaka M, Saisho Y, Miyakoshi K, Tanaka M, Itoh H. Lower serum total bilirubin concentration is associated with higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Japanese pregnant women. Endocr J 2018; 65:1199-1208. [PMID: 30305483 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to clarify the pathophysiological significance of total bilirubin (TB) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This was a cross-sectional study that included 616 pregnant Japanese women (368 normal glucose tolerance [NGT] and 248 GDM). Serum TB concentration, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and other clinical parameters were compared in NGT and GDM women. TB concentration was also compared according to the number of abnormal OGTT values. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between TB and GDM prevalence. A multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate the association between TB and HOMA-IR. TB concentrations were significantly lower in GDM women than in NGT women. This result did not change after adjustments for TB sampling timing were made. Out of 248 GDM women, the prevalences of 1- and 2/3- abnormal OGTT values (1- and 2/3-AV) GDM were 72.2% (n = 179) and 27.8% (n = 69), respectively. In the multiple comparisons, TB concentrations were significantly lower in women with 2/3-AV GDM than in women with NGT and 1-AV GDM. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TB was a significantly associated factor for 2/3-AV, but not for total GDM. HOMA-IR was significantly higher in GDM women than in NGT women. The univariate, but not multivariate, analysis showed that TB was a significantly associated factor for HOMA-IR. Our findings suggest that hypobilirubinemia may be involved in the pathogenesis of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masami Tanaka
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Saisho
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Miyakoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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18
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Emfinger CH, Yan Z, Welscher A, Hung P, McAllister W, Hruz PW, Nichols CG, Remedi MS. Contribution of systemic inflammation to permanence of K ATP-induced neonatal diabetes in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1121-E1132. [PMID: 30226997 PMCID: PMC6336961 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00137.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels cause neonatal diabetes. Despite the well-established genetic root of the disease, pathways modulating disease severity and treatment effectiveness remain poorly understood. Patient phenotypes can vary from severe diabetes to remission, even in individuals with the same mutation and within the same family, suggesting that subtle modifiers can influence disease outcome. We have tested the underlying mechanism of transient vs. permanent neonatal diabetes in KATP-GOF mice treated for 14 days with glibenclamide. Some KATP-GOF mice show remission of diabetes and enhanced insulin sensitivity long after diabetes treatment has ended, while others maintain severe insulin-resistance. However, insulin sensitivity is not different between the two groups before or during diabetes induction, suggesting that improved sensitivity is a consequence, rather than the cause of, remission, implicating other factors modulating glucose early in diabetes progression. Leptin, glucagon, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 are not different between remitters and nonremitters. However, liver glucose production is significantly reduced before transgene induction in remitter, relative to nonremitter and nontreated, mice. Surprisingly, while subsequent remitter animals exhibited normal serum cytokines, nonremitter mice showed increased cytokines, which paralleled the divergence in blood glucose. Together, these results suggest that systemic inflammation may play a role in the remitting versus non-remitting outcome. Supporting this conclusion, treatment with the anti-inflammatory meloxicam significantly increased the fraction of remitting animals. Beyond neonatal diabetes, the potential for inflammation and glucose production to exacerbate other forms of diabetes from a compensated state to a glucotoxic state should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Emfinger
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zihan Yan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alecia Welscher
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter Hung
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William McAllister
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paul W Hruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Maria S Remedi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
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19
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Yan Z, Shyr ZA, Fortunato M, Welscher A, Alisio M, Martino M, Finck BN, Conway H, Remedi MS. High-fat-diet-induced remission of diabetes in a subset of K ATP -GOF insulin-secretory-deficient mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2574-2584. [PMID: 29896801 PMCID: PMC6407888 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effects of a high-fat-diet (HFD) on monogenic neonatal diabetes, without the confounding effects of compensatory hyperinsulinaemia. METHODS Mice expressing KATP channel gain-of-function (KATP -GOF) mutations, which models human neonatal diabetes, were fed an HFD. RESULTS Surprisingly, KATP -GOF mice exhibited resistance to HFD-induced obesity, accompanied by markedly divergent blood glucose control, with some KATP -GOF mice showing persistent diabetes (KATP -GOF-non-remitter [NR] mice) and others showing remission of diabetes (KATP -GOF-remitter [R] mice). Compared with the severely diabetic and insulin-resistant KATP -GOF-NR mice, HFD-fed KATP -GOF-R mice had lower blood glucose, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased circulating plasma insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations. Strikingly, while HFD-fed KATP -GOF-NR mice showed increased food intake and decreased physical activity, reduced whole body fat mass and increased plasma lipids, KATP -GOF-R mice showed similar features to those of control littermates. Importantly, KATP -GOF-R mice had restored insulin content and β-cell mass compared with the marked loss observed in both HFD-fed KATP -GOF-NR and chow-fed KATP -GOF mice. CONCLUSION Together, our results suggest that restriction of dietary carbohydrates and caloric replacement by fat can induce metabolic changes that are beneficial in reducing glucotoxicity and secondary consequences of diabetes in a mouse model of insulin-secretory deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Yan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Zeenat A. Shyr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Manuela Fortunato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Alecia Welscher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Mariana Alisio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Michael Martino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Hannah Conway
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Maria S. Remedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Address all correspondence and reprint requests to MSR: Ph: (314) 362-6636,
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20
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The Polycomb-Dependent Epigenome Controls β Cell Dysfunction, Dedifferentiation, and Diabetes. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1294-1308.e7. [PMID: 29754954 PMCID: PMC5989056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, it remains largely unclear to what extent chromatin machinery contributes to the susceptibility and progression of complex diseases. Here, we combine deep epigenome mapping with single-cell transcriptomics to mine for evidence of chromatin dysregulation in type 2 diabetes. We find two chromatin-state signatures that track β cell dysfunction in mice and humans: ectopic activation of bivalent Polycomb-silenced domains and loss of expression at an epigenomically unique class of lineage-defining genes. β cell-specific Polycomb (Eed/PRC2) loss of function in mice triggers diabetes-mimicking transcriptional signatures and highly penetrant, hyperglycemia-independent dedifferentiation, indicating that PRC2 dysregulation contributes to disease. The work provides novel resources for exploring β cell transcriptional regulation and identifies PRC2 as necessary for long-term maintenance of β cell identity. Importantly, the data suggest a two-hit (chromatin and hyperglycemia) model for loss of β cell identity in diabetes.
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21
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Bensellam M, Jonas JC, Laybutt DR. Mechanisms of β-cell dedifferentiation in diabetes: recent findings and future research directions. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R109-R143. [PMID: 29203573 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Like all the cells of an organism, pancreatic β-cells originate from embryonic stem cells through a complex cellular process termed differentiation. Differentiation involves the coordinated and tightly controlled activation/repression of specific effectors and gene clusters in a time-dependent fashion thereby giving rise to particular morphological and functional cellular features. Interestingly, cellular differentiation is not a unidirectional process. Indeed, growing evidence suggests that under certain conditions, mature β-cells can lose, to various degrees, their differentiated phenotype and cellular identity and regress to a less differentiated or a precursor-like state. This concept is termed dedifferentiation and has been proposed, besides cell death, as a contributing factor to the loss of functional β-cell mass in diabetes. β-cell dedifferentiation involves: (1) the downregulation of β-cell-enriched genes, including key transcription factors, insulin, glucose metabolism genes, protein processing and secretory pathway genes; (2) the concomitant upregulation of genes suppressed or expressed at very low levels in normal β-cells, the β-cell forbidden genes; and (3) the likely upregulation of progenitor cell genes. These alterations lead to phenotypic reconfiguration of β-cells and ultimately defective insulin secretion. While the major role of glucotoxicity in β-cell dedifferentiation is well established, the precise mechanisms involved are still under investigation. This review highlights the identified molecular mechanisms implicated in β-cell dedifferentiation including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and hypoxia. It discusses the role of Foxo1, Myc and inhibitor of differentiation proteins and underscores the emerging role of non-coding RNAs. Finally, it proposes a novel hypothesis of β-cell dedifferentiation as a potential adaptive mechanism to escape cell death under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bensellam
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Université Catholique de LouvainInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Université Catholique de LouvainInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical SchoolUNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Bonner-Weir S. Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration as a Possible Therapy for Diabetes. Cell Metab 2018; 27:57-67. [PMID: 28889951 PMCID: PMC5762410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is the result of having inadequate supply of functional insulin-producing β cells. Two possible approaches for replenishing the β cells are: (1) replacement by transplanting cadaveric islets or β cells derived from human embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells and (2) induction of endogenous regeneration. This review focuses on endogenous regeneration, which can follow two pathways: enhanced replication of existing β cells and formation of new β cells from cells not expressing insulin, either by conversion from a differentiated cell type (transdifferentiation) or differentiation from progenitors (neogenesis). Exciting progress on both pathways suggest that regeneration may have therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Rorsman P, Ashcroft FM. Pancreatic β-Cell Electrical Activity and Insulin Secretion: Of Mice and Men. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:117-214. [PMID: 29212789 PMCID: PMC5866358 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic β-cell plays a key role in glucose homeostasis by secreting insulin, the only hormone capable of lowering the blood glucose concentration. Impaired insulin secretion results in the chronic hyperglycemia that characterizes type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which currently afflicts >450 million people worldwide. The healthy β-cell acts as a glucose sensor matching its output to the circulating glucose concentration. It does so via metabolically induced changes in electrical activity, which culminate in an increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and initiation of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the β-cell transcriptome, electrical activity, and insulin exocytosis. We highlight salient differences between mouse and human β-cells, provide models of how the different ion channels contribute to their electrical activity and insulin secretion, and conclude by discussing how these processes become perturbed in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Ashcroft
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Yolcu ES, Shirwan H, Askenasy N. Fas/Fas-Ligand Interaction As a Mechanism of Immune Homeostasis and β-Cell Cytotoxicity: Enforcement Rather Than Neutralization for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:342. [PMID: 28396667 PMCID: PMC5366321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Esma S Yolcu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY , USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY , USA
| | - Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory of Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation , Petach Tikva , Israel
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25
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Rui J, Deng S, Arazi A, Perdigoto AL, Liu Z, Herold KC. β Cells that Resist Immunological Attack Develop during Progression of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice. Cell Metab 2017; 25:727-738. [PMID: 28190773 PMCID: PMC5342930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that involves immune-mediated destruction of β cells. How β cells respond to immune attack is unknown. We identified a population of β cells during the progression of T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that survives immune attack. This population develops from normal β cells confronted with islet infiltrates. Pathways involving cell movement, growth and proliferation, immune responses, and cell death and survival are activated in these cells. There is reduced expression of β cell identity genes and diabetes antigens and increased immune inhibitory markers and stemness genes. This new subpopulation is resistant to killing when diabetes is precipitated with cyclophosphamide. Human β cells show similar changes when cultured with immune cells. These changes may account for the chronicity of the disease and the long-term survival of β cells in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Rui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Songyan Deng
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arnon Arazi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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26
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Lee SE, Lee YB, Jun JE, Jin SM, Jee JH, Bae JC, Kim JH. Increment of serum bilirubin as an independent marker predicting new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Korean population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:234-240. [PMID: 27989511 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several cross-sectional studies reported that serum bilirubin concentrations had an inverse association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between percentage change in bilirubin levels (PCB) and incident risk of T2DM using a longitudinal model. METHODS AND RESULTS 22,084 participants who received regular health check-ups between 2006 and 2012 were enrolled. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were used to determine the hazard ratio (HR) of incident T2DM based on PCB. PCB was determined by subtracting baseline serum bilirubin level (BB) from the bilirubin level at the end of follow-up or a year before the last date of diagnosis, dividing by BB and multiplying by 100. Compared to non-diabetics, BB was lower in the diabetic group at the initial visit. There were 20,098 participants without T2DM at the initial visit; 1253 new cases occurred during follow-up. As PCB increased, T2DM incidence also increased (P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, the HR of incident T2DM in the highest PCB quartile was 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76-2.46). This trend remained significant when PCB was analyzed as a continuous variable (HR for 1-SD increment, 1.25; 95% CI 1.19-1.31). Additional analysis comparing the rate of PCB during the follow-up period revealed that the serum bilirubin level of the Incident T2DM group increased before T2DM development and decreased rapidly thereafter compared to others (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Bilirubin level increment over time is associated with T2DM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-E Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-B Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Jun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-M Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Jee
- Center for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J C Bae
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. Glucose Driven Changes in Beta Cell Identity Are Important for Function and Possibly Autoimmune Vulnerability during the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Genet 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28174593 PMCID: PMC5258704 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This commentary explores the hypothesis that when autoimmunity leads to a fall of beta cell mass during the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D), rising glucose levels cause major changes in beta cell identity. This then leads to profound changes in secretory function and less well-understood changes in beta cell susceptibility to autoimmune destruction, which may influence of rate of progression of beta cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Lee YB, Lee SE, Jun JE, Jee JH, Bae JC, Jin SM, Kim JH. Change in Serum Bilirubin Level as a Predictor of Incident Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168253. [PMID: 27936224 PMCID: PMC5148095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Serum bilirubin level was negatively associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in previous cross-sectional studies. However, bilirubin variance preceding the development of MetS has yet to be investigated. We aimed to determine the effect of change in bilirubin concentration on the risk of incident MetS in healthy Korean adults. Methods We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study of subjects who had undergone at least four yearly health check-ups between 2006 and 2012. Of 24,185 total individuals who received annual check-ups, 11,613 non-MetS participants with a baseline bilirubin level not exceeding 34.2 μmol/l were enrolled. We evaluated the association between percent change in bilirubin and risk of incident MetS. Results During 55,407 person-years of follow-up, 2,439 cases of incident MetS developed (21.0%). Baseline serum bilirubin level clearly showed no association with the development of MetS in men but an independent significant inverse association in women which attenuated (hence may be mediated) by elevated homeostatic model assessment index 2 for insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR). However, increased risk for incident MetS was observed in higher percent change in bilirubin quartiles, with hazard ratios of 2.415 (95% CI 2.094–2.785) in men and 2.156 (95% CI 1.738–2.675) in women in the fourth quartile, compared to the lowest quartile, after adjusting for age, smoking status, medication history, alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate, fasting glucose, baseline diabetes mellitus prevalence, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and body mass index. The hazard ratios per one standard deviation increase in percent change in bilirubin as a continuous variable were 1.277 (95% CI 1.229–1.326) in men and 1.366 (95% CI 1.288–1.447) in women. Conclusions Increases in serum bilirubin concentration were positively associated with a higher risk of incident MetS. Serum bilirubin increment might be a sensitive marker for the development of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Bin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jee
- Department of Health Promotion Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Cheol Bae
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, MasanHoiwon-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Man Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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30
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Remedi MS, Emfinger C. Pancreatic β-cell identity in diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:110-6. [PMID: 27615139 PMCID: PMC5021188 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of functional β-cell mass continues to be an ongoing challenge in treating diabetes. Initial work studying β-cells suggested apoptotic β-cell death as a main contributor for the loss of β-cell mass in diabetes. Restoration of β-cells either by transplant or stimulating proliferation of remaining β-cells or precursors would then logically be a viable therapeutic option for diabetes. However, recent work has highlighted the inherent β-cell plasticity and the critical role of loss of β-cell identity in diabetes, and has suggested that β-cells fail to maintain a fully differentiated glucose-responsive and drug-responsive state, particularly in diabetic individuals with poorly controlled, long-lasting periods of hyperglycaemia. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of loss of β-cell identity and conversion in other cell types, as well as how to regain their mature differentiated functional state, is critical to develop novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse these processes. In this review, we discuss the role of plasticity and loss of β-cell identity in diabetes, the current understanding of mechanisms involved in altering this mature functional β-cell state and potential progresses to identify novel therapeutic targets providing better opportunities for slowing or preventing diabetes progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Remedi
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - C Emfinger
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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31
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Panigrahy SK, Bhatt R, Kumar A. Reactive oxygen species: sources, consequences and targeted therapy in type 2 diabetes. J Drug Target 2016; 25:93-101. [PMID: 27356044 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1207650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a central mediator in the progression of diabetic complication. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress and it is raised from the mitochondria as well as by activation of five major pathways: increased polyol pathway flux, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), over activity of hexosamine pathway and increased production of angiotensin II. The increased ROS through these pathways leads to β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, responsible for cell damage and death. This review not only highlights the sources of ROS production and their involvement in the progression of diabetes, but also emphasizes on pharmacological interventions and targeting of ROS in type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes the ROS as potential therapeutic targets, based on a putative mechanism in the progression of the diabetes. It also summarizes current knowledge of ROS activation in type 2 diabetes as well as ROS as a possible target for its treatment. Eventually, it would be a promising target for various strategies and drugs to modulate ROS levels in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Kumari Panigrahy
- a Department of Biotechnology , Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (a Central University) , Bilaspur , India
| | - Renu Bhatt
- a Department of Biotechnology , Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (a Central University) , Bilaspur , India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- b Department of Biotechnology , National Institute of Technology (NIT) , Raipur , India
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Jurczyk A, Nowosielska A, Przewozniak N, Aryee KE, DiIorio P, Blodgett D, Yang C, Campbell-Thompson M, Atkinson M, Shultz L, Rittenhouse A, Harlan D, Greiner D, Bortell R. Beyond the brain: disrupted in schizophrenia 1 regulates pancreatic β-cell function via glycogen synthase kinase-3β. FASEB J 2016; 30:983-93. [PMID: 26546129 PMCID: PMC4714549 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives have higher rates of type 2 diabetes (T2D) than the general population (18-30 vs. 1.2-6.3%), independent of body mass index and antipsychotic medication, suggesting shared genetic components may contribute to both diseases. The cause of this association remains unknown. Mutations in disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders [logarithm (base 10) of odds = 7.1]. Here, we identified DISC1 as a major player controlling pancreatic β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion via regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). DISC1 expression was enriched in developing mouse and human pancreas and adult β- and ductal cells. Loss of DISC1 function, through siRNA-mediated depletion or expression of a dominant-negative truncation that models the chromosomal translocation of human DISC1 in schizophrenia, resulted in decreased β-cell proliferation (3 vs. 1%; P < 0.01), increased apoptosis (0.1 vs. 0.6%; P < 0.01), and glucose intolerance in transgenic mice. Insulin secretion was reduced (0.5 vs. 0.1 ng/ml; P < 0.05), and critical β-cell transcription factors Pdx1 and Nkx6.1 were significantly decreased. Impaired DISC1 allowed inappropriate activation of GSK3β in β cells, and antagonizing GSK3β (SB216763; IC50 = 34.3 nM) rescued the β-cell defects. These results uncover an unexpected role for DISC1 in normal β-cell physiology and suggest that DISC1 dysregulation contributes to T2D independently of its importance for cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jurczyk
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Anetta Nowosielska
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Natalia Przewozniak
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Ken-Edwin Aryee
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Philip DiIorio
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - David Blodgett
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Chaoxing Yang
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Martha Campbell-Thompson
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Mark Atkinson
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Leonard Shultz
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Ann Rittenhouse
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - David Harlan
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Dale Greiner
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Rita Bortell
- *Diabetes Center of Excellence, Program in Molecular Medicine, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
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Ha J, Satin LS, Sherman AS. A Mathematical Model of the Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Reversal of Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrinology 2016; 157:624-35. [PMID: 26709417 PMCID: PMC4733125 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is generally thought to result from the combination of 2 metabolic defects, insulin resistance, which increases the level of insulin required to maintain glucose within the normal range, and failure of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells to compensate for the increased demand. We build on a mathematical model pioneered by Topp and colleagues to elucidate how compensation succeeds or fails. Their model added a layer of slow negative feedback to the classic insulin-glucose loop in the form of a slow, glucose-dependent birth and death law governing β-cell mass. We add to that model regulation of 2 aspects of β-cell function on intermediate time scales. The model quantifies the relative contributions of insulin action and insulin secretion defects to T2D and explains why prevention is easier than cure. The latter is a consequence of a threshold separating the normoglycemic and diabetic states (bistability), which also underlies the success of bariatric surgery and acute caloric restriction in rapidly reversing T2D. The threshold concept gives new insight into "Starling's Law of the Pancreas," whereby insulin secretion is higher for prediabetics and early diabetics than for normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling (J.H., A.S.S.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Diabetes Research Center (L.S.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Leslie S Satin
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling (J.H., A.S.S.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Diabetes Research Center (L.S.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Arthur S Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling (J.H., A.S.S.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Diabetes Research Center (L.S.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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Shimo N, Matsuoka TA, Miyatsuka T, Takebe S, Tochino Y, Takahara M, Kaneto H, Shimomura I. Short-term selective alleviation of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity ameliorates the suppressed expression of key β-cell factors under diabetic conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:948-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Shi YC, Loh K, Bensellam M, Lee K, Zhai L, Lau J, Cantley J, Luzuriaga J, Laybutt DR, Herzog H. Pancreatic PYY Is Critical in the Control of Insulin Secretion and Glucose Homeostasis in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3122-36. [PMID: 26125465 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion is tightly controlled through coordinated actions of a number of systemic and local factors. Peptide YY (PYY) is expressed in α-cells of the islet, but its role in control of islet function such as insulin release is not clear. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse model (Pyy(tg/+)/Rip-Cre) overexpressing the Pyy gene under the control of the rat insulin 2 gene promoter and assessed the impact of islet-released PYY on β-cell function, insulin release, and glucose homeostasis in mice. Our results show that up-regulation of PYY in islet β-cells leads to an increase in serum insulin levels as well as improved glucose tolerance. Interestingly, PYY-overproducing mice show increased lean mass and reduced fat mass with no significant changes in food intake or body weight. Energy expenditure is also increased accompanied by increased respiratory exchange ratio. Mechanistically, the enhanced insulin levels and improved glucose tolerance are primarily due to increased β-cell mass and secretion. This is associated with alterations in the expression of genes important for β-cell proliferation and function as well as the maintenance of the β-cell phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrate that pancreatic islet-derived PYY plays an important role in controlling glucose homeostasis through the modulation of β-cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Kim Loh
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Bensellam
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Kailun Lee
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhai
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Lau
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - James Cantley
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Jude Luzuriaga
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., K.Le., L.Z., J.La., H.H.) and Diabetes and Metabolism (M.B., J.C., J.Lu., D.R.L.) Divisions, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (Y.-C.S., K.Lo., J.C., D.R.L., H.H.), UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (J.C.), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX United Kingdom
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Boonnate P, Waraasawapati S, Hipkaeo W, Pethlert S, Sharma A, Selmi C, Prasongwattana V, Cha’on U. Monosodium Glutamate Dietary Consumption Decreases Pancreatic β-Cell Mass in Adult Wistar Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131595. [PMID: 26121281 PMCID: PMC4487683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The amount of dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG) is increasing worldwide, in parallel with the epidemics of metabolic syndrome. Parenteral administration of MSG to rodents induces obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. However, the impact of dietary MSG is still being debated. We investigated the morphological and functional effects of prolonged MSG consumption on rat glucose metabolism and on pancreatic islet histology. Methods Eighty adult male Wistar rats were randomly subdivided into 4 groups, and test rats in each group were supplemented with MSG for a different duration (1, 3, 6, or 9 months, n=20 for each group). All rats were fed ad libitum with a standard rat chow and water. Ten test rats in each group were provided MSG 2 mg/g body weight/day in drinking water and the 10 remaining rats in each group served as non-MSG treated controls. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed and serum insulin measured at 9 months. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, or 9 months to examine the histopathology of pancreatic islets. Results MSG-treated rats had significantly lower pancreatic β-cell mass at 1, 6 and 9 months of study. Islet hemorrhages increased with age in all groups and fibrosis was significantly more frequent in MSG-treated rats at 1 and 3 months. Serum insulin levels and glucose tolerance in MSG-treated and untreated rats were similar at all time points we investigated. Conclusion Daily MSG dietary consumption was associated with reduced pancreatic β-cell mass and enhanced hemorrhages and fibrosis, but did not affect glucose homeostasis. We speculate that high dietary MSG intake may exert a negative effect on the pancreas and such effect might become functionally significant in the presence or susceptibility to diabetes or NaCl; future experiments will take these crucial cofactors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanard Boonnate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sakda Waraasawapati
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Supattra Pethlert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Amod Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
- Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Vitoon Prasongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ubon Cha’on
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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37
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Wall ML, Pound LD, Trenary I, O'Brien RM, Young JD. Novel stable isotope analyses demonstrate significant rates of glucose cycling in mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetes 2015; 64:2129-37. [PMID: 25552595 PMCID: PMC4439557 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A polymorphism located in the G6PC2 gene, which encodes an islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit, is the most important common determinant of variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in humans. Studies of G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice suggest that G6pc2 represents a negative regulator of basal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) that acts by hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), thereby reducing glycolytic flux. However, this conclusion conflicts with the very low estimates for the rate of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets, as assessed using radioisotopes. We have reassessed the rate of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets using a novel stable isotope method. The data show much higher levels of glucose cycling than previously reported. In 5 mmol/L glucose, islets from C57BL/6J chow-fed mice cycled ∼16% of net glucose uptake. The cycling rate was further increased at 11 mmol/L glucose. Similar cycling rates were observed using islets from high fat-fed mice. Importantly, glucose cycling was abolished in G6pc2 KO mouse islets, confirming that G6pc2 opposes the action of the glucose sensor glucokinase by hydrolyzing G6P. The demonstration of high rates of glucose cycling in pancreatic islets explains why G6pc2 deletion enhances GSIS and why variants in G6PC2 affect FBG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Wall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN
| | - Lynley D Pound
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
| | - Irina Trenary
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt School of Engineering, Nashville, TN Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN
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38
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Zheng J, Chen T, Zhu Y, Li HQ, Deng XL, Wang QH, Zhang JY, Chen LL. Liraglutide prevents fast weight gain and β-cell dysfunction in male catch-up growth rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1165-76. [PMID: 25710926 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214567614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported recently that after a nutritional growth retardation, rats showed significant weight gain, central fat accumulation, dyslipidemia, and β-cell dysfunction during a catch-up growth (CUG) phase. Here, we investigated whether glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ameliorated the rapid weight gain, central fat deposition, and β-cell dysfunction during the CUG in rats. Sixty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were stratified into four groups including normal control group, CUG group, catch-up growth with liraglutide treatment group, and catch-up growth with liraglutide and exendin 9-39 treatment group. Energy intake, body weight, and body length were monitored. Fat mass percentage was analyzed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid were measured. The β-cell mass was analyzed by morphometric analysis and signaling molecules were examined by Western blot and real-time PCR. Insulin secretion capability was evaluated by hyperglycemic clamp test. Liraglutide prevented weight gain and improved lipid and glucose metabolism in rats under CUG conditions, which were associated with reduced fasting insulin levels and improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Improved β-cell function is found to be associated with increased β-cell replication as determined by β-cell density and insulin-Ki67 dual staining. Furthermore, liraglutide increased islet pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1) and B-cell lymphoma-2 transcript and protein expression, and reduced Procaspase-3 transcript and Caspase-3 p11 subunit protein expression, suggesting that expression of Pdx-1 and reduction of apoptosis may be the mechanisms involved. The therapeutic effects were attenuated in rats co-administered with exendin 9-39, suggesting a GLP-1 receptor-dependent mechanism. These studies revealed that incretin therapy effectively prevented fast weight gain and β-cell dysfunction in rats under conditions of nutrition restriction followed by nutrition excess, which is in part due to enhanced functional β-cell mass and insulin secretory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M2J4A6, Canada
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China Department of Endocrinology, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Hui-Qing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Qing-Hua Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M2J4A6, Canada Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M2J4A6, Canada
| | - Jiao-Yue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Lu-Lu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
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Bloch O, Broide E, Ben-Yehudah G, Cantrell D, Shirin H, Rapoport MJ. Nutrient induced type 2 and chemical induced type 1 experimental diabetes differently modulate gastric GLP-1 receptor expression. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:561353. [PMID: 25893200 PMCID: PMC4393893 DOI: 10.1155/2015/561353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T2DM patients demonstrate reduced GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in their gastric glands. Whether induced T2DM and T1DM differently affect the gastric GLP-1R expression is not known. This study assessed extrapancreatic GLP-1R system in glandular stomach of rodents with different types of experimental diabetes. T2DM and T1DM were induced in Psammomys obesus (PO) by high-energy (HE) diet and by streptozotocin (STZ) in Sprague Dawly (SD) rats, respectively. GLP-1R expression was determined in glandular stomach by RT PCR and immunohistomorphological analysis. The mRNA expression and cellular association of the GLP-1R in principal glands were similar in control PO and SD rats. However, nutrient and chemical induced diabetes resulted in opposite alterations of glandular GLP-1R expression. Diabetic PO demonstrated increased GLP-1R mRNA expression, intensity of cellular GLP-1R immunostaining, and frequency of GLP-1R positive cells in the neck area of principal glands compared with controls. In contrast, SD diabetic rats demonstrated decreased GLP-1 mRNA, cellular GLP-1R immunoreactivity, and frequency of GLP-1R immunoreactive cells in the neck area compared with controls. In conclusion, nutrient and chemical induced experimental diabetes result in distinct opposite alterations of GLP-1R expression in glandular stomach. These results suggest that induced T1DM and T2DM may differently modulate GLP-1R system in enteropancreatic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bloch
- Diabetes and Immunology Research Laboratory, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
| | - Efrat Broide
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
| | - Gilad Ben-Yehudah
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
| | - Dror Cantrell
- Department of Internal Medicine “C”, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
| | - Haim Shirin
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
| | - Micha J. Rapoport
- Diabetes and Immunology Research Laboratory, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
- Department of Internal Medicine “C”, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
- *Micha J. Rapoport:
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40
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Kone M, Pullen TJ, Sun G, Ibberson M, Martinez-Sanchez A, Sayers S, Nguyen-Tu MS, Kantor C, Swisa A, Dor Y, Gorman T, Ferrer J, Thorens B, Reimann F, Gribble F, McGinty JA, Chen L, French PM, Birzele F, Hildebrandt T, Uphues I, Rutter GA. LKB1 and AMPK differentially regulate pancreatic β-cell identity. FASEB J 2014; 28:4972-85. [PMID: 25070369 PMCID: PMC4377859 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fully differentiated pancreatic β cells are essential for normal glucose homeostasis in mammals. Dedifferentiation of these cells has been suggested to occur in type 2 diabetes, impairing insulin production. Since chronic fuel excess ("glucotoxicity") is implicated in this process, we sought here to identify the potential roles in β-cell identity of the tumor suppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1/STK11) and the downstream fuel-sensitive kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Highly β-cell-restricted deletion of each kinase in mice, using an Ins1-controlled Cre, was therefore followed by physiological, morphometric, and massive parallel sequencing analysis. Loss of LKB1 strikingly (2.0-12-fold, E<0.01) increased the expression of subsets of hepatic (Alb, Iyd, Elovl2) and neuronal (Nptx2, Dlgap2, Cartpt, Pdyn) genes, enhancing glutamate signaling. These changes were partially recapitulated by the loss of AMPK, which also up-regulated β-cell "disallowed" genes (Slc16a1, Ldha, Mgst1, Pdgfra) 1.8- to 3.4-fold (E < 0.01). Correspondingly, targeted promoters were enriched for neuronal (Zfp206; P = 1.3 × 10(-33)) and hypoxia-regulated (HIF1; P = 2.5 × 10(-16)) transcription factors. In summary, LKB1 and AMPK, through only partly overlapping mechanisms, maintain β-cell identity by suppressing alternate pathways leading to neuronal, hepatic, and other characteristics. Selective targeting of these enzymes may provide a new approach to maintaining β-cell function in some forms of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Avital Swisa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tracy Gorman
- AstraZeneca Diabetes and Obesity Drug Discovery, Alderley Edge, UK
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Section of β-Cell Development, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK and
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK and
| | - James A McGinty
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lingling Chen
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul M French
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ingo Uphues
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Ingelheim, Germany
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Possible role of interleukin-1β in type 2 diabetes onset and implications for anti-inflammatory therapy strategies. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003798. [PMID: 25167060 PMCID: PMC4148195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence of a role of chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetes progression has led to the development of therapies targeting the immune system. We develop a model of interleukin-1β dynamics in order to explain principles of disease onset. The parameters in the model are derived from in vitro experiments and patient data. In the framework of this model, an IL-1β switch is sufficient and necessary to account for type 2 diabetes onset. The model suggests that treatments targeting glucose bear the potential of stopping progression from pre-diabetes to overt type 2 diabetes. However, once in overt type 2 diabetes, these treatments have to be complemented by adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapies in order to stop or decelerate disease progression. Moreover, the model suggests that while glucose-lowering therapy needs to be continued all the way, dose and duration of the anti-inflammatory therapy needs to be specifically controlled. The model proposes a framework for the discussion of clinical trial outcomes.
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42
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Reversible changes in pancreatic islet structure and function produced by elevated blood glucose. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4639. [PMID: 25145789 PMCID: PMC4143961 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycaemia due to impaired insulin secretion and aberrant glucagon secretion resulting from changes in pancreatic islet cell function and/or mass. The extent to which hyperglycaemia per se underlies these alterations remains poorly understood. Here we show that β-cell-specific expression of a human activating KATP channel mutation in adult mice leads to rapid diabetes and marked alterations in islet morphology, ultrastructure and gene expression. Chronic hyperglycaemia is associated with a dramatic reduction in insulin-positive cells and an increase in glucagon-positive cells in islets, without alterations in cell turnover. Furthermore, some β-cells begin expressing glucagon, whilst retaining many β-cell characteristics. Hyperglycaemia, rather than KATP channel activation, underlies these changes, as they are prevented by insulin therapy and fully reversed by sulphonylureas. Our data suggest that many changes in islet structure and function associated with diabetes are attributable to hyperglycaemia alone and are reversed when blood glucose is normalized.
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43
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Wang Z, York NW, Nichols CG, Remedi MS. Pancreatic β cell dedifferentiation in diabetes and redifferentiation following insulin therapy. Cell Metab 2014; 19:872-82. [PMID: 24746806 PMCID: PMC4067979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by "glucotoxic" loss of pancreatic β cell function and insulin content, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. A mouse model of insulin-secretory deficiency induced by β cell inexcitability (K(ATP) gain of function) demonstrates development of diabetes and reiterates the features of human neonatal diabetes. In the diabetic state, β cells lose their mature identity and dedifferentiate to neurogenin3-positive and insulin-negative cells. Lineage-tracing experiments show that dedifferentiated cells can subsequently redifferentiate to mature neurogenin3-negative, insulin-positive β cells after lowering of blood glucose by insulin therapy. We demonstrate here that β cell dedifferentiation, rather than apoptosis, is the main mechanism of loss of insulin-positive cells, and redifferentiation accounts for restoration of insulin content and antidiabetic drug responsivity in these animals. These results may help explain gradual decrease in β cell mass in long-standing diabetes and recovery of β cell function and drug responsivity in type 2 diabetic patients following insulin therapy, and they suggest an approach to rescuing "exhausted" β cells in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathaniel W York
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maria S Remedi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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44
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Puri S, Akiyama H, Hebrok M. VHL-mediated disruption of Sox9 activity compromises β-cell identity and results in diabetes mellitus. Genes Dev 2014; 27:2563-75. [PMID: 24298056 PMCID: PMC3861670 DOI: 10.1101/gad.227785.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Cell dysfunction contributes to diabetes mellitus. Puri et al. show that deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau (Vhlh) gene is deleterious to canonical β-cell gene expression. Vhlh loss triggers erroneous expression of factors normally active in progenitor cells, including Sox9. β-Cell-specific expression of Sox9 results in diabetes mellitus. This study reveals that perturbed β-cell identity contributes to diabetes mellitus. Precise functioning of the pancreatic β cell is paramount to whole-body glucose homeostasis, and β-cell dysfunction contributes significantly to diabetes mellitus. Using transgenic mouse models, we demonstrate that deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau (Vhlh) gene (encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase implicated in, among other functions, oxygen sensing in pancreatic β cells) is deleterious to canonical β-cell gene expression. This triggers erroneous expression of factors normally active in progenitor cells, including effectors of the Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling cascades. Significantly, an up-regulation of the transcription factor Sox9, normally excluded from functional β cells, occurs upon deletion of Vhlh. Sox9 plays important roles during pancreas development but does not have a described role in the adult β cell. β-Cell-specific ectopic expression of Sox9 results in diabetes mellitus from similar perturbations in β-cell identity. These findings reveal that assaults on the β cell that impact the differentiation state of the cell have clear implications toward our understanding of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cWnt activator, R-spondin1 (Rspo1), regulates β-cell growth, function, and neogenesis, although its role in conditions such as streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes is unknown. We hypothesized that Rspo1 deficiency enhances β-cell neogenesis in STZ-induced diabetes. METHODS Wild-type (Rspo1) and knockout (Rspo1) mice were injected with STZ (40 mg/kg) for 5 days, followed by analysis of oral glucose and insulin tolerance, and were killed on day 6 (acute; 9-11 mice) or 32 (chronic; 11-16 mice). Immunohistochemistry was performed for β-cell apoptosis, proliferation, neogenesis, and markers of β-cell maturity. RESULTS There was no difference in oral glucose handling between STZ-induced Rspo1 and Rspo1 mice, although Rspo1 mice demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity. β-cell mass, islet number, and islet size distribution did not differ between STZ-induced Rspo1 and Rspo1 mice, but Rspo1 animals had reduced β-cell apoptosis and increased numbers of insulin-positive ductal cells, indicating β-cell neogenesis. Furthermore, the increased β-cell regeneration observed in the Rspo1 animals was associated with a more differentiated/mature β-cell phenotype as assessed by increased immunopositivity for Nkx6.1, MafA, and GLUT2. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Rspo1 is a negative regulator of β-cell neogenesis, development, and survival in the face of STZ-induced diabetes, providing a therapeutic target for the enhancement of β-cell mass.
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Lu B, Bai Y, Du Z, Chen S, Deligema D, Pang Z. The effect of Chinese medicine Pu-Ren-Dan on pancreatic angiogenesis in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2013; 45:556-62. [PMID: 24347761 PMCID: PMC3847243 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.121364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The islet vascular system is critical for β-cell function. This study investigated the antidiabetic effect of the Chinese Pu-Ren-Dan (PRD) recipe by regulating the pancreatic angiogenic factors in T2DM rats. Materials Methods: High fat diet/streptozotocin-induced obese type-2 diabetes mellitus rats were developed and treated with PRD for 4 weeks. Then glucolipid metabolism, insulin secretion, pancreatic blood flow, ultrastructure of islet β-cell, histological changes of islet and protein expressions of pancreatic angiogenic factors were investigated. Results: PRD-reduced T2DM rats’ body weight and blood glucose level resisted the lipid metabolism disturbance, and ameliorated the insulin resistance and β-cell function. In addition, the histological and morphological studies proved that PRD could maintain the normal distribution of endocrine cell in islet and normal ultrastructure of β cell. An increased pancreatic blood flow was observed after the PRD treatment. In the investigation of pancreatic angiogenic factors, PRD inhibited the decreased expression of VEGF and Ang-1, and reversed the reduction of VEGFR2 and Tie2 phosphorylation in T2DM rats; the Ang-2 and TGFβ expression were up-regulated by PRD while PKC was activated; endostatin and angiostatin were down-regulated by PRD. Conclusions: The results suggest that increasing VEGF expression, regulating VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling, stimulating Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling pathway, and inhibiting PKC-TGFβ signaling and antiangiogenic factors might be the underlying mechanism of PRD's antidiabetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binan Lu
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Bai
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Du
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - D Deligema
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zongran Pang
- Institute of Chinese Minority Traditional Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Xin G, DU J, Wang YT, Liang TT. Effect of oxidative stress on heme oxygenase-1 expression in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:478-482. [PMID: 24396429 PMCID: PMC3881034 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-oxidative stress effect of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression is being increasingly studied. However, few studies regarding HO-1 have been conducted in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In the present study, HO-1 expression was compared in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy in patients with GDM and healthy females, to investigate the correlation between HO-1 and oxidative stress by calculation of MDA content in the peripheral blood serum (thiobarbituric acid method), tested ROS (flow cytometry method), HO-1mRNA (RT-PCR method), and HO-1 protein (western blotting method) of Mononuclear cells. The results show that the levels of serum malonaldehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), HO-1 mRNA and HO-1 protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were higher in the GDM group than in the control group. Correlation analysis showed that the expression levels of HO-1 protein were positively correlated with the HO-1 mRNA expression levels (r=0.680; P=0.000), and the levels of ROS (r=0.572; P=0.000) and MDA (r=0.614; P=0.000). HO-1 mRNA expression levels were found to positively correlate with the levels of MDA (r=0.451; P=0.010) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG; r=0.337; P=0.039). Partial correlation analysis demonstrated that, after removing the effects of body mass index, FPG and 2-h plasma glucose, HO-1 protein expression levels were positively correlated with the levels of HO-1 mRNA expression (r=0.611; P=0.005), ROS (r=0.526; P=0.021) and MDA (r=0.519; P=0.015). These findings indicate that pregnant females with GDM may be protected against oxidative injury due to the induction of adaptive and compensatory expression of HO-1 to guard against oxidative stress induced by high glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Juan DU
- Department of Obstetrisc, Women and Children's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Tao Wang
- Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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O'Brien RM. Moving on from GWAS: functional studies on the G6PC2 gene implicated in the regulation of fasting blood glucose. Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13:768-77. [PMID: 24142592 PMCID: PMC4041587 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-013-0422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in G6PC2 are the most important common determinants of variations in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. Molecular studies examining the functional impact of these SNPs on G6PC2 gene transcription and splicing suggest that they affect FBG by directly modulating G6PC2 expression. This conclusion is supported by studies on G6pc2 knockout (KO) mice showing that G6pc2 represents a negative regulator of basal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that acts by hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate, thereby reducing glycolytic flux and opposing the action of glucokinase. Suppression of G6PC2 activity might, therefore, represent a novel therapy for lowering FBG and the risk of cardiovascular-associated mortality. GWAS and G6pc2 KO mouse studies also suggest that G6PC2 affects other aspects of beta cell function. The evolutionary benefit conferred by G6PC2 remains unclear, but it is unlikely to be related to its ability to modulate FBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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King AJF, Guo Y, Cai D, Hollister-Lock J, Morris B, Salvatori A, Corbett JA, Bonner-Weir S, Shoelson SE, Weir GC. Sustained NF-κB activation and inhibition in β-cells have minimal effects on function and islet transplant outcomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77452. [PMID: 24204831 PMCID: PMC3799630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the transcription factor NF-κB leads to changes in expression of many genes in pancreatic β-cells. However, the role of NF-κB activation in islet transplantation has not been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the state of NF-κB activation would influence the outcome of islet transplantation. Transgenic mice expressing a dominant active IKKβ (constitutively active) or a non-degradable form of IκBα (constitutive inhibition) under control of the rat insulin promoter were generated. Islets from these mice were transplanted into streptozotocin diabetic mice in suboptimal numbers. Further, the effects of salicylate (an inhibitor of NF-κB) treatment of normal islets prior to transplantation, and the effects of salicylate administration to mice prior to and after islet implantation were evaluated. Transplantation outcomes were not affected using islets expressing a non-degradable form of IκBα when compared to wild type controls. However, the transplantation outcomes using islets isolated from mice expressing a constitutively active mutant of NF-κB were marginally worse, although no aberrations of islet function in vitro could be detected. Salicylate treatment of normal islets or mice had no effect on transplantation outcome. The current study draws attention to the complexities of NF-κB in pancreatic beta cells by suggesting that they can adapt with normal or near normal function to both chronic activation and inhibition of this important transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen J. F. King
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yongjing Guo
- Section on Pathophysiology and Molecular Pharmacology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dongsheng Cai
- Section on Pathophysiology and Molecular Pharmacology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brooke Morris
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison Salvatori
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John A. Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Shoelson
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gonzalez A, Merino B, Marroquí L, Ñeco P, Alonso-Magdalena P, Caballero-Garrido E, Vieira E, Soriano S, Gomis R, Nadal A, Quesada I. Insulin hypersecretion in islets from diet-induced hyperinsulinemic obese female mice is associated with several functional adaptations in individual β-cells. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3515-24. [PMID: 23867214 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are generally associated with obesity. Obese nondiabetic individuals develop a compensatory β-cell response to adjust insulin levels to the increased demand, maintaining euglycemia. Although several studies indicate that this compensation relies on structural changes, the existence of β-cell functional adaptations is incompletely understood. Here, we fed female mice with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. These animals became obese, hyperinsulinemic, insulin-resistant, and mildly glucose-intolerant while fed, and fasting glycemia was comparable in HFD and control mice. Islets from HFD animals exhibited increased β-cell mass and hypertrophy. Additionally, they had enhanced insulin gene expression and content and augmented glucose-induced insulin secretion. Electrophysiological examination of β-cells from both groups showed no differences in KATP channel open probability and conductance. However, action potentials elicited by glucose had larger amplitude in obese mice. Glucose-induced Ca²⁺ signals in intact islets, in isolated β-cells, and individual β-cells within islets were also increased in HFD mice. Additionally, a higher proportion of glucose-responsive cells was present in obese mice. In contrast, whole-cell Ca²⁺ current densities were similar in both groups. Capacitance measurements showed that depolarization-evoked exocytosis was enhanced in HFD β-cells compared with controls. Although this augment was not significant when capacitance increases of the whole β-cell population were normalized to cell size, the exocytotic output varied significantly when β-cells were distributed by size ranges. All these findings indicate that β-cell functional adaptations are present in the islet compensatory response to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez
- Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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