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Jiao F, Meng L, Du K, Li X. The autophagy-lysosome pathway: a potential target in the chemical and gene therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:139-158. [PMID: 38767483 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease with movement disorders associated with the intracytoplasmic deposition of aggregate proteins such as α-synuclein in neurons. As one of the major intracellular degradation pathways, the autophagy-lysosome pathway plays an important role in eliminating these proteins. Accumulating evidence has shown that upregulation of the autophagy-lysosome pathway may contribute to the clearance of α-synuclein aggregates and protect against degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, multiple genes associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease are intimately linked to alterations in the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Thus, this pathway appears to be a promising therapeutic target for treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this review, we briefly introduce the machinery of autophagy. Then, we provide a description of the effects of Parkinson's disease-related genes on the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Finally, we highlight the potential chemical and genetic therapeutic strategies targeting the autophagy-lysosome pathway and their applications in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Jiao
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingyan Meng
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kang Du
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Sevegnani M, Lama A, Girardi F, Hess MW, Castelo MP, Pichler I, Biressi S, Piccoli G. Parkin R274W mutation affects muscle and mitochondrial physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167302. [PMID: 38878834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Recessive mutations in the Parkin gene (PRKN) are the most common cause of young-onset inherited parkinsonism. Parkin is a multifunctional E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a variety of roles in the cell including the degradation of proteins and the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, integrity, and biogenesis. In 2001, the R275W mutation in the PRKN gene was identified in two unrelated families with a multigenerational history of postural tremor, dystonia and parkinsonism. Drosophila models of Parkin R275W showed selective and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal clusters, mitochondrial abnormalities, and prominent climbing defects. In the Prkn mouse orthologue, the amino acid R274 corresponds to human R275. Here we described an age-related motor impairment and a muscle phenotype in R274W +/+ mice. In vitro, Parkin R274W mutation correlates with abnormal myoblast differentiation, mitochondrial defects, and alteration in mitochondrial mRNA and protein levels. Our data suggest that the Parkin R274W mutation may impact mitochondrial physiology and eventually myoblast proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Michael W Hess
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Paulina Castelo
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
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3
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Trease AJ, Totusek S, Lichter EZ, Stauch KL, Fox HS. Mitochondrial DNA Instability Supersedes Parkin Mutations in Driving Mitochondrial Proteomic Alterations and Functional Deficits in Polg Mutator Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6441. [PMID: 38928146 PMCID: PMC11203920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control is essential in mitochondrial function. To examine the importance of Parkin-dependent mechanisms in mitochondrial quality control, we assessed the impact of modulating Parkin on proteome flux and mitochondrial function in a context of reduced mtDNA fidelity. To accomplish this, we crossed either the Parkin knockout mouse or ParkinW402A knock-in mouse lines to the Polg mitochondrial mutator line to generate homozygous double mutants. In vivo longitudinal isotopic metabolic labeling was followed by isolation of liver mitochondria and synaptic terminals from the brain, which are rich in mitochondria. Mass spectrometry and bioenergetics analysis were assessed. We demonstrate that slower mitochondrial protein turnover is associated with loss of mtDNA fidelity in liver mitochondria but not synaptic terminals, and bioenergetic function in both tissues is impaired. Pathway analysis revealed loss of mtDNA fidelity is associated with disturbances of key metabolic pathways, consistent with its association with metabolic disorders and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we find that loss of Parkin leads to exacerbation of Polg-driven proteomic consequences, though it may be bioenergetically protective in tissues exhibiting rapid mitochondrial turnover. Finally, we provide evidence that, surprisingly, dis-autoinhibition of Parkin (ParkinW402A) functionally resembles Parkin knockout and fails to rescue deleterious Polg-driven effects. Our study accomplishes three main outcomes: (1) it supports recent studies suggesting that Parkin dependence is low in response to an increased mtDNA mutational load, (2) it provides evidence of a potential protective role of Parkin insufficiency, and (3) it draws into question the therapeutic attractiveness of enhancing Parkin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Trease
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.J.T.); (S.T.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Steven Totusek
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.J.T.); (S.T.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Eliezer Z. Lichter
- Computational Biomedicine Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Kelly L. Stauch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.J.T.); (S.T.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (A.J.T.); (S.T.); (K.L.S.)
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4
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Song P, Krainc D. Diverse Functions of Parkin in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38858837 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by preferential degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons that contributes to its typical clinical manifestation. Mutations in the parkin gene (PARK2) represent a relatively common genetic cause of early onset PD. Parkin has been implicated in PINK1-dependent mitochondrial quantity control by targeting dysfunctional mitochondria to lysosomes via mitophagy. Recent evidence suggests that parkin can be activated in PINK1-independent manner to regulate synaptic function in human dopaminergic neurons. Neuronal activity triggers CaMKII-mediated activation of parkin and its recruitment to synaptic vesicles where parkin promotes binding of synaptojanin-1 to endophilin A1 and facilitates vesicle endocytosis. In PD patient neurons, disruption of this pathway on loss of parkin leads to defective recycling of synaptic vesicles and accumulation of toxic oxidized dopamine that at least in part explains preferential vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. These findings suggest a convergent mechanism for PD-linked mutations in parkin, synaptojanin-1, and endophilin A1 and highlight synaptic dysfunction as an early pathogenic event in PD. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Song
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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5
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Baninameh Z, Watzlawik JO, Hou X, Richardson T, Kurchaba NW, Yan T, Di Florio DN, Fairweather D, Kang L, Nguyen JH, Kanekiyo T, Dickson DW, Noda S, Sato S, Hattori N, Goldberg MS, Ganley IG, Stauch KL, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Alterations of PINK1-PRKN signaling in mice during normal aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.591753. [PMID: 38746191 PMCID: PMC11092476 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitin kinase-ligase pair PINK1-PRKN identifies and selectively marks damaged mitochondria for elimination via the autophagy-lysosome system (mitophagy). While this cytoprotective pathway has been extensively studied in vitro upon acute and complete depolarization of mitochondria, the significance of PINK1-PRKN mitophagy in vivo is less well established. Here we used a novel approach to study PINK1-PRKN signaling in different energetically demanding tissues of mice during normal aging. We demonstrate a generally increased expression of both genes and enhanced enzymatic activity with aging across tissue types. Collectively our data suggest a distinct regulation of PINK1-PRKN signaling under basal conditions with the most pronounced activation and flux of the pathway in mouse heart compared to brain or skeletal muscle. Our biochemical analyses complement existing mitophagy reporter readouts and provide an important baseline assessment in vivo, setting the stage for further investigations of the PINK1-PRKN pathway during stress and in relevant disease conditions.
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Watzlawik JO, Fiesel FC, Fiorino G, Bustillos BA, Baninameh Z, Markham BN, Hou X, Hayes CS, Bredenberg JM, Kurchaba NW, Fričová D, Siuda J, Wszolek ZK, Noda S, Sato S, Hattori N, Prasad AA, Kirik D, Fox HS, Stauch KL, Goldberg MS, Springer W. Basal activity of PINK1 and PRKN in cell models and rodent brain. Autophagy 2024; 20:1147-1158. [PMID: 38041584 PMCID: PMC11135862 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2286414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin kinase-ligase pair PINK1-PRKN recognizes and transiently labels damaged mitochondria with ubiquitin phosphorylated at Ser65 (p-S65-Ub) to mediate their selective degradation (mitophagy). Complete loss of PINK1 or PRKN function unequivocally leads to early-onset Parkinson disease, but it is debated whether impairments in mitophagy contribute to disease later in life. While the pathway has been extensively studied in cell culture upon acute and massive mitochondrial stress, basal levels of activation under endogenous conditions and especially in vivo in the brain remain undetermined. Using rodent samples, patient-derived cells, and isogenic neurons, we here identified age-dependent, brain region-, and cell type-specific effects and determined expression levels and extent of basal and maximal activation of PINK1 and PRKN. Our work highlights the importance of defining critical risk and therapeutically relevant levels of PINK1-PRKN signaling which will further improve diagnosis and prognosis and will lead to better stratification of patients for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabienne C. Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Gabriella Fiorino
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Zahra Baninameh
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Caleb S. Hayes
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Sachiko Noda
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Sato
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asheeta A. Prasad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kelly L. Stauch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew S. Goldberg
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Filograna R, Gerlach J, Choi HN, Rigoni G, Barbaro M, Oscarson M, Lee S, Tiklova K, Ringnér M, Koolmeister C, Wibom R, Riggare S, Nennesmo I, Perlmann T, Wredenberg A, Wedell A, Motori E, Svenningsson P, Larsson NG. PARKIN is not required to sustain OXPHOS function in adult mammalian tissues. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:93. [PMID: 38684669 PMCID: PMC11058849 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants in the PRKN gene encoding the ubiquitin E3 ligase PARKIN cause autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that PARKIN is involved in multiple pathways of mitochondrial quality control, including mitochondrial degradation and biogenesis. However, these findings are surrounded by substantial controversy due to conflicting experimental data. In addition, the existing PARKIN-deficient mouse models have failed to faithfully recapitulate PD phenotypes. Therefore, we have investigated the mitochondrial role of PARKIN during ageing and in response to stress by employing a series of conditional Parkin knockout mice. We report that PARKIN loss does not affect oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle of aged mice. We also demonstrate that PARKIN deficiency does not exacerbate the brain defects and the pro-inflammatory phenotype observed in mice carrying high levels of mtDNA mutations. To rule out compensatory mechanisms activated during embryonic development of Parkin-deficient mice, we generated a mouse model where loss of PARKIN was induced in adult dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Surprisingly, also these mice did not show motor impairment or neurodegeneration, and no major transcriptional changes were found in isolated midbrain DA neurons. Finally, we report a patient with compound heterozygous PRKN pathogenic variants that lacks PARKIN and has developed PD. The PARKIN deficiency did not impair OXPHOS activities or induce mitochondrial pathology in skeletal muscle from the patient. Altogether, our results argue that PARKIN is dispensable for OXPHOS function in adult mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Filograna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jule Gerlach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hae-Na Choi
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Giovanni Rigoni
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michela Barbaro
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Oscarson
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Tiklova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Ringnér
- Department of Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Camilla Koolmeister
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Wibom
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Riggare
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Nennesmo
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wredenberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wedell
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Motori
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Miano-Burkhardt A, Alvarez Jerez P, Daida K, Bandres Ciga S, Billingsley KJ. The Role of Structural Variants in the Genetic Architecture of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4801. [PMID: 38732020 PMCID: PMC11084710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) significantly impacts millions of individuals worldwide. Although our understanding of the genetic foundations of PD has advanced, a substantial portion of the genetic variation contributing to disease risk remains unknown. Current PD genetic studies have primarily focused on one form of genetic variation, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), while other important forms of genetic variation, such as structural variants (SVs), are mostly ignored due to the complexity of detecting these variants with traditional sequencing methods. Yet, these forms of genetic variation play crucial roles in gene expression and regulation in the human brain and are causative of numerous neurological disorders, including forms of PD. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the involvement of coding and noncoding SVs in the genetic architecture of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Miano-Burkhardt
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.M.-B.); (K.D.)
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.A.J.); (S.B.C.)
| | - Pilar Alvarez Jerez
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.A.J.); (S.B.C.)
| | - Kensuke Daida
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.M.-B.); (K.D.)
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.A.J.); (S.B.C.)
| | - Sara Bandres Ciga
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.A.J.); (S.B.C.)
| | - Kimberley J. Billingsley
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.M.-B.); (K.D.)
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (P.A.J.); (S.B.C.)
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Wang W, Li E, Zou J, Qu C, Ayala J, Wen Y, Islam MS, Weintraub NL, Fulton DJ, Liang Q, Zhou J, Liu J, Li J, Sun Y, Su H. The Ubiquitin Ligase RBX2/SAG Regulates Mitochondrial Ubiquitination and Mitophagy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.24.581168. [PMID: 38464205 PMCID: PMC10925227 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.24.581168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Clearance of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy is crucial for cellular homeostasis. While the role of ubiquitin (Ub) ligase PARKIN in mitophagy has been extensively studied, increasing evidence suggests the existence of PARKIN-independent mitophagy in highly metabolically active organs such as the heart. Here, we identify a crucial role for Cullin-RING Ub ligase 5 (CRL5) in basal mitochondrial turnover in cardiomyocytes. CRL5 is a multi-subunit Ub ligase comprised by the catalytic RING box protein RBX2 (also known as SAG), scaffold protein Cullin 5 (CUL5), and a substrate-recognizing receptor. Analysis of the mitochondrial outer membrane-interacting proteome uncovered a robust association of CRLs with mitochondria. Subcellular fractionation, immunostaining, and immunogold electron microscopy established that RBX2 and Cul5, two core components of CRL5, localizes to mitochondria. Depletion of RBX2 inhibited mitochondrial ubiquitination and turnover, impaired mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration, and increased cell death in cardiomyocytes. In vivo , deletion of the Rbx2 gene in adult mouse hearts suppressed mitophagic activity, provoked accumulation of damaged mitochondria in the myocardium, and disrupted myocardial metabolism, leading to rapid development of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Similarly, ablation of RBX2 in the developing heart resulted in dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Notably, the action of RBX2 in mitochondria is not dependent on PARKIN, and PARKIN gene deletion had no impact on the onset and progression of cardiomyopathy in RBX2-deficient hearts. Furthermore, RBX2 controls the stability of PINK1 in mitochondria. Proteomics and biochemical analyses further revealed a global impact of RBX2 deficiency on the mitochondrial proteome and identified several mitochondrial proteins as its putative substrates. These findings identify RBX2-CRL5 as a mitochondrial Ub ligase that controls mitophagy under physiological conditions in a PARKIN-independent, PINK1-dependent manner, thereby regulating cardiac homeostasis.
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10
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Nakai A, Fukushima Y, Yamamoto A, Amatsu Y, Chen X, Nishigori M, Yoshioka Y, Kaneko M, Koshiba T, Watanabe T. Increased ROS levels in mitochondrial outer membrane protein Mul1-deficient oocytes result in abnormal preimplantation embryogenesis. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38639871 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with oocyte maturation inhibition, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) partially reduces their harmful effects. Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase 1 (Mul1) localizes to the mitochondrial outer membrane. We found that female Mul1-deficient mice are infertile, and their oocytes contain high ROS concentrations. After fertilization, Mul1-deficient embryos showed a DNA damage response (DDR) and abnormal preimplantation embryogenesis, which was rescued by NAC addition and ROS depletion. These observations clearly demonstrate that loss of Mul1 in oocytes increases ROS concentrations and triggers DDR, resulting in abnormal preimplantation embryogenesis. We conclude that manipulating the mitochondrial ROS levels in oocytes may be a potential therapeutic approach to target infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Nakai
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Japan
| | - Yuki Fukushima
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Japan
| | - Yuki Amatsu
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Japan
| | | | - Yukino Yoshioka
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takumi Koshiba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Japan
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11
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Esteca MV, Divino IA, Vieira da Silva AL, Severino MB, Braga RR, Ropelle ER, Simabuco FM, Baptista IL. Parkin is a critical player in the effects of caffeine over mitochondrial quality control pathways during skeletal muscle regeneration in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14111. [PMID: 38314948 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine on pathways associated with mitochondrial quality control and mitochondrial capacity during skeletal muscle regeneration, focusing on the role of Parkin, a key protein involved in mitophagy. METHODS We used in vitro C2C12 myoblast during differentiation with and without caffeine in the medium, and we evaluated several markers of mitochondrial quality control pathways and myotube growth. In vivo experiments, we used C57BL/6J (WT) and Parkintm 1Shn lineage (Parkin-/- ) mice and injured tibial anterior muscle. The mice regenerated TA muscle for 3, 10, and 21 days with or without caffeine ingestion. TA muscle was used to analyze the protein content of several markers of mitochondrial quality pathways, muscle satellite cell differentiation, and protein synthesis. Furthermore, it analyzed mtDNA, mitochondrial respiration, and myofiber growth. RESULTS C2C12 differentiation experiments showed that caffeine decreased Parkin content, potentially leading to increased DRP1 and PGC-1α content and altered mitochondrial population, thereby enhancing growth capacity. Using Parkin-/- mice, we found that caffeine intake during the regenerative process induces an increase in AMPKα phosphorylation and PGC-1α and TFAM content, changes that were partly Parkin-dependent. In addition, the absence of Parkin potentiates the ergogenic effect of caffeine by increasing mitochondrial capacity and myotube growth. Those effects are related to increased ATF4 content and activation of protein synthesis pathways, such as increased 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that caffeine ingestion changes mitochondrial quality control during skeletal muscle regeneration, and Parkin is a central player in those mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Esteca
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - I A Divino
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - A L Vieira da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - M B Severino
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
- Multidisciplinarity Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - R R Braga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - E R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - F M Simabuco
- Multidisciplinarity Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I L Baptista
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
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12
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Ward A, Jessop F, Faris R, Hollister J, Shoup D, Race B, Bosio CM, Priola SA. The PINK1/Parkin pathway of mitophagy exerts a protective effect during prion disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298095. [PMID: 38394123 PMCID: PMC10889866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The PINK1/Parkin pathway of mitophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In prion diseases, a transmissible neurodegenerative disease caused by the misfolded and infectious prion protein (PrPSc), expression of both PINK1 and Parkin are elevated, suggesting that PINK1/Parkin mediated mitophagy may also play a role in prion pathogenesis. Using mice in which expression of either PINK1 (PINK1KO) or Parkin (ParkinKO) has been ablated, we analyzed the potential role of PINK1 and Parkin in prion pathogenesis. Prion infected PINK1KO and ParkinKO mice succumbed to disease more rapidly (153 and 150 days, respectively) than wild-type control C57Bl/6 mice (161 days). Faster incubation times in PINK1KO and ParkinKO mice did not correlate with altered prion pathology in the brain, altered expression of proteins associated with mitochondrial dynamics, or prion-related changes in mitochondrial respiration. However, the expression level of mitochondrial respiration Complex I, a major site for the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was higher in prion infected PINK1KO and ParkinKO mice when compared to prion infected control mice. Our results demonstrate a protective role for PINK1/Parkin mitophagy during prion disease, likely by helping to minimize ROS formation via Complex I, leading to slower prion disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ward
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Forrest Jessop
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Robert Faris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jason Hollister
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Daniel Shoup
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Suzette A. Priola
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana
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13
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Narwal S, Singh A, Tare M. Analysis of α-syn and parkin interaction in mediating neuronal death in Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1295805. [PMID: 38239290 PMCID: PMC10794313 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1295805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Parkinson's Disease (PD) is aggregation of incorrectly folded α-synuclein (SNCA) protein resulting in selective death of dopaminergic neurons. Another form of PD is characterized by the loss-of-function of an E3-ubiquitin ligase, parkin. Mutations in SNCA and parkin result in impaired mitochondrial morphology, causing loss of dopaminergic neurons. Despite extensive research on the individual effects of SNCA and parkin, their interactions in dopaminergic neurons remain understudied. Here we employ Drosophila model to study the effect of collective overexpression of SNCA along with the downregulation of parkin in the dopaminergic neurons of the posterior brain. We found that overexpression of SNCA along with downregulation of parkin causes a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neuronal clusters in the posterior region of the adult brain, which is manifested as progressive locomotor dysfunction. Overexpression of SNCA and downregulation of parkin collectively results in altered mitochondrial morphology in a cluster-specific manner, only in a subset of dopaminergic neurons of the brain. Further, we found that SNCA overexpression causes transcriptional downregulation of parkin. However, this downregulation is not further enhanced upon collective SNCA overexpression and parkin downregulation. This suggests that the interactions of SNCA and parkin may not be additive. Our study thus provides insights into a potential link between α-synuclein and parkin interactions. These interactions result in altered mitochondrial morphology in a cluster-specific manner for dopaminergic neurons over a time, thus unraveling the molecular interactions involved in the etiology of Parkinson's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Narwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Meghana Tare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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14
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Wal A, Wal P, Vig H, Samad A, Khandai M, Tyagi S. A Systematic Review of Various In-vivo Screening Models as well as the Mechanisms Involved in Parkinson's Disease Screening Procedures. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2024; 19:124-136. [PMID: 35796452 DOI: 10.2174/2772432817666220707101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurological ailment. It is also known that it affects practically all other brain components, although only gradually. Animal models are mostly used to test the efficacy of treatment against a specific enzyme and aid in creating a new drug dose. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to highlight in vivo Parkinson's disease screening approaches, as well as the mechanism of action of each drug involved in Parkinson's disease development, and discuss the limitations of each model. In addition, it also sheds light on Parkinson's disease genetic models. METHODS The data for the publication was gathered from databases, such as PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate, after a thorough examination of diverse research findings linked to Parkinson's disease and its screening models. RESULTS Each chemical or drug has a unique mechanism for causing disease, whether through the production of reactive oxygen species or the blockage of the dopamine receptor. Almost every disease symptom, whether physical or behavioral, is covered by each of the constructed models' unique set of indicators and symptoms. CONCLUSION Animal models are typically used to assess a medicine's activity against a specific enzyme and aid in the creation of a new drug dose. The process, restrictions, and mechanisms interfering with the screening, as well as the level of animal suffering, must all be thoroughly reviewed before any model for screening for Parkinson's disease can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Wal
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur, India
| | - Himangi Vig
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur, India
| | - Abdul Samad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | | | - Sachin Tyagi
- Bharat Institute of Technology, School of Pharmacy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Yamanaka T, Matsui H. Modeling familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease in small fishes. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:4-20. [PMID: 37991125 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been challenging. Nevertheless, once established, they will serve as valuable tools for elucidating the causes and pathogenesis of PD, as well as for developing new strategies for its treatment. Following the recent discovery of a series of PD causative genes in familial cases, teleost fishes, including zebrafish and medaka, have often been used to establish genetic PD models because of their ease of breeding and gene manipulation, as well as the high conservation of gene orthologs. Some of the fish lines can recapitulate PD phenotypes, which are often more pronounced than those in rodent genetic models. In addition, a new experimental teleost fish, turquoise killifish, can be used as a sporadic PD model, because it spontaneously manifests age-dependent PD phenotypes. Several PD fish models have already made significant contributions to the discovery of novel PD pathological features, such as cytosolic leakage of mitochondrial DNA and pathogenic phosphorylation in α-synuclein. Therefore, utilizing various PD fish models with distinct degenerative phenotypes will be an effective strategy for identifying emerging facets of PD pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsui
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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16
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Harrington JS, Ryter SW, Plataki M, Price DR, Choi AMK. Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2349-2422. [PMID: 37021870 PMCID: PMC10393386 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be their most important function, mitochondria are also integral for the synthesis of metabolic precursors, calcium regulation, the production of reactive oxygen species, immune signaling, and apoptosis. Considering the breadth of their responsibilities, mitochondria are fundamental for cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Appreciating this significance, translational medicine has begun to investigate how mitochondrial dysfunction can represent a harbinger of disease. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of mitochondrial metabolism, cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns, mitochondria-mediated cell death pathways, and how mitochondrial dysfunction at any of these levels is associated with disease pathogenesis. Mitochondria-dependent pathways may thereby represent an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Harrington
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Maria Plataki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - David R Price
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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17
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Suresh K, Mattern M, Goldberg MS, Butt TR. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System as a Therapeutic Area in Parkinson's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:313-329. [PMID: 36739586 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. There are no available therapeutics that slow or halt the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons, which underlies the primary clinical symptoms. Currently approved PD drugs can provide symptomatic relief by increasing brain dopamine content or activity; however, the alleviation is temporary, and the effectiveness diminishes with the inevitable progression of neurodegeneration. Discovery and development of disease-modifying neuroprotective therapies has been hampered by insufficient understanding of the root cause of PD-related neurodegeneration. The etiology of PD involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Although a single cause has yet to emerge, genetic, cell biological and neuropathological evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction and protein aggregation. Postmortem PD brains show pathognomonic Lewy body intraneuronal inclusions composed of aggregated α-synuclein, indicative of failure to degrade misfolded protein. Mutations in the genes that code for α-synuclein, as well as the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin, cause rare inherited forms of PD. While many ubiquitin ligases label proteins with ubiquitin chains to mark proteins for degradation by the proteasome, Parkin has been shown to mark dysfunctional mitochondria for degradation by mitophagy. The ubiquitin proteasome system participates in several aspects of the cell's response to mitochondrial damage, affording numerous therapeutic opportunities to augment mitophagy and potentially stop PD progression. This review examines the role and therapeutic potential of such UPS modulators, exemplified by both ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Suresh
- Progenra Inc., 271A Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA.
| | - Michael Mattern
- Progenra Inc., 271A Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tauseef R Butt
- Progenra Inc., 271A Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
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18
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Lamberty BG, Estrella LD, Mattingly JE, Emanuel K, Trease A, Totusek S, Sheldon L, George JW, Almikhlafi MA, Farmer T, Stauch KL. Parkinson's disease relevant pathological features are manifested in male Pink1/Parkin deficient rats. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 31:100656. [PMID: 37484197 PMCID: PMC10362548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal disease models are important for neuroscience experimentation and in the study of neurodegenerative disorders. The major neurodegenerative disorder leading to motor impairments is Parkinson's disease (PD). The identification of hereditary forms of PD uncovered gene mutations and variants, such as loss-of-function mutations in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (Pink1) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin, two proteins involved in mitochondrial quality control, that could be harnessed to create animal models. However, to date, such models have not reproducibly recapitulated major aspects of the disease. Here, we describe the generation and phenotypic characterization of a combined Pink1/Parkin double knockout (dKO) rat, which reproducibly exhibits PD-relevant abnormalities, particularly in male animals. Motor dysfunction in Pink1/Parkin dKO rats was characterized by gait abnormalities and decreased rearing frequency, the latter of which was responsive to levodopa treatment. Pink1/Parkin dKO rats exhibited elevated plasma levels of neurofilament light chain and significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Glial cell activation was also observed in the SNpc. Pink1/Parkin dKO rats showed elevated plasma and reduced cerebrospinal levels of alpha-synuclein as well as the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates in the striatum. Further, the profile of circulating lymphocytes was altered, as elevated CD3+CD4+ T cells and reduced CD3+CD8+ T cells in Pink1/Parkin dKO rats were found. This coincided with mitochondrial dysfunction and infiltration of CD3+ T cells in the striatum. Altogether, the Pink1/Parkin dKO rats exhibited phenotypes similar to what is seen with PD patients, thus highlighting the suitability of this model for mechanistic studies of the role of Pink1 and Parkin in PD pathogenesis and as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelly L. Stauch
- Corresponding author. Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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19
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Stauch KL, Totusek S, Trease AJ, Estrella LD, Emanuel K, Fangmeier A, Fox HS. Longitudinal in vivo metabolic labeling reveals tissue-specific mitochondrial proteome turnover rates and proteins selectively altered by parkin deficiency. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11414. [PMID: 37452120 PMCID: PMC10349111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study utilizes a longitudinal isotopic metabolic labeling approach in vivo in combination with organelle fraction proteomics to address the role of parkin in mitochondrial protein turnover in mice. The use of metabolic labeling provides a method to quantitatively determine the global changes in protein half-lives whilst simultaneously assessing protein expression. Studying two diverse mitochondrial populations, we demonstrated the median half-life of brain striatal synaptic mitochondrial proteins is significantly greater than that of hepatic mitochondrial proteins (25.7 vs. 3.5 days). Furthermore, loss of parkin resulted in an overall, albeit modest, increase in both mitochondrial protein abundance and half-life. Pathway and functional analysis of our proteomics data identified both known and novel pathways affected by loss of parkin that are consistent with its role in both mitochondrial quality control and neurodegeneration. Our study therefore adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting dependence on parkin is low for basal mitophagy in vivo and provides a foundation for the investigation of novel parkin targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Stauch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - S Totusek
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A J Trease
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - L D Estrella
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - K Emanuel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A Fangmeier
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - H S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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20
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Kinsella RL, Kimmey JM, Smirnov A, Woodson R, Gaggioli MR, Chavez SM, Kreamalmeyer D, Stallings CL. Autophagy prevents early proinflammatory responses and neutrophil recruitment during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without affecting pathogen burden in macrophages. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002159. [PMID: 37319285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection determines tuberculosis disease outcomes, yet we have an incomplete understanding of what immune factors contribute to a protective immune response. Neutrophilic inflammation has been associated with poor disease prognosis in humans and in animal models during M. tuberculosis infection and, therefore, must be tightly regulated. ATG5 is an essential autophagy protein that is required in innate immune cells to control neutrophil-dominated inflammation and promote survival during M. tuberculosis infection; however, the mechanistic basis for how ATG5 regulates neutrophil recruitment is unknown. To interrogate what innate immune cells require ATG5 to control neutrophil recruitment during M. tuberculosis infection, we used different mouse strains that conditionally delete Atg5 in specific cell types. We found that ATG5 is required in CD11c+ cells (lung macrophages and dendritic cells) to control the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines during M. tuberculosis infection, which would otherwise promote neutrophil recruitment. This role for ATG5 is autophagy dependent, but independent of mitophagy, LC3-associated phagocytosis, and inflammasome activation, which are the most well-characterized ways that autophagy proteins regulate inflammation. In addition to the increased proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection, loss of ATG5 in innate immune cells also results in an early induction of TH17 responses. Despite prior published in vitro cell culture experiments supporting a role for autophagy in controlling M. tuberculosis replication in macrophages, the effects of autophagy on inflammatory responses occur without changes in M. tuberculosis burden in macrophages. These findings reveal new roles for autophagy proteins in lung resident macrophages and dendritic cells that are required to suppress inflammatory responses that are associated with poor control of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Kinsella
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Asya Smirnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Reilly Woodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Margaret R Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sthefany M Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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21
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Stevens MU, Croteau N, Eldeeb MA, Antico O, Zeng ZW, Toth R, Durcan TM, Springer W, Fon EA, Muqit MM, Trempe JF. Structure-based design and characterization of Parkin-activating mutations. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201419. [PMID: 36941054 PMCID: PMC10027901 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in the Parkin gene cause Parkinson's disease. Parkin encodes an ubiquitin E3 ligase that functions together with the kinase PINK1 in a mitochondrial quality control pathway. Parkin exists in an inactive conformation mediated by autoinhibitory domain interfaces. Thus, Parkin has become a target for the development of therapeutics that activate its ligase activity. Yet, the extent to which different regions of Parkin can be targeted for activation remained unknown. Here, we have used a rational structure-based approach to design new activating mutations in both human and rat Parkin across interdomain interfaces. Out of 31 mutations tested, we identified 11 activating mutations that all cluster near the RING0:RING2 or REP:RING1 interfaces. The activity of these mutants correlates with reduced thermal stability. Furthermore, three mutations V393D, A401D, and W403A rescue a Parkin S65A mutant, defective in mitophagy, in cell-based studies. Overall our data extend previous analysis of Parkin activation mutants and suggests that small molecules that would mimic RING0:RING2 or REP:RING1 destabilisation offer therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease patients harbouring select Parkin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael U Stevens
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nathalie Croteau
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed A Eldeeb
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Odetta Antico
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Zhi Wei Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Miratul Mk Muqit
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, Montpellier, France
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22
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Paccosi E, Proietti-De-Santis L. Parkinson's Disease: From Genetics and Epigenetics to Treatment, a miRNA-Based Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119547. [PMID: 37298496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by an initial and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta via a potentially substantial contribution from protein aggregates, the Lewy bodies, mainly composed of α-Synuclein among other factors. Distinguishing symptoms of PD are bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, unstable posture and gait, hypokinetic movement disorder and resting tremor. Currently, there is no cure for PD, and palliative treatments, such as Levodopa administration, are directed to relieve the motor symptoms but induce severe side effects over time. Therefore, there is an urgency for discovering new drugs in order to design more effective therapeutic approaches. The evidence of epigenetic alterations, such as the dysregulation of different miRNAs that may stimulate many aspects of PD pathogenesis, opened a new scenario in the research for a successful treatment. Along this line, a promising strategy for PD treatment comes from the potential exploitation of modified exosomes, which can be loaded with bioactive molecules, such as therapeutic compounds and RNAs, and can allow their delivery to the appropriate location in the brain, overcoming the blood-brain barrier. In this regard, the transfer of miRNAs within Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes has yet to demonstrate successful results both in vitro and in vivo. This review, besides providing a systematic overview of both the genetic and epigenetic basis of the disease, aims to explore the exosomes/miRNAs network and its clinical potential for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paccosi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luca Proietti-De-Santis
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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23
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Han R, Liu Y, Li S, Li XJ, Yang W. PINK1-PRKN mediated mitophagy: differences between in vitro and in vivo models. Autophagy 2023; 19:1396-1405. [PMID: 36282767 PMCID: PMC10240983 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2139080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a key intracellular process that selectively removes damaged mitochondria to prevent their accumulation that can cause neuronal degeneration. During mitophagy, PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1), a serine/threonine kinase, works with PRKN/parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to target damaged mitochondria to the lysosome for degradation. Mutations in the PINK1 and PRKN genes cause early-onset Parkinson disease that is also associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. There are a large number of reports indicating the critical role of PINK1 in mitophagy. However, most of these findings were obtained from in vitro experiments with exogenous PINK1 expression and acute damage of mitochondria by toxins. Recent studies using novel animal models suggest that PINK1-PRKN can also function independent of mitochondria. In this review, we highlight the major differences between in vitro and in vivo models for investigating PINK1 and discuss the potential mechanisms underlying these differences with the aim of understanding how PINK1 functions under different circumstances.Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated viruses;AD: Alzheimer disease; CCCP: carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenyl hydrazone; HD: Huntington disease; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MTS: mitochondrial targeting sequence; PD: Parkinson diseases; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UIM, ubiquitin interacting motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Naraiah Mukkala A, Petrut R, Goldfarb R, Leigh Beroncal E, Ho Leung C, Khan Z, Ailenberg M, Jerkic M, Andreazza AC, Rhind SG, Jeschke MG, Kapus A, Rotstein OD. Augmented Parkin-dependent mitophagy underlies the hepatoprotective effect of remote ischemic conditioning used prior to hemorrhagic shock. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:20-30. [PMID: 36906251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hemorrhagic shock-resuscitation (HSR) following trauma contributes to organ dysfunction by causing ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). We previously showed that 'remote ischemic preconditioning' (RIPC) exerted multi-organ protection from IRI. Maintenance of mitochondrial quality by clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy is vital in restoring organ integrity. We hypothesized that parkin-dependent mitophagy played a role in RIPC-induced hepatoprotection following HSR. METHODS The hepatoprotective effect of RIPC in a murine model of HSR-IRI was investigated in wild type and parkin-/- animals. Mice were subjected to HSR ± RIPC and blood and organs were collected, followed by cytokine ELISAs, histology, qPCR, Western blots, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS HSR increased hepatocellular injury, as measured by plasma ALT and liver necrosis, while antecedent RIPC prevented this injury; in parkin-/- mice, RIPC failed to exert hepatoprotection. The ability of RIPC to lessen HSR-induced rises in plasma IL-6 and TNFα, was lost in parkin-/- mice. While RIPC alone did not induce mitophagy, the application of RIPC prior to HSR caused a synergistic increase in mitophagy, this increase was not observed in parkin-/- mice. RIPC induced shifts in mitochondrial morphology favoring mitophagy in WT but not in parkin-/- animals. CONCLUSIONS RIPC was hepatoprotective in WT mice following HSR but not in parkin-/- mice. Loss of protection in parkin-/- mice corresponded with the failure of RIPC plus HSR to upregulate the mitophagic process. Improving mitochondrial quality by modulating mitophagy, may prove to be an attractive therapeutic target in disease processes caused by IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Naraiah Mukkala
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raluca Petrut
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rachel Goldfarb
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Chung Ho Leung
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zahra Khan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Menachem Ailenberg
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mirjana Jerkic
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Department of National Defense, Government of Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Hamilton Health Sciences Centre and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ori D Rotstein
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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25
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Kim EY, Kim JE, Kim YE, Choi B, Sohn DH, Park SO, Chung YH, Kim Y, Robinson WH, Kim YG, Chang EJ. Dysfunction in parkin aggravates inflammatory bone erosion by reinforcing osteoclast activity. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:48. [PMID: 36882866 PMCID: PMC9993703 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkin dysfunction associated with the progression of parkinsonism contributes to a progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mineral density. However, the role of parkin in bone remodeling has not yet been elucidated in detail. RESULT We observed that decreased parkin in monocytes is linked to osteoclastic bone-resorbing activity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of parkin significantly enhanced the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts (OCs) on dentin without any changes in osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, Parkin-deficient mice exhibited an osteoporotic phenotype with a lower bone volume accompanied by increased OC-mediated bone-resorbing capacity displaying increased acetylation of α-tubulin compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Notably, compared to WT mice, the Parkin-deficient mice displayed increased susceptibility to inflammatory arthritis, reflected by a higher arthritis score and a marked bone loss after arthritis induction using K/BxN serum transfer, but not ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Intriguingly, parkin colocalized with microtubules and parkin-depleted-osteoclast precursor cells (Parkin-/- OCPs) displayed augmented ERK-dependent acetylation of α-tubulin due to failure of interaction with histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), which was promoted by IL-1β signaling. The ectopic expression of parkin in Parkin-/- OCPs limited the increase in dentin resorption induced by IL-1β, accompanied by the reduced acetylation of α-tubulin and diminished cathepsin K activity. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a deficiency in the function of parkin caused by a decrease in parkin expression in OCPs under the inflammatory condition may enhance inflammatory bone erosion by altering microtubule dynamics to maintain OC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Bongkun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Si-On Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ho Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Yongsub Kim
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Eun-Ju Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea. .,Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
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26
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El Kodsi DN, Tokarew JM, Sengupta R, Lengacher NA, Chatterji A, Nguyen AP, Boston H, Jiang Q, Palmberg C, Pileggi C, Holterman CE, Shutinoski B, Li J, Fehr TK, LaVoie MJ, Ratan RR, Shaw GS, Takanashi M, Hattori N, Kennedy CR, Harper ME, Holmgren A, Tomlinson JJ, Schlossmacher MG. Parkin coregulates glutathione metabolism in adult mammalian brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:19. [PMID: 36691076 PMCID: PMC9869535 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered that the expression of PRKN, a young-onset Parkinson disease-linked gene, confers redox homeostasis. To further examine the protective effects of parkin in an oxidative stress model, we first combined the loss of prkn with Sod2 haploinsufficiency in mice. Although adult prkn-/-//Sod2± animals did not develop dopamine cell loss in the S. nigra, they had more reactive oxidative species and a higher concentration of carbonylated proteins in the brain; bi-genic mice also showed a trend for more nitrotyrosinated proteins. Because these redox changes were seen in the cytosol rather than mitochondria, we next explored the thiol network in the context of PRKN expression. We detected a parkin deficiency-associated increase in the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in murine brain, PRKN-linked human cortex and several cell models. This shift resulted from enhanced recycling of GSSG back to GSH via upregulated glutathione reductase activity; it also correlated with altered activities of redox-sensitive enzymes in mitochondria isolated from mouse brain (e.g., aconitase-2; creatine kinase). Intriguingly, human parkin itself showed glutathione-recycling activity in vitro and in cells: For each GSSG dipeptide encountered, parkin regenerated one GSH molecule and was S-glutathionylated by the other (GSSG + P-SH [Formula: see text] GSH + P-S-SG), including at cysteines 59, 95 and 377. Moreover, parkin's S-glutathionylation was reversible by glutaredoxin activity. In summary, we found that PRKN gene expression contributes to the network of available thiols in the cell, including by parkin's participation in glutathione recycling, which involves a reversible, posttranslational modification at select cysteines. Further, parkin's impact on redox homeostasis in the cytosol can affect enzyme activities elsewhere, such as in mitochondria. We posit that antioxidant functions of parkin may explain many of its previously described, protective effects in vertebrates and invertebrates that are unrelated to E3 ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N El Kodsi
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline M Tokarew
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nathalie A Lengacher
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ajanta Chatterji
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela P Nguyen
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heather Boston
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qiubo Jiang
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carina Palmberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chantal Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Chet E Holterman
- Kidney Research Center, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bojan Shutinoski
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Li
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Travis K Fehr
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J LaVoie
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medical School, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Gary S Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Masashi Takanashi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julianna J Tomlinson
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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27
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Trabjerg MS, Andersen DC, Huntjens P, Mørk K, Warming N, Kullab UB, Skjønnemand MLN, Oklinski MK, Oklinski KE, Bolther L, Kroese LJ, Pritchard CEJ, Huijbers IJ, Corthals A, Søndergaard MT, Kjeldal HB, Pedersen CFM, Nieland JDV. Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 is a potential target in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:6. [PMID: 36681683 PMCID: PMC9867753 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD) causing a shift toward the metabolism of lipids. Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A (CPT1A) regulates the key step in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of downregulating CPT1, either genetically with a Cpt1a P479L mutation or medicinally on PD using chronic rotenone mouse models using C57Bl/6J and Park2 knockout mice. We show that Cpt1a P479L mutant mice are resistant to rotenone-induced PD, and that inhibition of CPT1 is capable of restoring neurological function, normal glucose metabolism, and alleviate markers of PD in the midbrain. Furthermore, we show that downregulation of lipid metabolism via CPT1 alleviates pathological motor and non-motor behavior, oxidative stress, and disrupted glucose homeostasis in Park2 knockout mice. Finally, we confirm that rotenone induces gut dysbiosis in C57Bl/6J and, for the first time, in Park2 knockout mice. We show that this dysbiosis is alleviated by the downregulation of the lipid metabolism via CPT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sloth Trabjerg
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christian Andersen
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pam Huntjens
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kasper Mørk
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Warming
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ulla Bismark Kullab
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marie-Louise Nibelius Skjønnemand
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michal Krystian Oklinski
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Egelund Oklinski
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Luise Bolther
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lona J. Kroese
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin E. J. Pritchard
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J. Huijbers
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique Corthals
- grid.258202.f0000 0004 1937 0116Department of Science, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | | | | | - Cecilie Fjord Morre Pedersen
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - John Dirk Vestergaard Nieland
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XLaboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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28
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Charmpilas N, Fang EF, Palikaras K. Mitophagy and Neuroinflammation: A Compelling Interplay. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1477-1481. [PMID: 35762540 PMCID: PMC10472808 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220628153632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main sites of energy production and a major source of metabolic stress. Not surprisingly, impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis is strongly associated with the development and progression of a broad spectrum of human pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. Mitophagy mediates the selective degradation of damaged organelles, thus promoting cellular viability and tissue integrity. Defective mitophagy triggers cellular senescence and prolonged neuroinflammation, leading eventually to cell death and brain homeostasis collapse. Here, we survey the intricate interplay between mitophagy and neuroinflammation, highlighting that mitophagy can be a focal point for therapeutic interventions to tackle neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Charmpilas
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Evandro Fei Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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29
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Scott L, Karuppagounder SS, Neifert S, Kang BG, Wang H, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. The Absence of Parkin Does Not Promote Dopamine or Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PolgA D257A/D257A Mitochondrial Mutator Mice. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9263-9277. [PMID: 36280265 PMCID: PMC9761676 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0545-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In this study, we generated a transgenic model by crossing germline Parkin-/- mice with PolgAD257A mice, an established model of premature aging and mitochondrial stress. We hypothesized that loss of Parkin-/- in PolgAD257A/D257A mice would exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to loss of dopamine neurons and nigral-striatal specific neurobehavioral motor dysfunction. We found that aged Parkin-/-/PolgAD257A/D257A male and female mice exhibited severe behavioral deficits, nonspecific to the nigral-striatal pathway, with neither dopaminergic neurodegeneration nor reductions in striatal dopamine. We saw no difference in expression levels of nuclear-encoded subunits of mitochondrial markers and mitochondrial Complex I and IV activities, although we did observe substantial reductions in mitochondrial-encoded COX41I, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction as a result of PolgAD257A/D257A mtDNA mutations. Expression levels of mitophagy markers LC3I/LC3II remained unchanged between cohorts, suggesting no overt mitophagy defects. Expression levels of the parkin substrates, VDAC, NLRP3, and AIMP2 remained unchanged, suggesting no parkin dysfunction. In summary, we were unable to observe dopaminergic neurodegeneration with corresponding nigral-striatal neurobehavioral deficits, nor Parkin or mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkin-/-/PolgAD257A/D257A mice. These findings support a lack of synergism of Parkin loss on mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse models of mitochondrial deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Producing a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) that is etiologically relevant, recapitulates clinical hallmarks, and exhibits reproducible results is crucial to understanding the underlying pathology and in developing disease-modifying therapies. Here, we show that Parkin-/-/PolgAD257A/D257A mice, a previously reported PD mouse model, fails to reproduce a Parkinsonian phenotype. We show that these mice do not display dopaminergic neurodegeneration nor nigral-striatal-dependent motor deficits. Furthermore, we report that Parkin loss does not synergize with mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results demonstrate that Parkin-/-/PolgAD257A/D257A mice are not a reliable model for PD and adds to a growing body of work demonstrating that Parkin loss does not synergize with mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse models of mitochondrial deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scott
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
| | - Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Stewart Neifert
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Bong Gu Kang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Hu Wang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Cell Biology of Parkin: Clues to the Development of New Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:1249-1267. [PMID: 36378485 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and contributes significantly to morbidity globally. Currently, no disease-modifying therapies exist to combat this disorder. Insights from the molecular and cellular pathobiology of the disease seems to indicate promising therapeutic targets. The parkin protein has been extensively studied for its role in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease and, more recently, its role in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a prominent role in mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial-dependent cell death pathways, and other diverse functions. Understanding the numerous roles of parkin has introduced many new possibilities for therapeutic modalities in treating both autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease and sporadic Parkinson's disease. In this article, we review parkin biology with an emphasis on mitochondrial-related functions and propose novel, potentially disease-modifying therapeutic approaches for treating this debilitating condition.
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31
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Peker N, Sharma M, Kambadur R. Parkin deficiency exacerbates fasting-induced skeletal muscle wasting in mice. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:159. [DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease manifesting itself with tremors, muscle stiffness, bradykinesia, dementia, and depression. Mutations of mitochondrial E3 ligase, PARKIN, have been associated with juvenile PD. Previous studies have characterized muscle atrophy and motor deficits upon loss of functional Parkin in fly and rodent models. However, the mechanisms behind pathophysiology of Parkin deficient muscle remains to be elusive. Here, results suggested that knock down of Parkin significantly increases proteolytic activities in skeletal muscle cell line, the C2C12 myotubes. However, the atrogene levels increase moderately in Parkin deficient cell line. To further investigate the role of Parkin in skeletal muscle atrophy, Parkin knock out (KO) and wild type mice were subjected to 48 h starvation. After 48 h fasting, a greater reduction in skeletal muscle weights was observed in Parkin KO mice as compared to age matched wild type control, suggesting elevated proteolytic activity in the absence of Parkin. Subsequent microarray analyses revealed further enhanced expression of FOXO and ubiquitin pathway in fasted Parkin KO mice. Furthermore, a greater reduction in the expression of cytoskeleton genes was observed in Parkin KO mice following 48 h fasting. Collectively, these results suggest that Parkin deficiency exacerbates fasting-induced skeletal muscle wasting, through upregulating genes involved in catabolic activities in skeletal muscle.
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32
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Kim J, Daadi EW, Oh T, Daadi ES, Daadi MM. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Phenotyping and Preclinical Modeling of Familial Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1937. [PMID: 36360174 PMCID: PMC9689743 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily idiopathic and a highly heterogenous neurodegenerative disease with patients experiencing a wide array of motor and non-motor symptoms. A major challenge for understanding susceptibility to PD is to determine the genetic and environmental factors that influence the mechanisms underlying the variations in disease-associated traits. The pathological hallmark of PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain and post-mortem Lewy pathology, which leads to the loss of projecting axons innervating the striatum and to impaired motor and cognitive functions. While the cause of PD is still largely unknown, genome-wide association studies provide evidence that numerous polymorphic variants in various genes contribute to sporadic PD, and 10 to 15% of all cases are linked to some form of hereditary mutations, either autosomal dominant or recessive. Among the most common mutations observed in PD patients are in the genes LRRK2, SNCA, GBA1, PINK1, PRKN, and PARK7/DJ-1. In this review, we cover these PD-related mutations, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells as a disease in a dish model, and genetic animal models to better understand the diversity in the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes seen in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Etienne W. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas S. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Marcel M. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Niederberger E, Wilken-Schmitz A, Manderscheid C, Schreiber Y, Gurke R, Tegeder I. Non-Reproducibility of Oral Rotenone as a Model for Parkinson's Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012658. [PMID: 36293513 PMCID: PMC9604506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral rotenone has been proposed as a model for Parkinson’s disease (PD) in mice. To establish the model in our lab and study complex behavior we followed a published treatment regimen. C57BL/6 mice received 30 mg/kg body weight of rotenone once daily via oral administration for 4 and 8 weeks. Motor functions were assessed by RotaRod running. Immunofluorescence studies were used to analyze the morphology of dopaminergic neurons, the expression of alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn), and inflammatory gliosis or infiltration in the substantia nigra. Rotenone-treated mice did not gain body weight during treatment compared with about 4 g in vehicle-treated mice, which was however the only robust manifestation of drug treatment and suggested local gut damage. Rotenone-treated mice had no deficits in motor behavior, no loss or sign of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, no α-Syn accumulation, and only mild microgliosis, the latter likely an indirect remote effect of rotenone-evoked gut dysbiosis. Searching for explanations for the model failure, we analyzed rotenone plasma concentrations via LC-MS/MS 2 h after administration of the last dose to assess bioavailability. Rotenone was not detectable in plasma at a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL (5 nM), showing that oral rotenone had insufficient bioavailability to achieve sustained systemic drug levels in mice. Hence, oral rotenone caused local gastrointestinal toxicity evident as lack of weight gain but failed to evoke behavioral or biological correlates of PD within 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Niederberger
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-7616; Fax: +49-69-6301-7636
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Manderscheid
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Rappe A, McWilliams TG. Mitophagy in the aging nervous system. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:978142. [PMID: 36303604 PMCID: PMC9593040 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.978142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterised by the progressive accumulation of cellular dysfunction, stress, and inflammation. A large body of evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause or consequence of age-related diseases including metabolic disorders, neuropathies, various forms of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Because neurons have high metabolic demands and cannot divide, they are especially vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction which promotes cell dysfunction and cytotoxicity. Mitophagy neutralises mitochondrial dysfunction, providing an adaptive quality control strategy that sustains metabolic homeostasis. Mitophagy has been extensively studied as an inducible stress response in cultured cells and short-lived model organisms. In contrast, our understanding of physiological mitophagy in mammalian aging remains extremely limited, particularly in the nervous system. The recent profiling of mitophagy reporter mice has revealed variegated vistas of steady-state mitochondrial destruction across different tissues. The discovery of patients with congenital autophagy deficiency provokes further intrigue into the mechanisms that underpin neural integrity. These dimensions have considerable implications for targeting mitophagy and other degradative pathways in age-related neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rappe
- Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas G. McWilliams
- Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Tostes K, dos Santos AC, Alves LO, Bechara LRG, Marascalchi R, Macabelli CH, Grejo MP, Festuccia WT, Gottlieb RA, Ferreira JCB, Chiaratti MR. Autophagy deficiency abolishes liver mitochondrial DNA segregation. Autophagy 2022; 18:2397-2408. [PMID: 35220898 PMCID: PMC9542960 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2038501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) are ubiquitous in humans and can lead to a broad spectrum of disorders. However, due to the presence of multiple mtDNA molecules in the cell, co-existence of mutant and wild-type mtDNAs (termed heteroplasmy) can mask disease phenotype unless a threshold of mutant molecules is reached. Importantly, the mutant mtDNA level can change across lifespan as mtDNA segregates in an allele- and cell-specific fashion, potentially leading to disease. Segregation of mtDNA is mainly evident in hepatic cells, resulting in an age-dependent increase of mtDNA variants, including non-synonymous potentially deleterious mutations. Here we modeled mtDNA segregation using a well-established heteroplasmic mouse line with mtDNA of NZB/BINJ and C57BL/6N origin on a C57BL/6N nuclear background. This mouse line showed a pronounced age-dependent NZB mtDNA accumulation in the liver, thus leading to enhanced respiration capacity per mtDNA molecule. Remarkably, liver-specific atg7 (autophagy related 7) knockout abolished NZB mtDNA accumulat ion, resulting in close-to-neutral mtDNA segregation through development into adulthood. prkn (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) knockout also partially prevented NZB mtDNA accumulation in the liver, but to a lesser extent. Hence, we propose that age-related liver mtDNA segregation is a consequence of macroautophagic clearance of the less-fit mtDNA. Considering that NZB/BINJ and C57BL/6N mtDNAs have a level of divergence comparable to that between human Eurasian and African mtDNAs, these findings have potential implications for humans, including the safe use of mitochondrial replacement therapy.Abbreviations: Apob: apolipoprotein B; Atg1: autophagy-related 1; Atg7: autophagy related 7; Atp5a1: ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1; BL6: C57BL/6N mouse strain; BNIP3: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MAP1LC3A: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mt-Atp8: mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 8; MT-CO1: mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I; MT-CO2: mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II; mt-Co3: mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase III; mt-Cytb: mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MUL1: mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase activator of NFKB 1; nDNA: nuclear DNA; Ndufa9: NADH:ubiquinone oxireductase subunit A9; NDUFB8: NADH:ubiquinone oxireductase subunit B8; Nnt: nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase; NZB: NZB/BINJ mouse strain; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; Polg2: polymerase (DNA directed), gamma 2, accessory subunit; Ppara: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; Ppia: peptidylprolyl isomerase A; Prkn: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; P10: post-natal day 10; P21: post-natal day 21; P100: post-natal day 100; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; Rpl19: ribosomal protein L19; Rps18: ribosomal protein S18; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of the mean; SDHB: succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B, iron sulfur (Ip); SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; Ssbp1: single-stranded DNA binding protein 1; TFAM: transcription factor A, mitochondrial; Tfb1m: transcription factor B1, mitochondrial; Tfb2m: transcription factor B2, mitochondrial; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; UQCRC2: ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase core protein 2; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiane Tostes
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Angélica C. dos Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lindomar O. Alves
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. G. Bechara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel Marascalchi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carolina H. Macabelli
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Mateus P. Grejo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - William T. Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta A. Gottlieb
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julio C. B. Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Marcos R. Chiaratti
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil,CONTACT Marcos R. Chiaratti Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos13565-905, Brazil
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36
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Ahnaou A, Whim D. REM sleep behavior and olfactory dysfunction: improving the utility and translation of animal models in the search for neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104897. [PMID: 36183864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease that belongs to the family of synucleiopathies, varying in age, symptoms and progression. Hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein protein (α-Syn) in neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells. In past decades, diagnosis and treatment of PD has focused on motor deficits, which for the clinical endpoint, have contributed to the prevalence of deficits in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and animal models related to motor behavior to study disease. However, clinical trials have failed to translate results from animal models into effective treatments. PD as a multisystem disorder therefore requires additional assessment of motor and non-motor symptoms. Braak's staging revealed early α-Syn pathology in pontine brainstem and olfactory circuits controlling rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and olfaction, respectively. Recent converging evidence from multicenter clinical studies supports that RBD is the most important risk factor for prodromal PD and the conduct of neuroprotective therapeutic trials in RBD-enriched cohorts has been recommended. Animal models of RBD and olfaction dysfunction can aid to fill the gap in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahnaou
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV. Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Drinkenburg Whim
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV. Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Hu ZX, Pu JL, Zheng R, Yan YQ, Liu KY, Liu Y, Zheng R, Chen Y, Lin ZH, Xue NJ, Li P, Zhang BR. Mitochondrial morphology and synaptic structure altered in the retina of parkin-deficient mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 790:136888. [PMID: 36179903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the PRKN gene are the major cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). However, studies of parkin-/- mice did not show the loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor phenotypes at a young age. Whether pathological changes are associated with nonmotor symptoms of PD remains unclear. Visual impairment is one common nonmotor symptom in patients with PD. This study aimed to examine the effects of parkin-/- on mitochondria and synaptic structures in the retina of 6-month-old mice. Compared with wild-type mice, parkin-/- mice exhibited a slightly thickened retina. Also, the number of normal mitochondria (mito-5 grade) in rod spherules (RSs) significantly decreased (p < 0.01), the average area of mitochondria was significantly larger (p < 0.001), and the number of ribbons in RSs significantly decreased (p = 0.02). The RSs of parkin-/- mice showed severe swelling after flicker stimulation. Our study implicated that parkin-/- led to the impairment of mitochondria and abnormality of the synaptic structure in mouse retina at a young age, which damaged the synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and second-order retinal neurons and resulted in visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Xiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Qun Yan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai-Yuan Liu
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Lin
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nai-Jia Xue
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Li J, Liu C, Müller U, Zhao B. RIPOR2-mediated autophagy dysfunction is critical for aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2204-2220.e6. [PMID: 36113482 PMCID: PMC9529990 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are potent antibiotics that are capable of treating a wide variety of life-threatening infections; however, they are ototoxic and cause irreversible damage to cochlear hair cells. Despite substantial progress, little is known about the molecular pathways critical for hair cell function and survival that are affected by AG exposure. We demonstrate here that gentamicin, a representative AG antibiotic, binds to and within minutes triggers translocation of RIPOR2 in murine hair cells from stereocilia to the pericuticular area. Then, by interacting with a central autophagy component, GABARAP, RIPOR2 affects autophagy activation. Reducing the expression of RIPOR2 or GABARAP completely prevents AG-induced hair cell death and subsequent hearing loss in mice. Additionally, abolishing the expression of PINK1 or Parkin, two key mitochondrial autophagy proteins, prevents hair cell death and subsequent hearing loss caused by AG. In summary, our study demonstrates that RIPOR2-mediated autophagic dysfunction is essential for AG-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ulrich Müller
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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39
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The compartmentalised nature of neuronal mitophagy: molecular insights and implications. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e38. [PMID: 36172898 PMCID: PMC9884780 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial network and the ability to adjust organelle population in response to internal or external stimuli are essential for the function and the survival of eukaryotic cells. Over the last two decades several studies have demonstrated the paramount importance of mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy that removes damaged and/or superfluous organelles, in organismal physiology. Post-mitotic neuronal cells are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial damage, and mitophagy impairment has emerged as a causative factor in multiple neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease among others. Although mitochondrial turnover is a multifaceted process, neurons have to tackle additional complications, arising from their pronounced bioenergetic demands and their unique architecture and cellular polarisation that render the degradation of distal organelles challenging. Mounting evidence indicates that despite the functional conservation of mitophagy pathways, the unique features of neuronal physiology have led to the adaptation of compartmentalised solutions, which serve to ensure seamless mitochondrial removal in every part of the cell. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms that mediate mitophagy compartmentalisation and discuss their implications in various human pathologies.
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40
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Imbriani P, Martella G, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunction in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105851. [PMID: 36007757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving a complex interplay between a variety of genetic and environmental factors. In this scenario, mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are widely accepted as crucial neuropathogenic mechanisms, as also evidenced by the identification of PD-associated genes that are directly involved in mitochondrial function. The concept of mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to that of synaptic dysfunction. Indeed, compelling evidence supports the role of mitochondria in synaptic transmission and plasticity, although many aspects have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the most relevant evidence obtained in different neurotoxin-based and genetic rodent models of PD, focusing on mitochondrial impairment and synaptopathy, an early central event preceding overt nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. The identification of early deficits occurring in PD pathogenesis is crucial in view of the development of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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41
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Fox SN, McMeekin LJ, Savage CH, Joyce KL, Boas SM, Simmons MS, Farmer CB, Ryan J, Pereboeva L, Becker K, Auwerx J, Sudarshan S, Ma J, Lee A, Roberts RC, Crossman DK, Kralli A, Cowell RM. Estrogen-related receptor gamma regulates mitochondrial and synaptic genes and modulates vulnerability to synucleinopathy. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:106. [PMID: 35982091 PMCID: PMC9388660 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies implicate mitochondrial dysfunction as a key contributor to cell loss in Parkinson disease (PD). Previous analyses of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons from patients with Lewy-body pathology revealed a deficiency in nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial respiration, many of which are targets for the transcription factor estrogen-related receptor gamma (Esrrg/ERRγ). We demonstrate that deletion of ERRγ from DAergic neurons in adult mice was sufficient to cause a levodopa-responsive PD-like phenotype with reductions in mitochondrial gene expression and number, that partial deficiency of ERRγ hastens synuclein-mediated toxicity, and that ERRγ overexpression reduces inclusion load and delays synuclein-mediated cell loss. While ERRγ deletion did not fully recapitulate the transcriptional alterations observed in postmortem tissue, it caused reductions in genes involved in synaptic and mitochondrial function and autophagy. Altogether, these experiments suggest that ERRγ-deficient mice could provide a model for understanding the regulation of transcription in DAergic neurons and that amplifying ERRγ-mediated transcriptional programs should be considered as a strategy to promote DAergic maintenance in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Fox
- Neuroscience Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - L J McMeekin
- Neuroscience Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - C H Savage
- Neuroscience Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - K L Joyce
- Neuroscience Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - S M Boas
- Neuroscience Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - M S Simmons
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - C B Farmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - J Ryan
- NeuroInitiative, LLC, Jacksonville, FL, 32207, USA
| | - L Pereboeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease, Neuroscience Vector and Virus Core, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35223, USA
| | - K Becker
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - J Auwerx
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - J Ma
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - A Lee
- NeuroInitiative, LLC, Jacksonville, FL, 32207, USA
| | - R C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - D K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - A Kralli
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - R M Cowell
- Neuroscience Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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42
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Aksoy Yasar FB, Shingu T, Zamler DB, Zaman MF, Chien DL, Zhang Q, Ren J, Hu J. Quaking but not parkin is the major tumor suppressor in 6q deleted region in glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:931387. [PMID: 36051438 PMCID: PMC9424994 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.931387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a high-grade, aggressive brain tumor with dismal median survival time of 15 months. Chromosome 6q (Ch6q) is a hotspot of genomic alterations, which is commonly deleted or hyper-methylated in GBM. Two neighboring genes in this region, QKI and PRKN have been appointed as tumor suppressors in GBM. While a genetically modified mouse model (GEMM) of GBM has been successfully generated with Qk deletion in the central nervous system (CNS), in vivo genetic evidence supporting the tumor suppressor function of Prkn has not been established. In the present study, we generated a mouse model with Prkn-null allele and conditional Trp53 and Pten deletions in the neural stem cells (NSCs) and compared the tumorigenicity of this model to our previous GBM model with Qk deletion within the same system. We find that Qk but not Prkn is the potent tumor suppressor in the frequently altered Ch6q region in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betul Aksoy Yasar
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Takashi Shingu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel B. Zamler
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mohammad Fayyad Zaman
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Derek Lin Chien
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jiangong Ren
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jian Hu,
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Huo Y, Lu W, Tian Y, Hou Q, Man HY. Prkn knockout mice show autistic-like behaviors and aberrant synapse formation. iScience 2022; 25:104573. [PMID: 35789851 PMCID: PMC9249611 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high genetic heterogeneity, affecting one in 44 children in the United States. Recent genomic sequencing studies from autistic human individuals indicate that PARK2, a gene that has long been considered in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, is involved in ASD. Here, we report that Prkn knockout (KO) mice demonstrate autistic-like behaviors including impaired social interaction, elevated repetitive behaviors, and deficits in communication. In addition, Prkn KO mice show reduced neuronal activity in the context of sociability in the prelimbic cortex. Cell morphological examination of layer 5 prelimbic cortical neurons shows a reduction in dendritic arborization and spine number. Furthermore, biochemistry and immunocytochemistry analyses reveal alterations in synapse density and the molecular composition of synapses. These findings indicate that Prkn is implicated in brain development and suggest the potential use of the Prkn KO mouse as a model for autism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Huo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qingming Hou
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Heng-Ye Man
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Goiran T, Eldeeb MA, Zorca CE, Fon EA. Hallmarks and Molecular Tools for the Study of Mitophagy in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132097. [PMID: 35805181 PMCID: PMC9265644 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The best-known hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the motor deficits that result from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Dopaminergic neurons are thought to be particularly susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction. As such, for their survival, they rely on the elaborate quality control mechanisms that have evolved in mammalian cells to monitor mitochondrial function and eliminate dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitophagy is a specialized type of autophagy that mediates the selective removal of damaged mitochondria from cells, with the net effect of dampening the toxicity arising from these dysfunctional organelles. Despite an increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the removal of damaged mitochondria, the detailed molecular link to PD pathophysiology is still not entirely clear. Herein, we review the fundamental molecular pathways involved in PINK1/Parkin-mediated and receptor-mediated mitophagy, the evidence for the dysfunction of these pathways in PD, and recently-developed state-of-the art assays for measuring mitophagy in vitro and in vivo.
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Aniszewska A, Bergström J, Ingelsson M, Ekmark-Lewén S. Modeling Parkinson's disease-related symptoms in alpha-synuclein overexpressing mice. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2628. [PMID: 35652155 PMCID: PMC9304846 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is a central event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other α-synucleinopathies. Transgenic mouse models overexpressing human α-syn, are useful research tools in preclinical studies of pathogenetic mechanisms. Such mice develop α-syn inclusions as well as neurodegeneration with a topographical distribution that varies depending on the choice of promoter and which form of α-syn that is overexpressed. Moreover, they display motor symptoms and cognitive disturbances that to some extent resemble the human conditions. PURPOSE One of the main motives for assessing behavior in these mouse models is to evaluate the potential of new treatment strategies, including their impact on motor and cognitive symptoms. However, due to a high within-group variability with respect to such features, the behavioral studies need to be applied with caution. In this review, we discuss how to make appropriate choices in the experimental design and which tests that are most suitable for the evaluation of PD-related symptoms in such studies. METHODS We have evaluated published results on two selected transgenic mouse models overexpressing wild type (L61) and mutated (A30P) α-syn in the context of their validity and utility for different types of behavioral studies. CONCLUSIONS By applying appropriate behavioral tests, α-syn transgenic mouse models provide an appropriate experimental platform for studies of symptoms related to PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Aniszewska
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Ekmark-Lewén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yu G, Klionsky DJ. Life and Death Decisions—The Many Faces of Autophagy in Cell Survival and Cell Death. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070866. [PMID: 35883421 PMCID: PMC9313301 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process conserved from yeast to humans. Since the discovery of autophagy, its physiological role in cell survival and cell death has been intensively investigated. The inherent ability of the autophagy machinery to sequester, deliver, and degrade cytoplasmic components enables autophagy to participate in cell survival and cell death in multiple ways. The primary role of autophagy is to send cytoplasmic components to the vacuole or lysosomes for degradation. By fine-tuning autophagy, the cell regulates the removal and recycling of cytoplasmic components in response to various stress or signals. Recent research has shown the implications of the autophagy machinery in other pathways independent of lysosomal degradation, expanding the pro-survival role of autophagy. Autophagy also facilitates certain forms of regulated cell death. In addition, there is complex crosstalk between autophagy and regulated cell death pathways, with a number of genes shared between them, further suggesting a deeper connection between autophagy and cell death. Finally, the mitochondrion presents an example where the cell utilizes autophagy to strike a balance between cell survival and cell death. In this review, we consider the current knowledge on the physiological role of autophagy as well as its regulation and discuss the multiple functions of autophagy in cell survival and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA;
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA;
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cheng XT, Huang N, Sheng ZH. Programming axonal mitochondrial maintenance and bioenergetics in neurodegeneration and regeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:1899-1923. [PMID: 35429433 PMCID: PMC9233091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate ATP essential for neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Due to their polarized structures, neurons face exceptional challenges to deliver mitochondria to and maintain energy homeostasis throughout long axons and terminal branches where energy is in high demand. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by bioenergetic failure is a pathological hallmark of major neurodegenerative diseases. Brain injury triggers acute mitochondrial damage and a local energy crisis that accelerates neuron death. Thus, mitochondrial maintenance defects and axonal energy deficits emerge as central problems in neurodegenerative disorders and brain injury. Recent studies have started to uncover the intrinsic mechanisms that neurons adopt to maintain (or reprogram) axonal mitochondrial density and integrity, and their bioenergetic capacity, upon sensing energy stress. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how neurons maintain a healthy pool of axonal mitochondria, as well as potential therapeutic strategies that target bioenergetic restoration to power neuronal survival, function, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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48
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Li J, Dang X, Franco A, Dorn GW. Reciprocal Regulation of Mitofusin 2-Mediated Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Fusion by Different PINK1 Phosphorylation Events. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:868465. [PMID: 35646911 PMCID: PMC9133611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.868465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial repair is essential to metabolic homeostasis. Outer mitochondrial membrane mitofusin (MFN) proteins orchestrate mitochondrial fusion that opposes mitochondrial degeneration caused by senescence. Depending upon physiological context, MFN2 can either mediate mitochondrial fusion or recruit cytosolic Parkin to initiate mitophagic elimination. Because it is not clear how these events are counter-regulated we engineered and expressed MFN2 mutants that mimic phosphorylated or non-phosphorylatable MFN2 at its PINK1 phosphorylation sites: T111, S378, and S442. By interrogating mitochondrial fusion, polarization status, and Parkin binding/mitophagy as a function of inferred MFN2 phosphorylation, we discovered that individual MFN2 phosphorylation events act as a biological “bar-code”, directing mitochondrial fate based on phosphorylation site state. Experiments in Pink1 deficient cells supported a central role for PINK1 kinase as the pivotal regulator of MFN2 functionality. Contrary to popular wisdom that Parkin-mediated ubiquitination regulates MFN-mediated mitochondrial fusion, results in Prkn null cells demonstrated the dispensability of Parkin for MFN2 inactivation. These data demonstrate that PINK1-mediated phosphorylation is necessary and sufficient, and that Parkin is expendable, to switch MFN2 from fusion protein to mitophagy effector.
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49
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Griffey CJ, Yamamoto A. Macroautophagy in CNS health and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:411-427. [PMID: 35505254 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that delivers diverse cellular contents to lysosomes for degradation. As our understanding of this pathway grows, so does our appreciation for its importance in disorders of the CNS. Once implicated primarily in neurodegenerative events owing to acute injury and ageing, macroautophagy is now also linked to disorders of neurodevelopment, indicating that it is essential for both the formation and maintenance of a healthy CNS. In parallel to understanding the significance of macroautophagy across contexts, we have gained a greater mechanistic insight into its physiological regulation and the breadth of cargoes it can degrade. Macroautophagy is a broadly used homeostatic process, giving rise to questions surrounding how defects in this single pathway could cause diseases with distinct clinical and pathological signatures. To address this complexity, we herein review macroautophagy in the mammalian CNS by examining three key features of the process and its relationship to disease: how it functions at a basal level in the discrete cell types of the brain and spinal cord; which cargoes are being degraded in physiological and pathological settings; and how the different stages of the macroautophagy pathway intersect with diseases of neurodevelopment and adult-onset neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Griffey
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behaviour, Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Departments of Neurology, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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50
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Eldeeb MA, Thomas RA, Ragheb MA, Fallahi A, Fon EA. Mitochondrial quality control in health and in Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1721-1755. [PMID: 35466694 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a central hub for cellular metabolism and intracellular signalling, the mitochondrion is a pivotal organelle, dysfunction of which has been linked to several human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, and in particular Parkinson's disease. An inherent challenge that mitochondria face is the continuous exposure to diverse stresses which increase their likelihood of dysregulation. In response, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated quality control mechanisms to monitor, identify, repair and/or eliminate abnormal or misfolded proteins within the mitochondrion and/or the dysfunctional mitochondrion itself. Chaperones identify unstable or otherwise abnormal conformations in mitochondrial proteins and can promote their refolding to recover their correct conformation and stability. However, if repair is not possible, the abnormal protein is selectively degraded to prevent potentially damaging interactions with other proteins or its oligomerization into toxic multimeric complexes. The autophagic-lysosomal system and the ubiquitin-proteasome system mediate the selective and targeted degradation of such abnormal or misfolded protein species. Mitophagy (a specific kind of autophagy) mediates the selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria, in order to prevent the deleterious effects the dysfunctional organelles within the cell. Despite our increasing understanding of the molecular responses toward dysfunctional mitochondria, many key aspects remain relatively poorly understood. Herein, we review the emerging mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control including quality control strategies coupled to mitochondrial import mechanisms. In addition, we review the molecular mechanisms regulating mitophagy with an emphasis on the regulation of PINK1/PARKIN-mediated mitophagy in cellular physiology and in the context of Parkinson's disease cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Eldeeb
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rhalena A Thomas
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Ragheb
- Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Armaan Fallahi
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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